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Genetic Structure and Biodemography of the Rama Amerindians from the Southern Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua

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Genetic Structure and Biodemography of the Rama Amerindians from the Southern Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua GENETIC STRUCTURE AND BIODEMOGRAPHY OF THE RAMA AMERINDIANS FROM THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN COAST OF NICARAGUA By Copyright 2013 Norberto Francisco Baldi Salas Submitted to the graduate degree program in Anthropology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________ Dr. Michael H. Crawford (Chairperson) Committee members: ______________________________ Dr. Bartholomew C. Dean ______________________________ Dr. Deborah Smith ______________________________ Dr. John W. Hoopes ______________________________ Dr. Brent E. Metz Date defended: 4/5/2013 The Dissertation Committee for Norberto Francisco Baldi Salas certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: GENETIC STRUCTURE AND BIODEMOGRAPHY OF THE RAMA AMERINDIANS FROM THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN COAST OF NICARAGUA _______________________________ Dr. Michael H. Crawford (Chairperson) Date approved: 4/18/2013 ii Abstract This dissertation examines the evolutionary impact of recent historical events on the population structure of the Rama Amerindians who inhabit the southern Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, by analyzing the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphic variants and their biological relationship with, and ancestral divergence from other neighboring groups. Genetic profiles of 265 individuals from seven Rama communities revealed that the majority of individuals belong to haplogroup B2 (71%) or A2 (28%), with the remaining 1% of variation comprised by the maternal lineages C1 and L3. Based on multivariate analyses combined with median-joining networks, AMOVA, tests of selective neutrality and diversity, phylogeography, and surname isonomy analyses, it is proposed that the geographic distribution of the haplogroups among the Rama communities reflects the history of migration of this population after the European incursion into the Caribbean region of Southern Central America following the 16th century. Ethnographic and ethnohistorical accounts of sub-population fissions and subsequent forced migrations are congruent with these results, leading to the conclusion that the disruption of the Rama’s traditional way of life led to changes in mortality patterns, reproductive dynamics and epidemiology, which ultimately impacted the genetic variation of this population. iii Dedicated to my family and especially to my devoted mother Cecilia iv Acknowledgments First of all I wish to thank my family for their love and support during my academic career, especially my brother Carlo Baldi and my mother Cecilia Salas, as well as Amy Quirin for her priceless help and kindness, and Joaquín Chaves for keeping me on track with his judicious advice. I would like to thank Dr. Michael H. Crawford for the guidance and support he has given me since the first day I knocked at his door. His opportune advice and knowledge have helped me to keep my academic spirit alive and to look to the future. I also extend my gratitude to my committee members: Dr Brent Metz, Dr. Deborah Smith, Dr. Bartholomew Dean, and Dr. John W. Hoopes for their counsel, teachings, and careful revision of this document. I am indebted to my academic colleague and collaborator Dr. Phillip Melton for his suggestions on this investigation, as well as to Dr. Ramiro Barrantes of the University of Costa Rica, and the researchers at the Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, particularly Orion Graf, Stephen Johnson, and Kristine Beaty. I would also like to thank Tiago Schaffrath for assisting me with the fieldwork in Nicaragua; his help was invaluable. Thanks to the professors from the University of Costa Rica, Dr. Mauricio Murillo, Dr. Margarita Bolaños Arquin, Maureen Sánchez, M.A., Floria Arrea, M.A., for their support and friendship. I am especially grateful for the unconditional support of Dr. María Eugenia Bozzoli, whose passion for anthropology always has inspired me. v I would like to thank the Hoopes-Mattleman family for their kind support and for introducing me to the life and culture of the Midwestern United States. I am profoundly in debt to the Rama community in Nicaragua, especially to Mr. Cleveland, Lemon, and Jerry Macrea, as well as Lorenzo Martinez for allowing me to explore their history and their land. Thanks to the epidemiologist Abraham Mayorga of MINSA for granting me access to primary demographic sources and to the Gobierno Regional Rama Kriol (GTR-K) for their interest and support of this investigation. Lastly I wish to thank my close friends, whose enthusiasm, interest and support have given me the motivation to realize this achievement especially Shawn Maloney, Todd Rogers, Victor González, Amy Comfort, Dieter Schräder, Josu Galdos, Megan Migliazzo, Aida Ramos, and Luz Angelica Dean, and the Department of Anthropology office staff: Le-Thu Erazmus, Judy Ross, Carol Archinal, Kathleen Womack, and the department Chair Dr. Jane Gibson. A scholarship from the office of International Affairs at the University of Costa Rica helped me to begin my academic journey to the United States. Additional financial support for this research came from the Tinker field research grant and the Charles Stansifer Fellowship awarded by the Center for Latin American Studies, the Summer Research Fellowship, and the Carroll D. Clark award from the Department of Anthropology of the University of Kansas. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... xii I-INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 II: POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SOUTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA ......................................... 7 GEOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT .................................................................................... 7 THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF THE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN SCA .................................... 9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEMOGRAPHY OF SCA ................................................................................... 11 MODELS OF THE PEOPLING OF SCA ............................................................................................... 13 Human Colonization of the Caribbean Lowlands of Central America (11,000 - 5000 YBP) ............ 15 Archaeology of the Southern Caribbean Lowlands (4000-100 YBP) ................................................ 19 DEMOGRAPHY AND RACIAL CLASSIFICATION IN THE 16TH CENTURY .................................... 23 ETHNO-LINGUISTIC DIFERENTATION IN SCA ................................................................................ 26 NATIVE AMERICAN BIOLOGICAL VARIATION OF SCA .................................................................. 29 Morphological-Classificatory Studies ................................................................................................ 30 Classical Polymorphisms and Microevolutionary Studies ................................................................. 32 Molecular Polymorphisms and Microevolutionary Studies ............................................................... 38 Pharmacogenetics ............................................................................................................................... 49 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 52 III- THE RAMA AMERINDIANS .......................................................................................................... 54 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ........................................................................ 55 European Influence in the Nicaraguan Mosquitia (16th - 19th centuries) ............................................ 56 The Moravian Missionaries ................................................................................................................ 58 Market Economy of the 20th Century and Expansion of the Agricultural Frontier ............................ 59 RAMA ORIGINS AND CULTURAL NICHE .......................................................................................... 60 Origin of the Rama ............................................................................................................................. 60 Residence Relocation and Demography ............................................................................................. 63 Social Structure .................................................................................................................................. 65 Origin of the Rama Surnames ............................................................................................................ 68 Language and Cosmography .............................................................................................................. 69 Niche Construction and Means of Subsistence .................................................................................. 71 Present-day Rama Communities ........................................................................................................ 74 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 78 IV- MATERIALS AND METHODS .....................................................................................................
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