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Language Contact in Pomerania: the Case of German, Polish, and Kashubian
P a g e | 1 Language Contact in Pomerania: The Case of German, Polish, and Kashubian Nick Znajkowski, New York University Purpose The effects of language contact and language shift are well documented. Lexical items and phonological features are very easily transferred from one language to another and once transferred, rather easily documented. Syntactic features can be less so in both respects, but shifts obviously do occur. The various qualities of these shifts, such as whether they are calques, extensions of a structure present in the modifying language, or the collapsing of some structure in favor the apparent simplicity found in analogous foreign structures, all are indicative of the intensity and the duration of the contact. Additionally, and perhaps this is the most interesting aspect of language shift, they show what is possible in the evolution of language over time, but also what individual speakers in a single generation are capable of concocting. This paper seeks to explore an extremely fascinating and long-standing language contact situation that persists to this day in Northern Poland—that of the Kashubian language with its dominating neighbors: Polish and German. The Kashubians are a Slavic minority group who have historically occupied the area in Northern Poland known today as Pomerania, bordering the Baltic Sea. Their language, Kashubian, is a member of the Slavic branch of Indo-European languages and further belongs to the Pomeranian branch of Lechitic languages, which includes Polish, Silesian, and the extinct Polabian and Slovincian. The situation to be found among the Kashubian people, a people at one point variably bi-, or as is sometimes the case among older folk, even trilingual in Kashubian, P a g e | 2 Polish, and German is a particularly exciting one because of the current vitality of the Kashubian minority culture. -
Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 10 of the Provisional Agenda"
a E/CONF..94/HNF.82 29 August 2002 Original: English Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 10 of the provisional agenda" EXONYMS Italian Main Exonyms of European Geographical Elements (Submitted by Italy) *E/CONF.94/1 8th UNITED NATION CONFERENCE ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Berlin, 26/08/02 - 05/09/02 Item 12 of the provisional agenda SANDRO TONIOLO ITALIAN MAIN EXONYMS OF EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS Report of Italy Submitted by Giovanni ORRU it a I ia 1-1 o 2 rincipaii esonimi italiani di elernersti geografici eurspei Scritto da Sandro Toniolo pubblicato su <<CUniverso)>(ISSN: 0042-0409) anno LXXXi (2001) n. 2 II problema degli esonimi 1! quanto mai complesso: infatti se ne discute da oltre tre decenni nel Gruppo di esperti delle Nazioni Unite sulla riormalizzazione dei nomi geogra- fici. II Gruppo di esperti si e espresso fin dall'inizio - e continua nella sua lodevole posizio- ne - in favore di una progressiva eliminazione degli esonimi, che dovrebbero essere sosti- tuiti dai rispettivi endonimi. iVla tale raccomandazione, certamente valida per molti aspet- ti, incontra due difficolta: a) I'uso stabilizzato da secoli nelle varie lingue di esonimi ormai insostituibili (pensiamo per noi italiani ai termini Parigi, Svizzera, Tamigi, che non potranno essere facilmente sosti- tuiti nell'uso comune dagli endonimi corrispondenti Paris, die Schweiz, Thames); b) la scarsa conoscenza della pronuncia della lingua in cui Sono scritti quegli endoni- mi che vorremmo adottare al posto degli esonimi italiani, con iI rischio di rendere quei toponimi del tutto irriconoscibili (pensiamo solo agli endonimi Szczecin e Aachen, che stanno rispettivamente per Stettino e Aquisgrana). -
A History of German-Scandinavian Relations
