Volume 5, Issue 1 March 7, 2015 NativeNative AmericanAmerican StudiesStudies Quarterly

Greetings from the Director

S P E C I A L P O I N T S O F 10 Years of Native American Studies Weeks! INTEREST: When I joined the faculty at USC Lancaster in 2005, Art Professor Save The Date Fran Gardner and I decided that we should set aside a day in NAS Week 2015 Kolb Site 2015 Spring 2006 to highlight USCL’s recent acquisition of the Thomas Blumer Catawba Indian Research Archive. As we came up with NASC different ideas for programs, performances, and panel discussions, Departments’ this day quickly became a week of events and the first Native News American Studies Week was born. Since that first week of events, “Catawba we have hosted storytellers, authors, scholars, musicians, dancers, Women’s Prestige, traditional and fine artists, and tribal and Native community 1700-1840” leaders. Native American Studies Week highlights what the faculty An article by Brooke Bauer and staff in NAS at USC Lancaster do best: Celebrating Native (Catawba) American art and culture in a way that honors tribal people and Page 15 engages scholars, students, and anyone interested in the rich and diverse traditions of our region’s indigenous peoples. Lunch and Learn

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Greetings from the director cont’d

This year is no exception. In a week that examines Native American language, literature, and oral traditions, this year’s events at the Native American Studies Center and on the main campus of USCL feature discussions of the Cherokee Ridge family (which includes the founding editor of the first Native American language newspaper), the poetry of N. Scott Momaday, oral histories of Native elders in the Carolinas, and the travels of explorer John Lawson. We will also be opening two exhibits: one highlighting the language traditions of Southeastern Native people, and another featuring the photographs of award-winning former Lancaster News contributor and filmmaker Catherine Bauknight. We are also excited about partnering with the USCL Chemistry club to bring Professor Art Greenberg to campus to discuss the chemistry of Catawba pottery. And as always, we will be hosting a Native American arts and crafts sale, featuring demonstrations and dance performances, at the NAS Center the first Saturday of NAS Week. We have been blessed over the past ten years to have such strong support from our campus and the local community. Dean John Catalano championed our work in the early days and always found a way to cover NAS Week expenses. His successor, Dean Walt Collins, has graciously carried on that support. Our colleagues, the Lancaster City administration, tribal leaders around the state, the Catawba Cultural Preservation Project, and various funders, including the SC Arts Commission, the Humanities Council, SC; the Duke Energy Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Arts have all been instrumental in our success over the past decade. We wish to thank them and all the folks who have come out in support of our work over the years. We hope we have educated and entertained all of our guests. We look forward to seeing you this year.

And here’s to another decade of successful NAS Weeks!

Sincerely,

Stephen Criswell Stephen Criswell, Ph.D. Director, Native American Studies

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Native American studies week 2015

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NEWS

University of South Carolina Lancaster Lancaster, SC 29720

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE For more information, call Date: February 12, 2015 803-313-7172 or email: [email protected]

USC Lancaster Hosts 10th Annual Native American Studies Week;

Celebrates American Indian Literature and Languages

Beginning Friday, March 20th, USC Lancaster’s Native American Studies Center will host its 10th annual Native American Studies Week. Since 2005, USCL has hosted a week of events each spring focused on the rich history and cultural traditions of South Carolina’s indigenous peoples. This year’s program focuses on literature, languages, and oral traditions of Native Americans in the Southeast and beyond. The program will include lectures by regionally- and nationally-recognized scholars, exhibits that highlight these topics, and additional programs.

USC Lancaster’s NAS Week will kick-off with a monthly Lunch and Learn lecture on Friday, March 20th at the USCL Native American Studies Center. Dean Alice Taylor-Colbert of USC Union will speak at noon on the Cherokee Ridge family, which included controversial Cherokee leader and lawmaker Major Ridge and his nephews, editor Elias Boudinot and Confederate general Stand Watie. Highlights of the rest of the week include a discussion of the poetry of Kiowa author N. Scott Momaday, a talk on oral history work with Native elders in North Carolina, and a presenta- tion on early 18th-century writer, explorer, and naturalist John Lawson. The NAS Center will also be partnering with the USCL Chemistry Club to present a public lecture by chemist Art Greenberg on the chemistry involved in making Catawba Indian pottery.

