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Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies Pidgin Languages and Their Phonology

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Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies Pidgin Languages and Their Phonology Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies Pidgin Languages and Their Phonology B.A. Major Thesis Kateřina Valová Supervisor: PhDr. Kateřina Tomková Brno 2006 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. ....................................................... ii I would like to thank Kateřina Tomková, my supervisor, for her kind guidance, and Ondřej Šefčík from Department of Linguistics for valuable suggestions that helped to improve my work. iii Contents 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Content............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Formal Arrangement........................................................................................................ 2 2 The Theoretical Part................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Definitions of Terms Lingua Franca, Pidgin and Creole................................................. 3 2.2 Development of a Pidgin ................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Classification of Pidgins and Their Common Features ................................................. 13 2.4 Theories of Origin.......................................................................................................... 17 2.5 English-based Pidgins.................................................................................................... 21 2.6 Phonology of Pidgin and Creole Languages.................................................................. 25 2.6.1 The Vowel System.................................................................................................. 27 2.6.2 The Consonantal System......................................................................................... 30 2.6.3 Phonotactics ............................................................................................................ 35 2.6.4 Suprasegmental Phonology..................................................................................... 36 2.6.5 Morphonology......................................................................................................... 38 3 The Practical Part.................................................................................................................. 39 3.1 Description of Material.................................................................................................. 39 3.2 Description of the Passages Chosen .............................................................................. 40 3.3 Text in Standard English................................................................................................ 41 3.4 English Transcript.......................................................................................................... 42 3.5 Tok Pisin Transcript....................................................................................................... 44 3.6 Recording Analysis........................................................................................................ 46 4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 55 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 57 Appendix: CD with Tok Pisin recording iv 1 Introduction 1.1 Content This bachelor’s thesis will discuss the problem of creation and development of pidgin and creole languages, paying special attention to their phonological systems. For a linguist, pidginization is remarkable especially for its dynamics that causes radical restructuring of language systems within a very short period of time and virtually before an observer’s eyes. This makes them considerably different from diachronic processes accompanying developments of non-pidgin languages. These proceed very slowly and are perceptible only after a considerable lapse of time. The main concern of the thesis will be in phonological systems that are relatively accessible for investigation. They are reasonably well described, available in literature and what is more, they are comprised only of a few phonemes and phonological oppositions which makes them quite easy to compile. The theoretical part of the thesis will be rather synthetical, while in the practical part, a recent pidgin language recording that is attached to the thesis will be analyzed. As the main source of information for the theoretical part and the most comprehensive work that has been available was written in the mid-sixties, this thesis will try to contribute to current studies of pidgins. It will try to find out how much has a pidgin, Tok Pisin in this case, evolved since Hall’s (1966) major work. 1 1.2 Formal Arrangement As this thesis is phonologically oriented, numerous phonetic and phonological signs will be used that may be unknown for an ordinary reader. However, for those who have at least some knowledge of linguistics, there should be no problem with understanding. All signs that emerge in the thesis are commonly used and are based on International Phonetic Alphabet. As far as this work is concerned, Gimson’s Pronunciation of English was used as a source. To ensure total comprehensibility of the thesis, several more ways of marking will be used. In angle brackets / /, phonemic transcriptions will be enclosed, and square brackets [ ] will symbolize phonetic transcription, which is customary in linguistics. In round brackets ( ), an expression in superstrate language will be written; and in the case of non-English-based pidgins, English translation of such expressions will be put into inverted commas “ ”. 2 2 The Theoretical Part 2.1 Definitions of Terms Lingua Franca, Pidgin and Creole A language is, according to Ferdinand de Saussure, a sign system of which the main function is communication among people. Speech is then the main instrument for human communication (1959: 8-10). A problem may occur if people who are not speakers of the same language meet, and they need to communicate for some reason. Then two situations can arise: First, the speakers can use a language that is not a first language for any of them, but they are all able to use it. Generally, such language is called a lingua franca1. In some cases, however, it can be more closely specified by its dominating function. It can be a trade language (like Swahili in East African), a contact and a cultural language (like Koinf, a general Greek language in the Ancient World), or an auxiliary language (artificial languages like Esperanto, Novial or Basic English). English is usually called an international (or universal) language, because it is being used as lingua franca throughout much of the world today (Warhaugh 2002: 56). Second, if no appropriate lingua franca exists for speakers of different languages, improvised alternative language constructions tend to arise. They can be said to be a mixture of the speakers’ first languages in some respects and generally, they are called pidgin languages. It logically follows that such languages do not have any native speakers and their grammar and vocabulary, as well as their functions, are considerably reduced when compared 1 The term is in fact a semantic extension of a name of a language that was being used in the eastern part of the Mediterranean during the crusade period and it is considered to be the first pidgin of which we have a direct recording. The actual name lingua franca comes from the word Franci, a general designation of the west Europeans, which originates in the fact that there was a great predominance of the French among the crusade warriors (Hall 1966: 3). 3 to the original languages. Only those parts of vocabulary and grammar are retained that are found to be essential for basic communication and thus enable the pidgin language to survive (Hall 1966: 25).2 We can encounter pidgin languages at all social levels and on various occasions. They may origin in the need for communication between a master and his servant (as we can see in the case of Papua New Guinea or South Pacific area), between a slaveholder and slaves themselves (in Africa and on American plantations), or between tourists and their guide (out of which a simplified Italian language of tourist guides in Florence or Rome arose) (Hall 1966: 127). However, pidgins are mostly created as a short-term instrument for trading and other concerns that do not require any close exchange of information. To create such a language in its basic form, it is enough for the speakers to communicate just for several hours. To gain its stable form, the language has to be used for several months or even years. However, it usually does not take a long time for a pidgin to disappear. That can happen if the situation because of which the pidgin arose disappears; if the community using the pidgin disintegrates; or if one of the communicating parties learns to use the other party’s language. Such pidgins very often emerge in conflict areas, where language of an engaged remote power is not known or used. In the twentieth century, for example, there was a clear evidence of Pidgin English varieties in Korea or in Vietnam. However, there is no doubt that
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