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Phone (202)872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Cable Clements/Washington AMERICAN FOREIGN AMBASSADORS SERVICE ASSOCIATION Governing Board President: HUME HORAN State Vice President: WILLIAM A. KIRBY AID Vice President: PRISCILLA DEL BOSQUE USIA Vice President: BERNARD HENSGEN The Dallas Times called me recently. They were on a fishing trip for an article Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ Secretary: ANNE WOODS PATTERSON about '‘political" ambassadors. Would I want to speak on the record? Off the Treasurer: JOSEPH HUGGINS record? On deep background? I began to feel as if someone’s security clearance State Representatives: CATHERINE BARRY PAULA BOYD were being updated. I replied that I wouldn’t play the gossip columnist. But I’d PURNELL DELLY be glad to talk about how important ambassadorial selections were for our HARRY GALLAGHER ROBERT PERRY country. AFSA in fact had a duty to speak clearly on this and other professional AID Representatives: JAMES DEMPSEY WILLIAM MCKINNEY issues. If we lapsed into lowest common denominators, as government often USIA Representative: LAUREN HALE did, why exist? The public affairs bureaus of our parent agencies would gladly Retired Representatives: PATRICIA BYRNE DANIEL NEWBERRY do our job for us. DONALD R. NORLAND I explained that AFSA is disposed to favor career over non-career ambassa¬ DAVID SCHNEIDER Staff dors for both labor union and professional reasons. As a labor union, AFSA holds Executive Director: SABINE SISK that more career selections are simply better than fewer—although we don’t like Business Department Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE to get lost in the statistics game. As an organization of professionals, moreover, Executive Assistant: IRENE LOWY AFSA believes that career appointees in most cases are better. The worst that Accounting Assistant: SHEREE E. BEANE Administrative Manager: SANDRA KARLOWA could usually be said against them is: “They’re uninspiring, safely dull.” Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL I stressed, however, that AFSA has no reflexive bias against non-career Legal Services Staff Attorney: COLLEEN FALLON appointees. We profoundly believe that the overriding consideration in ambas¬ Legal Assistant: MARK W. SMITH sadorial nominations should be the candidate’s fitness. The contemporary Law Clerks: EDWIN GANIA PATRICIA A. MALONE record proves that in these times, no embassy is so remote or unimportant that Member Services Director: CHRISTOPHER PERINE it can safely be entrusted to an incompetent ambassador. Representatives: DEBORAH M. LEAHY The average citizen might find it hard to judge how well or poorly an JULIE SMITHLINE Membership ambassador does his or her job. Successes or failures are rarely reported back Director: JANET L. HEDRICK home. But the public should know that if we are to be successful in doing Assistant: LAURIE A. McMICHAEL business with foreign governments, these transactions cannot all be done in Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON Washington and at the cabinet level. Much has to be done in the field by the Retiree Liaison: WARD THOMPSON ambassador—part composer of U.S. policy and always conductor to the Congressional Liaison: RICK WEISS Scholarships and orchestra of agencies in the embassy. It should be self-evident, to pursue the Development Director: GAIL VOLK image, that the ambassador should be able to read sheet music and have played Assistant: MICHAEL DAILEY Outreach Department an instrument himself. Speakers Bureau and But above all else, the public should know that an American ambassador can International Associates: GIL KULICK Conferences: JOHN J. HARTER have very high visibility in some foreign capitals. We should understand that foreign governments and publics will judge our country and our civilization The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924, is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the partly by the attributes of our ambassadors. By selecting an ambassador, we official representative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Devel¬ explicitly tell the world how we choose to be represented. Accordingly, AFSA opment under the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current rejoices at the appointment of non-career chiefs of mission such as Robert D. or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associate membership is open to persons having an interest Stuart Jr., Angier Biddle Duke, Barbara Watson, and Dr. Elliott Skinner—to say in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: nothing of Mike Mansfield, James Bryant Conant, or Edwin Reischauer. Active Members—$80-165; Retired Members—S45-55; Asso¬ ciate Members—$45. All AFSA members are members of the Conversely, we groan when certain other names are put forward. Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and At bedrock, AFSA’s position is this: patriotic Americans should feel sad and necessary business expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations are deductible as angry when an ambassador is sent abroad who causes our great country to be charitable contributions.