Two new exhibits will open during this year’s NAS Week: one a photography exhibit highlighting the late 20th –century Catawba Indian renaissance; the other examining Southeastern Native lan- guages. Each exhibit will include discussions by the curators and artists. And as in the past, the NAS Center will host a day-long festival and art and craft sale the Saturday of NAS Week (March 21st) from 9 am to 4 pm. The festival will include dance and drum demonstrations, Native Ameri- can artists and craftspeople showing and selling their works, and tours of the NAS Center exhibits.

All events will be held at the USCL Native American Studies Center at 119 S. Main St, in Lancaster or on the main campus of USC Lancaster.

All events are free and open to the public. For more information, call the Native American Studies Center (NASC) at 803-313-7172 or email [email protected].

For additional information visit usclancaster.sc.edu/NAS

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Native Southeastern Languages: Pre– and Post-Contact Exhibit dates: February 26, 2015 through February 15, 2016

Exhibit Opening: March 25, 2015 at 4:00 -6:00 pm Curator Talk: March 25, 2015 at 4:00 -4:20 pm

Project and Exhibit background:

This exhibit is meant to show samples of the enormous diversity of Native languages spoken before the arrival of the Europeans into the Southeastern region of what is now known as the United States. We have confined the Southeast region to comprise the current states of North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Virginia. While the main focus is on the pre-contact linguistic landscape, some post-contact comparisons are vital to explain the tremendous linguistic and cultural transformation from the earlier 1500s to our present age.

In the pre-contact period, the population of the Southeastern region spoke approximately 40 languages from at least 7 (seven) language families with a number of unclassified languages (either isolates or one or more unattested language families).

The main languages spoken now in the Southeastern region are English, Spanish, French and German with Chinese as a distant fifth in larger urban areas.

About the Curator: Claudia Priest has been working with the Catawba language since 1995. Between 1996 and 2004, she headed the Language Department at the Catawba Cultural Preservation Project. Claudia holds the title of tribal linguist for the Catawba Indian Nation to this day. She has also been honored with a Catawba name by a Catawba Medicine Woman. She has been teaching full-time at University of South Carolina Lancaster since 2007, and is one of the five core faculty of the Native American Studies Center. She holds Master’s degrees in Liberal Arts from Winthrop University and in Linguistics from USC Columbia, and she is TESOL certified. She is currently pursuing her Ph.D. in Comparative Literature at USC Columbia. When she is not at the NASC, USCL, or USC, you’ll find her camping in the mountains with her family.

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Johannes kolb site

The Johannes Kolb Archaeological and Educational Project will return to the Great Pee Dee River for our 19th field season March 9-20, 2015. This year we will, among other things, open up some additional units or block excavations centered on the home site of Johannes and Sarah Kolb who lived at the site from circa 1735-1765 A.D.. The public, as always, is invited to joins us any day from March 10-19th and we will host our annual Public Day at the site on Saturday March 14th from 9am to 4pm. Folks interested in volunteering for a day or two, organizing a guided tour or school visit should contact Chris Judge by email [email protected]. Our fund raising campaign continues and tax deductible donations are greatly needed as well as appreciated and can be made to the Diachronic Research Foundation PO Box 50394, Columbia, S.C. 29250. See our project website 38DA75.com to learn more.

The Kolb Site Volunteer Archaeology Lab continues most Thursdays in 2015 at the Native American Studies Center at USC Lancaster, located at 119 South Main Street, Lancaster, S.C. 29720. Call ahead of time to find out specific details 803-313-7172.

As you read this my cousin William C. Judge of Bodhi Leaf Productions is putting the finishing touches on an hour long video documentary of the 2013 field season at the Kolb site—titled Square Holes: Digging the Kolb Site. This project was funded in part by a grant from the Duke Energy Foundation, Dr. Walter F. Judge, and Bodhi Leaf Productions. We hope to have copies available for sale by the time of the field- work in March along with our attractive t-shirts and baseball caps.

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News from the archaeology lab

Since the summer of 2013, we have been rather busy in the NASC archaeology lab washing, sorting, counting, inventorying and bagging, for long term preservation and curation, a large collection of prehistoric artifacts recovered from sites in Lancaster and Kershaw Counties. Work study students and local volunteers have been assisting NASC archaeologist Chris Judge with this monumental undertaking. This large collection was generously donated to us by a family who has been collecting artifacts for many years from the surface of fields. Deep plow farming in the 1970s and 1980s destroyed much of the archaeological value of these sites and the artifacts may be all that is left of these sites.

Unlike many artifact collectors, they filled out the four page South Carolina State Ar- chaeological Site Form for each of the sites they collected and kept each site’s arti- facts separate therefore we have vital locational information on exactly where they were found. Ultimately we accomplish three very important and related goals by ac- cepting this collection. First, we are curating this once privately maintained collec- tion for generations to come, as a teaching collection in the classroom and for the public good. Second, this collection will form the foundation of a future exhibit at the NASC on the prehistory of the Catawba/Wateree Valley and third, we will make this collection available to scholars for research purposes. The beauty of this acquisition is that it spans the time frame from about 11,000 years ago up to European contact in the 16th century and tells the unwritten story of our area’s Native American popu- lations that eventually evolved into the Catawba and other tribes of the Colonial and contemporary periods. While we are only about 75% completed in our artifact inventory, we already have over 35,000 artifacts in our catalog. Over the course of the Spring Semester 2015 we hope to complete our work and begin planning how these collections can be used to better understand Native American culture in the near and far distant past. Volume 5, Issue 1 P a g e 13 March 7, 2015

News from the archives

The Native American Studies Archive announces the acquisition of the Claude Whitford Chavis Jr. Papers. This collection is a very welcome addition to existing holdings of Pee Dee Indian materials.

Mr. Chavis is the author of Hiding in Plain Sight: The Pee Dee After Contact. His author biography from that work states that he is:

“A Graduate of Appalachian State University with a degree in history and military science, he served as an officer in the United States Army and North Carolina National Guard. He completed an academic concentration in American Indian Studies and Master of Arts in Teaching from UNC Pembroke. He is currently finishing a doctorate in Educational Technology at Walden University. His photographs and articles have been published regularly in magazines and newspapers over the past 30 years.”

Claude has also served as Tribal Historian of the Pee Dee Upper Indian Nation of Upper South Carolina, been a Smithsonian Institute Native American Community Scholar and served on the Native American Affairs Committee of the SC Commission of Minority Af- fairs.

This collection contains extensive materials relative to the Pee Dee Nations of South Carolina. Genealogical materials, historical documents, photographs, published articles and newspaper clippings and extensive digital documents. The collection also contains monographs on Native American crafts and Realia objects.

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News from the front desk

By: Beckee Garris

I just returned from attending the United South Eastern Conference held in Washington, DC the week of February 8- 12.

This is a conference that is held tri-quarterly where most of the Federal tribes on the East Coast come together to discuss certain legislative issues and pass resolutions pertaining to and effecting the different tribes in this region. Some of the things that were discussed by the different groups were cultural/ environmental issues. Federal Tribal Historic Preservation Offices duties, Judicial, self-governing, and non-honored treaties by the Federal/State Governments were also discussed. Each of the groups then passed resolutions to be presented to by the different Tribal Chiefs or their Tribal Representative to the Legislative Representatives during two days a reception held for them on Capitol Hill.

Although I was there to setup and sell items at our vending table during the conference, one unexpected event happened that involved the Catawba Nation and me in particular. I was one of the people there who represented our Nation, even if I was just there as one of the vendors. They selected me from among the 900 native people attending the conference to say the Conference’s opening praying. I was escorted to the podium and introduced by our chief, Bill Harris. What a humbling and honored experience to be able to say the prayer in Catawba followed by the English translation, especially in front of all the native attendees.

Volume 5, Issue 1 P a g e 15 March 7, 2015 Catawba Women’s Prestige, 1700-1840 Brooke Bauer (Catawba)

Brooke Bauer is a citizen of the Catawba Indian Nation of South Carolina and a PhD Candidate in the Department of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her dissertation project, “This ‘Inalienable Land’: The World of Catawba Indian Women, 1746-1840,” examines the history of the Catawba Indian Nation, located near Rock Hill, South Carolina, by concentrating on how Catawba women of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries adapted, promoted, and preserved their society’s culture to ensure a Catawba identity.

As a young child, I often visited my grandmother Evelyn George who lived on the Catawba reservation near Rock Hill, South Carolina. I remember summers at her house, as she built pots while sitting in her front yard in an old aluminum lawn chair underneath a large oak tree. On Sundays, my mother, aunts, and other female relatives joined her, in part to escape the heat of her house but mostly to talk. Although they sometimes gossiped about Catawba neighbors, they also told wonderful stories about Catawbas of the past. I was particularly captivated by Sally New River, who was born in 1746 and died about 1821. Days spent listening to my female relatives served as my introduction to Catawba history and inspired me to ask questions and learn more. Curious about Catawba women’s role in Catawba society, I re-read James H. Merrell’s book The Indians’ New World, in which he referred briefly to the deeding of a large tract of land to Sally New River and other Catawba women by Catawba leaders, a transaction that confirms her prestige, authority, and influence. The 1796 land deed named Sally specifically and other Catawba women as the owners of over 500 acres of Catawba land that previously belonged to the tribe. The parcel of land included the area known as Kings Bottom upon which stood Catawba towns, houses, and fields—places that in practice had always belonged to Catawba women, who lived, farmed, and raised their children there. To understand the kind of prestige that admitted Catawba women into councils and permitted them a voice in politics, we must explore the source of women’s prestige. “The Origin Story of the Catawbas” provides Catawbas and historians with a description of the link between the first Catawba woman and the land, her spiritual title to the land, and the resources she harvested from the land. At the beginning of the story, First Woman emerged from a cave, a place early Catawbas thought linked women to fertility, not just human reproduction but agricultural productivity as well.