A History of German – Scandinavian Relations A History of German-Scandinavian Relations By Raimund Wolfert A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Raimund Wolfert 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Table of contents 1. The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League.............................................................5 2. The Thirty Years’ War............................................................................................11 3. Prussia en route to becoming a Great Power........................................................15 4. After the Napoleonic Wars.....................................................................................18 5. The German Empire..............................................................................................23 6. The Interwar Period...............................................................................................29 7. The Aftermath of War............................................................................................33 First version 12/2006 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations This essay contemplates the history of German-Scandinavian relations from the Hanseatic period through to the present day, focussing upon the Berlin- Brandenburg region and the northeastern part of Germany that lies to the south of the Baltic Sea. A geographic area whose topography has been shaped by the great Scandinavian glacier of the Vistula ice age from 20000 BC to 13 000 BC will thus be reflected upon. According to the linguistic usage of the term -
East Prussian Marpingen? Marian Apparitions in Comparison
ZGAE 59 (2015) ARTICELS Swetlana Fink, Dietrichswalde: East Prussian Marpingen? Marian Apparitions in Comparison Just as Marpingen was called the ”German Lourdes” by contemporaries so was Dietrichswalde called the “East Prussian Marpingen”. Since the appearance of the Virgin Mary in Lourdes in 1858 dozens of Marian apparitions throughout Europe have been reported. Against this background, the article compares the two pilgrimages in the western and eastern border territories of Prussia. Methodologically, the treatise refrains from theological argumentation. It is rather committed to studies of social and cultural history with their socio-historic analytical categories like power, class, status, gender. The apparitions in Dietrichswalde are typologically similar to other Marian apparitions in Central Europe in the 19th century. Yet, the differences and specific qualities must not be overlooked. The visionaries of Dietrichswalde belonged to a minority speaking a Polish dialect in Southern Warmia. They were strongly influenced by Polish national piety. During the “Kulturkampf” (culture struggle, culture clash) the Warmian Poles were challenged by the Prussian government to defend their claim on language. Prussian authorities had dissolved Lonk Monastery in West Prussia of former Prussia belonging to a royal Polish part of the country. The visionaries hoped for a restoration of the monastery by the Virgin Mary. Into the present, especially since the time of the Polish millennium in 1966 and after the approbation of the apparitions by the Polish church in 1977, the sanctuary of Dietrichswalde remained an often visited destination of pilgrimage. It had a similar political function for the German church when, in the thirties, Bishop Maximilian Kaller made it a centre of religious demonstrations of Germans and Poles against the oppression by Nazism. -
Migration – a Challenge to the 21St Century the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Lublin Business School, Ltd
Migration – a Challenge to the 21st Century The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Lublin Business School, Ltd. of the KUL Development Foundation Studies in Migration – vol. 1 Migration – a Challenge to the 21st Century Edited by: Maciej St. Zięba Lublin 2008 Cover design – Anna Kowalczyk Technical editorship – Tomasz Piech Peer review by: Prof. Adam Biela, Ph.D. Rev. Prof. Leon Dyczewski OFM Conv., Ph.D. Publishing within the project “Cooperation of Universities supporting the development of the Lublin and Lviv regions” of the Neighbourhood Programme Poland – Belarus – Ukraine Interreg IIIA/ Tacis 2004-2006 Project finance agreement: Nr. IG-2004/PL-UB/2.06/2.1/U-16/06 from 26 June 2006 Project Part-financed by the European Fund of Regional Development within the Neighbourhood Programme Poland-Belarus-Ukraine INTERREG IIIA/TACIS CBC Some parts of the present publication were prepared within the framework of Migralink and Migravalue projects of Interreg III B Cadses Programme of the European Union © Publishing House of Catholic University of Lublin 2008 ISBN: 978-83-7363-529-6 The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin (Poland) e-mail: [email protected] http://www.kul.lublin.pl Co-publisher: Lublin Business School Ltd. of the KUL Development Foundation Konstantynow Str. 1H 20-708 Lublin (Poland) e-mail: [email protected] http://www.lbs.pl CONTENTS Maciej St. Zięba Foreword.....................................................................................................7 I. THE -