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION, 2101 E Street NW. laughed at. Washington, D.C. 20037. Executive offices, membership, professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance pro¬ grams, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. Governing Board, standing committees, general counsel, labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) 647-8160 • — HUME HORAN FAX: (202)338-6820 • Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 FOREIGN SERVICE JULY 1992 JOURNAL VOL. 69, NO. 7

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER

RICHARD AHERNE C. STUART CALLISON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE HUME HORAN JOE B. JOHNSON FRANK McNEIL PHYLLIS OAKLEY ROBERT TOTH HANS N. TUCH Airlift Minsk 14 Gays in the Foreign Service 40

“The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” FEATURES

Editor Philip Habib: A Remembrance 10 ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Associate Editor COMMENTS FROM HENRY KISSINGER, CYRUS VANCE, LAWRENCE NANCY A. JOHNSON EAGLEBURGER, JAMES BAKER, GEORGE SHULTZ, CHARLES BRAY, THEODORE Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager ELIOT, CHARLES HILL, ROBERT MILLER, THOMAS MILLER, MORTON JULIA T. SCHIEKEN ABRAM0WITZ, DANIEL O’DONOHUE, AND JOHN NEGR0P0NTE Executive Assistant DEREK TERRELL Design Airlift Minsk: Jump-Starting Operation Provide Hope 14 MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS BY ARTHUR LEZIN

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is The Case Against Radio Free China 23 published monthly by the American Foreign Service BY HANS N. TUCH Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent FOCUS: MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9-50 A Structure for Unity 31 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail BY THOMAS R. PICKERING not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Uneasy Tango: U.S. Foreign Policy and the UN 35 and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E BY DAVID CALLAHAN Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries Gays in the Foreign Service 40 invited. The appearance of advertisements herein BY MEAD JENNINGS AND ANNE STEVENSON-YANG does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045. Clearances and Closets 43 BY JAN KRC American Foreign Service Association 1992 Books 50 Henry Mattox on George Ball, James Miller on U.S. Cold War strategy DEPARTMENTS AFSA Views 2 AFSA News pull-out section Letters 4 Advertising Sections THE COVER: Clippings 6 Real Estate 54 Fifty Years Ago 7 Marketplace 57 Design by Caryn Suko Despatch 8 Classifieds 59

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 made it clear that he intended to im¬ prove anti-drug cooperation with the United States. As a result, cocaine To THE EDITOR: seizures in 1991 tripled over those of I read with disappointment Janies 1988 (roughly 50 metric tons in 1991 Gormley’s opinion piece, “Reflections versus a little more than 15 in 1988), of a State Department Drug Warrior” while cultivation of opium and mari¬ (June Journal, page 31). While the juana has been cut by 43 and 67 piece may be a reflection of Gormley’s the Andean coca crop, which until percent respectively since 1989. In personal experience and feelings, it is 1990 had been increasing by as much short, while Mexico is still a major badly dated and shows little relation¬ as 20 percent a year, has stabilized in source and conduit of illegal drugs, its ship to current policy. Gormley de¬ Peru and declined for the second year perfonnance has improved dramatically scribes a problem—the magnitude of in a row in Bolivia and Colombia. The since Gormley’s days. the drug threat—of which we are all once-powerful Medellin Cartel is es¬ Gormley is certainly entitled to his too aware. As Gormley notes, he spent sentially out of business. Does this views on the drug problem, but his the last years of his Foreign Service mean that we have dealt the drug trade outdated information does not take career in drug control positions in a lethal blow? Of course not. But it is into account the significant progress Washington and overseas. In fact, di¬ this kind of steady, although not always we and other countries have made in rectly before his retirement two years “newsworthy” accomplishment which, dealing with this difficult and compli¬ ago, Gormley served in the Bureau of over time, will bring the drug problem cated issue. We need imaginative, International Narcotics Matters for six under control. practical suggestions for dealing more months. If he had ideas or suggestions Gormley’s observations about his effectively with the drug threat, not on how to improve our then-emerging experience in Mexico under an earlier Monday-morning criticism from the far drug policy, he never expressed them administration are perhaps of histori¬ bleachers. to me during that time. cal interest but have little bearing on Melvyn Levitsky Gormley’s broadside indictment of current U.S.-Mexican cooperation. Assistant Secretary for International U.S. drug policy does not stand up When President Salinas took office, he Narcotics Matters • under scrutiny. He blames the “war on drugs” for tearing societies apart, when it is obvious to even the most casual observer that it is the drugs themselves and not the efforts to eliminate them which are provoking misery, crime, Inside and out, the State Plaza has everything you need in a and corruption. Washington hotel. Gormley also claims that “no one in State has regarded the [drug] issue as Spacious suites with full kitchens and more than an irritant.” When drug comfortable living areas, the delightful Garden Cafe Restaurant, three charming control is now one of the underlying meeting/ banquet rooms for board meetings, elements of much of our foreign policy executive seminars, or private luncheons in many parts of the world, this view is and dinners. simply wrong. President Bush has made the drug war a critical element of his The hotel is ideally located in downtown DC, national strategy and participated in adjacent to George Washington University, two international anti-drug summits in near Washington's government and business the past two years. How much higher communities, 3 blocks from the METRO a level of interest can one get? subway, and in walking distance of The White The article ignores the successes of House, the Kennedy Center, Georgetown, and the past few years. To the extent that the free monuments and museums. the anti-drug effort is a war, it is a war Special long and short term rates available of small but important advances. It is exclusively to foreign service personnel. like fighting a forest fire. The area burning attracts the cameras, while what counts is the ground gained. Taken separately, our advances may dhzte&kzzafflotel look insignificant, but cumulatively 2117 E Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037 they will be the solution to the prob¬ 202-861-8200 • 800-424-2859 lem. For example, thanks to an active program by all governments concerned,