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First Woman, therefore, was the mother of all Catawbas, who, like her, were humans. Following the belief that First Woman is the original Catawba ancestor, early Catawbas traced their descent or lineage through their mothers and grandmothers, not through both male and female ancestors like Europeans did. They distinguished themselves as a people bound to one another through their matrilineal kinship connections—blood relatives that included mother, siblings, maternal grandmother, maternal uncles, and maternal aunts. Fathers, like the sky spirit, were important, but one’s real relatives were those who linked them to each other and their ancestors through Catawba women. These kinship bonds created an eighteenth-century Catawba identity. The matrilineal kinship system also connected Catawba women to the land. Catawba women of a specific lineage owned the houses they built and fields they farmed. When a woman married, she headed her own household in the same town as her mother, grandmother, and aunts, a practice known as matrilocality. The household included the mother, her young daughter(s), her un-married sons, and perhaps even an orphaned relative or adopted captive. The husband lived in his wife’s house, but he remained allied to his matrilineal relatives—his mother and her family. Although they held land collectively, Catawbas divided agricultural fields along matrilineal kin lines. When preparing the fields and collecting crops, members of each matrilineage worked specific sections of the field. Sally and other Catawba women cultivated, planted, weeded, harvested, and distributed the crops—the products of their labor. Meanwhile, men spent most of their time away from home hunting in winter or going to war in summer. In one sense, the agricultural fields and homesteads belonged to women; the forests belonged to men, who hunted for game and engaged enemy warriors there. In the early eighteenth century, Catawba women and men lived in distinctly different worlds in which each fulfilled different responsibilities according to Catawba customs. Even so, Catawbas did not perceive men as superior to women, or women superior to men. During Sally’s lifetime, the natural resources, on which Catawbas depended, grew scarce and the Catawbas’ land base shrank. Depopulation, trade, and Euro-American settlement transformed Catawba society, but many fundamental values remained. Hit hard by disease and enemy raids in the early 1700s, Sally’s ancestors in Piedmont Indian communities coalesced and relocated their towns along the Great Trading Path that connected Virginia fur traders to Indian villages in the Carolina Piedmont. Trade in deerskins and war captives became increasingly important to their livelihood. As the fur and slave trade increased, Catawba men gained more power through their economic and political relationships with traders. Although pushed into the background, women became the conservators of Catawba customs that focused on kinship and land. All Catawbas, especially women, adapted to the changes in their world. At the same time, they remained closely tied to their ancestral land. Volume 5, Issue 1 P a g e 17 March 7, 2015 During this period, Catawbas altered the way in which they identified as a people. In 1721, a Catawba headman attempted to show a governor of South Carolina that his people still belonged to the Nassaw (also known as Esaw), Wiapie, Nustie, Succa, and Charra Towns rather than a united Catawba Nation. Indians in these distinct communities spoke Eastern Siouan languages and shared similar practices and beliefs, but towns acted independently of one another. Esaws were the most powerful, and the other towns gradually joined them as their own numbers declined. When these smaller communities merged with the Esaw Indians, each had to reshape kinship networks, traditional knowledge, and subsistence patterns. By the 1750s, they all had begun to identify themselves as people of the Catawba Nation, rather than people of independent towns. Although Catawbas moved their towns from time to time, they remained on Catawba land. After a smallpox epidemic that reduced the population by half in early 1760, Catawba-speaking people of Nassaw, Weyapee, Noostie, Charaw, Weyane, and Sucah towns relocated their villages further south along the Catawba River near present-day Camden, South Carolina where they built a single small village. While living near Camden, Catawba women became more directly engaged in the trade economy. By 1760, the white settlement of Camden, situated on the Camden-Charleston trade path, had developed into a trade mecca; its commercial establishments included a store, bakery, brewery, distillery, and several mills. By this time, the slave trade of previous decades had declined as war and disease decimated vulnerable Native populations. The deerskin trade followed the same trajectory. Overhunting and competition from white-owned livestock reduced deer populations. As white settlement in the Piedmont increased, the frontier market behavior of the newcomers also changed. Instead of trading with the Indians, they focused on the construction of a plantation system with a commercial infrastructure. At Camden, Catawba women moved to the forefront of a new trading economy. They exchanged food, baskets, and pottery for provisions, such as salt, and English manufactured goods. Catawba contact with Euro-American women brought about change. Catawba women began to take into consideration English women’s taste for pearlware and creamware dishes altering the shapes of some of their pots to meet market demands. They decorated some of their pots with sealing wax to resemble the English dinnerware. As perceptive entrepreneurs, Catawba women realized that if they replicated the shapes of English ware, they could offer a more affordable product than the heavily taxed British goods, so they started making plates, cups, bowls, and pitchers. Soon, they began traveling throughout South Carolina selling their pots for money and food. The second half of the eighteenth century brought other changes to Catawba society. In 1762, the Catawbas vacated their small settlement near Camden. They moved north, back into their old territory, where they built three towns: Old Town, Ayres Town, and New Town. Sally lived in either Old Town or Ayres Town until 1790. Later, Sally and her people settled in a single town about a mile north of these villages on the east side of the river, in New Town, which they occupied from 1790 to

1820. Archaeological artifacts collected from Catawba village sites of the period confirm the shift in the Volume 5, Issue 1 P a g e 18 March 7, 2015 Catawba Women’s Prestige, 1700-1840 (cont’d) Brooke Bauer (Catawba) way that Catawba women made pottery. As active participants in the commercial exchange system, they chose to focus on making flat-bottom milkpans, a pot in high demand by Anglo-American women. Catawbas also witnessed an invasion of white settlers to the region during this period. From 1760 through 1790, Scots-Irish, Scots, and German settlers flooded into Catawba territory where they built homes and farms on Catawba land, which perhaps appeared to them to be far more than the small tribe could use. A 1764 colonial map that depicts only one small field near Old Town highlights why settlers believed land in Catawba territory was vacant. Catawbas, however, required sufficient acreage for hunting and gathering, as well as for villages, fields, and orchards. They also needed the clay resources for building the pots on which families increasingly depended for their livelihood. As the white population increased, Catawbas’ land base grew still smaller. In 1785, the governor of South Carolina convinced the General Assembly to allow Catawbas to lease out parcels of their land as a means of support, despite Catawba opposition. The state-sanctioned land leasing system began later that same year and brought even more whites to occupy more Catawba land. Sally and other Catawba women recognized the threat to their villages, homes, and fields. In 1796, Catawba leaders deeded the remainder of the commonly held Catawba tribal land, approximately 500 acres on the east side of the Catawba River, to Sally New River and other Catawba women. The land deed is significant for two reasons. First, by legally deeding the remainder of their land to the women, Catawba leaders apparently realized that white settlement and the leasing system posed a real threat to Catawba land and their survival as a people. Second, in transferring land to Catawba women, the deed recognized that women owned the land—the villages, houses, and fields. That is, they used the American legal system to protect a founding principle of Catawba culture. By late 1821, Sally had passed away. What happened to the land deeded to Sally and other women? Several years after Sally’s death, her relative Jamey Kegg leased the land to a white man, who in 1824 sold the lease to another white man. In 1840, Catawbas relinquished their territory to the state of South Carolina in the Nation Ford Treaty; thus ending the land leasing system. The story of Sally and her female ancestors and relatives exemplifies the importance of land to Catawbas and tells us how they associated women’s prestige to the land through the origin story, their kinship system, and economic practices. Depopulation, trade, and white settlement changed Catawba women’s roles but they remained distinctly Catawba. Land is central to Catawba identity, as is kinship. Just as all Catawbas are linked by descent from First Woman, they also are connected spiritually as well as physically to the great falls of the Catawba River where First Woman gave birth to them.

Volume 5, Issue 1 P a g e 19 Marc Gallery Events at The Center

March 21, 2015 9:00 am – 4:00 pm Native American Art and Craft Spring Sale NASC Galleries

March 25, 2015 4:00 – 6:00 p.m. Exhibit Opening and Reception NASC Galleries

Native Southeastern Languages: Pre– and Post-Contact Curator Talk: March 25, 2015 at 4:00 -4:20 pm Renaissance of The Catawba Indians Curator Talk: March 25, 2015 at 5:00 -5:20 pm

spring archaeology Lab Dates

Volunteer Archaeology Lab: Kolb Lab: April 2, 9, 16, 23

Most Thursdays from 3-7pm. Always check our schedule. Call 803-313-7172 for updated schedule or email archaeologist Chris Judge [email protected]

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Are you on the List?

We Need Your Contact Information

We are working to compile a contact list of Native American artisans, tribal members, researchers, etc. If you would like to be added to our list, please forward the information listed below to [email protected] or contact Brittany Taylor at 803.313.7036 or [email protected]

NAME TITLE/OCCUPATION ADDRESS PHONE # EMAIL

Thank you for your support in helping Native American Studies grow!

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The Native American Studies Advisory Committee Native American S t u d i e s Purpose: FACULTY

Dr. Stephen Criswell, Director Native American Studies Advisory 803.313.7108 Committee advises the Native American [email protected] Studies Program (NASP) in its mission and in fulfilling its vision plan. Christopher Judge, Asst. Director and Director of the NAS Center Membership: 803.313.7445 [email protected] Stephen Criswell, Director Claudia Y. Heinemann-Priest, Chris Judge, Assistant Director Linguist, Catawba language,

Brent Burgin, Director of Archives Native American Literature 803.313.7470 Brittany Taylor, Curator of Collections and NASC [email protected] Gallery Director Brent Burgin, Director of Archives Claudia Priest, Linguist 803.313.7063 [email protected] Beckee Garris, Student representative Brittany Taylor, Curator of Rebecca Freeman, Assistant Librarian Collections and Gallery Director of Todd Scarlett, Math, Science, and Nursing Division the NAS Center representative 803.313.7036 & 803.313.7173 [email protected] John Catalano, Humanities Division representative