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ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays & Karlheinz Blankenbach Pforzheim University, Germany Prof. Dr. Karlheinz Blankenbach Phone : +49 7231 - 28 - 6658 Pforzheim University Fax : +49 7231 - 28 - 6060 Tiefenbronner Str. 65 Email : [email protected] D-75175 Pforzheim, Germany Web : www.displaylabor.de Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 1 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Overview Introduction E-Paper Displays & Applications Flexible Displays & Challenges Summary Some pictures etc. are courtesy of the companies named on the picture, others from, e.g., SID, … Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 2 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Paper Like Displays (PLD) as Electronic Paper System Paper + Display (System) = E-Paper (System) - Bi-stable - Rewritable - Thin & light - Re-use - Flexible - Portable Merits - Design free - Storage - Readability + - Data access - Low cost - Moving images - Ease of use Shortcomings - Re-use - Bi-stable Short- of e-paper - Data access - High cost comings displays ? - Static content - Rigid & heavy Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 3 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Electronic Paper • Idea : Replacement of paper (books, price tags, billboards, ...) • Advantage : 'Re-write' within seconds • Bi-stable and reflective Lowest power consumption • Small pixel size High resolution (... 200 dpi) • Flexible possible Requires plastics and organic electronics Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 4 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Definition of “Advanced Paper” Softcopy Type Hardcopy Type PLD RWP (Paper Like Display) (Re-Writable Paper) • Near display, but display • Near paper • Holds data without power • No power supply needed • Rewritable without printer • Rewritable by printer RECO-ViewTM Monochrome RWP Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 5 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays E-Paper Display Market Revenue Forecast Million USD per year Source: DISPLAYBANK Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 6 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays E-Paper Application Trends CE CE MP fuels Monochrome professional Professional Color CE Low power (color) displays for professional applications can enter mass production. Source: KB, E-INK, QUALCOMM Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 7 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Main Optical Issue for E-Paper Displays : Readability • High Whiteness (close to paper, eye adaptation) • High reflectivity (reflectance > 40%; newspaper, magazines >80%) • Black & white Contrast Ratio > 10:1 for readability • Good color reproduction – the challenge for E-Paper displays • High resolution (> 150 ppi for personal devices) • Response time moderate if no video required All R&D (beside materials and processes) focus on optical performance Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 8 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Display Technology vs. Ambient Light : Sunlight Outdoor Transmissive color AM LCD Reflectivity of paper > 80% Display is ON! Reflective E-INK EP E-Paper is closest to paper Reflective b/w Transflective Reflective PM LCD Color AM LCD MUX LCD Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 9 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Trimode TN LCD by PIXEL QI • Trimode = transmissive + transflective + reflective in one display • Benefit: compromises power consumption and sunlight readability • Best color in transmissive mode • Monochrome (incl. grey levels) for reflective mode Transmissive Reflective Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 10 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Trimode TN LCD by PIXEL QI vs. E-INK E-INK : monochrome & no video, “no” power PIXEL QI : monochrome (low power) or color (high power), video Indoor Outdoor PIXEL QI PIXEL QI E-INK E-INK E-INK without frontlight but readable E-INK higher white reflectivity PIXEL QI excellent & color (video) PIXEL QI monochrome & low power but high power (transmissive) (reflective) Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 11 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Trimode TN LCD by PIXEL QI Contrast Ratio (measurements performed @ Display Lab) 100 Transmissive (color) 10 Reflective (monochrome) 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Illuminance (diffuse) /lx Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 12 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Why Is Color Performance of E-Paper So Poor ? 100% white 33% 10% 33% Ideal reflector: 100% Eo-layer: 30% Each color filter absorbs 33% (simple model) Poor reflectivity & non-saturated color for side-by-side color (CMY stack better) Color KINDLE: IPS LCD !!! What is not drawn: color filter and eo-layer is passed twice. This is taken into account via %-values. Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 13 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Reflectivity & Color Performance of E-Paper Technologies Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 14 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Reflectivity & Color Performance of E-Paper Technologies Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 15 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Power Consumption vs Display Technology Power consumption (typical values) Standard AMLCD iPad 10h LCD savings depend strongly from AMLCD + FSC + 2DD content and ambient light AMOLED 80% black Black background not good for e-books AMOLED 80% white E-Paper day • Lack of multimedia KINDLE 300h E-Paper night • Most e-paper technologies are not transparent Low power consumption is crucial for many applications ! Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 16 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Overview Introduction E-Paper Displays & Applications Flexible Displays & Challenges Summary Some pictures etc. are courtesy of the companies named on the picture, others from, e.g., SID, … Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 17 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays E-Paper Display Fundamentals Cross section of a typical e-paper display Substrate incl. barrier layer Front plane Color filter (option) Here focus on eo-layer eo - layer as panels are similar Matrix drive, x-Si, electronics Back plane Substrate incl. barrier layer, reflector as option (not to scale) Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 18 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Reflective Electro - Optic Layer Technology Overview Electrophoretic Reflective LCDs Other - Wet (E-INK) - Bistable TN - Electro Chemical - Dry - Reflective TN* - Electro-Chromic* - In-plane ep - Smectic - Electro Deposition - Electro-kinetic - Guest Host - Electrowetting / -fluidic - PDLCD* - MEMS „Not all technologies - ChLCD are listed or presented“ - P-INK • Many technologies, but only a few in MP, some in lab status • Reflective TN (e.g. watches) run for years on a small battery *: low power but not fully bistable Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 19 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Nomenclature for Electronic - Paper Technologies Electrophoresis is the movement of an electrically charged substance under the influence of an electric field. This movement is due to the Lorentz force. Electrochromism is the phenomenon displayed by some chemical species of reversibly changing color when a burst of charge is applied. The electrowetting effect was originally defined as "the change in solid electrolyte contact angle due to an applied potential difference between the solid and the electrolyte". from WIKIPEDIA Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 20 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Typical Reflectance Values of Reflective Displays White State Reflectance x % Display Technology of Monochrome Display * „White paper“ 80 % Mono- chrome „News paper“ 55 % Reflective TN 90° 25 % „Standard technology“ White Taylor guest host 50 % PDLC with polarizer 30 % *: Typical values Ch LCD 40 % from E INK 40 % various Electrowetting 60 % sources MEMS 45 % Electrochromic 30 % Reflectance: In-plane electrophoretic 70 % Higher means better Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 21 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays E-Paper Display Technologies Forecast Source: DisplaySearch 2009 Blankenbach / Pforzheim Univ. / www.displaylabor.de / E-Paper / Jan. 2015 23 ET/IT & TI Elektronische Displays : E-Paper & Flexible Displays Electrophoretic Wet - Type: E Ink • Principle: Microcapsules with black and white, opposite charged particles • Color by RGB(W) filter, new: “red” as third microcapsules Light State Dark State + + + + + + + ++ + + Electrode Electrode • Most advanced technology, in mass
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