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TIME, MAY 25, 1992 “We could have a total rewrite or for pure Now that the “Evil Empire” has col¬ amendments to the Foreign Assis¬ lapsed, many U.S. conservatives are tance Act. It’s hard to say what will eager to convert the Chinese to capital¬ happen until we get into hearings.” water ism. Their nostalgic solution: Radio Free But a weak chairman remains at the China. The project would cost $10 mil¬ heart of the committee’s woes, and You can have it right in lion to launch and $34 million a year to most foreign policy specialists don’t your home, office, or operate. Among its critics is Chinese expect any improvement until Pell’s embassy with Durastill... dissident Nien Cheng. . .. Cheng notes chairmanship ends ... in 1996. the water purification that millions of Chinese are already TOO GOOD TO LAST equipment that produces pure devoted to Voice of America.

water through distillation. Los ANGELES TIMES, APRIL 27, 1992 SLOW-MOnON COMMITTEE BY STANLEY MEISLER

Durastill kills bacteria! NATIONAL JOURNAL, MARCH 28, 1992 [There is] a widespread view among

BY CHRISTOPHER MADISON American and foreign officials . . . that Durastill removes The [Senate] Foreign Relations Secretaiy of State James A. Baker III is chemicals, nitrates, heavy Committee, struggling to be relevant at transferring [UN Ambassador] Thomas metals, sodium, and more! a crucial time in world history, is R. Pickering to India because Pickering hampered by a less-than-energetic did his job too well. \/_ Durastill is cost chairman [Claiborne Pell, D-RI]. This, Baker’s problem with him, accord¬ effective! The price of one ing to this view, was subtle and com¬ machine will pay for itself after all, should be a comeback year plex. Pickering succeeded because of against the price of bottled for Foreign Relations. With the end of water in one short year! the Cold War and the demise of the his ability to think quickly and negotiate Soviet Union, and with the Bush Ad¬ swiftly without waiting for Washington \/_ Durastill is easy to use, ministration still striving to define its to plot his every move and word. maintain, and operate. No own post-war agenda, there is ample But that independence ...annoyed more boiling and filtering! room for the panel to move. Baker and his coterie of top aides. It But so far, it isn’t working out that made them feel Pickering was not un¬ Send For Our way. In fact, the committee is finding der control. Free Brochure it no easier than President Bush is to “Pickering would say tilings at the make the transition into the post-Cold United Nations,” says a staff member of Please complete the form War era, some members of the panel a key decision maker at State, “that were below and mail to Durastill admit.... Richard Lugar [R-IN], the No. not contrary to State Department policy Export, Inc., 112 Union Street, 2 Republican, was blunt in his judg¬ and might even have logically followed S. Weymouth MA, 02190 State Department policy but had not USA. ment: “The committee as a whole is not really a major player in this busi¬ been specifically approved by the top people.... As a result, Margaret Tutwiler Name ness,” he said. Title When Secretaiy of Statejames Baker got upset when she was asked ques¬ Address comes to the committee for his annual tions about something that Pickering testimony on the administration’s for¬ said and [she] did not know how to eign aid budget, it is usually a bland reply. These people do not like some¬ ceremonial session. Members appear one who is out of their control.” reluctant to challenge him on major The public spotlight on Pickering Many Durastill models are available with various storage tank capacity at government discount policy questions, and praise and pleas¬ at the United Nations exacerbated the for FSJ readers! antness are the order of the day. problem. “Tutwiler thinks that public¬ Foreign assistance is cited by some ity is a zero-sum game,” says a former Durastill Export critics of the committee as a prime American diplomat who also worked USA Telephone: 617 337-7990 example of its failures. . . . “This as a UN official. “In her view, any Fax: 617 340-0364 should be the year we focus on for¬ publicity that anyone gets detracts eign aid . . .,” a Democratic staff aide from Baker.” ■

