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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Applications ISSN 0976-2639.Online ISSN 2278 – 6023 Vol 3, Issue 4, 2012, pp 414-418 http://www.bipublication.com

ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF indicum , Solanum xanthocarpum and minima.

C.C. Gavimath *, S. M. Kulkarni 1, C. J. Raorane 2, D. P. Kalsekar 3, B. G. Gavade 4. B. E. Ravishankar 5, R. S. Hooli 6.

* 1 2 3 Department of Microbiology, Kankavli College, Kankavli, Maharashtra, India. 4 Department of Botany, Kankavli College, Kankavli, Maharashtra, India. 5 Department of Biochemistry, School of graduate studies, Jain University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 6 Department of Medical surgical nursing, Nightingale Institute of Nursing, Noida, India.

[Received-14/11/2012, Accepted-17/12/2012]

ABSTRACT:

In the present study, three belonging to family including Solanum indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum and Physalis minima were evaluated for antimicrobial potentials against some selected pathogenic microorganisms. Five different solvents like ethanol, methanol, acetone, petroleum ether and aqueous were used for extraction of different bioactive constituents from fresh by both hot and cold processes. The results suggested that different solvent extracts during study showed antibacterial potentials. The highest antibacterial activity was shown by methanolic and ethanolic extracts prepared by heat treatment of fresh leaves of Physalis minima, as compared to other solvents against all the selected strains. The fresh leaves of Solanum indicum showed moderate antibacterial activity when used with ethanol and methanol against Bacillus spp. , Corynebacterium diptheriae, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Salmonella typhimorium . While the extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum showed least antibacterial activity.

Keywords: Antibacterial, extract, solvent and well-diffusion

INTRODUCTION:

For a long period of time plants have been a World Health Organization medicinal plants valuable source of natural products for would be the best source to obtain variety of maintaining human health especially in the last drugs. About 80% of individuals from developed decade with more intensive studies for natural countries use which has therapies. In the last few years plants have been bioactive compounds derived from medicinal used as antimicrobial agents because of their plants hence such plants should be investigated for antimicrobial traits. This property is due to the better understanding of their properties, safety, bioactive compounds synthesized during efficacy and efficiency. The use of plant extracts secondary metabolism in plants. According to with known antimicrobial properties can be of great significance in therapeutic usage. ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF Solanum indicum , Solanum xanthocarpum and Physalis minima.