On Some Similarities in the Status of Kashubian and Irish
US-China Foreign Language, July 2016, Vol. 14, No. 7, 465-473 doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2016.07.001 D DAVID PUBLISHING On Some Similarities in the Status of Kashubian and Irish Alina Szwajczuk University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland The objective of the paper is to delineate apparent similarities in the status of Kashubian and the Irish language. History-wise, both languages experienced a significant language loss, a struggle for survival, and the legal attempt to keep the languages alive. In fact, both constitute minority languages while this is solely the former one that enjoys the official status of a regional language. The latter is an official language within the Republic of Ireland and the European Union. Apart from a short historical overview of the two languages, the Kashubian language will be analyzed on the basis of the Polish legislation and the reports compiled by the Council of Europe with reference to the commitments made by Poland pertaining to the implementation of provisions stipulated in Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The Irish language will be viewed, within the national scope, from the perspective of the 2003 Official Languages Act, the 20-year strategy for the Irish language 2010–2030, and the 2012 Gaeltacht Act. The aspects considered herein will include mainly: the application of the languages within the judicial and administrative context, the presence of the said languages in education, as well as within the national context. The following analysis shall not be deemed as exhaustive and is solely supposed to present some similarities in history and language preservation mechanisms. -
Kociewskie Trasy Rowerowe
wydawca: SZEROKIEJ STECKI Kociewie zamienia „cztery kółka” trujące środowisko, region i jego mieszkańców ul. 30 Stycznia 4, 83-110 Tczew na dwa napędzane siłą mięśni i radością tkwiącą w rowerzystach. Zatem tel. 58 531 37 41 z samochodów i szos zapraszamy na kociewskie rowery i kociewskie trasy rowerowe. e-mail: [email protected] www.lot.kociewie.eu Nasza propozycja to szesnaście różnych możliwości spędzenia czasu w siodełku. Jakiegokolwiek byś wyboru nie dokonał, czeka Cię różnorodność atrakcji teksty: Jarosław Wojciechowski przyrodniczych i kulturowych. redakcja i wybór zdjęć: Emilia Laskowska baza teleadresowa: Anna Brzezicka Z wszystkich kierunków i we wszystkich kierunkach, wzdłuż i wszerz Kociewia, wiodą korekta: Monika Kosznik szlaki, po których możesz poruszać się w ciszy, ciesząc się bogactwem natury koncepcja publikacji: Piotr Kończewski i skarbami tradycji ludzkiej. zdjęcia: Emilia Laskowska, Jarosław Wojciechowski, archiwum LOT KOCIEWIE, Magdalena Tkaczyk, Małgorzata Klein Szesnaście tras rowerowych przez nas przedstawianych to zachęta do wybrania się w teren i ochoczego pedałowania. opracowanie graficzne: Anna Kałdus podkład kartograficzny: Maciej Kumor Książeczka, którą Wam oddajemy do rąk, mamy nadzieję przysłuży się przynajmniej na trzy sposoby. Po pierwsze – będzie miłą lekturą i podróżą palcem po mapie (to na początek). Po drugie – będzie inspiracją urlopową, wakacyjną, weekendową lub po prostu rekreacyjną. Po trzecie – wierzymy, iż finalnie stanie się niezbędnym elementem ekwipunku turysty-rowerzysty. Bez względu na to, na jakim etapie swojej rowerowej pasji się znajdujesz aktualnie, „Kociewskie Trasy Rowerowe” roztaczają przed Tobą perspektywy turystycznego spełnienia. Czekają na Ciebie odcinki „lekkie, łatwe i przyjemne”, ale i trudniejsze wyzwania, podczas których z pewnością będziesz musiał zastosować najodpowiedniejszą przerzutkę. Możesz jechać jak po sznurku po wyznaczonych w terenie trasach istniejących albo wybrać się na wyprawę w najbliższą przyszłość rowerowego Kociewia po projektowanych traktach. -
Baltic Rim Economies 1/2015
