Flexible and OLED Display Latest Technology Trend

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Flexible and OLED display latest technology trend

강민수 / Principal Analyst 2016.11.03

Flexible Display

FLEXIBLE DISPLAY SHIPMENT TREND

70 70 70

59.1 59.1 59.1

60 60 60

50 48.7 50 48.7 50 48.7

40 40 40

30 30 30

Shipment Unit (Millions ofpieces) Shipment Unit (Millions ofpieces) Shipment Unit (Millions ofpieces) 20 20 20

10 10 10 6.2 6.2 6.2

0 0 0 Y2014 Y2015 Y2016 Y2014 Y2015 Y2016 Y2014 Y2015 Y2016

φ1.x-inches 1.x-inches 2.x-inches E-Book Mobile Phone Smart Watch AMEPD AMOLED PMOLED 5.x-inches 6.x-inches 1x.x-inches

Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

Recent Prototypes of flexible displays

EDO Flexible 5.6” WQHD BOE Foldable 4.35” WVGA Tianma Bendable 5.5” FHD GVO Rollable 4.6” WVGA CPT Rollable 4.5” QVGA

SDC Rollable 5.7” FHD LGD Rollable 18” HD AUO Rollable 5.0” HD Sharp Wrap-around 3.4” qHD JDI Curved 5.2” FHD

Truly 5.2” 600x200 Royole (flexible AMOLED) (flexible AMOLED) Futaba 1.4” 128x16 E-ink 32” WQHD Flex Enable 4.7” (Curved PMOLED) (Flexible EPD) (Flexible LCD) Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

KEY TECHNOLOGY – 1 : TO REDUCE THICKNESS

Window Resin Window Resin TSP Rigid Flexible Polarizer Panel (mm) (mm) OCA Polarizer Panel (mm) Flexible/Rigid Protection Film Cushion Heat Sink Cushion 2.0 2.0 2.0 100% 88.4% 1.8 1.8 1.8 90% 1.7 81.0% 79.5% 1.6 1.6 1.6 80% 70.7% 68.2% 1.3 1.4 -21.5% 1.3 1.4 1.4 70%

1.2 1.2 Targeting 1.2 60% 1.1 1.0 to coat -23.0% Polarizer 1.0 -17.7% 0.9 1.0 1.0 50%

-12.3% 0.8 0.8 0.8 -26.8% 0.8 40% 0.6 0.6 0.6 -15.5 % 0.6 30%

0.4 0.4 0.4 20%

0.2 0.2 0.2 10%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0% Y2014 Y2015 Y2016 Y2017 Y2014 Y2015 Y2016 Y2017 Y2013 Y2014 Y2015 Y2016 Y2017

< Rigid AMOLED > < Flexible AMOLED > < Thickness comparison of flexible & rigid >

Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

KEY TECHNOLOGY – 2 : FLEXIBLE TOUCH SENSOR

[ Touch Sensor Development History for AMOLED ]

Rigid OLED Flexible OLED

(a) On-cell TSP (b) Reverse On-cell TSP (c) TSP on plastic film (d) TSP on polarizer (e) Flexible On-Cell

Cover window OCA / OCR Polarizer Deco film TSP sensor

Encap glass TSP base film Sealing (frit or resin) Polarizer TSP on Thin film encapsulation OCA / OCR Thin film encapsulation Emitting layer Substrate glass Plastic substrate TSP sensor TSP sensor TSP sensor TSP sensor TSP sensor on encapsulation glass on encapsulation glass on additional base film On polarizer On Encap Layer (Up side) (Down side) Total 10 layer Total 8 layer Total 8 layer Total 8 layer Total 8 layer

[ Flexible On-Cell Touch Sensor ]

Curing Furnace Low Temperature Process

Need to be laminated with a) Varnishing Plastic Resin b) Thermal Curing c) Touch Sensor Pattern by Low tem. Process polarizer & cover lens on Touch Sensor Pattern for making Plastic Resin as a film on Encapsulation of completed flexible OLED

Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

KEY TECHNOLOGY – 3 : PANEL CUTTING & LIFT OFF

Laser Process is important to manufacture with better quality

a) Encapsulated panel substrate b) Laser Cutting c) Laser Lift Off ( PI substrate on the carrier glass ) ( Ok for any shape such as circular ) ( Melting the sacrificing layer under PI ) d) Cell Cleaning