Making antibacterial drug therapy effective, safe toothache, ascites, oedema and wound infection. and affordable has been the focus of interest [4] . during recent years. Solanum xanthocarpum exhibits larvicidal There are several reports on antimicrobial activity property, it kills Anopheles spp, Aedes spp. & of different herbal extracts. Considering the above Culex spp . which are the important mosquito aspects an attempt has been made to carry out the vectors prevalent in arid regions [5]. The screening for preliminary antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Solanum xanthocarpum different plants used in Indian folk medicine. showed significant antinociceptive activity in mice The aim of the study was to screen the [6]. It exhibits antifungal property, It shows cidal antibacterial potentials of crude extracts of effect on Aspergillus flavus , A.niger and different solvents of some of the plants belonging A.fumigatus . [7]. extract of Solanum to solanaceae family. In the present study three xanthocarpum was evaluated for its toxicity plants belonging to family Solanaceae viz, against Alternaria brassicae , the causal agent of Solanum indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum and Alternaria blight of Indian mustard [8]. The anti Physalis minima were evaluated for their diabetic potentials of aqueous extract of Solanum antibacterial potentials. xanthocarpum was studied in normal and The plant Solanum indicum is much branched streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats [9]. perennial under up to 1.8m height, found The antimicrobial potentials of solaneaceae family mostly throughout warmer parts of India, Africa members are due to presence of tannins as one of and Asia up to an elevation of 1500m. It is Stiff, the bioactive compound [10]. prickly herb; prickles stout, re-curved. The leaves The crude methanol extract and chloroform are 7.5- 15cm long, 2.5-10cm broad, alternate, fraction of the whole plant of Physalis minima was lobed, entire, spines present on petiole and midrib. investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and Solanum xanthocarpum is a very spiny diffused antipyretic activities in albino mice and Wistar rats herb with a height of up to 1.2m. The young of either sex at 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively branches are densely covered with minute star- [11]. Physalis minima exhibited ianticancer shaped hair, while the mature branches are zigzag, potentials [12]. It has potent alpha glycosidase covered with yellow, sharp shining prickles and inhibitory activity and would be effective in spread close to the ground. suppression of elevation in blood glucose after Physalis minima is a small, delicate, erect, annual, oral administration of maltose to rats [13]. pubescent herb, 1.5m tall. The leaves are petiolate, ovate to cordate, pubescent, delicate, exstipulate, MATERIALS AND METHODS: acuminate, having reticulate palmate venation and Plant materials used: undulate margins, dorsal surface of the leaves is Leaves of Solanum indicum, Solanum dark green and the ventral surface is light green in xanthocarpum and Physalis minima were used for color. the preparation of crude extracts for antibacterial Solanum indicum Linn. are the major sources of studies. phenolic compounds in the human diet. Soluble Microorganisms selected: phenolic acids were extracted with methanol [1]. The activity of the plant crude extract was studied Different solvent extracts of Solanum indicum for a broad range of microorganisms. i.e. Gram’s exhibits anti-hypersensitive activity [2]. Solanum positive including Corynebacterium diphtheriae, indicum has an anti-inflammatory, anticancer and Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp. and wound-healing potentials [3]. It has been used in Bacillus spp. as well as Gram’s negative folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, microrganisms including Escherichia coli.

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ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF Solanum indicum , Solanum xanthocarpum and Physalis minima.

Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pseudomonas spp . and Among Gram’s negative organisms, the maximum Salmonella typhimorium. zone of inhibition was exhibited by petroleum ether extracts prepared by heat and cold treatment Maintenance of Microorganisms: on Klebsiella pneumoniae, methanolic extract The microorganisms were maintained on sterile prepared by heat and cold treatment on nutrient agar slants in refrigerator and used as Pseudomonas spp. and heat treated methanolic stock culture when it was required for performing extract on Salmonella typhimorium this study. Solanum xanthocarpum: Preparation of culture suspension: Among Gram’s positive organisms, the maximum Fresh culture was obtained by sub-culturing the zone of inhibition was exhibited by ethanol microorganisms from stock culture on nutrient 0 extracts prepared by heat treatment on agar slants & incubated for 24 hours at 37 C. After Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Among Gram’s 24 hours, a loop full of the culture was added in negative organisms, the maximum zone of 3ml of sterile saline to prepare culture suspension. inhibition was exhibited by methanolic extracts Preparation of Plant extracts: prepared by cold treatment on Escherichia coli Fresh leaves were collected from the plant just and Pesudomonas spp. and methanolic extract before one day of antibacterial assay. The leaves prepared by heat treatment on Klebsiella were washed with water, air dried, powdered and pneumoniae. Treatment on Escherichia coli and then soaked overnight in appropriate amount of Salmonella typhimorium. The ethanolic extract respective solvent. (10gms of leaves in 20ml of prepared by heat treatment on Pesudomonas solvent.) On the next day, the soaked leaves were spp. and petroleum ether extract prepared by heat boiled with the same solvent in water bath for 30 treatment on Pseudomonas spp. minutes to make it concentrated. The extract was Physalis minima- cooled and filtered through muslin cloth. Among Gram’s positive organisms, the maximum Method of bioassay: zone of inhibition was exhibited by methanol Activity of the prepared plant extract was tested extracts prepared by heat treatment on using agar well diffusion method. The Streptococcus spp. antimicrobial assay was carried out by making 3 Among Gram’s negative organisms, the maximum wells of 7mm diameter in the sterile nutrient agar zone of inhibition was exhibited by methanolic plate containing test organism with the help of extracts prepared by heat. sterile cork borer. 0.1ml of plant extract was added The present study was conducted to get in 2 wells and in the third well only a drop of preliminary information on the antibacterial solvent activity of methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, was added as control by using sterile pipettes. The 0 acetone and aqueous extracts of Solanum indicum, plates were incubated at 37 C for 24 hours in an Solanum xanthocarpum and Physalis minima incubator to allow diffusion of extract in the leaves and for this the well diffusion method was medium. After 24 hours zone of inhibition of adopted. organisms was measured in millimeters. The results suggest that different solvent extracts

