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Modern Techniques in Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata Say) Control and Resistance Management: History Review and Future Perspectives

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Modern Techniques in Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata Say) Control and Resistance Management: History Review and Future Perspectives insects Review Modern Techniques in Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) Control and Resistance Management: History Review and Future Perspectives Martina Kadoi´cBalaško 1,* , Katarina M. Mikac 2 , Renata Bažok 1 and Darija Lemic 1 1 Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (D.L.) 2 Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +385-1-239-3654 Received: 8 July 2020; Accepted: 22 August 2020; Published: 1 September 2020 Simple Summary: The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is one of the most important potato pest worldwide. It is native to U.S. but during the 20th century it has dispersed through Europe, Asia and western China. It continues to expand in an east and southeast direction. Damages are caused by larvae and adults. Their feeding on potato plant leaves can cause complete defoliation and lead to a large yield loss. After the long period of using only chemical control measures, the emergence of resistance increased and some new and different methods come to the fore. The main focus of this review is on new approaches to the old CPB control problem. We describe the use of Bacillus thuringiensis and RNA interference (RNAi) as possible solutions for the future in CPB management. RNAi has proven successful in controlling many pests and shows great potential for CPB control. Better understanding of the mechanisms that affect efficiency will enable the development of this technology and boost potential of RNAi to become part of integrated plant protection in the future. We described also the possibility of using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as a way to go deeper into our understanding of resistance and how it influences genotypes. Abstract: Colorado potato beetle, CPB (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), is one of the most important pests of the potato globally. Larvae and adults can cause complete defoliation of potato plant leaves and can lead to a large yield loss. The insect has been successfully suppressed by insecticides; however, over time, has developed resistance to insecticides from various chemical groups, and its once successful control has diminished. The number of available active chemical control substances is decreasing with the process of testing, and registering new products on the market are time-consuming and expensive, with the possibility of resistance ever present. All of these concerns have led to the search for new methods to control CPB and efficient tools to assist with the detection of resistant variants and monitoring of resistant populations. Current strategies that may aid in slowing resistance include gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi, besides providing an efficient tool for gene functional studies, represents a safe, efficient, and eco-friendly strategy for CPB control. Genetically modified (GM) crops that produce the toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have many advantages over agro-technical, mechanical, biological, and chemical measures. However, pest resistance that may occur and public acceptance of GM modified food crops are the main problems associated with Bt crops. Recent developments in the speed, cost, and accuracy of next generation sequencing are revolutionizing the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and field of population genomics. There is a need for effective resistance monitoring programs that are capable of the early detection of resistance and successful implementation of integrated resistance management (IRM). The main focus of this review is on new technologies for CPB control (RNAi) and tools (SNPs) for detection of resistant CPB populations. Insects 2020, 11, 581; doi:10.3390/insects11090581 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2020, 11, 581 2 of 17 Insects 2020, 11, x 2 of 17 Keywords: Colorado potato beetle; resistance problem; control strategies; GM potato; RNAi; SNPs Keywords: Colorado potato beetle; resistance problem; control strategies; GM potato; RNAi; SNPs 1.1. Introduction Introduction ColoradoColorado Potato Potato Beetle—A Beetle—A Global Global Pest Pest of of Potato Potato Production Production PotatoPotato (Solanum (Solanum tuberosum tuberosum L.)L.) is an is anespecially especially important important crop crop worldwide. worldwide. According According to Food to Foodand Agricultureand Agriculture Organization Organization of the ofUnited the United Nations Nations (FAO (FAOSTAT) STAT) [1], it [is1 ],the it isfourth the fourth most important most important food crop,food following crop, following wheat, wheat, rice, and rice, maize. and maize. More than More 1 than billion 1 billion people people consume consume potatoes potatoes as a staple, as a staple, and theand crop the cropplays plays an increasingly an increasingly important