Rhotic Production in the Spanish of Bluefields, Nicaragua, a Language Contact Situation
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Fifth Year Work Plan Cooperative Agreement No.: AID-524-A-10-00003
Fifth Year Work Plan Cooperative Agreement No.: AID-524-A-10-00003 Performance Period: October 1, 2014 - September 30, 2015 August 2014 The views expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 1 Contents 1. Executive summary ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Demographic and HIV statistics. ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1 HIV statistics generated by MoH ...................................................................................................... 11 2.2 HIV statistics by seroprevalence studies (CDC, GF, Others) .............................................................. 12 2.3 HVI statistics generated by PrevenSida ............................................................................................ 12 2.4 Estimated coverage for key population ............................................................................................ 13 3. Description and background of the HIV implementing mechanism in the country ........................... 13 4. Programs goals and strategic components within the PERFAR framework ....................................... 14 1. Technical Report ................................................................................................................................. 15 1.1 Overview of Approach ................................................................................................................... -
Chapter 16 Road Sector Development Plan 16.1 Road Network
Nicaragua National Transportation Plan Final Report Chapter 16 Road Sector Development Plan 16.1 Road Network Improvement Plan 16.1.1 Introduction As mentioned in Chapter 13.5, the main policies of the transport sector in the National Transport Plan is to develop a transport network system to support economic growth, assist social activities so as to decrease regional disparities, and to develop infrastructure resilient to the impact of climate change. This chapter discusses the various measures to realize the policies established. 16.1.2 Planning Methodology Figure 16.1.1 illustrates the planning process of the road network development plan. The development projects or the candidate projects that will contribute in improving the existing road network will be selected by integrating the projects that are being implemented or are on the course of planning by MTI with the proposed improvement works to improve the present road network. Present Road Network On-going and Planned Projects Planning Concept Proposed Improvement Works Proposed Road Network Development Projects (Candidate Projects) Figure 16.1.1 Planning Process of Road Network Development Plan Source: JICA Study Team 16.1.3 Present Road Network Although, the total road network in Nicaragua totals to 23,647km, only the basic road network under the jurisdiction of MTI, which totals to approximately 8,517 km (trunk road and collector road) will be targeted for road network development plan. 16.1.4 Integration of On-going and Planned Projects On-going projects and planned projects for fiscal year 2014-2016 were identified and those that needed to be included in the NTP were selected. -
Southern Bahamian: Transported African American Vernacular English Or Transported Gullah?
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Southern Bahamian: Transported African American Vernacular English or Transported Gullah? Stephanie Hackert University of Augsberg1 John A. Holm University of Coimbra ABSTRACT The relationship between Bahamian Creole English (BahCE) and Gullah and their historical connection with African American Vernacular English (AAVE) have long been a matter of dispute. In the controversy about the putative creole origins of AAVE, it was long thought that Gullah was the only remnant of a once much more widespread North American Plantation Creole and southern BahCE constituted a diaspora variety of the latter. If, however, as argued in the 1990s, AAVE never was a creole itself, whence the creole nature of southern BahCE? This paper examines the settlement history of the Bahamas and the American South to argue that BahCE and Gullah are indeed closely related, so closely in fact, that southern BahCE must be regarded as a diaspora variety of the latter rather than of AAVE. INTRODUCTION English (AAVE) spoken by the slaves Lexical and syntactic studies of Bahamian brought in by Loyalists after the Creole English (Holm, 1982; Shilling, 1977) Revolutionary War that predominated over led Holm (1983) to conclude that on southern the variety that had developed largely on the Bahamian islands such as Exuma, it was northern Bahamian islands. This ascendancy mainland African American Vernacular developed “…for the simple reason that it had 1 Stephanie Hackert, Applied English Linguistics, University of Augsburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] John A. Holm, University of Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements: An earlier draft of this article benefited from the comments of Katherine Green, Salikoko Mufwene, Edgar Schneider and Donald Winford, whom we would like to thank here, while noting that responsibility for any remaining shortcomings is solely our own. -