Ex) Crack

f) Fab-out h) Edge Grinding g) Add the sealant f) Cut the two corners e) Visual Inspection or the frit to cut edge of non-active area

No need to edge cutting & grinding (which glass display should do)

Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

KEY TECHNOLOGY – 4 : Drive IC Bonding

Glass PI PI

Additional film Was needed to wire DIC. Drive IC can be bonded directly on the PI Substrate. (No film needed)

Cannot boning Issue DIC on PI. Solved

Additional Drive IC Drive IC COP Film was used Drive IC COP Film to optimize Glass COF Film Glass Glass the repair process. Galaxy S7 Galaxy S7 Edge Galaxy Note7 Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

KEY TECHNOLOGY – 5 : FLEXIBLE COVER LENS

Characteristics by folding type Type C type G type S type C+ Type

Shape

Display inside Outside inside In & outside In & outside Single In-Foldable Application Tablet Smartphone Tablet Smartphone Smartphone # of folding 1 time 1 time 2 time 2 time 1 time Direction 1 way 1 way 1 way 2 way 1 way # of screen 2 screen 2 screen 3 screen 3 screen 3 Screen # of display 1 display 1 display 1 display 1 display 2 display Thickness Thin Thick Medium Thick Medium Difficulty Low High Mid High Low

Flexible Plastic or Glass Cover Lens Unbreakable T OCA / OCR Plastic Display a Optical Clear Folding Colorless PI Out-Foldable Hard Surface Hard Coated Colorless PI Max Strength T Thick Min Strength

Cushioned T=Thickness, R=Radius R Crack OCA/OCR Max = (2T+R) * 2∅ (mm) Min = (2a+R) * 2∅ (mm) Different of Max & Min Whitening In and Out Folding T = 2 * (T-a) * 2∅ (mm) It should be thin FCL of Improvement ? Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’ as possible as it can. Cost

FLEXIBLE DISPLAY MARKET FORECAST

600 150% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0% 1% 559.9 3% 5% 134.9% 8% 11% 15% 523.2 18% 14% 10% 9% 17% 130% 90% 90% 9% 27% 500 33% 9% 468.1 80% 80% 10%

110% 11% 417.3

70% 70%

400

90% 344.2 60% 60%

69.4% 300 70% 50% 99% 99% 100% 99% 99% 99% 99% 99% 50% 67% 96% 78% 82% 75% 235.2 84% 72% 68% 46.3% 40% 40% 50% 65% 65% Annual Growth (%) 73%

200 66%

ShipmentUnit (%) Ratio ShipmentUnit (%) Ratio 30% 30%

ShipmentUnit (Millions of pieces) 138.8 30% 21.4% 21.3% 20% 20% 100 12.2%11.8% 7.0% 59.1 10% 48.7 10% 10% 15% 6.2 9% 8% 8% 7% 5% 7% 0 -10% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1%

Units Annual Growth (%) AMEPD AMOLED PMOLED TFT LCD Bendable Curved Flat Foldable Rollable

Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

FLEXIBLE AMOLED CAPACITY FORECAST

14 100% 100% 0% 0% 100% 0%1% 3%

11.9 11%

12.0 90% 90% 90% 12

80% 80% 23% 80%

10.3 Share Share (%) 10 Share (%) 70% 70% 70% 9.0 76% 60% 60% 60% 82% 8 7.3 7.3

(Millions (Millions ofsquare meters) 50% 94%

Capacity Capacity Area 97% 98% 50% 50% 100% 100% 99% 50% 5.8 41% 6 86%

40% 40% 40% Supply Supply Capacity Area

69%

Capacity Capacity Area 27% 30% 30% 30% 4 3.2

20% 20% 20%

2 10% Flexible Flexible AMOLED Supply 7% Flexible AMOLED 24% 0.9 10% 10% 10% 18%

AMOLED Supply 0.5 6% 0 0% 0% 0% 3% 2% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Korea China Japan Flexible Rigid Share of Flexible (%) Singapore Taiwan Half G4 G4 Quarter G6 Half G6

Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

POLYIMIDE SUBSTRATE MARKET FORECAST

1,200 200%

1,030 180%

1,000 160% 145% 841

140% 800

668 120%

600 553 100%

72% 435 80%

400 Shipment Weight (Ton) 52% 60% 282 54% 40% 200 164 27% 26% 21% 22%

67 20% 44 3 - 0% Y2014 Y2015 Y2016 Y2017 Y2018 Y2019 Y2020 Y2021 Y2022 Y2023

Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

Small & Medium AMOLED Display

Small & Medium AMOLED Issue 1 – APPLE’S DEMAND

Brand 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Dual Edge Curved

Various type of Curved Screen with flexible AMOLED

Repeating Simple Flat type Screen with LTPS LCD

Curved?