F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 I S S U E n o . 1 Karmenu Vella Now is the time to deliver sustainable Blue Growth in the Baltic Sirpa Paatero The Finnish icebreakers in the Arctic region To receive a free copy, register at www.utu.fi/pei The Pan-European Institute publishes the Baltic Rim Economies (BRE) review which deals with the development of the Baltic Sea region. In the BRE review, public and corporate decision makers, representatives of Academia, as well as several other experts contribute to the discussion. Pan-European Institute ISSN 1459-9759 Editor-in-Chief | Kari Liuhto (responsible for writer invitations) Technical Editor | Saara Majuri University of Turku Turku School of Economics Pan-European Institute Rehtorinpellonkatu 3 FI-20500 TURKU, Finland Tel. +358 2 333 9567 www.utu.fi/pei 26.2.2015 Baltic Rim Economies ISSUE # 1 expert articles Karmenu Vella 5 Monika Cholewczyńska-Dmitruk 20 Tatiana Romanova 41 Now is the time to deliver Pomorskie at the start of new Institutional aspects of EU-Russian sustainable Blue Growth in the Baltic financial perspective 2014-2020 energy relations – from diversification to primitivisation? Sirpa Paatero 6 Merja Salmi-Lindgren 21 The Finnish icebreakers in the The Finnish marine industry – the Iwona M. Batyk & Lyudmila W. Semenova 42 Arctic region forerunner of smart maritime The importance of local border technology solutions traffic between Poland and Russia Bogdan Zdrojewski 7 in the era of sanctions on Polish Saara Malila 23 Cultural diplomacy a tool to food products promote EU values in its -
Stakeholder Engagement Plan – Germany
Stakeholder Engagement Plan – Germany Nord Stream 2 AG | Mar-19 W-PE-EMS-PGE-PLA-800-SEPGEREN-06 Page 2 of 44 Table of Contents Abbreviations and Definitions ............................................................................................................... 4 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................ 5 1 Brief description of the Project ..................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Project Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 The Nord Stream 2 Project in Germany ............................................................................... 7 1.3 Relevant Non-Project Activities and Facilities ...................................................................... 9 1.4 Stages of Project Implementation......................................................................................... 10 2 Applicable Stakeholder Engagement Requirements .................................................................. 10 2.1 German Regulatory Requirements for Community Engagement ......................................... 10 2.2 Requirements of International Conventions ......................................................................... 11 2.3 Performance Standards of International Financial Institutions ............................................. 11 2.4 Internal Policies and -
Linguistic Geography and Historical Material. an Example of Inventory Ledgers from the Second Half of the 18Th Century Kept in Wielkopolska1
Gwary Dziś – vol. 13 – 2020, pp. 111–134 DOI 10.14746/gd.2020.13.5 ISSN 1898-9276 Błażej Osowski Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Institute of Polish Philology ORCID: 0000-0002-4226-1378; e-mail: [email protected] Linguistic geography and historical material. An example of inventory ledgers from the second half of the 18th century kept in Wielkopolska1 Abstract: This work connects with the dialectological aspect of linguistic geography. The analysed material consists of inventory ledgers kept in Wielkopolska in the second half of the 18th century for nobility possessions. It is assumed that the then regional variety of the Polish language spoken in Wielkopolska was geographically diverse and this diversity was anything but accidental. It was affected by the education of the communication actors (including the writers) and their command of the literary Polish language, dialectal influences, impact of foreign languages, presence of archaic and innovative elements. This diversity is reflected in inventory ledgers; an analysis thereof was aimed at excerpting examples of lexical variants. This work contains 4 selected examples: ‘bogaty chłop’ [a wealthy