Helena Holgersson Icke-Medborgarskapets Urbana Geografi

Icke-medborgarskapets urbana geogra!

HELENA HOLGERSSON

ICKE-MEDBORGARSKAPETS URBANA GEOGRAFI

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Tryckt med bidrag av Sociologiska institutionen och Centrum för Europaforskning (CERGU) vid Göteborgs universitet. INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING

DEL I. INLEDNING 8

1. NÅGOT SLAGS GÖTEBORGARE 9 Staden och medborgarskapet 12 Det svenska icke-medborgarskapet 13 Storstaden som kritiskt fall 14 En studie av svenskt icke-medborgarskap i Göteborg 16 Urval och ordval 17 Vägen till syfte och frågeställningar 20 Parallella studier av utvisningsbara 21 Med utgångspunkt i teori eller empiri 23 På ett starkt politiserat forskningsfält 26 Storstadens paradoxer 27

2. DEN URBANA VARDAGSGEOGRAFINS SOCIOLOGI 31 Staden som förhandlingsrum 33 Rumsproduktion på gatunivå 35 Med platskänsliga metoder 38 Teorins roll i den urbana etnograﬁn 42 Rätten till staden 46 Vardagliga förhandlingar om medborgarskap 51 Icke-medborgares handlingsutrymme 54 Relationen till intervjupersonerna 55 Interaktion inom diskursens ordning 58 Att göra sig och bli gjord 61 DEL II. SVENSK KONTEXT 68

3. KOMMUNAL HUVUDVÄRK 69 Göteborgs självbilder 71 Å ena sidan: En stad med enorm potential 72 Å andra sidan: En stad utan någonting att erbjuda 77 När bilderna förs samman 81 Kommunens (o)ansvar 83 I den svenska välfärdsstaten 83 I den ”konkreta realiteten” 90 Ständigt pågående förhandlingar 92 Aldrig en del av lösningen 94

4. EN SVÅRFÅNGAD FIGUR 97 De ”gömda ﬂyktingarna” 98 Bakom neddragna persienner 100 En diskurs med historiska rötter 108 Det ”gömda ﬂyktingar” inte kan vara 111 Illusion om rumslig avgränsning 112 Föreställningar om passivitet 116 Två internationella utmanare 122 De ”illegala invandrarna” 126 De ”papperslösa” 130 Bortom stackar och skurkar 133

DEL III. LOKALA LANDSKAP 136

5. STADEN SOM MINFÄLT 137 Att ständigt passera obemärkt 138 Att praktisera kroppskontroll 139 Med den dominerande diskursen som skydd 142 Akut riskhantering 143 Att navigera i staden 147 Göteborg x 3 147 Rasismens lokala geograﬁ 152 Utvisningsbara som brottsoffer 157 Utvisingsbarhet på lokalt vis 159 6. VARDAGLIGA MEDBORGARSKAPSHANDLINGAR 161 Myndighetsförhandlingar 162 Rum som disciplinerar 163 Att begripliggöra ett avslag 165 Illegalitetsförhandlingar 168 I en segregerad stad 169 Ifrågasatta göteborgare 170 ”Förorten” som referenspunkt 172 I jakt på andningshål 173 I speciﬁka förhandlingsrum 178 På (svarta) arbetsplatser 180 På (frivillig)organisationer 181 I lägenheten/hemmet 183 Bland familj och vänner 185 Medborgarskap som närvaro och praktik 186

DEL IV. AVSLUTANDE REFLEKTIONER 188

7. GÖTEBORG INZOOMAT 189 Navigation i oländig terräng 191 Där medborgarskapets gräns blir suddig 192 Där diskurser materialiseras 195 Nationellt och urbant icke-medborgarskap 197 En lokal geograﬁ med internationell prägel 198 Sverige som narrativ 201 Göteborg ur ovanlig vinkel 204 Invånare som alltid stör planen 205 Platsers parallella funktioner 206 Med kaffe som avslutning 208

DEL V. GÖTEBORGSKARTOR 210

APPENDIX 222 A. Ett blandat etnograﬁskt material 223 B. Etiska Överväganden 230 C. Vägar in i Sverige 236