Curve Screen would not be innovative or differentiated for Apple.

Source : IHS Report ‘Flexible Display Market Tracker’

Small & Medium AMOLED Issue 2 – Fine Metal Mask

120 600

100 500

m) 80 400 410 μ 81.3 60 300 320 230 40 54.2 200 40.6

Pixel Pixel Pitch ( 140 20 100 27.1 13.6 0 0

HD Full HD Quad HD Ultra HD 8k x 4k Number ofRepeating (times) HD Full HD Quad HD Ultra HD 4.7 inch 5.1 inch 5.5 inch 5.7 inch Gen4.5 Gen5.5 Gen6 Gen8

Improvement of FMM [ Design & Post Process of completing fine metal mask ]

Thermally Stable Invar Alloy Light Weight Split Mask Narrow Pitch Dual Side Etching Thinner Structure Electro-forming, Fine Hybrid Mask Pre-distort Stretching to fix Merging Slit Mask Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

Recent Technologies of Manufacturing FMM

[ Electro-forming Mask (Plating Process) ]

SUS ITO (as a release layer) Specific Condition of Plating Solution Substrate SUS plate pH 1.5-3 of NiCl2, FeCl3, Current density: 20-100 mA/cm2, Photo Resist PR Temperature 45-55°C Patterning Developing PR Etching Reverse Mask Pattern

Cathode Anode

Plating

Ni++ Fe+++ Plating solution Invar (Ni+Fe)

Releasing 10-20 μm 650 × 400 mm FMM with electro-forming Over 20 μm Pitch 10-20 μm Slit

[ Fine Hybrid Mask (Plating Process + Polyimide Laminating) ]

PI Hybrid Mask Slit Pitch

PI Film Invar Mask Frame Spot Welding

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

AMOLED FINE METAL MASK MARKET FORECAST

350 80% 160 100%

146 70% 140 301 90% 70% 140 300 130 129 80% 60% 120 112 250

233 70%

50% 100

60% 200 181 73% 87% 95% 95% 94% 40% 80 50% 97% 68 150 140 65 29% 30% 28% 40% 30% Shipmentshare

60 53 Shipments(thousands)

23% Shipments(thousands) 100 30% 82 20% 40 67 28 20% 50 10% 20 10% 5 - 1 - 0% - 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

AUO BOE CSOT CPT EDO Shipment Unit Annual Growth (%) Gen1.0 Gen3.25 Gen4.5 Gen5.5 Gen6.0 Foxconn JDI LGD Royole SDC Sharp Sony Tianma Truly GVO

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

Small & Medium AMOLED Issue 3 – RIGID CAPACITY

14 80% 7 50% 7

45% 70% 12 6 6

40%

63% 60% 10 5 5 35% 57% 50% 30% 8 4 4 45% 40% 25% 4.8 4.8 5.8 5.9 4.7 6 5.5 3 19% 3 20% 17% 3.9 4.6 33% 30% 3.3 3.9 15%

4 2 2 Rigid Rigid AMOLED Supply Capacity

25% Rigid AMOLED Supply Capacity (~G6, Millions of square meters) 20% (~G6, Millions of square meters) 10%

2 1 6% 1 10% 0.3 0.4 5% 0.0 0.1 AMOLED Supply Capacity (Millions ofsquare meters) 2% 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0 0% 0 0% 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 G1 G3.25 Quarter G4 Korea China Japan Flexible Rigid (~G6) Half G4 G4 Quarter G5.5 Rigid (G8~) Share of Flexible (%) Singapore Taiwan Growth (%) Quarter G6 Half G6

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

Impact of Small & Medium Rigid AMOLED Capacity

Advantages for

• AMOLED Frontiers > Huge Capacity (but limited) > Various Products (focusing high-end) > Less Depreciation (No additional Capa) > Less Cost (Yield improving)

• Followers > Supply for candidates customers > Sharing catch up (if capacity exists) > Follow up rigid AMOLED technology > Sourcing better material & source

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Display Market Tracker’