RESULTS & DISCUSSION: used for the study showed antibacterial activity. 1) Solanum indicum: The extract from fresh leaves prepared in Among Gram’s positive organisms, the maximum methanol and ethanol has greater antibacterial zone of inhibition was exhibited by ethanol and activity than in acetone, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts prepared by heat and cold aqueous. treatment on Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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The extracts prepared by heat treatment were important mosquito vectors in the arid region”. remarkably effective than cold treatment extracts Journal of Environmental Biology, 2, 221-26. against all the selected microorganisms. The result 6) Rahman M., Ahmed M., Alimuzzaman M., & of the present study revealed that Physalis minima Shilpi J., (2003), “Antinociceptive activity of the aerial parts of Solanum xanthocarpum ”. leaves extract had broad spectrum antibacterial Fitoterapia, 74 (1-2),119-12. effects producing zone of inhibition more than 7) Dabur R., Singh H., Chhillar A., Aliand M., & 20mm. Solanum indicum and Solanum Sharma G., (2004), “Antifungal potential of xanthocarpum on the other hand does not appear Indian medicinal plants”. Fitoterapia , 75(3-4), to possess appreciable antimicrobial effects on 389-91. Gram’s positive and Gram’s negative bacteria. 8) Guleria S., Kumar A., & Tiku A., (2010), The anti-bacterial action of various extracts of “Toxicity of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract Solanum indicum , Solanum xanthocarpum and against Alternaria brassicae , causal agent of Physalis minima leaves indicated their potentials Alternaria blight of Indian mustard ( Brassica as antibacterial herbal remedies due to the juncea )”. Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 43(3) , 283-89. cumulative effect of all the bioactive compounds 9) Gupta S., Mal M., & Bhattacharya P., (2005), present in the plants.Further work is needed to “Evaluation of hypoglycemic potential of locate the active principle from the various Solanum xanthocarpum (Solanaceae) fruits in extracts and their phytochemical studies. Normal and Streptozotocin induced Diabetic

Rats”. European Bulletin of Drug Research , 13 REFERENCES: 10) Doss A., Mubarack H., & Dhanabalan R., (2009), 1) Aberoumandl A., & Deokule S., (2008), “Antibacterial activity of tannins from the leaves “Comparison of Phenolic Compounds of Some of Linn”. Indian Journal of Edible Plants of Iran and India”. Pakistan Journal Science and Technology, 2(2). of Nutrition, 7 (4), 582-85. 11) Khan M., Khan H., Khan S., Mahmood T., Khan 2) Bahgat A., Abdel A., Raafat M., Mahdy A., EL- P.M., & Jabar A., (2009), “Anti-inflammatory, khatib A., Ismail A., & Khayyal M., (2008), analgesic and antipyretic activities of Physalis “Solanum indicum ssp. distichum extract is minima Linn”. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and effective against L-NAME induced hypertension Medicinal Chemistry, 24( 3) ,632 -37. in rats”. Fundamental & clinical 12) Ooi K., Sifzizul T., Muhammad T., & Sulaiman pharmacology, 22 (6), 693-99. T., (2009), “ Cytotoxic Activities of Physalis 3) Ma P., Cao T.T., Gu G.F., Zhao X., Du Y.G., & minima L. Chloroform Extract on Human Lung Zhang Y., (2006), “Inducement effect of synthetic Adenocarcinoma NCI-H23 Cell Lines by indiosides from Solanum indicum L. on apoptosis Induction of Apoptosis”. Evidence-based of human hepatocarcinoma cell line Bel-7402 and Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 585- its mechanism”. Chinese journal of Cancer , 25(4), 90. 438-42. 13) Sathis Kumar D., Raju S., Harani A., Banji D., 4) Huang W.H. Hsu C.W.,& Fang J.T., (2008) : Rao K., & Banji O., (2009) “Alpha-Glucosidase Central diabetes insipidus following digestion Inhibitory and Hypoglycemic Activities of Solanum indicum L . concentrated Physalis minima Extract”. Pharmacognosy solution .Clinical Toxicology, 46 (4), 293 –96 Journal , 1 (4),273-78. 5) Bansal S., Singh K., & Kumar S., (2009), “ Larvicidal activity of the extracts from different parts of the plant Solanum xanthocarpum against

