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Electric Bicycles in Bike-Share Systems An Investigation of the Potential for Electric Bicycles in Gothenburg’s Bike-Share System Styr & Ställ Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering SOFIE ERLANDSSON OLIVIA HÄGGLÖF Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of GeoEngineering Road and Traffic Research Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-63 MASTER’S THESIS BOMX02-16-63 Electric Bicycles in Bike-Share Systems An Investigation of the Potential for Electric Bicycles in Gothenburg’s Bike-Share System Styr & Ställ Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering SOFIE ERLANDSSON OLIVIA HÄGGLÖF Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of GeoEngineering Road and Traffic Research Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2016 Electric Bicycles in Bike-Share Systems An Investigation of the Potential for Electric Bicycles in Gothenburg’s Bike-Share System Styr & Ställ Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering SOFIE ERLANDSSON OLIVIA HÄGGLÖF © SOFIE ERLANDSSON & OLIVIA HÄGGLÖF, 2016 Examensarbete BOMX02-16-63/ Institutionen för bygg- och miljöteknik, Chalmers tekniska högskola 2016 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of GeoEngineering Road and Traffic Research Group Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Illustration of the simplicity to cycle uphill with an electric Styr & Ställ bicycle compared to a conventional Styr & Ställ bicycle. Illustrated by Elin Tjäder (2016). Chalmers Reproservice, Göteborg, Sweden, 2016 I II Electric Bicycles in Bike-Share Systems An Investigation of the Potential for Electric Bicycles in Gothenburg’s Bike-Share System Styr & Ställ Master’s thesis in the Master’s Programme Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering SOFIE ERLANDSSON OLIVIA HÄGGLÖF Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of GeoEngineering Road and Traffic Research Group Chalmers University of Technology ABSTRACT Gothenburg is growing geographically as well as population-wise and experiences a densification. Solutions for sustainable transportation are needed, and a way to promote this is by having a bike-share system (BSS). Today Gothenburg has a BSS with conventional bicycles, Styr & Ställ, located in the city centre. Due to the growing city the system might need to develop and expand. This thesis investigates the potential of e-bikes in Styr & Ställ and the possibilities to expand the system due to e-bikes. This both include an extensive literature review on BSS, interviews and case studies with European cities with electric BSS, and analysis of where to develop the system geographically. It is found that there are some topographic limitations in the current system in Gothenburg, which can be approached by e-bikes. It is also possible to go further with an e-bike and therefore include more areas in the system. With e-bikes more and other groups of users can be reached, for instance older people, physically limited people, or people in context that do not want to arrive sweaty. Analyses were done in order to find suitable areas for an expanded BSS. The expansion areas that were found for the system are mainly the sub-districts Majorna, Masthugget, Frölunda Torg, Krokslätt, Lunden Olskroken, Gamlestaden, Lindholmen and Rambergsstaden. This is an overall radial expansion except from a corridor towards Frölunda Torg and Gamlestaden. Furthermore, stations based on destinations of interests such as public transport nodes, parks, squares, universities, and working places were suggested and located. The conclusion is that there is a potential for electric bicycles in Styr & Ställ and that the system should be combined with both conventional and electric bicycles, in order to approach a broader user group. The system is also recommended to expand to the areas mentioned above. People that already use the BSS will be able to continue to use it in the same way, and people that prefer an e-bike in order to cycle, will them too have a socially, economic, and environmentally sustainable transport alternative that also improves the public health. Key words: electric bike-share system, combined bike-share system, bike-share system, electric bicycle, Styr & Ställ, bicycling, sustainable transport III Elcyklar i lånecykelsystem En utredning av potentialen för elcyklar i Göteborgs lånecykelsystem Styr & Ställ Examensarbete inom masterprogrammet Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering SOFIE ERLANDSSON OLIVIA HÄGGLÖF Institutionen för bygg- och miljöteknik Avdelningen för geologi och geoteknik Forskargrupp Väg och trafik Chalmers tekniska högskola SAMMANFATTNING Göteborg håller på att växa, både geografisk och invånarmässigt och blir en allt tätare bebyggd stad. Därför behövs det transportlösningar som är hållbara, och en sådan lösning kan vara lånecykelsystem. Göteborg har idag ett lånecykelsystem, Styr & Ställ, som har sin utbredning i de centrala delarna av staden. Eftersom staden växer kan det finnas ett