02 De Julio 2021
INSTITUTO NICARAGÜENSE DE ESTUDIOS TERRITORIALES (INETER) INFORME DE LLUVIAS DE LAS ÚLTIMAS 24 HORAS Y PRONÓSTICO DEL TIEMPO PARA EL 02 DE JULIO DE 2021 En las últimas 24 horas la red meteorológica nacional registró lluvias en 66 municipios: - Lluvias fuertes en 21 municipios: Chinandega, Villa Nueva, Rivas, Río Blanco, Matiguas, Boaco, Teustepe, Camoapa, Muy Muy, Juigalpa, Santo Domingo, Acoyapa, El Coral, Morrito, San Miguelito, El Ayote, Paiwas, Laguna de Perlas, Punta Gorda, Bluefields, El Rama. - Lluvias moderadas en siete (07) municipios: Tola, Matagalpa, San Lorenzo, El Almendro, Nueva Guinea, Muelle de los Bueyes, San Pedro del Norte. - Lluvias débiles en 38 municipios: Corinto, El Viejo, Larreynaga, Nagarote, Managua, San Francisco Libre, La Concepción, Nindirí, Villa El Carmen, Masatepe, Nandaime, Granada, Ometepe, Altagracia, Telpaneca, Murra, Jícaro, Quilalí, Condega, Somoto, Estelí, Wiwilí de Jinotega, Santa María de Pantasma, San José de Bocay, Jinotega, El Cuá, Tuma- La Dalia, San Isidro, San José de los Remates, San Carlos, El Castillo, San Juan de Nicaragua, Puerto Cabezas, Karawala, Waslala, Waspam, Rosita, Nueva Guinea, El Tortuguero. Para el día de hoy: Las bajas presiones mantendrán su predominio en Nicaragua, asociadas a la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical (localizada al Sur-Oeste del Mar Caribe y Sur de Centroamérica). Esta situación atmosférica mantendrá el aporte de humedad hacia el interior del territorio nacional. Observaremos vientos predominantemente ligeros y de dirección Nor-Este / Este, ocasionalmente variable por la tarde/noche en las Regiones Pacifico y Norte; con rachas de vientos de 30/50 kmh en periodos de lluvias. Con probabilidades de lluvias dispersas y ligeras (a ocasionalmente moderadas) en las distintas regiones del país, mayormente en la Región Caribe Sur, Región Central, Zonas Sur y Occidental de la Región Pacifico, y en los litorales; con posibilidades de lluvias fuertes locales ocasionales. -
Pidgins and Creoles
Chapter 7: Contact Languages I: Pidgins and Creoles `The Negroes who established themselves on the Djuka Creek two centuries ago found Trio Indians living on the Tapanahoni. They maintained continuing re- lations with them....The trade dialect shows clear traces of these circumstances. It consists almost entirely of words borrowed from Trio or from Negro English' (Verslag der Toemoekhoemak-expeditie, by C.H. De Goeje, 1908). `The Nez Perces used two distinct languages, the proper and the Jargon, which differ so much that, knowing one, a stranger could not understand the other. The Jargon is the slave language, originating with the prisoners of war, who are captured in battle from the various neighboring tribes and who were made slaves; their different languages, mixing with that of their masters, formed a jargon....The Jargon in this tribe was used in conversing with the servants and the court language on all other occasions' (Ka-Mi-Akin: Last Hero of the Yakimas, 2nd edn., by A.J. Splawn, 1944, p. 490). The Delaware Indians `rather design to conceal their language from us than to properly communicate it, except in things which happen in daily trade; saying that it is sufficient for us to understand them in that; and then they speak only half sentences, shortened words...; and all things which have only a rude resemblance to each other, they frequently call by the same name' (Narratives of New Netherland 1609-1664, by J. Franklin Jameson, 1909, p. 128, quoting a comment made by the Dutch missionary Jonas Micha¨eliusin August 1628). The list of language contact typologies at the beginning of Chapter 4 had three entries under the heading `extreme language mixture': pidgins, creoles, and bilingual mixed lan- guages. -
Grammaticalization Processes in Non-Standard Varieties: Do