farmer], ‘ziemniaki’ [potatoes], ‘mała izba’[a small room], ‘niebieski’ [blue]. Maps have been created for them. The analytical part is followed by generalisation of the variability in the surveyed sources (types of variability, its sources, levels, types of variants). Keywords: linguistic geography, historical dialectology, 18th century, inventory ledgers, variability, a linguistic map. Abstract: Geografia lingwistyczna a materiał historyczny. Na przykładzie wielkopolskich inwen - tarzy z drugiej połowy XVIII wieku. Niniejsza praca wpisuje się w nurt dialektologiczny geografii językowej. Analizowany materiał to wielkopolskie inwentarze dóbr szlacheckich z 2. -
Bison Rewilding Plan 2014–2024 Rewilding Europe’S Contribution to the Comeback of the European Bison
Bison Rewilding Plan 2014–2024 Rewilding Europe’s contribution to the comeback of the European bison Advised by the Zoological Society of London Rewilding Europe This report was made possible by generous grants Bison Rewilding Plan, 2014–2024 by the Swedish Postcode Lottery (Sweden) and the Liberty Wildlife Fund (The Netherlands). Author Joep van de Vlasakker, Rewilding Europe Advised by Dr Jennifer Crees, Zoological Society of London Dr Monika Böhm, Zoological Society of London Peer-reviewed by Prof Jens-Christian Svenning, Aarhus University, Denmark Dr Rafal Kowalczyk, Director Mammal Research Institute / Polish Academy of Sciences / Bialowieza A report by Rewilding Europe Toernooiveld 1 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands www.rewildingeurope.com About Rewilding Europe Founded in 2011, Rewilding Europe (RE) wants to make Europe a wilder place, with much more space for wildlife, wilderness and natural processes, by bringing back a variety of wildlife for all to enjoy and exploring new ways for people to earn a fair living from the wild. RE aims to rewild one million hectares of land by 2022, creating 10 magnificent wildlife and wilderness areas, which together reflect a wide selection of European regions and ecosystems, flora and fauna. Further information: www.rewildingeurope.com About ZSL Founded in 1826, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is an international scientific, conservation and educational charity whose vision is a world where animals are valued, and their conservation assured. Our mission, to promote and achieve the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats, is realised through our groundbreaking science, our active conservation projects in more than 50 countries and our two Zoos, ZSL London Zoo and ZSL Whipsnade Zoo. -
An Experiment in Labelling Draw-A-Map Maps
Studies in Polish Linguistics vol. 12, 2017, issue 4, pp. 221–240 doi:10.4467/23005920SPL.17.011.8243 www.ejournals.eu/SPL Kamil Stachowski Jagiellonian University in Kraków An Experiment in Labelling Draw-a-Map Maps Abstract Apart from offering a contribution to perceptual dialectology of Poland, the paper discuss- es an experiment in which two groups were set a map drawing task. One group was given a map on which major cities were marked while the other a map with the main regions. The two maps combined from their answers have proven to be nothing alike, suggesting that this one detail in the design of the study can dramatically influence its results, and as such it needs to be paid particular attention and further investigated. Keywords perceptual dialectology, draw-a-map, methodology, Polish language Streszczenie Artykuł jest przyczynkiem do dialektologii percepcyjnej Polski, ale przede wszystkim dyskusją wyników eksperymentu, w którym dwie grupy poproszono o wypełnienie map. Jednej przedstawiono mapy z zaznaczonymi głównymi miastami, drugiej – z głównymi regionami geograficznymi. Mapy powstałe przez scalenie ich odpowiedzi okazały się dia- metralnie różne, co sugeruje, że ten jeden szczegół w sposobie przygotowania kwestiona- riusza może bardzo istotnie wpłynąć na wyniki badania, i jako taki winien być starannie przemyślany i dokładniej przebadany. Słowa kluczowe dialektologia percepcyjna, draw-a-map, metodologia, język polski 1. Introduction The field of perceptual dialectology concerns itself with how non-linguists per- ceive dialects and dialectal variation. It began in 1930s in the Netherlands but only gained greater impetus in 1980s and 1990s, owing to the works of D.R.