Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 10 of the Provisional Agenda"

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Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 10 of the Provisional Agenda a E/CONF..94/HNF.82 29 August 2002 Original: English Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 10 of the provisional agenda" EXONYMS Italian Main Exonyms of European Geographical Elements (Submitted by Italy) *E/CONF.94/1 8th UNITED NATION CONFERENCE ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Berlin, 26/08/02 - 05/09/02 Item 12 of the provisional agenda SANDRO TONIOLO ITALIAN MAIN EXONYMS OF EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS Report of Italy Submitted by Giovanni ORRU it a I ia 1-1 o 2 rincipaii esonimi italiani di elernersti geografici eurspei Scritto da Sandro Toniolo pubblicato su <<CUniverso)>(ISSN: 0042-0409) anno LXXXi (2001) n. 2 II problema degli esonimi 1! quanto mai complesso: infatti se ne discute da oltre tre decenni nel Gruppo di esperti delle Nazioni Unite sulla riormalizzazione dei nomi geogra- fici. II Gruppo di esperti si e espresso fin dall'inizio - e continua nella sua lodevole posizio- ne - in favore di una progressiva eliminazione degli esonimi, che dovrebbero essere sosti- tuiti dai rispettivi endonimi. iVla tale raccomandazione, certamente valida per molti aspet- ti, incontra due difficolta: a) I'uso stabilizzato da secoli nelle varie lingue di esonimi ormai insostituibili (pensiamo per noi italiani ai termini Parigi, Svizzera, Tamigi, che non potranno essere facilmente sosti- tuiti nell'uso comune dagli endonimi corrispondenti Paris, die Schweiz, Thames); b) la scarsa conoscenza della pronuncia della lingua in cui Sono scritti quegli endoni- mi che vorremmo adottare al posto degli esonimi italiani, con iI rischio di rendere quei toponimi del tutto irriconoscibili (pensiamo solo agli endonimi Szczecin e Aachen, che stanno rispettivamente per Stettino e Aquisgrana). Un esonimo puo essere vivissimo nell'uso di tutti i giorni e utilizzato da persone di varia cultura e di differenti eta, come i tre sopra citati nel punto a; ma ci Sono anche esonimi che non vengono praticamente piu usati da generazioni, scomparsi definitivamente e sostituiti con gli endonimi corrispondenti (nessuno ora oserebbe piu dire Ambosa, Torso, Guanto al posto rispettivamente di Amboise, Tours, Gent; in questo studio esonimi di tale genere owia- mente non Sono stati presi in considerazione). C'e tuttavia una gamma vastissima di esonimi che da qualcuno Sono sentiti ancora come vivi; da altri, soprattutto dai meno colti e dai piu giovani, come superati. In questo cospicuo numero di esonimi italiani, di cui solo i piu importanti Sono stati riportati in questo studio, sarebbero da elencare gran parte dei nomi dell'lstria e della Dalmazia, ancora vivi per chi ci e nato e vissuto fino alla seconda guerra mondiale, ma sconosciuti da molti giovani, che non ricordano neppure gli esonimi italiani di citta cultu- ralmeme italianissime come Fiume, Zara e Ragusa e non hanno altra scelta che usare gli endonimi corrispondenti (Rijeka, Zadar e Dubrovnik). Cio pur-troppo e dovuto in buona parte alla politica della lugoslavia titina e delle odierne Slovenia e Croazia, che pure nelle pubblicazioni turistiche in lingua italiana impiegano gli endonimi, anziche gli esonimi ita- liani, anche di quella ventina di citta delle quali I'esonimo e ancora vivo e non dovrebbe cadere. Ci Sono poi esonimi italiani che non hanno piu alcuna ragione d'essere se non in un contest0 storico o letterario, dove non possono essere dimenticati. Sarebbe improprio se non assurdo parlare per esempio della battaglia napoleonica di Austerlitz (esonimo stori- CO) definendola battaglia di Slavkov u Brna, oppure citare Amleto come principe di Helsing~r(endonimo attuale) anziche principe di Elsinore (esonimo), cos1 come I'abbiamo sempre chiamato fin dai banchi di scuola. Nella risoluzione N. 28 della Seconda Conferenza delle Nazioni Unite sulla Normalizzazione dei Nomi Geografici (Londra, 1972) si invito i geografi a compilare liste di esonimi normalmente in us0 nel loro paese, in vista di una possibile eliminazione di una parte di essi. 3 Cio fu fatto in molti stati, ma la classificazione adottata per definire la validit& di un eso- nimo risulto spesso molto diversa Cra i contribLrti presentati. Nel 1986 a.ffrontai questo problema. e presentai una mia classificazione in un contribu- to Gli esonimi italiani (Italian Exonyms), pubblicato nella rivista italiana <<Bollettinodella Societa Geografica Italians), (Roma, Serie XI, vol. Ill, 1986, pagine 283-306), scritto pur- troppo solo in italiano e percii, di scarsa diffusione. Tale contributo non fu percio presen- tat0 al successivo incontro del Gruppo di Esperti dell’ ONU sulla Normalizzazione dei Nomi Geografici. In tale lavoro prendevo in considerazione iI grado di reale validita, in quel momento, degli esonimi italiani ancora in uso, allo scopo di segnalare quelli che si potevano e si dovevano sopprimere. Fu considerata la seguente classificazione: a) esonimi validi e tuttora pienamente in uso; b) esonimi obsoleti, gia in via di estinzione perche gradualmente