6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 SAG

Internment in Rome Published in the Journal , July 1942 by Elbridge Durbrow, second secretary, Rome The first flash announcing the attack Many minor and sometimes disagree¬ on Pearl Harbor was heard in Rome at able problems arose in connection with 10:20 p.m. We went immediately to the the necessary adjustments to our “guarded chancery to put into motion the prear¬ life,” but in tlie end we . . . made friends ranged plans drawn up in case of such an with our keepers and carried on as usual emergency. As we were gathering up the as far as the rules would permit. It was records to burn and were stoking the particularly trying for the women to be furnace to the bursting point, none of us followed wherever they went. . . . Come to American realized that for more than five months we To pennit all members of the staff to Service Center for diplomatic would be “prisoners of war deluxe.” enjoy a bit of leisure during the day, a Although Italy did not declare war until staggered schedule was set up with immunity from high prices. If December 11 . . . we anticipated our someone on duty from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. you are on an overseas departure from Rome within a few hours With our outside activities curbed . . . assignment, and carry a after the expected Italian declaration of anangements were made for recreational diplomatic or official passport, hostilities. The British and French had facilities in the chancery and garden. The you can save on the purchase been mshed out of the city within 48 ambassador’s office was made into a of a new Mercedez Benz with hours; they would not give us more time, club room, baseball equipment was ob¬ U.S. equipment, shipped we reasoned. tained, a ping-pong table set up, a cro¬ directly to the United States or [On December 11] George Wadsworth, quet course laid out. Most of the staff for pick up in Stuttgart*. the charge d’affaires, was asked to call at gathered each day to hear the 1 p.m. the Foreign Ministry at 2:30 p.m. He was news and to read the department’s radio Contact Erik Granholm, received by Count Ciano, who announced bulletin, which was received as usual. our Diplomatic and Tourist to him, with Fascist salute and in all The principal diversions outside the Sales Manager. fonnality, that, as of that day, a state of war chancery were walking, sightseeing, and was considered to exist between the bridge. We could not attend the opera or United States and Italy Informed of the cinemas or be seen in restaurants or action to be taken in Washington regarding other public places. the members of the Italian Embassy there, In general, our guards, who were the following action [was] to be taken by ordinary, underpaid, somewhat stupid the Italian government. plainclothes policemen, were quite We were to be permitted to remain in pleasant as long as one could jolly them Rome and to reside in our own homes... but along a bit. They were as bored guarding each member of the staff would have us as we were to have them with us. . . assigned a plainclothes guard who would Although there were many irritating xican accompany him wherever he went, and things connected with our “imprison¬ our telephone would be cut. . . . We ment” and it was far from pleasant waiting Service Center were asked not to frequent public places month after month in a very artificial 585 North Glebe Road or try to contact Italian friends, although atmosphere in an enemy country, look¬ Arlington, Virginia 22203 we would be allowed to do necessary ing back on our “ordeal,” it could hardly 703/525 2100 FAX: 703/525-1430 shopping. have been less onerous. On the same ‘Car must he imported inio l IS. within As regards official business, it was agreed day that the SS Drottningholm [the re¬ 6 months after taking delivery in Enr<)|ie that we would be permitted to continue to patriation ship] finally sailed from New deal directly with the Foreign Ministry in York, the first special train pulled out of Mercedes Benz-Rcgistcnd Trademarks of Daimler Ben/ AC., 0 Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany matters relating to our repatriation and could Rome for Lisbon. The fourth and last communicate directly by telegraph through train left Rome on May 13 carrying the the ministry with the department and the bulk of our staff. . . . We were at last American legation at Bern. homeward bound. ■

