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Diciembre 2019 – ISSN 2164-4268 - No 0 Revista de Nicaragüenses No. 140 – Diciembre 2019 – ISSN 2164-4268 - http://www.temasnicas.net/ No. 140 – Diciembre 2019 ISSN 2164-4268 TEMAS NICARAGÜENSES una revista dedicada a documentar asuntos referentes a Nicaragua CONTENIDO CONTENIDO _____________________________________________ 1 PRESENTACIÓN __________________________________________ 4 NUESTRA PORTADA _______________________________________________ 4 Revolución y contrarrevolución: el gobierno sandinista y la guerra de la Contra en Nicaragua, 1980-1990 _____________________________ 4 Dirk Kruijt _______________________________________________________ 4 DE NUESTROS LECTORES _________________________________________ 28 Nada que publicar. _______________________________________________ 28 GUÍA PARA EL LECTOR ___________________________________________ 29 Noticias _______________________________________________ 30 Agradecimientos ________________________________________ 31 Guía para el Lector _______________________________________ 31 DEL ESCRITORIO DEL EDITOR _____________________________________ 41 Nicaragua: El Momento de la Unión es Ahora___________________ 42 Alianza Cívica por la Justicia y la Democracia _________________________ 42 La Crisis Política de Nicaragua ______________________________ 44 Jose Mejía Lacayo ________________________________________________ 44 DE ACTUALIDAD ________________________________________________ 47 Variabilidad climática y cambio climático en Centroamérica _______ 48 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) _______ 48 CIENCIAS NATURALES ___________________________________ 106 El Quelite: Una Especie Autóctona Casi Olvidada _______________ 108 Ing. M. Sc. Guillermo Bendaña G. __________________________________ 108 La Formación Geológica de América Central __________________ 121 Recopilación por José Mejía Lacayo _________________________________ 121 1 Contenido © RTN – [email protected] LAS SEGOVIAS __________________________________________________133 Historia de Fincas en las Cercanías de San Ramon, Matagalpa ____ 135 Por Eddy Kühl __________________________________________________ 135 COSTA CARIBE __________________________________________________154 La reconstrucción histórica de las comunidades aborígenes del Caribe Sur de Nicaragua (un acercamiento a sus fuentes) _____________ 156 Leonardo Daniel Lechado Ríos _____________________________________ 156 NACIONAL ____________________________________________ 172 ENSAYOS ______________________________________________________174 La Identidad de la Venerable Leytona _______________________ 175 José Mejía Lacayo _______________________________________________ 175 La Política Exterior de Daniel Ortega. Las Relaciones Internacionales de Nicaragua desde 2006 ___________________________________ 179 Tomás González Bergez __________________________________________ 179 León y su orgullo catedralicio _____________________________ 185 Jorge Eduardo Arellano __________________________________________ 185 Nuestras “Toponimias” ___________________________________ 193 Jaime Marenco Monterrey ________________________________________ 193 El Método Genealógico ___________________________________ 205 Francisco-Ernesto Martínez _______________________________________ 205 Aritmética ____________________________________________ 210 Wikipedia _____________________________________________________ 210 HISTORIA______________________________________________________223 La Historia ____________________________________________ 225 José Mejía Lacayo _______________________________________________ 225 Historia de la Costa Caribe ________________________________ 227 José Mejía Lacayo _______________________________________________ 227 Los mausoleos del Cementerio de Granada ___________________ 252 Martino Barsanti ________________________________________________ 252 Historia del Cementerio de Granada ________________________ 255 Ernesto Villanueva Rivera _________________________________________ 255 HISTORIA DE LAS IDEAS Y DE LAS MENTALIDADES_____________________257 Presentación de la Sección ________________________________ 257 Editor: Ligia Madrigal Mendieta ____________________________________ 257 GEOGRAFÍA ____________________________________________________258 Zelaya y la concesión a la Company General of Central America (Atlantic-Pacific Railway) ________________________________ 260 Alberto Bárcenas Reyes __________________________________________ 260 Las Ideologías del Territorio ______________________________ 271 2 Revista de Nicaragüenses No. 140 – Diciembre 2019 – ISSN 2164-4268 - http://www.temasnicas.net/ José Mejía Lacayo _______________________________________________ 271 ANTROPOLOGÍA _________________________________________________286 Evaluación de algunos