important role rolein future in future global global food food securi security.ty. At At a aglobal global scale, scale, approximatelyapproximately 20 20 million million hectares hectares are are planted planted with with an anaverage average yield yield of 17 of tons/hectare 17 tons/hectare resulting resulting in 370in 370million million tons tonsvalued valued annually annually at approximately at approximately US $50 US billion $50 billion [1]. Without [1]. Without crop protection, crop protection, about 75%about of 75%attainable of attainable potato production potato production would be would lost to be pests lost to [2]. pests Oerke [2]. [3] Oerke estimated [3] estimated quantitative quantitative losses oflosses potato of due potato to insect due to pests insect to pests be around to be around34% annually. 34% annually. TheThe Colorado Colorado potato potato beetle, beetle, CPB CPB (Leptinotarsa(Leptinotarsa decemlineata decemlineata Say)Say) is is the the main main insect insect pest pest of of potato potato plantsplants [4]. [4]. According According to to Weber Weber [5], [5], its its curre currentnt distribution distribution covers covers about about 16 16 million million km km2 2inin North North America,America, Europe, Europe, and and Asia. Asia. It It was was first first observed observed in in the the U.S. U.S. in in 1811 1811 by by Thomas Thomas Nuttall Nuttall [6]. [6]. The The first first seriousserious damage damage to to the the potato potato in in the the U.S. U.S. was was observ observeded in in 1874 1874 in in Colorado Colorado [7]. [7]. In In the the first first several several yearsyears after after appearing, appearing, the the CPB CPB turned turned out out to to be be a a very very devastating devastating potato potato pest pest [8]. [8]. In In Europe, Europe, the the first first CPBCPB population population was was discovered discovered in in Germany Germany in in 1877, 1877, but but it it was was successfully successfully eradicated eradicated at at that that time. time. However,However, in in 1922, 1922, CPB CPB population population was was established established in inFrance France [9], [ 9and], and by bythe the end end of 20th of 20th century, century, it spreadit spread across across Europe Europe (Figure (Figure 1),1 ),Asia, Asia, and and western western China. China. CPB CPB continues continues to to expand expand in in an an east east and and southeastsoutheast direction direction [5]. [5]. Cong Cong et et al. al. [10] [10 ]reports reports that that CPB CPB has has been been found found in in provinces provinces in in Northeast Northeast China;China; hence, hence, we we can can say say that that China China has has become become the the frontier frontier for for the the global global CPB CPB spread. spread. FigureFigure 1. 1. SpreadSpread of of the the Colorado Colorado potato potato beetle beetle over over Europe Europe during during the the 20th 20th century. century. Damage to potato plant leaves caused by the CPB adults and larvae appears as holes of varying Damage to potato plant leaves caused by the CPB adults and larvae appears as holes of varying sizes, usually starting around the margins. The leaf blades are eaten, often leaving a skeleton of veins sizes, usually starting around the margins. The leaf blades are eaten, often leaving a skeleton of veins and petioles behind. This can result in defoliation. A single CPB during its larval stage can consume and petioles behind. This can result in defoliation. A single CPB during its larval stage can consume 40 cm2 of potato leaves [11]. Then, when the plant has been defoliated, adult CPB feed on stems 40 cm2 of potato leaves [11]. Then, when the plant has been defoliated, adult CPB feed on stems and and exposed tubers [6]. Defoliation of potato plants by the CPB can completely destroy potato crops exposed tubers [6]. Defoliation of potato plants by the CPB can completely destroy potato crops and significantly decrease tuber production [12,13]. Control of this pest has proved very challenging Insects 2020, 11, x 3 of 17 becauseInsects of2020 its, 11highly, 581 destructive feeding habits and its ability to adapt to a range of3 of environment 17 stresses [14] that would otherwise suppress other Chrysomelidae pests [15]. Currentand significantly CPB management decrease tuber and production control [12 practices,13]. Control incl of thisude pest biological has proved control, very challenging cultural practices, and chemicalbecause oftreatments its highly destructive [9,14]. Overwhelmingly, feeding habits and hi itsstorical ability toand adapt contemporary to a range of CPB environment control strategies have reliedstresses upon [14] that insecticides would otherwise [16]. suppressGauthier other et al. Chrysomelidae [17] stated pests that [15CPB]. has been credited with being Current CPB management and control practices include biological control, cultural practices, largelyand responsible chemical treatments for creating [9,14]. the Overwhelmingly, modern insecticide historical industry. and contemporary Even though CPB control the strategiesuse of insecticides resultedhave in relied a drastic upon insecticidesreduction [ 16of]. CPB Gauthier populati et al.
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