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL DESPATCH

Inspecting the Inspector at USAID

There are members of USAID’s on Integrity and Efficiency (PCIE) and encourages criminal prosecution of Foreign Service who think of the General Accounting Office would high-ranking A.I.D. officials on the him as the agency’s J. Edgar be conducting independent reviews of basis that public embarrassment will in Hoover—suspicious, vindictive, eager his office’s integrity and effectiveness. some way have a salutary effect on the to think the worst. But USAID’s In¬ An FBI investigator has been charged behavior of others.” spector General, Herbert Beckington, with fact-finding in the PCIE investi¬ Prior to the hearing, Glenn had sent made clear before the Senate Com¬ gation. a strong letter to Beckington citing mittee on Governmental Affairs in May Senator Glenn called the hearing to several cases of alleged IG misconduct that he sees his role more as a righteous consider charges of improper prac¬ and quoting cables sent to AFSA from Avenger, an Elliot Ness bent on root¬ tices against the offices of the inspec¬ USAID employees expressing their ap¬ ing out corruption in an agency he tor general in USAID, the Department prehension about the IG’s office. “Many believes is extraordinarily likely to of Energy, and the Army, and particu- USAID staff in [location deleted] came yield to the temptations of malfea¬ to regard the staff of General sance. The reasons, he suggested in Beckington as savage outlaws,” was a his testimony, are, first, that USAID typical comment. The letter also in¬ employees work with bureaucracies Prior to the hearing, Glenn cluded allegations that IG staff had abroad in which corruption is institu¬ had sent a strong letter to abused travel regulations and atten¬ tionalized, and, second, that the agency dance policies, among other things. is embattled, and inevitable demoral¬ Beckington citing several Beckington was unavailable to com¬ ization may be eroding standards of cases of alleged IG ment. conduct. Asked at the end how he intended But in answer to questions from misconduct. to ameliorate the atmosphere of mis¬ Committee Chairman John Glenn, trust and resentment that prevails at Beckington backpedaled somewhat on the embattled agency, the inspector previous statements from his office larly to hear concerns that general stressed the importance of his claiming that the agency’s white-collar whistleblowers have been subjected office’s outreach efforts—brochures, crime rate is “higher than that of De¬ to retaliation. AFSA’s Vice President presentations in agency training troit and most other major cities. ” “Some for USAID, Priscilla Del Bosque, testified courses, the distribution of detailed of the problem may be a statistical on behalf of USAID employees, audit guidance, etc. He also suggested fluke,” he said. Beckington explained claiming that colleagues are “being that he has made the IG’s investigation that USAID might have the allegedly targeted, secretly investigated, dis¬ methods tougher, to deal with what he high rate of crime among top-level credited, and financially abused be¬ perceives as an environment that breeds employees because a large proportion cause they crossed wires with IG staff.” criminality. “I am the inspector general of the agency’s employees are highly “[E]mployee confidence in the IG of an agency responsible for the man¬ graded. “Almost one out of every five system is nearly non-existent,” Del agement and accountability of billions employees is graded at the Senior Bosque said. “In fact, there appear to of dollars of U.S. taxpayers’ resources Foreign Service level,” he said. be widespread feelings of fear, mistrust annually in what is arguably the most Therefore, “there is a far higher statis¬ and intimidation.” She added that re¬ vulnerable environment conducive to tical probability [in USAID] that the tired IG employees had said “IG audits fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanage¬ criminal may be a high-level employee.” are frequently chosen on the basis of ment that routinely confronts any At the May 20 hearing, Beckington, whether indicated management weak¬ federal agency—the Third World. I am a former director of personnel in the nesses can be exploited and reported also the inspector general of an agency Marine Corps and consultant to the upon—not on whether the audit sub¬ whose management and accountabil¬ Senate Foreign Relations Subcommit¬ ject matter is of important consequence ity performance, documented over a tee on Foreign Aid, also acknowl¬ in A.I.D.’s overall mission and opera¬ long period of time by my reporting edged that both the President’s Council tions,” and “the IG’s investigative policy and that of the GAO, with little or no