SUMMARY 246

TACK 267

NOTER 270

LITTERATURLISTA 305 ENGLISH SUMMARY SUMMARY 247 - -

, that is of the conditions conditions the of is that , is is where one of my inform my of one where is is ! P I en returned to Ramberget, sometimes sometimes Ramberget, to returned en " ZENSH I erent areas in Gothenburg. He had lived here for for here lived had He Gothenburg. in areas erent T # I the Swedish non-citizenshipSwedish the ve years, mostly on Hisingen. However, now it seemed like he he like seemed it now However, Hisingen. on mostly years, ve $ is is a study of of study a is is HE URBAN GEOGRAPHY Chapter 1: Some GothenburgerChapter kind of 1: 0 and Sweden, in live permit residence a without people which under Gothenburg. Even though he had received a deportation order he had had he order deportation a received had he though Even Gothenburg. asylum his of denial the appeal to try and Sweden in stay to chosen late was It refugee”. “hidden a as himself of spoke he and application, summerand on our way down we picked blackberries on the slopes. outfrom the viewpoint. o He his of out get to just own, his on sometimes barbecue, to friends with river the of side other the on house my out pointed I apartment. small and we discussed di almost of northeast the in suburb concrete a Hjällbo, to move to have would is a part of Keiller’s Park. Standing at the top of this mountain, look mountain, this of top the at Standing Park. Keiller’s of part a is the in Bridge Älv Göta from city, the of parts large see can you out, ing Bridge thewest.in Älvsborg’s to centre place a at walk a take could we if him asked I when me brought ants Wherever him. to something meant that – anywhere – Gothenburg in looked we as me, told he places, high out sought he himself found he T OF NON-C and Gothenburg of northwest the in Hisingen on located is Ramberget 248 HELENA HOLGERSSON in the ognized. been excluded; for instance, in ancient Greece only free men were recperson’s bond to a city rather than to a state. in Inboth ancientmany Greececases andpeople medieval haveEurope, citizenship referred to a di very are citizenship time, and it is brought to a head in cities. our of issues political complicated most the of one is non-citizens question of how welfare the state ought with presence the to deal of men deal with this situation and negotiate their position. societal more speci zenship came to include civil rights in the constant risk of being deported. galityislived throughof palpable the sense received adeportation order yet or not. Genova De argues that ille ers non-citizens informantsmyas to refer I discussions general Incountries. tween pointto out thatnon-citizenship justcitizenshiplike– di – butby introducing concept the of Swedisha non-citizenship wantI comparisons,nationalmake I researchersnorAmerican these ther Swedish contextthe di gals”.However, howworkscholarsreading the striking itof is these “ille ofstudiesfrom illegality distinguishingofofstudies portance have been especially inspired by De Genova’s discussions on the im analyze how our society is organized. is society our how analyze this with andnon-citizen, createthe thattures Bosniak. Linda and Varsanyi,Coutin MonicaSusan Sassen, Saskia Genova, De Nicholas as such researchers American of work the on draw ly lations between state, market and family/civil society are organized. di rights social how shows Andersen’s ideal-typical description of di 0 In my analysis of how citizenship is being negotiated today I most today negotiated is being of In how citizenship my analysis and e contracts that in di in that contracts e $* th deportables 1 Finally, as as Finally, century, and social rights in the the in rights social and century, 0 ! , and in more speci ey all emphasize the historical, cultural and legal struc emphasize historical,and legal cultural all the ey cally cally in Gothenburg. It analyzes how 0 respectively, depending on whether they have they whether on depending respectively, 2 omas Marshall writes, focusing on Europe, citi focusing writes, omas Marshall 2 erent. ers from the Northcontext.Americanfrom the ers Nei 2 2 er within Europe, depending on how re how on Europe,depending within er erent times and spaces have been called beenhavespaces anderent times 0 ! c parts of the analysis as ey have been tied to di to tiedhave been ey 4

0 2 "# $+ erent welfare state regimes is is also my ambition. I ambition. my also is is th th deportability century. century, political rights ! gure as a lens they they lens a as gure !1 een een women and 2 Gøsta Esping- Gøsta 2 asylum seek erentunits; , that, isthe 2 ers be ers 0 3 e

------SUMMARY 249 ------eld eld until ! , which in short means means short in which , I had to come focus on "#$# Consequently, I did not have I did have not Consequently, 5 ned my overall purpose ana overall as ned my ! sociological listening sociological s, but did not really become a common ections ections in the of winter %# 4 xed xed number of research questions that I then tried to e situation in the Nordic countries was countries practically in unin the e Nordic situation ! 0 s. ed images of non-citizens it is important to avoid both sentimen both avoid to important is it non-citizens of images ed *# cial images of post-industrial Gothenburg, and also, how they eoretically my perspective aims at analysing, on the one hand, the hand, one the on analysing, at aims perspective my eoretically with a ! In In Europe, research on undocumented/irregular immigration Since my way of working has been rather inductive I did not start not did I inductive rather been has working of way my Since 3 2 started in the the ago. years of a until couple vestigated welfare system, and in the end I de the in end and system, welfare lysing what characterizes my the Writing Swedish non-citizenship. re concluding and Swedish the of features the experience, lived a as non-citizenship when appears city the how on and respectively, contexts Gothenburg centre. the at put are deportables these themes got more theoretically grounded. I eventually started analyzing how the stories might of bemy informants to related the o Gothin everydaytheirlives Looking at city. the through navigated Swedish the within with dealt are deportables how studied I enburg o non- of the was it bothof a outset thestudy From situation answer. that later until not was it but environment, urban the of and citizens tal descriptions and too theory driven, and therefore Back. Les predictable, is perspective a such advocates that sociologist A analyses. of concept the coined He structures and discourses that lay down conditions for the existence existence the for conditions down lay that discourses and structures other the on and, Gothenburg, in deportables and seekers asylum of make – way all– practice in theirown in informants my how hand, sim reproduce to not order In work. city the in lives everydaytheir pli context: for instance Shahram Khosravi, Annette Rosengren, Ramin Rosengren, Annette Khosravi, Shahram instance for context: Erika and Moksnes, Sigvardsdotter Heidi Baghir-Zada,Sager, Maja Hansson. Markus Chapter The 2: sociology everyday of geography urban 0 muchprevious research relatetoparallelbutto, projectmyto num a ber of other researchers have been also been studying the Swedish 250 HELENA HOLGERSSON Sans-Papiers in France. them against non-citizenslawbythat which discriminateschallenge the acts call Isin Engin space. urban this of use make actually informants my reference to literature on issues of social equality with a focus on access to public space. as a symbol for society as a whole, and the discussion revolves around where the phrase “the right to the the city” within is central. placed be can study this Marxist, not is perspective my Althoughsociety. in themselves for debated, but also where my informants – literally – are making room being are Sweden in non-citizens of presence the concerning tions I discuss how di how discuss I when butdeparture,implicitofpoint an is analysis discoursework people tell them but still analyse what is being said. that researchers let their own preconceptions get challenged by what Gothenburg as a media coverage of immigration, asylum and integration politics. liamentary committees, records of proceedings in the Chamber and enburg” (see pp “mental”interviews, maps that the informants drew of “their Goth observations, participant on based is analysis my and encounters, spectives spectives drawing on Ian Hacking. tening I combine discourse analysis and symbolic interactionist per citizenship conceptof the forth bring future,I the in derstood un andof talked be will deportables which in waychange the also can – apartment your decorating and friends making working, as gration. But I also zoom in, as Alex-Rhys Taylor puts it, discourses in the political debate on undocumented/irregular immi the the conceptual framework of Erving Go representations athowthese look a ih eeec t Hni Lefebvre’s Henri to reference With Method-wise my aim was to portray place-sensitive ethnographic In an attempt to “operationalize” Les Back’s idea of sociological lis . acts of citizenship of acts "$$ 2 space for negotiation erent discourses compete with each other I refer I other each with compete discourses erent – ""# 9 Since I believe that less dramatic acts – such ), notes from walk-alongs, reports from par urban citizenship , and illustrates his argument with argument his illustrates and , 10 2 I to try identify the dominating ect myinformants’ ect usinglives, . ! 7 Today, the city is where ques eld of critical urban studies, urban critical of eld pta triad, spatial 2 man. I look at how people like 12 In most parts of my 0 e city is here used 6