LOT Winter School 2007, 15-19 January Variation matters! Friday, 16.00-18.30, Room GN6 Bernd Kortmann The historical dimension: grammaticalization processes in non-standard varieties: do Do AS A TENSE AND ASPECT MARKER IN VARIETIES OF ENGLISH 1. Why interesting? 2. Do as a tense and aspect marker in varieties of English 2.1 Progressive 2.2 Habitual 2.3 Perfect and related categories 2.4 Unstressed tense carrier in affirmatives 2.5 Summary 3. Do/doen/tun as TAM markers in Germanic 4. T/A do in English varieties from a typological perspective: Grammaticalization paths 5. Conclusion 1. Why interesting? • (a) with regard to grammaticalized uses of do: interesting range of variation across varieties of English, first and foremost in the tense and aspect (T/A) domain (-> focus of today's talk): completive/perfect (1a,b), progressive (1c-f), habitual (1g,h), unstressed tense carrier in affirmatives (1i,j); (1) a. a don klin di hos gud. ('I have cleaned the house well.'; Belizean Creole) b. I don know you stupid ('I have (always) known…'; Trinidad Creole) c. ??Don't be talking like that. (IrE; EF, but at best marginally progressive in meaning) d. Do rain, don't it? ('It's raining, doesn't it'; very trad. SW; 18th/19th c. SW) e. Gregg duh hide. ('Gregg is hiding.'; older form in Gullah Creole) f. i di go maket. ('I am going to the market'; Cameroonian Pidgin) g. He do/did go to the cinema every week. (WelE) h. Two lorries of them [i.e. turf] now in the year we do burn. -
BLUEFIELDS OR BLUUFIILZ Silvina Woods
BLUEFIELDS OR BLUUFIILZ Silvina Woods Miss Lady, you need wa taxi?” My head jerked aroun seeking the voice from which !hose words carne. couldn’t believe it! The words, !he intonation, the phrasingit sounded just like !he way I talked! “Oava ya, Miss-da mee aksin ifyu need wa taxi.” 1 peered through the mesh border, which separated arriving passengers from the wai- ting park area at the Bluefields airport. And there he was. A young, outspoken Nicaraguan taxi driver was energetically waving at me. He saw me as a potential fare - 1 just gaped and gaped at him. To me, he could have been my brother, uncle, boyfriend (okay, okay, except for the age difference) or fellow citizen of my home country of Belize. Not only did he look like me he sounded likeme. Well, almos!. The Nikaragwan Kriol (Nicaraguan Creole) he was speaking had slight grammatical and phraseology differences from the Bileez Kriol (Belize Creole) 1 speak. For example, his “da mee aksin ifyu need wa taxi” would be said in Bileez Kriol as “da mee di aks if yu need wahn taxi.” Belize is a multicultural country of sorne 250,000 people located north of Nicaragua, just above Honduras. lts eastern border faces the Caribbean Sea. 1 was in Bluefields to assist with a Kriol language appreciation and trai- ning workshop for sorne 35 language teachers who taught in schools situated in Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coas! (sorry, Caribbean Coas!). The week-long sessions were held at URACCAN’s southern campus (Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense). -
12 Taller Material Didáctico
Plan Nacional de Transporte de Nicaragua Informe de Transferencia Tecnológica 12vo Taller Material Didáctico 335 APP en General (Esta Presentación es Básicamente para las Carreteras de Peaje) Mitsuo Kiuchi APP Experto 1 Esquema de la Presentación 1. ¿Por qué APP? 2. ¿Qué es APP? [Tipos Básicos de Modalidad APP] 3. Condiciones Aplicables de los Tipos Básicos en la Modalidad APP 4. Ciclo de Proyecto APP 5. Riesgos de los proyectos APP 6. ¿Cuál es la clave del éxito de los proyectos APP? 7. APP para proyectos que no generen ingresos 336 2 1. ¿Por qué APP? 1.1 Definición de APP El termino “ Asociación Público Privada (APP)” describe una posibilidad de relación entre las entidades publicas y privadas en el contexto de infraestructura y otros servicios Fuente: Guía de Asociación Publico Privada (2008, ADB) 3 1. ¿Por qué APP? 1.2 Objetivos de APP 1) Movilización del Capital Privado Para ofrecer un servicio público necesario a la gente tan pronto como sea posible mediante la movilización del capital privado y reducir la carga financiera del sector público. La necesidad del sector privado de entrar en APP es buscar compensación por sus servicios a través de pagos, cargos por el servicio prestado, lo que resulta en un adecuado retorno de capital 337 4 1. ¿Por qué APP? 1.2 Objetivos del APP 2) Herramienta para una mayor Eficiencia El sector público tiene pocos incentivos en sus procesos y organización para manejar las estructuras de eficiencia y además está pobremente habilitada para construir de manera eficiente y operar la infraestructura Sin embargo, el sector privado, se compromete , en una inversión con los objetivos claros de maximizar ganancias incrementando la eficiencia en la inversión y en las operaciones, utilizando totalmente los conocimientos y habilidades del sector privado. -
75 – Junio 2014 ISSN 2164-4268