rasgos arqueológicos __________________ 287 en el municipio El Cuá, Jinotega ___________________________ 287 Dr. Rigoberto Navarro Genie ______________________________________ 287 HISTORIA DE VIDA ______________________________________________320 90 Aniversario del Nacimiento de Lizandro Chávez Álfaro ________ 321 Carlos Tunnermann Bernheim _____________________________________ 321 Autobiografía de Emilio Álvarez Lejarza _____________________ 324 El padre Agustín Vijil y William Walker ______________________ 327 Chad Allen Halvorson ____________________________________________ 327 Mi Testimonio Sobre Omar Josué Lazo Barberena ______________ 354 Por Alexander Zosa-Cano _________________________________________ 354 “Big John,” el Poeta de la Lotería___________________________ 356 Luis M. Bolaños-Salvatierra _______________________________________ 356 DERECHO ______________________________________________________365 Editor: Humberto Carrión McDonough _______________________________ 365 BIBLIOGRAFÍA _________________________________________________367 Treinta Obras Anotadas de 2019 ___________________________ 368 Héctor Vargas __________________________________________________ 368 RESEÑAS ______________________________________________________375 ¡A La Lid, Compatriotas, Volemos a Buscar la Victoria o la Muerte! _ 376 Jorge Eduardo Arellano __________________________________________ 376 INFORMACIÓN EDITORIAL ________________________________ 385 AVISO PERMANENTE _____________________________________________391 Cómo suscribirse a la Lista de Correos _______________________________391 MADERO CALENDÁRICO NICARAO __________________________ 392 3 Revolución y contrarrevolución: el gobierno sandinista y la guerra de la Contra en Nicaragua, 1980-1990 © Dirk Kruijt – [email protected] PRESENTACIÓN NUESTRA PORTADA Revolución y contrarrevolución: el gobierno sandinista y la guerra de la Contra en Nicaragua, 1980-1990 Dirk Kruijt [email protected] Reproducido de Kruijt, Dirk (2011). Revolución y contrarrevolución: el gobierno sandinista y la guerra de la Contra en Nicaragua, 1980-1990. Desafíos 23-II, pp. 53-81. Artículo recibido: 06/05/2011 y aprobado: 25/08/2011 Dirk Kruijt es profesor emérito de la Universidad de Utrecht, Holanda, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Departamento de Antropología Cultural. El presente artículo ha sido trabajado sobre la base de un artículo anterior del autor de 2009. Resumen: El artículo analiza el surgimiento y la caída de un movimiento de contraguerrilla (“La Contra”) en Nicaragua. Ubica este movimiento dentro de la Revolución Sandinista (1979 – 1990) y el programa de reformas estructurales del gobierno sandinista, trazando el inicio y el desarrollo del proceso de excl usión y alienación de segmentos de la población, especialmente en cuanto a los pueblos étnicos de la costa atlántica y al campesinado medio de la región fronteriza con Honduras. Enfatiza el papel de fuerzas ajenas (las FFAA argentinas, la CIA) en materia de entrenamiento y financiación y analiza el desarrollo de las campañas sociales y militares dentro del conflicto armado que surgió. Termina con el efecto principal: el desangramiento de la Revolución Sandinista tras la derrota militar de la Contra y la pérdida electoral en 1990 como consecuencia. Palabras clave: revolución, contrarrevolución, sandinismo, campañas militares, efectos políticos. Abstract: The article analyses the rise and fall of the Counter-guerrilla movement (the “Contra”) in Nicaragua. This process is situated in the context of 4 Revista de Nicaragüenses No. 140 – Diciembre 2019 – ISSN 2164-4268 - http://www.temasnicas.net/ the Sandinista Revolution (1979 – 1990) and the programme of structural reforms of the Sandinista government. The article traces the beginning and expansion of the process of exclusion and alienation of certain population segments, particularly with respect to the ethnicities of the Atlantic coast and the middle - class segments of the peasant population in the frontier region with Honduras. It also emphasises the role of external forces (the Argentinean army, the CIA) o n matters of training and financing. Then it analyses the development of the social and military campaigns during the armed conflict that broke out. It concludes with an analysis of the most important consequence: The economic, social and political draining of the Sandinista Revolution after the military victory against the Sandinista forces, and the electoral defeat in 1990 of the Sandinista movement. Key words: revolution, counterrevolution, sandinismo, military campaigns, political effects. INTRODUCCIÓN Veinte años después de la Revolución Cubana (1959) concluyó en triunfo una segunda guerra de guerrillas en América Latina con la liberación de Nicaragua. La campaña de lucha
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