8 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 (Executive

oCodcjincp BY ANNE STEVENSON-YANG sdfaemativei Interim Accommodations for record of successful corrective actions, would end the agency’s independent The Corporate and Government have resulted in the past year and a existence that inspectors are using the Markets half in three formal outside inquiries, auditing process to quicken the death two of which continue today.” march. Referring to the controversial “audit cy^/2aztm£.nti representation letters” that USAID Going but not forgotten: AFSA “f" EJown/iouiEi managers are asked to sign attesting to Vice President Priscilla Del Bosque 4" cSincjCz ^ amity cHomzi the truthfulness of information given came to swell the applause at an by contributors to an audit report, awards ceremony for exemplary em¬ Beckington added, “I believe that my ployees at the Agency for International TOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE” decision taken near the end of 1990 to Development early in June, not real¬ employ the representation letter stan¬ izing that one of the awards was des¬ dard in performance audits of my tined for her. After all the other prizes LOCATIONS agency’s programs and activities was a had been given out, the presenter responsible, even necessary one, given announced a special, surprise award Crystal City the environment in which I must carry from USAID management for integrity Ballston out the duties of my office.” and excellence. The citation read: “For Rosslyn The inspector general’s testimony tireless and courageous leadership in Springfield contained an aside intimating that the enhancing the pride of A.I.D. em¬ agency for years furthered the strategic ployees by reaffirming publicly their Alexandria objectives of the Cold War and may integrity and effectiveness in execut¬ Tyson’s Corner have outlived its usefulness. ing the development mission of A.I.D.” Reston “With the demise of the Cold War, Del Bosque is leaving AFSA for a new Falls Church the always unpopular subject of for¬ assignment to Cairo. eign aid is the subject of increasing McLean debate” as to form, content, and level Perot’s Folly: For readers who Washington, D.C. of funding, Beckington told the com¬ missed Barbara Walters’s interview on mittee. “A great many Americans see May 29 with H. Ross Perot, we repro¬ foreign aid as an adjunct of the great duce his response to the question, • Furnished and defense burden our nation has had to “How would you change the State unfurnished shoulder.” Department if you were president?” • Furnished units fully Asked after the hearing whether he “Well, first off, the embassies are believed USAID should be abolished relics from days of the sailing ships. At equipped and as an independent agency, Beckington one time, when you had no world accessorized said that it is too early to make that communications, your ambassador • Pets and children judgment. Asked further whether he spoke for you in that country. But welcome in many locations believed it was part of his job to now, with instantaneous communica¬ accelerate the political decision-making tion around the world, the ambassador • Many “walk to metro” process about A.I.D.’s fate, he answered is primarily in a social role. If some locations that it was not. American walks in with a problem, at • Accommodations to fit Ironically, other witnesses before least in all my experiences, you’re specific requirements the committee testified to strong insti¬ treated [as being] sort of a nuisance. tutional inertia and resistance to criti¬ And I would recommend that we redo • Variable length leases cism that have made whistleblowers’ the whole embassy structure. I don’t available. complaints go uninvestigated or even think it has relevance anymore.” ■ Fax: (703) 642-3619 be used as cause to persecute the complainant. No one says that the IG’s Readers should note that the 5105-K Backlick Rd. office at USAID lacks zeal; instead, Despatch column represents the Annandale, Virginia 22003 some USAID employees fear that the opinion of its author and not of AFSA IG is so in sympathy with those who or the U.S. Foreign Service. (703) 642-5491