sostituiti dagli endo- nimi corrispondenti; c) esonimi non piu usati e ormai completamente sostituiti nell’uso dagli endonimi corrispondenti; d) esonimi letterari non piu in us0 se non in un contest0 let- terario con preciso riferimento a una determinata opera o a un certo autore (p. es. Elsinore, Tarascona, Tauride); e) esonimi storici non pih in us0 se non in testi storici e con preciso riferimento a localita note per particolari avvenimenti storici (p. es. la fondazione di Costantinopoli, la strage di Tessalonica, le battaglie di Austerlitz e di Stalingrado). Preparai pertanto una lista la piu completa possibile di esonimi italiani, limitandomi per0 alle citta europee, applicando ad essi la classificazione adottata. Per evitare che la scelta da me operata fosse troppo soggettiva, la lista, una volta com- pilata, fu sottoposta alle sezioni dell’Associazione ltaliana lnsegnanti di Geografia per una necessaria verifica. In tai rnodo, grazie anche alla valutazione data da centinaia di geografi di eta, cultura ed esperienze diverse, la scelta non poteva che risultare oggettiva e corrispondente alla reale situamione dell’uso degli esonimi in Italia, almeno in quel momento - come si sa, I’uso degli esonimi e soggetto a rapidi cambiamenti nel volgere di pochissimi anni. II lavoro da noi eseguito non diede purtroppo alcun frutto concreto, benche fosse stato diffuso fra gli editori di opere geografiche e cartografiche e fra gli insegnanti di geografia. Poiche in ltalia non esiste alcuna organizzazione statale o culturale che sia in grado non dico di imporre ma neppure di suggerire quali siano gli esonimi da conservare e quali di evitare, ciascuno ha proseguito per la sua strada, senza tener conto dei risultati del son- daggio. Sconfortato da una esperienza cos) negativa, ho preferito a distanza di alcuni anni tor- nare sulla questione degli esonimi ma aff rontandola in mod0 diverso. Ho evitato cos), perch6 ritenuto inutile, ogni tentativo di dare ad essi una classificazio- ne di validita e rni Sono limitato a passare in rassegna iI maggior numero possibile di eso- nimi italiani, considerando questa volta non solo quelli delle citta europee, ma estenden- do iI campo agli esonimi italiani di tutti gli elementi geografici presenti in Europa. Tale ricerca ha. richiesto I’esame accurato di varie decine di atlanti europei e di nume- rosi testi di geografia, volutamente non tutti recentissimi, scritti nelle piu importanti lingue e urope e I Essa 6 stata eseguita tenendo in considerazione le esigenze di uno studioso di geo- grafia di media cultura desideroso di conoscere la corrispondenza tra un esonimo italiano e i’endonimo: si tratta di una legittirna ed encomiabile curiosita d’ambito interdisciplinareper un geografo che abbia anche interessi storici e filologici non rigidamente legati al territorio. 4 1-0 studio che e stato fatto ha urio scopo eminentemente pratico. lnfatti tra gli esonimi italiani e stranieri (perche, come si vedra, sono stati presi in esame anche gli esonimi inglesi, francesi, tedeschi, spagnoli e, in alcuni casi particolari, anche quelli di altre lingue) Sono stati considerati non solo quelli gia noti e d’uso comune, ma anche alcuni in via di estinzione che vengono spesso utilizzati da studiosi meno giovani o che si trovano in opere geografiche, storiche o letterarie pubblicate qualche decennio addietro. Con quest’zmpia rassegna di esonimi, piu o meno vitali, si lascia libero it lettore di sce- gliere secondo la propria sensibilith I’esonimo italiano, se 10 ritiene ancora valido, o iI nome uff iciale, qualora si consideri I’esonimo non piu accettabile. L‘argomento e ripartito in 6 paragrafi: a) Stati b) Regioni c) Citta d) lsole e) Fiumi e laghi f ) Monti, vaiichi e altri elementi del paesaggio (grotte, rovine, promontori, ecc.). Nel paragrafo a, all’endonimo neiia forina breve segue, quando esiste, I’endonimo nella forma Iunga; nell’ultima colonna compaiono gli esonirni ingiese, francese, tedesco, spa- gnolo. Nei paragrafi b, c, d gli esonimi italiani Sono raggruppati per Stati, elencati in ordine alfa bet ico . Nei paragrafi e, f gli esonimi italiani Sono raggruppati per Stati, ma disposti in succes- sione alfabetica. I simboli delle lingue Sono quelli stabititi dall’lnternational Standard IS0 639 (I 988), Codes for the Representation of Names of Language (Code Alpha-2): be bielorusso et estone It lituano Pt portoghese bg bulgaro e ii basco lu lussemburghese ro rcmeno ca catalano fi finnico Iv lettone TU russo cs ceco fr francese mk macedone S k slovacco da danese ga i rlandese mo moldavo sl slove no de tedesco hr croato mt rnaliese Sct al banese el g reco hu ungherese nl olandese ST se rbo en inglese is is landese no nowegese SV svedese es s pagn o lo it ita Ii a no pl polacco La k ucraino 5 english 6 Italian main exonyms of urspean geographical elements Written by Sandro Toniolo Published on d.‘Universo>, (ISSN: 0042-0409) anno LXXXl (2001) n. 2 Translation edited by Giovanni Orru The exonym problem is really complex: in fact this subject is discussed since 30 years within the UN Group of Experts for the geographical names normalisation (UNGEGN).
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