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Early Cold War and American Indians: Minority Under Pressure by Jaakko Puisto

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Early Cold War and American Indians: Minority Under Pressure by Jaakko Puisto AMERICAN STUDIES jOURNAL Number 46/Winter 2000 ISSN: 1433-S239 DMS,OO ---- - AMERICAN STUDIES jOURNAL Number 46 Winter 2000 Native Atnericans: Cultural Encounters ISSN: 1433-5239 Editor's Note Lutherstadt Wittenberg, October 2000 Two short notes about our subscription policy: Many of our subscribers have asked if it was necessary to Dear Readers, send the postcards attached to every issue of the American Studies Journal to renew the subscription. This, of course, is Germans are truly fascinated with Native Americans. As not necessary. We only need a notification if your mailing children they play Cowboy and Indian, later in life they address has changed. read or watch about the adventures of Winnetou (of whom, by the way, Americans have never heard) or Hawkeye. Due to the high cost of sending the American Studies Radebeul and Bad Seegeberg are places the modern pilgrim Journal to international subscribers, we are forced to increase of Native American fascination has to visit, the former as the subscription rate for mailing addresses outside of the birthplace of Karl May, the latter as the place where Germany. Starting with the 2001-subscription, the Winnetou and Old Shatterhand ride into the sunset anew international rates will be as follows: every Summer. For Germans and most other Europeans, -for subscribers in Europe (excluding Germany): Indians symbolize freedom, grace, tradition and being one 10,00 DM per subscription plus 15,00 DM postage. Every with nature. However, these images of Native Americans additional subscription costs 3,00 DM rest on stereotypes of pre-20'h century encounters with -for subscribers outside of Europe: 10,00 DM per European settlers and are as distorted as they are a European subscription plus invention. 20,00 DM (surface mail) or 30,00 DM (air mail). With the current issue of the American Studies Journal, Every additional subscription costs 3,00 DM. "Native Americans- Cultural Encounters," we would like The rates for subscribers in Germany remain the same. to present a more representative picture of America's indigenous peoples. Therefore, the articles included in this issue range from missionary efforts of German ministers Yvonne Walter, among Northeastern tribes in the 18'h century to the Assistant Editor, American Studies Journal problem of acquainting non-Native American students with Center for U.S. Studies/Leucorea Foundation the culture and history of indigenous peoples. Lutherstadt Wittenberg lmpressum Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Zentrums fur USA-Studien, Stiftung Leucorea an der Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg von]. Kelly Robison Redaktion: Yvonne Walter Druck: Regional Printing Center, Manila ISSN: 1433-5239 Redaktionsadresse Zentrum fiir USA-Studien, Stiftung Leucorea an der Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, CollegienstrafSe 62, 06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Fax: (03491) 466223, zu~s E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.zusas.uni-halle.de/asj The American Studies journal is published semi-annually. The subscription rate is DM 10, plus DM 5 for postage and handling. If you would like to receive more than one copy, add DM 2 for each additional subscription (national rates). Prepayment is required. Please transfer your remittance to Zentrum fur USA-Studien, Account Number 26212, Sparkasse Wittenberg, BLZ 805 501 01. Payment by check cannot be accepted. Bildnachweise: Archiv der Briider-Unitat Herrnhut:17; Malcolm B. Brown: 15; USIS: 12, 20, 41, 44, 53, 56; Yvonne Walter: 58; Karin Wieckhorst: 35. 2 AS] 46 (WrNTER 2000) AMERICAN STUDIES JOURNAL Number 46 Winter 2000 Native Americans: Cultural Encounters 4 The State of Native America at the End of the Twentieth Century by J. Kelly Robison 13 "God Was Better Pleased with the Indians:" The Shawnee Sachem Kakowatcheky and Moravian Missionary Efforts in the Susquehanna Valley by Malcolm B. Brown 21 Early Cold War and American Indians: Minority Under Pressure by Jaakko Puisto 33 Joy Harjo: The Language of Poetic Justice, Interview by Catrin Gersdorf Teachers' Resources 3 8 The Challenge ofBlack Elk Speaks: Getting to Know Western Stereotypes, Yet Learning about Native American Cultures by Katharina Kracht 4 7 A Native Person Teaches Native Studies to Non-Natives: The Challenge and Practice by Phil Bellfy 56 Lesson Plan: Native Americans-Stereotypes and Reality Resources 59 Further Readings on Native Americans 61 Internet Resources Book Reviews 62 Johannes Kleinschmidt, "Do not fraternize": Die schwierigen An{dnge deutsch­ amerikanischer Freundschaft 1944- 1949 by Andrea Mehrlander 63 Wolfgang Splitter, Pastors, People, Politics: German Lutherans in Pennsylvania 1740-1790 by Andrea Mehrlander ASJ 46 (WINTER 2000) 3 The State of Native America at the End of the Twentieth Century ]. Kelly Robison Several months ago, a German acquaintance of Most German students