0 No. 75 – Junio 2014 ISSN 2164-4268 Una revista dedicada a documentar asuntos referentes a Nicaragua CONTENIDO INFORMACIÓN EDITORIAL ................................................................................................................ 3 NUESTRA PORTADA Constantino Láscaris Comneno Historiador de las Ideas en Centroamérica ....................................................... 4 Manuel Fernández Vilchez DEL ESCRITORIO DEL EDITOR La lucha por seguir siendo campesinos ............................................................................................................ 17 Revista Enlace Guía para el Lector ....................................................................................................................................... 21 ENSAYOS Semblanza de Constantino Láscaris Comneno ................................................................................................ 25 Manuel Fernández Vílchez El Amor a la Palabra ................................................................................................................................... 41 Francisco de Asís Fernández Edelberto Torres: educador centroamericanista del siglo XX ............................................................................ 43 Jorge Eduardo Arellano Darío en García Márquez ............................................................................................................................. 48 Carlos Tünnermann Bernheim Antecedentes de la Poesía de Jinotega ............................................................................................................. -
Reference Guide for Varieties of English 1 General
Reference guide for varieties of English Outline structure 1 General 1.1 Investigating variation 1.1 Language change 1.2 Standard English 1.4 Nonstandard English 1.5 Historical background 2 England 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Received Pronunciation 2.3 Estuary English 2.4 Cockney 2.5 British Creole 2.6 East Anglia 2.7 South of England 2.8 West and South-West 2.9 Northern English 2.10 Other languages in Britain 3 The Celtic realms 3.1 Scotland 3.2 Wales 3.3 Ireland 3.4 Isle of Man 4 Minor European varieties 4.1 Channel Islands 4.2 Gibraltar 4.3 Malta 5 The New World 5.1 American English 5.2 Canadian English 5.3 Caribbean English 6 English in Africa 6.1 West Africa 6.2 East Africa 6.3 Southern Africa 6.4 The South Atlantic 7 English in Asia 7.1 South Asia 7.2 South-East Asia 7.3 East Asia 8 Australasia and Pacific 8.1 Australia 8.2 New Zealand 8.3 The anglophone Pacific 9 English-based pidgins and creoles 10 World Englishes 10.1 English and colonialism 10.2 ‘New Englishes’ 10.3 Nonnative Englishes 1 General Aarts, Bas and April McMahon (eds) 2006. The Handbook of English Linguistics. Oxford / Malden, MA: Blackwell. Allen, Harold B. and Michael D. Linn (eds) 1986. Dialect and Language Variation. Orlando: Academic Press. Anderson, Peter M. 1987. A Structural Atlas of the English Dialects. London. Raymond Hickey Reference guide for varieties of English Page 2 of 61 Auer, Peter, Frans Hinskens and Paul Kerswill (eds) 2000. -
The Classification of the English-Lexifier Creole Languages
DigitalResources SIL eBook 25 ® The Classification of the English-Lexifier Creole Languages Spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St. Vincent, and Tobago Using a Comparison of the Markers of Some Key Grammatical Features: A Tool for Determining the Potential to Share and/or Adapt Literary Development Materials David Joseph Holbrook The Classification of the English-Lexifier Creole Languages Spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St. Vincent, and Tobago Using a Comparison of the Markers of Some Key Grammatical Features: A Tool for Determining the Potential to Share and/or Adapt Literary Development Materials David Joseph Holbrook SIL International ® 2012 SIL e-Books 25 2012 SIL International ® ISBN: 978-1-55671-268-5 ISSN: 1934-2470 Fair-Use Policy: Books published in the SIL e-Books (SILEB) series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes free of charge (within fair-use guidelines) and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of SILEB or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s). Series Editor George Huttar Volume Editor Dirk Kievit Managing Editor Bonnie Brown Compositor Margaret González Abstract This study examines the four English-lexifier creole languages spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St. Vincent, and Tobago. These languages are classified using a comparison of some of the markers of key grammatical features identified as being typical of pidgin and creole languages. The classification is based on a scoring system that takes into account the potential problems in translation due to differences in the mapping of semantic notions. -
Agriculture in Nicaragua: Performance, Challenges, and Options Public Disclosure Authorized November, 2015
102989 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Agriculture in Nicaragua: Performance, Challenges, and Options Public Disclosure Authorized November, 2015 INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work with- out permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete informa- tion to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978- 750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected].