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Reassessing History : Native American Narratives in Kentucky Tourism

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Reassessing History : Native American Narratives in Kentucky Tourism Reassessing history : Native American narratives in Kentucky tourism Mémoire Valérie B.-Martin Maîtrise en sciences géographiques - avec mémoire Maître en sciences géographiques (M. Sc. géogr.) Québec, Canada © Valérie B.-Martin, 2018 Reassessing history: Native American narratives in Kentucky tourism Mémoire Valérie B.-Martin Sous la direction de : Caroline Desbiens ii R é s u m é Dans toutes les sociétés, les rapports de pouvoir qui existent ont une grande influence sur les dynamiques de mémoire. Le colonialisme anglais et américain, et plus précisément les politiques de relocalisation comme l’Indian Removal Act (1830) ont eu un fort impact sur la présence autochtone dans le paysage culturel du Sud-est des États-Unis. La production de la mémoire collective à travers la commémoration, l’éducation et le tourisme sont un reflet de ces rapports de pouvoir. Elle démontre aussi quels évènements du passé définissent le présent. Ce mémoire de maîtrise tente de comprendre comment les récits de la présence autochtone au Kentucky sont inscrits dans le paysage culturel de l'état. Le Kentucky détient un riche passé précolonial encore visible sur le territoire. Plusieurs artefacts témoignent de l’occupation millénaire du Kentucky par des nations autochtones. Toutefois, selon l’histoire dominante du Kentucky, le territoire n’était pas occupé au moment des premiers contacts. La contradiction entre ce mythe et les preuves archéologiques qui se retrouvent dans le paysage a été peu étudiée. Ce mythe continue de servir de base pour, entre-autres, l’éducation et le tourisme et encourage une image fausse de la présence autochtone au Kentucky. Les moyens utilisés par le pouvoir colonial américain pour tenter d’effacer la présence autochtone aux États-Unis vont au-delà de la violence des politiques de relocalisation et d’assimilation. En effet, des moyens plus subtils, comme la commémoration et les mythes, ont permis à la culture dominante de se réapproprier le territoire à travers la mémoire. Quels sont les facteurs qui ont permis de créer et qui aident à maintenir un écart entre l'histoire dominante du Kentucky et les preuves archéologiques? Quelles représentations matérielles dans le paysage culturel du Kentucky définissent cet écart? Le tourisme patrimonial au Kentucky sera l'élément central de cette analyse. Mots-clés Autochtone, mémoire, identité, commémoration, tourisme patrimonial, Kentucky. iii A b s t r a c t In all societies, power dynamics greatly influence memory. British and American colonialism, and relocation policies, like the Indian Removal Act (1830), had a strong impact on Native American presence in the cultural landscape of the Southeast United States. The production of collective memory through commemoration, tourism and education is a reflection of the power relations within society. It also shows which events in the past still define the present. This master’s thesis seeks to understand how narratives of the past influence today’s narratives about Native Americans in Kentucky, as well as how these narratives are inscribed in the cultural landscape of the state. Kentucky holds a rich pre-colonial history that is still visible on the landscape. Many artifacts can be found on the land and bear witness to the long-standing Native American presence in Kentucky. However, according to Kentucky’s dominant history, the territory was ''empty'' at the time of first contact. The contradiction that exists between this myth and the abundance of archaeological evidence, and the way it is translated into the cultural landscape, has seldom been studied. This myth provides the basis for, among other things, education and tourism, and promotes an inaccurate image of the Native presence in Kentucky, which contributes to keeping Native American identities in the past. The colonial means used to erase Native American presence in the United States went further than the violence of the federal policies of assimilation and relocation. Subtler methods, like commemoration and myths, have allowed the dominant culture to claim the land through memory. What are the factors that have created and helped to maintain the gap between Kentucky’s dominant interpretation of history and archaeological fact? What material representations on the cultural landscape of Kentucky are most evident of the gap? Heritage tourism will be the focus of this analysis. Keywords Native American, memory, identity, commemoration, heritage tourism, Kentucky. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Résumé .............................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. iv List of table and figures ................................................................................................................... vi List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Outline ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Historical context .................................................................................................................. 3 1.5 Myth of the ''Dark and Bloody Ground'' .............................................................................. 15 1.6 Native American modern presence in Kentucky ................................................................ 17 1.7 Is Kentucky a Southern state? ........................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 23 2.1 Memory .............................................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Identity ............................................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Cultural landscape ............................................................................................................. 27 2.4 Commemoration ................................................................................................................ 28 2.5 Destination image and destination branding ...................................................................... 32 2.6 Native tourism .................................................................................................................... 34 2.7 Heritage tourism ................................................................................................................. 37 2.8 Research objectives ........................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 3 – METHODS ................................................................................................................. 43 3.1 Sources and data gathering ............................................................................................... 43 3.2 Data processing methods and analysis.............................................................................. 47 3.3 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................ 49 3.4 Research limitations ........................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS & ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 52 4.1. Destination image of Kentucky ........................................................................................... 52 4.2 Heritage tourism in Kentucky ............................................................................................. 59 4.2.1 Private and public museums .......................................................................................... 66 4.2.2 State and federal parks .................................................................................................. 78 4.2.3 Festivals and educational events ................................................................................... 96 4.2.4 Native American place names and imagery ................................................................. 102 4.3 Native American memory and cultural identity ................................................................. 111 CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 117 5.1 Tourism-oriented solutions ............................................................................................... 117 5.2 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 122 REFERENCE LIST
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