receive very little mine asked if there were any "Wild Indians" left information on the first inhabitants of what is now in the United States. Using the term "wild" to the United States. In Germany, as in the United describe any group of people is problematic, at States, high school students learn about the best. "Indian" also has problems, though these society of the land whose language they are are easier to work around than "wild." One can studying. However, the most-used textbook for excuse the ignorance of my acquaintance as simply German students of English devotes only a handful a lack of knowledge. Most Germans receive very of pages to Native Americans. Two sections of little formal education about Native Americans the English G: Neue Ausgabe mention Native and what they do know is often derived from the Americans in brief and an entire section is devoted novels of Karl May and his "Winnetou" series of to Native Americans. However, within this books, later adapted to the movie screen, or the particular section, approximately three pages late movies, which are usually "spaghetti" address Native Americans in general and westerns from the nineteen-sixties. The popular approximately five more pages provide in­ conceptions of Native Americans within the formation on the Navajo in more depth. While general American population is perhaps similar the book provides some basic facts about Native and derived from similar sources, but that is the peoples, much of this is generalization that may topic of a different paper. The underlying apply to one group but not to another. One of the conception that led to my acquaintance's question unstated purposes of this section of the Native is the popular misconception that all Native American section of the book is to make the Americans wear feather headdresses, live in tepees students look at the stereotypes of Native and fought cowboys. Few Native groups wore the Americans and correct them. Eight pages of total classic war bonnet or lived in tepees, even before text can only do so much and fails to provide the the reservation period. Native American cultures student with the breadth that is Native America. 1 have been varied and diverse for thousands of years. The Native population is assuredly lower The authors of school readers are not the only than in the pre-contact period and the number of ones who generalize about Native Americans. The Native groups is smaller, but there still exists much United States government does as well. The U.S. variety and heterogeneity among Native peoples census, for statistical purposes, divides Americans despite attempts by the United States government into racial categories based on ancestral origin. and others to assimilate them. When stereotypes The census, and other organizations who also need of modern Native Americans are brought forward, to make statistical calculations based on race, use these usually manifest themselves in visions of five main categories of racial classification: white, poor Indians living on reservations, which are on black, Asian or Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and lands no one else wanted. Modern Native Native American. To which group one belongs is Americans are often stereotyped as drunks or usually a matter of self-identification, a method succumbing to the pressure of gamblers to open that the U.S. Bureau of the Census uses. 2 This their reservations to casinos. One place to start system is fraught with difficulties, especially in a in order to disprove these stereotypes is the multi-ethnic society such as the United States. statistical data. What follows is not an interpretive The very term "race" is over-used and ill-defined, essay in the classic scholarly vein, but an particularly since researchers are now examining informative one that provides a picture of the state population differences at the genetic level, finding of Native America at. the end of the Twentieth that "race" has no substantive bio-genetic base. 3 Century based on current statistical data. Despite the problems with the classification 4 AS] 46 (WINTER 2000) system, it is the most commonly used system and, of the total population of the United States. The for the sake of simplicity, "race" will continue to census listed Asians as 3o/o and whites as slightly be used in this paper. higher than 75% of the population. Indians, the first Americans, are a minority among the In historical literature, within popular minorities. 6 discourse, and even within modern governmental writings, the term "tribe" is used to delineate The tally of 1 o/o of the American population ethnic identity among Native Americans. "Tribal" and a total population of 1.959 million is small is often used to describe the governments of those compared to the pre-Columbian North American Native groups as well. In anthropological terms, population of Indians, which has been variously "tribe" has a specific meaning, one which is estimated as between ten and seventy-five generally not used, or should not be used, to million. 7 Diseases brought to the Americas by describe present-day Native groups.
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