everyday acts of acts everyday characterize I 11 in order to 8 With ------SUMMARY 251 ------

I 13 and in 17 en without without en 1 eodore argue, “actually eodore argue, “actually work places and apart and places work e and Ernesto Laclau. 0 2 ###

.# Like many other post-industrial Like many Further on, by the river banks, in banks, river the by on, Further 15 19 ict of in interest Swedish cities. the At 4

14 ow”. As Ien Ang notes, cities, unlike ow”. states, , and in order to “get on the map” in the last last the in map” the on “get to order in and , 4 18 people will be in built thedecades, coming a pro As Neil Brenner and Nik . With their conscious spatial tactics I believe that my my that believetactics I spatial conscious their With . 16 rst one is for the most part found in marketing. Goth marketing. in found part most the for is one rst ###

! e -# 0 er. er. e second image of Gothenburg focuses on “immigrants” and entrepreneurialism 2 Today, there are two parallel representations of Gothenburg: one one of Gothenburg: two there are parallel representations Today, 0 cused on cooperation between politics and business that goes back hundreds of years, has played well into this contemporary kind of governance. urban Gothenburg Gothenburg “the a Gothenburg local spirit”, political tradition fo enburg is clearly working within is working the enburg clearly logic that David Harvey refers as to couple of years the city has, for instance, erected a ferris wheel by house. opera the to next river, the of a city with enormous potential and one of a city without anything anything without city a of one and potential enormous with city a of o to to to the discourse theory of Chantal Mou Chapter headache Municipal 3: we see Today a distinct con work authorities local the here, come non-citizens many as time same hard to reduce this “in the to accommodate have in simply and who moves control cannot newly arrived as best as they can. ments for for ments region. city big European a become to plan the of part a is jectthat former harbour and industrial areas, areas, industrial and harbour former existing neo-liberalism” is always a existing neo-liberalism” result of betweeninteractions a utopian placeless ideology and local political frameworks, performativity o – also but arrested, being avoid just not do informants repre dominant challenge, sometimes and reproduce, – it knowing non-citizens. of sentations show how my informants have to actively work on passing unnoticed unnoticed passing on work actively to have informants my how show when through urban moving space, in how but to order emphasize discourses materialize I theoryalso of partly rely on Butler’s Judith cities Gothenburg is cities today Gothenburg being like marketed a commodity in or redeveloping meant has this elsewhere like and capital, attract to der the inner city. 252 HELENA HOLGERSSON visible here. so contrastbecomes the since anywhereelse, than Sweden in cized try. However, such politics is at the same time more likely to be criti completely exclude people andthese hope that leave they the coun conclusion toParadoxically logical everyone. be might the enough, to welfareof degree high a provide to aims which system, Swedish are given some welfare goes against the fundamental principle of the for human rights. human for O the HuntPaulfrom by report a in citizens,its as care health of level same non-citizens the In countries. able people are more obviously excluded here than in other European the as characterizes lines. I argue that one consequence of what Gøsta Esping-Andersen guide national no are there school to comes it when and expense, tationorder only have accessto emergencycare health at own their migration politics become visible. im national the of consequences the where is this that emphasize map of asylum seekers. enburg can end up on, and that the city already can be found on the Goth mapcity.thatonejustnot a ofis obvious there that Italso is simpli in included be can ants gue that they are related to each other. It is clear that not all inhabit not gained a hearing. have they far so but them, host toability better municipalitieswith the parliament to change the legislation, and refer asylum seekers to convince to trying been years ten last the for have Gothenburg in politiciansunregulatedhousing market. Leading the apartments in mostlyend up staying with relatives or or friends, renting people rooms or these Gothenburg in housing organized no is there Since lot of people move to cities like Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. organize their housing themselves, and in practice this means that a to allowed are Sweden in seekers seekers”.“asylumasylum Today When Ien Ang refers to cities as cities refersIentoAngWhen Having juxtaposed these two parallel images of Gothenburg, I ar "##% 21 Sweden was strongly criticized for not o not for criticized strongly was Sweden Creating “parallel systems” where these people these wheresystems” “parallel Creating social democraticsocialwelfare regime 3 ce of the UnitedNationscommissioner the of ce ! ed – and marketable – descriptions – marketableand – ed 20 In Sweden, adults with a depor concreterealities is that deport that is it is in orderto in is it 2 ering ------SUMMARY 253 ------24 Municipal Municipal nd nd it remarkable ! have been taught 2 but I 23 from the police here. police the from hide are partly used as synonyms here. us us the title of this chapter: 0 In Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University 22 “refugee” ” was running, and the most common way of erent notions of who the people in question are, why why are, question in people the who of notions erent "##5 2 . Further, it seems . to Further, me that the restrictive, and ideologi However, restrictive national legislation does not, as Monica Var Monica as not, does legislation national restrictive However, At this time there was also talk of “illegal immigrants” and “with and “illegalimmigrants” of talkalso was there time this At In this chapter, In my this is conclusion that chapter, we see a negotia constant sanyi sanyi shows in her work, mean that non-citizens have no access to welfare at the local level. is is categorized in other parts of Europe. Since these three expres di create sions came I here, lives their live they how and Sweden to come have they out papers”, which to a larger extent corresponds to how this group this to how group which corresponds to a extent larger papers”, out ing ing segregation it is understandable that local politicians in Goth enburg are concerned and call for action, tion regarding non-citizens’ right to welfare in Sweden, and that it is is it that and Sweden, in welfare to right non-citizens’ regarding tion to a brought head in cities. headache cally grounded, national legislation on welfare for non-citizens increas of is reports of light the In by. live to authorities local for hard and and has also organized seminars where the sta how to register people without a Swedish personal number. And when it comes to schooling, headmasters that have wanted to wel come deportable children have been allowed to, although not eco compensated. nomically Hospital has Hospital decided not to charge people with no capacity to pay, And because Swedish authorities have carried out deportations to a to deportations carried out have authorities Swedish because And rejectedcountries, asylum other European than extent many larger to reason more had have seekers When I started working on this research project, the campaign “Ref campaign the project, research this on working started I When ugee Amnesty Swedish typically a refugees”, “hidden was people deportable naming focusedbeen have politics Swedish Because parts. its both in – term dec recent for immigration labour not and immigration asylum on ades, “immigrant” and that the proposed solutions always suggest that asylum seekers move move seekers asylum that suggest always solutions proposed the that elsewhere. Chapter 4: A hard-to-capture figure 254 HELENA HOLGERSSON present themselves as de facto citizens. In the last two or three years “illegal”. being non-citizensagainstofaccusations izes Insteadthey organ that movement social a of name the also is which Papiers, protection is put in question. people’s ofthese need when examplefor discourse, broader this to referencesfrequent make do they that argue I but parties, political pression “illegal immigrants” is too negative to be used by established narcotics smuggling and tra and smugglingnarcotics gration has increasingly related been to organized crime, terrorism, immigrants”“illegal are classical villains. In the past immi decades While “hidden refugees” obviously fall into the category of pitiables, immigrants”expressions“without papers”and“illegal respectively. of passivity, that there is someone who is “hiding” them. live “outside ofand society” “underground”. And secondly, a notion it creates, ple are understood within the dominatingdiscourse. the within understood are ple fugees”, and that it consequently gives us clues about how these peo Becker would call the most instantly readable picture of “hidden re tian blinds or curtains ( from behind, inside dark apartments, in front of windows with “standarda venepicture”children or familiesIt recurred.depictsalways a and before years the in people deportable about articles Aswaya ofthis identifying ! my of time the at Sweden in discourse dominating the on focus I cal measures can be motivated. pending on which discourse that is given preference, di separatedbe from “the villains”, to Ingrid use Sahlin’s concepts. De pitiables”could “the how aroundrevolves negotiation Swedish the settings nationalother in Justlike immigration.on debate Swedish speci the at closer look chapterI this in them, on Focusing discourses. competing to connected as them consider to eldwork, which revolved around the expression “hidden refugees”. “Without papers” is a translation of the FrenchexpressionSans- the translationof“Without a papers”is 0 A discourse analysis can be described as a “snapshot”,a here as and described be can analysis discourse A en there are two competing discourses that revolve around the ! rstly, an illusion of spatial demarcation, that these people see pp ! 3 $#$ gure I looked atgurelooked I press photographs. In cking in Europe.in cking 25 – $#, ). I argue that it is what 27 In Sweden the ex the Sweden In ! c features of the the featuresof c 26 2 I found thatfound I erent politi 1

Howard er "##5 ------

SUMMARY 255 ------rst rst ! man’s reason man’s 2 Go cations, and that we we that and cations, 29 ! erent political actions. actions. political erent 2 means tryingmeans to get the people e discourse of “without papers” chal papers” “without of e discourse passing 0 gure of thought people like my informants are are informants my like people thought of gure But since I in am interested how people deal ! 28 erent kinds of “them” – “them” that “we” ought ought “we” that – “them” kinds “them” of erent 2 man’s work work man’s 2 through this urban is geography yet another way to gure. And that it matters how we talk about these people, since since people, these about talk we how matters it that And gure. navigated ! erent ways of describing them call for di callfor them describing of ways erent er zooming out and discussing the Swedish context in the nd nd interesting. However, my main argument in this chapter is Looking at how the three discourses above are related to each oth each to related are above discourses three the how at Looking In ErvingIn Go 2 1 ! ing mostly focused on how people try to make a certain impression, impression, certain a make try to people how on focused mostly ing discusses deportability it is to put emphasis on the role of legislation, legislation, of role the on emphasis put to is it deportability discusses to challenge the notion that borders separate citizens and non-citi with employers provide authorities American how show to and zens people labour actu with cheap threatening by deportation without ally deporting them. di Chapter The 5: city as a minefield A two empirical in chapters, the last two I zoom in and focus on the Genova De Nicholas When Gothenburg. in informants my of stories pers” appear as part of “us”. “us”. part as of appear pers” which villains”, “the and pitiables” “the of dichotomy Sahlin’s lenges I simpli rough are discourses three theseall that to people of group heterogeneous this reducing not on work to have one er gives an idea of what is at stake in the Swedish debate on undocu on debate Swedish the in stake at is what of idea an gives er mented/irregular migration. While “hidden refugees” and “illegal di are immigrants” pa “without – welfare “our” threaten that “them” and of care take to this discourse has challenged the discourse of “hidden in refugees” this Within Sweden. not considered passive victims living isolated from other inhabit city. the of ants around you to perceive you as “normal”, which for non-citizens trans non-citizens for which “normal”, as you perceive to you around disclosed. status legal their having not into lates when and how my informants thought they would put themselves how at Looking Gothenburg. in reported or arrested being of risk at they non-citizenship. Swedish study with with deportability in their everyday life I chose to focus on where, 256 HELENA HOLGERSSON ticket checks on public transport, especially the big ones where situation that almost everyone pointed out as most risky was during the Generally, this. avoid to managed had he how but station, the a witnessed he how me told man oneForinstance, though. arrestedgot almost dane. Many of the situations that my informants describe were quite mun ple as hiding inside apartments, not moving through the city. seems to provide some protection since it describes deportable peo as an “immigrant” order to be identi easier for those who come from Eastern Europe to pass unnoticed. In sweaty palms, but also about struggling not to let the fear show. It was also as a bodily one. a person’s nervous behaviour might betray her or him. was a “hidden refugee”, most of them said no, but some thought that them if they thought one could tell by looking at someone if she or he had been able to move relatively freely in Gothenburg. When I asked informants the that explains which one,unnoticeable an as terized hard work. as a Described very was this that However, learned all. I impressionat an making informants’my in butimpressionstoriesnot about management is pose, pose, but a “spin-o that said board their how feltthey about performing internal border control, the chair of tra and cannot identify herself or himself, police are called. When Väst inspectorsget on tram.Ifa not passengera does have ticket, valid a es ant ae n rss wih aaoial mas ht even that means paradoxically which risks, any take cannot ders since the police might come a of them also told me how they avoided living with “criminal” friends, since they would have to identify themselves and trust the sta Navigatingmeansavoiding both dangers them. andwith dealing but condition, legal a as just not described be can Deportability My informants also describe hospitals as dangerous environments ! k, which runs the public transport in Gothenburg, was asked was Gothenburg, in transport public the runs which k, 0 ey managed not to be detected. On some occasions they they occasions some On detected. be to not managed ey ! ght and was asked by the police to come with them toghtcometo andthem asked withwasbypolice the ! ! 2 ed ed as a “hidden refugee” you have to be identi rst. Moreover, the discourse of “hidden refugees” e 0 2 ! e informants talk about pounding hearts and ect”. nding “hidden refugees” was not their pur their not was refugees” “hidden nding stigma, 30 1 er them. People with deportation or non-citizenship has to be charac 2 . Some $5 ! - "# ed ed ------

SUMMARY 257 - - - - - rm ! is a land a is e people I interviewed had 0 local geography of racism of geography local e informants also refer to such patterns. patterns. such to refer also informants e 0

31 erent estimations of where they would be at risk. In order to to order In risk. at be would they where of estimations erent 2 ere is no key to where the police look for deportable people or people is ere no key the deportable to look where police for nding nding apartments and jobs, and the ones that had charged too ! is is is the part of Gothenburg with the highest proportion of the What Les Back refers to as the as to refers LesBack What 0 population population born outside Sweden, but also where the incomes are con to the By lowest. the seaseems in the the southwest statistics are reversed in suburb” “the informants my To respects. these both lent category since theycategory the bothlent people were that had helped them in paid very and salaries. low rent much for the most part been staying in the northeast high-rise suburbs. 0 In In their stories of and dangerous safe places, the categories of “im verya is ambiva “Immigrants” central. are “Swedes” and migrants” situations to avoid, and how not to arouse suspicion in people’s minds. people’s in suspicion arouse to not how and avoid, to situations scape where basedcodedor exotic places are on as their dangerous ethnicities. inhabitants’ and the man who drew it moved through the city every week, collect week, every city the through moved it drew who man the and back straight went G always he But map tramlines. the along In tins empty ing “home”. is map his of node central the and apartment, the to deported being of risk at was he though Even fear. of signs no see you the man behind it was not and afraid of he being arrested, includes and places what knew he that felt He nightclubs. and parks stadiums, very di by drawn was D Map G. and A D, maps the compared I this illustrate by for provided and lodged is that “hidden”, literally was who a man He sees no an where the organization. logic police regarding might out in and avoids public, for him, search is scared when always he’s Gothenburg, of parts most covers A Map can. he if house his leaving not report crimes that they are subjected to, and people around them them around people and to, subjected are they that crimes report not male avoided she me how told this. One woman about know might reason. this for hours late working and employers to who is and the most to likely people I be met an made informer, though though they are referred to with as car they by “illegals”, go to are dare more even not legal did man One than inhabitants. other most friends who drove too fast. Living under the threat of deportation, can they Obviously crime. of victims potential also are non-citizens 258 HELENA HOLGERSSON ways identify with other people in the same situation. One man did Genova describes in the USA. the in describes Genova De that way same the in policies immigration its of part as labour Swedish the government considers employers’ these for need cheap I market, labour unregulated the in ing appearance-wise. o also but exclusion, their complements to national citizenship. searchers from di on discussions theoretical recent the in ! have, but discussing it in terms of presence Legallyspeaking, citizenship somethingis youeither havenotdoor of citizenship acts Everyday 6: Chapter speci ! of, knowledge informants need my unnoticed pass to order in that can be characterized as a general phenomenon. In this chapter I show without reference to global structures, but that does not mean that it they have resisted the subordination of lacking a residence permit. cally where and when they have been at risk of being di conditions under which my informants live their lives in Gothenburg can be understood as a struggle for struggle a as understood be can “illegals”.“economicandimmigrants” constant risk of being called – and seen as – “bogus asylum seekers”, refugees”,den applications their butunless areapproved areat they plain and defend themselves. ex to have they situationswheremany are there appeal to try and under suspicion. Since my informants have chosen to stay in Sweden asylum application denied can be seen as being dismissed and placed Havingone’sauthorities.Swedish torelation in is them of one and cult it is to single out non-citizens. rstly,legislationand,national andsecondly, policies, and local the 2 Even though most of the people in this study have been work been have study this in people the of most though Even Non-citizens have to negotiate their position in manysituations,in Non-citizens positionnegotiate have totheir er from the living conditions of Swedish citizens, and more speci ! c urban space through which they have to navigate. 2 erent disciplines elaborate on future options and/or 2 er anonymity since they blend in there in blend they since anonymity er 0 32 Deportability cannot be discussed discussed be cannot Deportability ey talked ey abouttalked themselves as “hid 0 33 respectability In this chapter I look at how the is is one of the main arguments 0 urban citizenship urban

! and practice and shows practice how dif eir resistance against this this against resistance eir nd it highly unlikely that unlikely highly it nd . 34

0 othered ey did notal did ey , where re where , and how ! ------SUMMARY 259

------37 ter nger ! uence in uence 4 is is makes up 0 ngerprints are registered registered are ngerprints ! for incompetence. for 2 illustrates that the illustrates city is produced who took the asylum seekers’ 2 Places are seldom described without refer Non-citizens do not have much in much have do not Non-citizens 36 . 35 spatial triad spatial c occasion when people are made into non-citizens is non-citizens c occasion made wheninto people are ! Henry Lefebvre’s Henry Lefebvre’s One One speci Navigating through a geography of exclusion does mean just not of exclusion through a geography Navigating in a play between spatial practices, representational space, and rep space, and in betweena play spatial practices, representational space. of resentations he is sent back to that country. When I visited “the dact” (the dact” room I “the visited When he is back country. sent to that where this control takes place) at the Migration Board in Sagåsen outside Gothenburg, the sta prints plastic wore gloves. When I theyasked them told why, me it but scabies, and hepatitis HIV, like diseases from them protect to was ritual. of kind a resembled mostly this me to when they are “dacted”, that is when their when is that “dacted”, are they when Regulation Dublin the to According EURODAC. database EU the in if is and it in member asylum state, one for a person apply can only revealed that a person has already been elsewhere registered she or not not even want a refugee since amnesty, this would mean that a lot of people that he did not think deserved a residence permit would be idealizedand informants given Swedish one. people” Many “the sta its and Board Migration the blamed Ramberget was such a place for the man I initially described. For an For described. initially I man the for place a such was Ramberget in it centre was other the woman a centre. shopping took she where also was this and C), (map map her of part most the place they chose to live in, but the suburbs where many of them had had them of many where suburbs the but in, live to chose they place been had they which to somewhere as rooms and apartments found she staying, been had she where woman one asked I When deported. this conception Wacquant’s Loïc Using Bergsjön.” in “Not answered: a by characterized be can Gothenburg of northeast the in suburb ritorial stigmatization the negotiation of how urban space is planned, but are both among both urban are among space how of but is planned, the negotiation its users and part of the processes through which notions of dif ferent places are formed. My describeinformants Gothenburg as a ence to their inhabitants, and Bergsjön is one of the most “immigrant “immigrant most the of one is Bergsjön and inhabitants, their to ence city. the of areas poor and dense” Les as but, subordination, one’s reinforce that places tryingavoid to be. just can one where spaces create to trying also emphasizes, Back 260 HELENA HOLGERSSON ever, another woman told me how she refused to live in a temporary How F). (map Christmas celebrating are neighbours Swedish the mapnon-citizenship,symbolic symbolized dlestick very her andin ment. To one woman that I notinterviewed, having an Advent can ers and get emotional support. described as free zones where they could relax, be together with oth mostly were premises these though, time same the At grateful. act unequal, and in this context people like my informants o alwaysprovidingoneis it the andhelp needs who one the between relationpower organizations the supportSecondly, at deportation. customersthe didnotthat to were suspect seem they threatened by di running were woman one and man One normalized. partly was life spheretheir wherea was this them conditions that citizens would refuse. On the other hand, for some of oneulated)workinghand,where, onthe forced sites they accept to viewees clearly negotiated their position in society. Firstly, in (unreg did not know anyone who lived there. where people go without an invitation, and most of my interviewees are beaches areas the public,though arethese whole a as not some Even sea. the by suburbsgarden informants’the is the maps in ing a while, she told me. Generally, the part of Gothenburg that is miss me for our walk-along. In the crowd she forgot about her troubles for least two of his siblings had been Swedish citizens for decades. Le decades. for citizensSwedish been had siblings his of two least photoa picturesalbumandwith familygatherings. from Atparties works. On the living room table of a single man in his di thirties Iestablished found had informants my burg “Who would me?” On marry the other hand, a not worth investing in when it comes to relationships. One man asks ily. On the one hand, it seems like non-citizens are sometimes seen as also extended in time; it is where you picture your future. but space, in located justnot is home A denied. been plicationhad state, and had decorated her apartment even though her asylum ap 0 I have identi Fourthly, one more ambivalent context is among friends and fam irdly, yet another space for negotiation is the home/the aparthome/the the negotiationirdly,foris space another yet ! ed ed four environments and contexts where my inter 2 2 erent kinds of shops, and shops, of kinds erent erent kinds of social net social of kinds erent 1 er years in Gothen 1 en have to ------SUMMARY 261 ------erent re erent 2 uence in this this in uence 4 roughout this my study roughout 0

38 en have more time at hand, and and hand, at time more have en 1 nition. ections I return to how my inform my how to return I ections ! 4 e fact that people have very di have e people fact that nal re nal 0 ! rst part of my my of part rst ! e danger of discussing citizenship in terms of practices is that In the In 0 performed in order to criticize Swedish asylum politics, but by the – acting as if unconsciously or they– consciously had a informants Sweden. in future regulation of immigration and criteria for granting residence permits permits residence granting for criteria and immigration of regulation attend not do they citizens, Swedish being not Naturally, debated. are acts everyday through but issues, these on deliberations political the citizenship,limited,everofsothey some,stillifin have being characterized by not are acts citizenship Everyday of process. ambition has been to both simplify and complicate the political and and the political complicate and been simplify both to has ambition Sweden. in non-citizens of presence the on discussions theoretical By terrain. rough very a through navigating as described be can ants to societywant in I position their negotiating as them talkingabout emphasize that they are part of the process in which issues such as tance of not reducing social reality by using simple models. Compared Compared between sociology and political activism he the models. emphasizes impor simple using by reality social reducing not of tance o sociologists writers other many to he What stereotypes. recurrent behind reach to chance the vari therefore with analyses producing at aims listening sociological as to refers ous not meanings, political manifestos. Chapter 7: Zooming Gothenburg on in Chapter 7: ought How immigration to be is regulated a political question that needs to be settled in democratically appointed bodies, and what in is new the perspectives de contribute like this might one studies relation the discusses Back Les When decisions. the precede that bate serve and others do not. serve do not. others and sources will always have to be considered by the lawmakers. How someone that account into take to not unreasonable is it think I ever, has created a life for herself or himself in Sweden – and maybe in case. his or her hearing when – Gothenburg gally, a gally, relative is either under the age of eighteen or a spouse, but de that challenge pictures these de some something as thus and achievement, an as appear might it 262 HELENA HOLGERSSON nicity based inequality. nicitybased ofEU,Sweden nowpart is a andduring the system and multiculturalism and a growing structural class and eth welfare sustainable a about ideals the between ambivalence the at den is limited.very Swe in marketlabour unregulated the EuropeanCountries, South plicated, and why this is brought to a head in Sweden. Compared to non-citizens complicate issues that usually are seen as quite uncom on depend informantsmylike people hand other the onBut hand.one the on ing them part of the salary. In a column next to the article a journalist revealed that they had hired non-citizens to do their work, only pay a workers delivery newspaper hundred a dismissed ticket checks. ing withoutpeople number the personal and the Public Transport’s register for Hospital’sUniversity system Sahlgrenska as such cies poli local by Gothenburg in refugees”,and “hidden of discourse dominating the and regime welfare Sweden’sdemocratic by social tion and Agreement.Schengen the At itlevel is structured local the Regula Dublin the as such legislation EU and Declaration Rights Human the Conventionand Geneva the as such agreements tional foron multipleinstance internaand discourses scales, policy tion, mythat informants tion situa the Gothenburg In non-citizenships. urban and national of themselves. by others, but also in relation to which they were able to understand simplithree clearly illustrate how discourses materialise. It was according to these “just” paying attention to discourses, but the stories of my informants portables. Social constructivist researchers are sometimes accused of legal immigrants” are the three most common ways to talk about de called this “a cruel exploitation of vulnerable people”. Many researchers on Swedish immigration policies are pointing are policies immigration Swedish on researchersMany In the autumn In of autumn the 0 In everyday language “hidden refugees”, “without papers” and “il e second part of my of part second e ! ! nding this kind of jobs. of kind this nding ed ed ! gures of thought that they were o were they thatthought of gures "#$# the the ! nd themselves in is structured bylegisla structured is in themselves nd ! Göteborgs-Posten a re nal 4 cin das ih h notions the with deals ections 0 is is a local example of howexampleof local a is is reported that they had 1 39 1 en categorizeden It is, of course, er it had been been had it er ------SUMMARY 263 ------Interestingly enough my my enough Interestingly 40 rms that asylum seekers are are seekers asylum that rms ! owers owers on arrival to Sweden in 4 erent ways. erent 2 ed, ed, people like my are informants re ! is study con study is 0 nd normality, anonymity and social networks here, here, social networks and anonymity normality, nd ! . Sweden is used to criticizing other countries for not not for countries other criticizing to used is Sweden . en 1 "##% at at the expression “without papers” has come to challenge the en referred to poor housing on an unregulated market. But also Finally, in the third part of the conclusions I return to the city. One One city. the to return I conclusions the of part third the in Finally, 0 nd a collective narrative that