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 PHILIP HABIB A Remembrance

♦

Philip C. Habib died in France I met Phil Habib when I was invited with a friend, and Phil came up to me to say goodbye, and he said, “Boss, you’re on May 25 of a heart attack. His by Ambassador Lodge to Vietnam to write a report on the situation as I saw getting too fat. You know, when you’ve extraordinary service to the it. I went into his office, and he said, “I had a heart problem, you’ve got to take United States included extensive bet you are one of these Harvard smart- care of yourself.” And I said to my work as acting head of delegation alecks who think they know everything. friend, “Phil was my conscience, even if I won’t talk to you until you visit a he brutalized me from time to time in at the Paris Peace Talks, number of the provinces, and then I pursuit of our foreign policy.” And Phil ambassador to Korea, assistant may talk to you.’’Phil was irreverent, he replied, “What I am really proud of is not was dedicated, he was the ideal Foreign the policies we did together, but that, Service officer. after you left, I saw to it that Secretary The foreign policy of the United Vance and you remained in close and States does not depend on any one frequent contact.” administration. The national interest To Phil, foreign policy and the For¬ and the basic values of the United States eign Service represented the meaning are permanent, though our political of his life, never to be identified with system encapsulates them into brief any one person, but with the values of periods, and it is the Foreign Service our country and the ideals of our that has to provide continuity, analysis, society. and integrity to the permanence of our — HENRY KISSINGER, FORMER SECRETARY or STATE foreign policy. I know no one who embodied these values better than Phil ♦ Habib. Phil Habib was one of my closest He believed that there was some friends, and I will miss him terribly, relationship between the views he held more than I can say. We met 24 years and the decibels with which he ex¬ ago, when Averell Hardman and I were pressed them, and so, no respecter of sent by President Johnson to represent personalities, he would present his the United States at the Vietnam peace views in a seemingly truculent manner. talks. I had never met anyone quite like secretary for East Asian and But those of us who loved him knew Phil before. As you all know, he came Pacific affairs, under secretary that he was our conscience. After he had on strong, but inside there was no his say, he would execute the decisions gentler, more compassionate man. for political affairs, presidential efficiently, loyally, and without any at¬ As I found when I inherited Phil as envoy to the Middle East, and a tempt to reverse them with the usual under secretary of state from Henry number of other important Washington methods. He was an ide¬ Kissinger in 1977—one of Henry’s most diplomatic missions, including to alist who knew that foreign policy must important bequests to me—foreign deal with necessities, but in the end, its policy was not an abstraction to Phil. He the Philippines, Central America, dilemmas can be resolved only by the did not believe much in geopolitical and the Caribbean. compass course of strong moral con¬ theories or in the rarefied atmosphere of Following are reminiscences victions. government bureaucracies or universi¬ by friends and colleagues of Phil I saw him 24 hours before he died, at ties. Foreign policy, Phil argued, should the Bilderberg Conference. I was sitting be made by men and women who had Habib.