behov att Styr & Ställ också gör det. I det här examensarbetet utreds potentialen för elcyklar i Göteborgs lånecykelsystem Styr & Ställ. Detta görs genom en litteraturstudie av lånecykelsystem, samt intervju- och fallstudier av europeiska städer som har lånecykelsystem med elcyklar. Det framkom att i dagens Styr & Ställ finns topografiska begräsningar, men dessa kan lösas med hjälp av elcyklar. Elcyklar möjliggör även längre resor vilket innebär att fler områden kan inkluderas i systemet. Vidare visade det sig att elcyklar kan öppna upp systemet för nya grupper i samhället, till exempel personer som inte vill bli svettiga, personer med fysiska begräsningar eller äldre personer. Det gjordes analyser för att ta fram lämpliga områden för en utvidgning av Styr & Ställ. Av dessa analyser framkom det att primärområdena Majorna, Masthugget, Frölunda Torg, Krokslätt, Lunden Olskroken, Gamlestaden, Lindholmen och Rambergsstaden är lämpliga. Detta medför att en utvidgning skulle ske huvudsakligen radiellt, med undantag för utvidgningar längs stråk till Gamlestaden och Frölunda Torg. Dessutom placerades föreslagna stationer ut vid målpunkter som kollektivhållplatser, universitet, parker, torg och arbetsplatser. Slutsatsen som dras är att det finns en potential för elcyklar i Styr & Ställ, men då som ett komplement till de vanliga cyklarna samt att systemet bör utvidgas till områdena nämnda ovan. Ett kombinerat system gör att personer som redan använder systemet kan fortsätta att göra det på samma sätt och personer som föredrar att cykla med elcykel har också de ett socialt, ekonomiskt och ekologiskt hållbart transportalternativ som även förbättrar folkhälsan. Nyckelord: el-lånecykelsystem, kombinerat lånecykelsystem, lånecykelsystem, elcykel, Styr & Ställ, cykling, hållbara transporter IV Contents ABSTRACT III SAMMANFATTNING IV CONTENTS V PREFACE IX NOTATIONS X 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Aim and objectives 2 1.3 Delimitations 2 1.4 Method 3 1.5 Outline of the thesis 4 2 INTRODUCTION TO BICYCLE AND BICYCLE PLANNING IN GOTHENBURG 7 2.1 Urban transport today and sustainability 7 2.2 Bicycling today 8 2.3 Electric bicycles 9 2.4 Bicycle planning in Gothenburg 10 2.4.1 The Bicycle Program 11 2.4.2 Bicycling in Gothenburg 11 2.4.3 Traffic safety and security 12 3 BIKE-SHARE SYSTEMS 15 3.1 Origin and development of bike-share systems 15 3.2 Benefits with bike-share systems 16 3.2.1 Environmental benefits 17 3.2.2 Social benefits 17 3.2.3 Economic benefits 18 3.3 Planning and designing a bike-share system 19 3.3.1 Target groups 20 3.3.2 Planning guidelines 21 3.4 Challenges with bike-share systems 23 CHALMERS Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-63 V 3.4.1 Unevenly distributed bicycles 23 3.4.2 Climate 24 3.4.3 Security, theft and vandalism 24 3.4.4 Safety risks 25 4 ELECTRIC BICYCLES IN BIKE-SHARE SYSTEMS 27 4.1 Bike-share systems with electric bicycles 27 4.1.1 Copenhagen, Denmark 27 4.1.2 Milan, Italy 28 4.1.3 Stuttgart, Germany 28 4.1.4 Electric bicycles by JCDecaux 29 4.2 Benefits with bike-share systems with electric bicycles 29 4.3 Users and target group for bike-share systems with electric bicycles 31 4.4 Challenges with bike-share systems with electric bicycles 32 5 THE BIKE-SHARE SYSTEM STYR & STÄLL 35 5.1 Description of Styr & Ställ 35 5.2 Styr & Ställ users today 38 5.3 Public acceptance of Styr & Ställ 39 5.4 Expansion potential for Styr & Ställ 40 5.4.1 Development plans in Gothenburg 40 5.4.2 Parameters that affect decisions concerning an expansion of Styr & Ställ 43 5.4.3 Principles for extension of Styr & Ställ 43 6 ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL FOR ELECTRIC BIKE-SHARE SYSTEM IN GOTHENBURG 45 6.1 Analysis and key findings from literature and interview study 45 6.1.1 General findings of bike-share systems 45 6.1.2 Potential of electric bicycles in Styr & Ställ 46 6.1.3 Proposed solution 47 6.2 Key figure analysis 49 6.2.1 Description and method for key figure analysis 49 6.2.2 Results from key figure analysis 51 6.3 Isochronal analysis 52 6.3.1 Description and method for isochronal analysis 52 6.3.2 Results from isochronal analysis 53 CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-63 VI 6.4 Destination analysis 58 6.4.1 Description and method for destination analysis 58 6.4.2 Result from destination analysis 58 6.5 Concluding result 60 7 DISCUSSION 63 7.1 Discussion of general method, delimitations and limitations 63 7.2 Discussion of the key-figure analysis 63 7.3 Discussion of the isochronal analysis 64 7.4 Discussion of the destination analysis 66 7.5 General discussion of literature review and proposal 66 8 CONCLUSION AND FURTHER STUDIES 69 9 REFERENCES 71 APPENDICES CHALMERS Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-63 VII CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis BOMX02-16-63 VIII Preface In this Master’s thesis, electric bike-share systems has been studied and the potential of implementing electric bicycles in the bike-share system in Gothenburg Styr & Ställ has been investigated.