MACEDONIAN DISCOURSES MACIEJ KAWKA MACEDONIAN DISCOURSES Text Linguistics and Pragmatics JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS Reviewer prof. Maksim Karanfilovski, PhD prof. Snežana Venovska-Antevska, PhD Cover design Marta Jaszczuk Photo on the cover Maciej Kawka This publication has been printed thanks to the financial support of the Faculty of Management and Social Communication of the Jagiellonian University. © Copyright by Maciej Kawka & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego First edition, Krakow 2016 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any eletronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaft er invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 978-83-233-4031-7 www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press Editorial Offices: Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Krakow Phone: +48 12 663 23 80, +48 12 663 23 82, Fax: +48 12 663 23 83 Distribution: Phone: +48 12 631 01 97, Fax: +48 12 631 01 98 Cell Phone: + 48 506 006 674, e-mail: [email protected] Bank: PEKAO SA, IBAN PL 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Table of contents Introduction 9 A. Pragmatics of Discourse I. Basic Tendencies in the Linguistics of Discourse 13 II. The Language of National and Cultural Discourses 18 1. Discourses – Macedonian, Balkan and European Discourses – Definitions and Language Determinations 19 2. General Types of Macedonian National and Cultural Discourses 20 3. Subject to a Linguistic Analysis of Macedonian and Balkan Discourses 21 III. On Codification of the Norm of the Contemporary Macedonian Language 23 IV. Notions of Macedonian Man // Macedonian Woman and Macedonian Language in Scientific Discourse 37 1. The notions Macedonian Man // Macedonian Woman // Macedonian People 37 a. Macedonians 38 b. Ancient Macedonians 41 c. Macedonian Slavs 43 d. Neighboring Nations’ Point of View 46 2. The Notion of the Macedonian Language in Scientific Discourse 47 V. The Macedonian Language versus other Languages in Macedonia 56 VI. In the Circle of Politics and Linguistics 62 1. The Macedonian Language and the Framework Agreement (Рамковен договор) 63 2. За македонцките работи (On Macedonian Matters) by Krste Petkov Misirkov i.e. How A Political Discourse is Created 65 6 Table of contents 3. A Macedonian Discourse on Monuments and Statues 75 4. Discourse on the Name of the State (1990–1999) 82 VII. Forms of Address in Contemporary Macedonian Language 88 1. Basic Forms of Address in the Macedonian Language 89 2. Personal Name, Name and Last Name, Nickname, Title... 100 a. Forms of Address in the Macedonian Public Discourse (based on examples from parliamentary discourse) 101 B. Language in the Discourse: maceDonian–PoLish I. Some Causative Verbs in the Macedonian and Polish Languages 115 1. On the Modal Verb mоже // móс in the Macedonian and the Polish Language 130 2. On the Category: Verb Distribution (function of prefixespо-, pos-, poz- // по-, поис-, поиз- in the Polish and Macedonian languages) 135 3. Peter Draganov Danilovich as a Linguist – In Light of the Text on Nasal Vowels in Modern Macedonian Slavic and Bulgarian Dialects 142 4. Some Questions on the Sintactic – Semantic Dictionary of Verbs in the Polish and the Macedonian Language 147 C. Literature. text in the Discourse I. Text in the Discourse 167 1. Basic Connection Indicators in the Macedonian Language – Anaphoric Function of the Article 167 2. Zhivko Chingo, Спроти Макавеите – од Макавејските празници (On the Eve of the Maccabees) – within the Circle of Biblical Transpositions 172 II. Functions of the Expression проклет да бидам (I’ll be damned) in the novel Големата вода (The Great Water) by Zhivko Chingo 180 1. “Foreign Speach” in the Novel Големата вода (The Great Water) by Zhivko Chingo 180 2. Formal and Dynamic Equivalence in the Polish Translation of Големата вода (The Great Water) by Zhivko Chingo 196 III. On the Metaillocutionary Power of Negation in Шеќерна приказна (Sugar Story) by Slavko Janevski 201 Table of contents 7 IV. On Poetic Antonyms in the Poem Огнот не знае, пепелта не знае (Fire Does Not Know, Ashes Does Not Know) by Petre M. Andreevski 209 V. Games in Text in Расказ за шоа како се пишуваат раскази (Story about How Stories Are Written) by Vlada Urošević 215 VI. Instances of Deconstructivism in Zhivko Chingo’s Short Story Пасквелија (Paskvelia) 220 VII. Variance in Тranslation (Ivo Andrić: На Дрини ћуприја, Мостот на Дрина, Most na Drinie, The Bridge on the Drina) 227 D. foLkLore I. Textual Categories of Time and Space in Folk Tales by Marko K. Cepenkov 237 II На тие зборои… (On those words…) – Place and Function of Prepositions in Folk Tales by Marko K. Cepenkov 243 III. King Marko in the Folk Tales by Marko K. Cepenkov – A Cognitive Definition 254 IV. Linguistic Stereotypes in Polish and Macedonian Folk Texts by Oskar Kolberg and Marko K. Cepenkov 263 Annex 267 V. On the Development and Needs Of Textology, That Is, On Scientific Editing in Macedonia Related to The Phototypic Edition of the Anthology of the Miladinov Brothers 268 