Large sized AMOLED Display

Large sized AMOLED Issues 1 – Panel Price

[ Price Trend (2014 Q1~2016 Q4) ] [ Price Forecast (2017 ~ 2020) ]

55" 3840 x 2160 AMOLED 3000 $1,000.0 400% 55" 3840 x 2160 TFT LCD 341% 2500 303% 55" 3840 x 2160 QD LCD $800.0 286% 279% 273% 267% 264% 300% 2000

$600.0

1500 200% $400.0 1000

ASP ASP (US$) 100% 500 ASP (US$) $200.0

0 $0.0 0% 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 55" 3840 x 2160 TFT-LCD 55" 3840 x 2160 AMOLED ASP Ratio of OLED (%)

3000 65" 3840 x 2160 AMOLED $1,000.0 400% 65" 3840 x 2160 TFT LCD 2500 $800.0 65" 3840 x 2160 QD LCD 262% 300% 235% 2000 227% 225% 223% 221% 223%

$600.0

1500 200% $400.0 1000 ASP ASP (US$) 100%

ASP ASP (US$) $200.0 500

0 $0.0 0% 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 65" 3840 x 2160 TFT-LCD 65" 3840 x 2160 AMOLED Ratio of OLED (%)

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

Large sized AMOLED Issues 2 – Low supply efficiency

1 91% 700 100% 0.9

91% 0.8

Increasing 88% 0.7 85% 90% 84% 0.6 52% 600

0.5 Rate(%) 76% 80% 0.4 73% 72%

Yield 0.3 69% 38% 500 70% 0.2 64% 62% 0.1 0 60% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 400 2014 2015 2016 49% 48% 50% 55" Oxide WOLED Full HD Full Cut 55" Oxide WOLED Full HD Half 8 55" Oxide WOLED Ultra HD Full Cut 55" Oxide WOLED Ultra HD Half 8

Glut Glut (%) 65" Oxide WOLED Ultra HD Full Cut 77" Oxide WOLED Ultra HD Full Cut (thousands m²) (thousands 300

40% Area Area Glass cutting efficiency by generation & panel size 30% 200 Gen 8 Gen 10.5 Gen 8 Half Cut Gen 9.7 Full Cut Full Cut Full Cut 20% 2200x 2200x 2500x 2940x Size 100 1250 mm 2500 mm 2950 mm 3370 mm 10% 6 6 8 8 55” (91) (91%) (90%) (67%) - 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2 3 6 8 65” (42%) (64%) (95%) (94%) 2014 2015 2016

2 2 3 3 OLED TV Demand OLED TV Design Capacity Glut 77” (59%) (59%) (66%) (49%)

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

Large sized AMOLED Issues 3 – Top Emission

< Bottom-Emission > < Top-Emission >

Metal Foil R G B W

Thin Film Encapsulation Circular Polarizer Cathode R G B Blank WOLED Glass Encapsulation Anode Color Filter Transparent Cathode R G B Blank Oxide TFT WOLED Glass Substrate Anode Circular Polarizer

R G B W Glass Substrate Reflection Film

Gen8 Bottom Emission Process (Pilot from 2013)

Glass Color Filter Thin Film Oxide TFT White OLED Cathode Metal Foil Polarizer Substrate on Array Encapsulation

Gen8 Top Emission Process (Pilot from 2017)

Glass Transparent Color Filter Glass Oxide TFT White OLED Reflection Film Polarizer Substrate Cathode on Glass Encapsulation

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

Large sized AMOLED Issues 4 – Ink Jet Printing

< Bottom-Emission > < Top-Emission >

Glass & Thin Film Encapsulation R G B Cathode

R G B Circular Polarizer

Anode Glass & Thin Film Encapsulation

Transparent Cathode

R G B Glass Substrate Oxide TFT Circular Polarizer Anode

R G B Glass Substrate

Reflection Film

Gen8 Hybrid Blue Common Layer Inkjet/Evaporation AMOLED (Pilot from 2018) Cathode ETL EML (B) Ink Jet Ink Jet Ink Jet Evaporation Evaporation Evaporation Evaporation HCL Dry + Anneal Dry + Anneal Dry + Anneal EML (R) EML (G) HCL Blue ETL Cathode HTL (B) HIL HTL Red/Green HTL (R/G) HIL Anode