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ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF Solanum indicum , Solanum xanthocarpum and Physalis minima.

Petroleum Methanol Ethanol Acetone Aqueous Solvent ether Table 1: The antimicrobial activity of Organisms HT CT HT CT HT CT HT CT HT CT fresh leaves extract of Solanum indicum

BC 15.5 13.5 14.5 12.0 ------against selected microorganisms.

CD 10.0 12.0 22.5 21.5 14.5 13.0 19.5 15.5 25.5 22.5

SA 10.5 9.5 - - 14.0 15 - - - - Note:BC-Bacillus spp ., CD- SC 15.0 14.0 16.0 13.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 9.5 - - Corynebacterium diptheriae , SA- EC - - 10.5 12.0 13.0 12.0 - - - - Staphylococcus aureus , SC-Streptococcus KP - - - - 17.0 16.0 12.0 10.0 - - spp., EC-Escherichia coli, KP -Klebsiella pneumoniae, PM- Pesudomonas spp. , ST- PM 16.0 16.5 12.5 14.0 9.5 9.5 - - - - Salmonella typhimorium, HT- heat treatment, ST 17.0 15.5 9.0 9.5 11.0 10.0 - - - - CT-cold treatment, mm-millimeters

Methanol Ethanol Petroleum Acetone Aqueous Solvents ether

HT CT HT CT HT CT HT CT HT CT Organisms BC 9.5 9.0 8.5 9.5 8.0 8.0 9.5 9.5 - - Table 2: The antimicrobial activity of CD 8.5 9.5 14.0 12.0 9.0 12.0 11.5 11.0 - - fresh leaves extract of Solanum SA 10.0 9.5 11.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 12.0 11.0 - - SC 9.5 8.5 8.0 8.5 12.0 8.5 9.0 9.0 - - xanthocarpum against selected EC 12.0 13.0 9.5 9.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 9.0 - - microorganisms KP 13.0 11.0 12.5 11.0 12.5 11.0 11.0 10.0 - - PM 12.0 13.0 11.5 11.0 11.5 11.0 9.5 10.0 - - ST 10.0 9.5 9.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 11.0 - -

Solve Methanol Ethanol Petroleum Acetone Aqueous nts ether Table 3: The antimicrobial activity of Orga HT CT HT CT HT CT HT CT HT CT fresh leaves extract (hot treatment) of nisms BC 22.5 19.0 23.5 21.5 13.5 16.0 15.0 22.5 14.5 14.5 Physalis minima against selected microorganisms CD 20.5 18.0 23.5 17.0 14.0 12.5 21.5 20.5 17.0 18.0 SA 12.5 15.0 17.5 12.0 17.5 15.0 15.5 14.5 14.5 12.5

SC 27.5 20.0 20.0 14.0 20.0 12.5 17.5 21.0 17.5 18.0

EC 27.5 20.0 22.5 21.0 22.5 16.5 16.5 24.0 24.0 19.0

KP 22.0 21.0 24.5 20.0 24.5 24.0 13.5 21.0 20.0 16.5

PM 20.0 20.0 27.0 24.0 27.0 20.0 10.5 24.0 16.5 13.0 ST 27.5 15.5 16.0 12.0 16.0 13.0 15.0 14.5 22.5 16.0

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