nostalgically looks back at better days days better at back looks nostalgically that narrative collective a nd 1 last decades the welfare regime has changed in the direction of what what of direction the in changed has regime welfare the decades last Esping-Andersen calls the liberal welfare regime. In Sweden you ! all”. it “had supposedly country the when even though the city is not planned for them. Consequently, we need we Consequently, them. for planned not is city the though even in live to choice their of description authorities’ the problematize to irrational. as Gothenburg of of the things that makes such non-citizens an empirical interesting illustration in urban studies is that they are never among the city. in the of users tended o theyo that they might not necessarily be seen as in need of protection, and the and be necessarily seen theynot protection, in needas might of system asylum the stillthrough is Sweden into route common most all three the within stated, already I As reunions). family (including discourses that I have identi di in but – stereotypes to duced before. before. While “hidden refugees” is a product of Swedish immigra tion policies that have been very focused on asylum, “without pa pers” is rather connected to the French expression “sans-papiers” of Talked immigrants”. and the “undocumented English expression they if than active more as appear informants my papers” “without as are talked of as within However, “hidden this refugees”. discourse conforming to UN agreements, not being criticized by the UN. And And UN. the by criticized being not agreements, UN to conforming immigration. regarding issues on especiallynot that indicates years few last the during refugees” “hidden expression to the come and activists consider politicians issue of have Swedish than one international an of more as conditions living non-citizens’ informants informants also refer to this narrative. For instance, one man told me of how refugees were met with the sixties, seventies and eighties. With that background, it is un derstandable that the critique by Paul Hunt attracted so much at in tention 264 HELENA HOLGERSSON above. completelyfrom be planned never can itprogressthat and workin permit!” Consequently, when I contacted him about the walk I was ful text message from him simply saying ”Hi! We’ve got our residence it. A few weeks before our meeting in the café I had received a joy leave this area, both because of fear and because he did not feel like cal voluntary organization, he had told me that he would rather not had made with him a few months earlier, in a small room at a lo ite café inside the shopping centre Nordstan. In the interview that I And there we were, on bar stools in the display window of his favour was taken by a man in his early twenties. Gothenburg,I ofwhere middle the in café a in it endwant to I and the city from the “wrong” side of the river with one of my informants, o describing Gothenburg from an unusual perspective. familiar, them whypreferaboutis I which my talk toinformants as probably will deportation of threat the under lived have who stories”,oneself: ask to needs one then but point of ofview deportables, the writers o must be avoided. When the urban environment is described from the the city it becomes a mine a thanmore people deportable forbut ticket, valid a without everyone for risky course of are tram the on inhabitants.inspectionsTicket other most from di onhere live they thatinteresting istheoretically are are related to each other. raise the question of how “the city of events” and the segregated city to important is it cities within polarization socio-economic to rise search that shows that entrepreneurial urban governance might give regationitinstead presents Butrethere isperplexed. since itselfas presents itself as a potent actor, but when it comes to increasing seg 1 In his writing Henri Lefebvre emphasizes that citythe is always a 0 Yetcity non-citizens aboutthe ofstories the whyanotherreason en portrayed by its more privileged inhabitants. is study began at Ramberget, where I stood, looking out over out looking stood, I where Ramberget, at began study is 41 In its marketing campaigns the municipality of Gothenburg ! ne is at stake. For people who have to hide in hide tohave who peopleFor stake. at is ne 42 ! eld where di 2 erent places and situations 1 for whom?for en talk abouten talk “unknown 0 Other people Other 2 e city is most erentterms - - ! nd - - - SUMMARY 265 - - e symbolism of it all was overwhelming. From From overwhelming. was all it of symbolism e ! into Nordstan. He preferred the seats in the display window he told told he window display the in seats the preferred He Nordstan. into down sat we and by”, passing people the watch can you that “so me, though. laughing just ourselves found we Soon that. just doing there, not? we could How here, sitting now was he shoulder, his over look constantly to having crowd. the at looking right next to the central station, and then go somewhere for a cof a for somewhere go then and station, central the to next right newsstand. the at waiting there, already was he arrived I When fee. he that noticed I closer came I As distance. long a from him spotted I what towards walk to started we Chatting glasses. new wearing was well located be to out turned which café, favourite his as described he prepared to meet him somewhere in the district where he had been been had he where district the in somewhere him meet to prepared did he that now it to relate would he how of curious was I “hiding”. imme he However, anymore. police the from away stay to have not square a Drottningtorget, at up meet would we that suggested diately NOTES