Conclusion 271 Bibliography 272 Index 282 Introduction Macedonia is a multinational (dominated by a population composed of Macedonians and Albanians), multiethnic, multilingual (dominated by the Macedonian and Albanian languages) and multi-religious (domina- ted by Orthodox Christianity and Islam) country. Macedonians and Alba- nians, Turks, Roma, Aromanians and other national and ethnic groups live in this country with a population of two million. Macedonian is the official language used by the majority of the population in the state (70%). Albanian (25.17% of the population), along with the Turkish, Serbian and Croatian languages (during the reign of J. Broz Tito – Ser- bo-Croatian language) as well as other languages are also in use. Or- thodox Christianity is the dominant religion (67% of the population); however, there is also a significant number of Muslims, who represent less than one third of the society. The Macedonian language belongs to the group of South-Slavic languages together with Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian. It is estimated that the Macedonian language in Macedonia, is spoken by 2 million out of 2.5 million people, togeth- er with the Macedonian emigration. In the postwar history of the Macedonian language, the need of le- gal and grammatical status regulation and the destiny of the literary standard, greatly dependent on political motives, were expressed by the highest legislative bodies that strived towards its establishment. State committees that determined the Macedonian alphabet, and the basis for language development, were created. After World War II, when the Macedonian standard was established under the influence of the not so great, but highly influential elites, non-linguistic factors involved in the codification processes were obviously right. This was not so diffi- cult when it came to that small South Slavic republic, subordinate to Belgrade until 1991. The creation of the modern Macedonian state was related to three historical events, namely, the Balkan Wars (1912/1913), and the estab- lishment (1943) and the breakup (1991) of the Yugoslav federation. As a result of the Balkan wars, the historical and geographical territory of Macedonia, heretofore belonging to the Turkish state, was divided 10 Introduction between three states: Pirin Macedonia was attributed to Bulgaria, Aegean Macedonia to Greece and Vardar Macedonia to Serbia. Due to these events, the population spoke Slavic dialects for everyday use and at the beginning of the struggle for their identity, they had clearly de- fined feeling for national identity, easily becoming subject to disagree- ment and claims, generally from Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia. Serbian and Bulgarian aspirations had historical and linguistic backgrounds; the Greek, had historical and religious ones. The Greeks took it as their right to claim that all Orthodox peoples were under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Church. After 1913, the population of Macedonia, which thus far was within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, was sub- jected to a process of a national and linguistic Hellenization, Bulgari- sation and Serbianisation. In the contemporary Macedonian language, formed in the second half of the 20th century, after the five-century-rule by the Ottoman Empire, Slavic tradition and local culture revived and local activists – authors of textbooks, grammars, and dictionaries – be- gan to write in their own local dialects, making heroic efforts for their language to be ranked on the level of a literary language. These processes were not neutral when it came to the development of the contemporary Macedonian language. Postwar efforts of Mace- donian intellectuals led to success, enabling a basic language codifi- cation1 and publishing of the Dictionary of the Macedonian Language with Serbo-Croatian interpretation Речник на македонскиот јазик: со српскохрватски толкувања2, as well as the Grammar of the Macedo­ nian Literary Language (Граматика на македонскиот литературен јазик).3 Year after year, editions in contemporary literature, poetry and prose, started to increase, and in the eyes of Macedonian citizens, a lit- erary standard was born. 1 During this time, three state language commissions, who codified the Macedonian language, were established – First 27 November–4 December 1944, Second – 15 Febru- ary–15 March 1945 and Third Commission on 3 May 1945. In the history of Macedonian language, the codification by K.P. Misirkov is discussed in his work,За македонцките работи, published in Sofia in 1903. 2 Речник на македонскиот јазик: со српскохрватски толкувања, ed. Б. Конески, Скопје 1961. 3 Б. Конески, Граматика на македонскиот литературен јазик. Дел I и II, Скопје 1976. A. Pragmatics of Discourse I Basic Tendencies in the Linguistics of Discourse The notion of discourse in humanities and social sciences, as well as in linguistics, is, among all else, due to necessity, must to include a commu- nication element in its description of the functioning of language.