Gen8 Full Inkjet Printed AMOLED (Pilot from 2021) Cathode Low material usage ETL Ink Jet Ink Jet Ink Jet High Resolution Evaporation Evaporation EML (R) EML (G) EML (B) Dry + Anneal Dry + Anneal Dry + Anneal Rapid Process Speed ETL Cathode HTL HIL HTL Red/Green/Blue HIL Short Life Time Anode Low Efficiency

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

OLED TV Panel Capacity Forecast

8 100% 8 8

90%

7 7 7

80%

6.0

6 6 6 0.3

70%

Capacity Capacity Capacity 1.2 5 5 5 4.5 60% - 0.2 4 50% 4 4

44%

of square of meters) ofsquare meters) ofsquare meters) 3.5 - 0.1 40% 4.9 3 2.7 34% 3 3 29% 28% - 3.7 0.1

30% 4.8

(Thousands (Thousands (Thousands 2.6 4.3 2 2 2

1.7

Large Large sized AMOLED Supply Large sized AMOLED Supply Large Large sized AMOLED Supply 3.3 20% 2.4 1 1 1 10% 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0 0% 0 0.1 - - 0 0.1 - - 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019 2016 2017 2018 2019

Korea China Japan Growth (%) Sixth G8 Half G8 G8 G10.5 FMM OMM Ink Jet

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

OLED TV Panel Market Forecast

Gen 10.5 Capa Up Gen 10.5 Capa Up 15 160% 15 160% 13.5 13.0 138%

140% 140%

116% 11.1 10.7 120% 120% 10

10 Unit 8.4 100% 8.7 100% 79% ofPieces) 75% 67% 68% 6.4 80% Area 70% 69% 6.6 80%

60% 4.5 60%

Shipment 45%

5 4.4 5 46% ofsquare meters)

(Millions (Millions 31% 31% 2.6 27% 40% 2.7 27% 40% 21% Shipment 21% 1.6 1.6

0.9 20% 0.9 20% (Millions (Millions 0 0% 0 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 55" 1920 x 1080 55" 3840 x 2160 65" 3840 x 2160 55" 1920 x 1080 55" 3840 x 2160 65" 3840 x 2160 77" 3840 x 2160 Growth (%) 77" 3840 x 2160 Growth (%)

25% 25% 19.5% 18.0% 20% 20% 16.9%

15.6%

13.9% 15% 12.9% 15% 10.3% 11.1% 10% 7.5% 8.1% 7.7% 10% 6.6% 4.7% 5.1% 5.3% Share Share (%) 4.4% 4.2% 3.0% 3.6% 3.2% 2.9% Share (%) 5% 1.9% 2.2% 5% 2.9% 1.0% 1.6% 2.0% 1.8% 0.6% 1.1%

Shipment Unit Market 0.3% 0.7%

0% 0% Shipment Area Market 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 OLED M/S (all TV size) OLED M/S (more than 55") OLED M/S (all TV size) OLED M/S (more than 55")

Source : IHS Report ‘OLED Technology Market Tracker’

Summary

AMOLED PANEL MAKERS STATUS SUMMARY

KOREA JAPAN CHINA TAIWAN

SDC LGD Sony JDI JOLED SHARP BOE TIANMA GVO EDO Royole CSOT CPT AUO INX

Gen 3.25 X X MP X X X X X X X X X X Pilot -

Gen 4 MP MP X - X - X X Pilot MP - - X MP -

Gen 5.5 MP X X X X X Pilot Pilot Pilot X Ready X X X -

Gen 6 MP FI X Ready X Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready - Ready Ready - -

Gen 8 - MP X X Ready X Pilot X X X X Ready - X X

Gen 10.5 - Ready X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Rigid MP MP MP - Ready X Pilot Pilot Pilot MP - - Ready MP -

FleXible MP MP X Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready - -

Curved MP Ready X Ready - Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready Ready - - -

Foldable - - X ------

Rollable - - X ------

FMM MP MP MP Ready - Ready Pilot Pilot Pilot MP Ready Ready Ready MP -

OMM - MP X - - - - X X X X - - - -

Ink-jet - Ready X - Ready ------

LTPS MP MP MP Ready X Ready Pilot Pilot Pilot MP Ready Ready - MP -

OXIDE - MP - X Ready - Pilot - X X X Ready Ready - - Top MP MP MP Ready Ready Ready Pilot Pilot Pilot MP Ready Ready Ready MP - Emission Bottom - MP X X X - Pilot X X X X - - - - Emission

Thank you!