ENGLISH SUMMARY $ Engin Isin ("##*), ”Citizenship in 4ux: the !gure of the activist citizen”, Subjectivity "*, p -%". " 0omas Marshall ($*5#/$**"), ”Citizenship and social class”, in 0omas Marshall & Tom Bottomore, Citizenship and social class, London: Pluto Press, pp +2. - Gøsta Esping-Andersen ("##"), Why We Need a New Welfare State, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp $$2. . Linda Bosniak ("###), ”Universal citizenship and the problem of alienage”, Northwestern University Law Review, *.(-); Nicholas De Genova, ("##"), ”Migrant ’illegality’ and deportability in everyday life”, Annual Review of Anthropology -$; Saskia Sassen ("##5a), ”0e repositioning of citizenship and alienage: emergent subjects and spaces for politics”, Globalizations "($); Susan Coutin ("##5), ”Contesting criminality: illegal immigration and the spatialization of legality”, !eoretical Crimi- nology *($); Monica Varsanyi ("##,), ”Interrogating ’urban citizenship’ vis-à-vis undocumented migration”, Citizenship Studies "($#). 5 Franck Düvell ("#$#), ”Foreword”, in Trine Lund 0omsen, Martin Bak Jørgensen, Susi Meret, Kirsten Hviid & Helle Stenum (eds), Irregular migration in a Scandinavian Perspective, Maastricht: Shaker Publishing, p -. , Les Back ("##%), !e art of listening, Oxford: Berg Publishers, pp ""f. NOTES ENGLISH SUMMARY 303

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$*,- of of City "5$ , London: Penguin Books; ( Penguin , London: / (Re)searching Gothenburg: essays on a changing city a changing on essays Gothenburg: (Re)searching Paul Hunt ( Hunt Paul ,# the of the everyone enjoyment to of the right on special rapporteur Hunt. health, Paul mental and physical of standard attainable highest tias Wahlström (eds), tias Wahlström [ produktion. ( Harvey David capitalism”, in late governance in urban transformation Geography Human Series B, naler, ( Ang Ien sing cities: regenerating public life in Barcelona and Manchester and Barcelona in life public regenerating cities: sing Routledge. Park: & Nik Brenner Neil neoliberalism’”, existing ’actually ( Falkemark Gunnar [” verksbyggande” Catharina Holgersson, in Helena king”], Ien Ang ( Ang Ien ESF-LiU på konferensen presenterat papper zenship”, World, a Mediatized in Identities Urban on Perspectives Cultural October stena, Zukin ( See Sharon ( Smith Neil blishing; city revanchist the agslivets dramatik dramatik agslivets ( Prisma; tity experience of organization the Mou & Chantal Laclau Ernesto politics democratic a radical towards stragegy: ( Butler Judith s Routledge, London: Ian Hacking ( Hacking Ian interaction”, face-to-face between in the and abstract discourse Society and nomy ( Alex Rhys-Taylor London East in multiculture and class of graphy p Sociology, of College: Department Goldsmiths See Erving Go Henri Lefebvre ( Lefebvre Henri p Blackwell, ( Marcuse Peter city”, ( Isin Engin

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