10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 dedicated themselves to understanding come, and I have the scars and bruises unquestioningly whatever decision his foreign countries, and it should reflect to prove it, as do most of us here today. political superiors arrived at. Phil’s loyalty basic American interests and values. But Phil was no bully. To those who and patriotism were such that he enjoyed The highest compliment Phil would worked under him, he inspired life¬ the confidence of presidents of both bestow on any of us was “professional,” long loyalty and fanatical devotion. political parties, which is, after all, the the greatest insult, “amateur.” But if Phil Phil preferred rather to pick on his way it should always be with the For¬ were here, he would now be very superiors. He was, for example, one of eign Service. impatient with me. “Cy,” he would say, the very few people I ever knew who I cannot tell you that Phil succeeded “that’s enough about me. Remember could bring Secretaiy Kissinger to a in his every endeavor. The older he got, that I was only a Foreign Service officer screeching halt. Heniy would begin a the more presidents tended to hand him doing my job,” then he would insist that meeting by announcing his decision missions impossible. But those of us I say something about his Foreign Ser¬ on the question at hand, and there who practice diplomacy know that in vice—our country’s splendid Foreign would be Phil Habib bellowing that most cases we are confronted with Service. the secretary of state had no right to act situations without solutions, and that After his obligations to the president without first hearing him out. (I tried our task is often to work for the better and the secretary of state, nothing about the same tactic with Henry on more rather than the best, and above all to his career mattered more to Phil than than one occasion, but it never seemed avoid the worst. They say that war is the the U.S. Foreign Seivice. He was ob¬ to work for me.) failure of diplomacy, and in this sense sessed by it, sometimes enraged by it, Alas, almost everything conspires Phil was as responsible as anyone for but always defending it. Phil railed at against the emergence of a Phil Habib in our nation’s greatest diplomatic triumph: what he regarded as his country’s failure the Foreign Seivice—from the promo¬ the winning of the Cold War by diplo¬ to understand how well the Foreign tion system to the practice of diplo¬ matic means. Seivice could defend its country’s in¬ macy, to the politicians who decry ti¬ But his greatest legacy is to be found terests abroad if given a fair chance to midity and conformity in the Foreign among the legions of FSOs who worked do so. He berated politicians, political Service but in fact will usually tolerate for him and whom he inspired. To appointees, and the press for denying nothing else. Pan of Phil’s secret, of them, he held aloft not the image of a the Foreign Service a front-row seat in course, was his strength of character. He spoiled Foreign Seivice critics love to the high councils of government, but he was a man of real passions and opinions ridicule but of an honest and coura¬ also challenged the Foreign Service to which the system, miraculously, never geous Foreign Service critics appreciate earn its place at the table by becoming managed to squeeze out of him. even less. Those FSOs will keep the indispensable, as he was, to decision¬ But more importantly, Phil Habib spirit of Phil Habib alive and pass it on makers. was driven by the need to conform to to the next generation of American Phil Habib inspired all of us. He something higher than mere ambition; diplomats. They will keep alive, above shunned recognition, but he fought for he needed to conform to his own all, the lesson of Phil’s career: that you what he believed was right for our conception of what the Foreign Ser¬ can have guts after all and still succeed country for as long as he lived, and I vice was all about. For Phil, the Foreign in the Foreign Service, and at the same know he will continue to do so in the Service was an elite—not of the time serve the national interest of this afterlife. pinstriped and pampered, but of ex¬ wonderful country of ours. — CYRUS VANCE, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE perts in a given field. He believed FSOs — LAWRENCE EAGLEBURGER, had one overriding duty: to render DEPUTY SECRETARY OF STATE ♦ honest judgments on the basis of their It is customary on occasions such as expertise. They were paid, in short, to ♦ this to emphasize the deceased’s virtues tell it like it is, regardless of the precon¬ While I never had the pleasure of and to minimize his faults. In Phil Habib’s ceptions of superiors and regardless of working with Phil Habib as secretary of case, the task is difficult, inasmuch as the consequences for one’s career. state, I did have that privilege as White Phil’s faults and virtues tended to be one And for this, a Foreign Service officer House chief of staff and secretary of the and the same: his candor, courage, and needed guts—guts to walk into a Beirut treasury. downright cussedness. But I am certain under siege, guts to walk into the Oval His distinguished career represents that Phil would prefer us, anyway, to Office or up on the Hill and tell the the Foreign Service at its very best. Even remember him exactly as he was, warts truth as he saw it. as we mourn his passing, all of us in the and all. Indeed, anything less would Still, the question remains as to how department—career and non-career, have brought forth the top-of-the-lungs Phil got away with such independence. Foreign Service and Civil Service— eloquence we all came to know so well. I think Leslie Gelb of the New York Times, should draw strength and inspiration And so I have to begin by confessing in his recent op-ed article, put his finger from Phil’s example. that to have been Phil’s friend was to on part of the answer, namely, Phil’s His plain-spoken honesty, unfailing have done battle with him, not once or conviction that the FSO, whose first integrity, and passionate commitment twice, not in one venue or one crisis, obligation was to speak his piece, had to excellence in the service of his coun¬ but at all times and in all places, even an equal obligation thereafter to hold try are well worth emulating as we work in retirement. He was as tough as they his peace and implement loyally and together to deal with the historic chal-

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 11 lenges and opportunities of the post- embassy was out of action. Habib’s base “Oh yeah?” he said, and held his Cold War era. of operations was in the hills to the east tacsat receiver out of the window. I —JAMES A. BAKER III, SECRETARY OF STATE near the presidential palace, from which counted the unmistakable cmmp of ♦ he could survey the conflict and con¬ eight 105-mm howitzer shells fired in Phil Habib was far more than our duct negotiations with and through the the space of 30 seconds from IDF artil¬ country’s top diplomat. He talked tough, Lebanese government, the warlords of lery batteries just below Habib’s win¬ thought fast, and acted with a deft the various militias, the PLO, the Syr¬ dow. I told Brown to tell Begin what touch. He used his exuberant sense of ians, and the Israelis, and try on the side Habib had done and what I had heard. humor and his capacity for grand theat¬ to keep the French, Saudi, Dutch, Ital¬ When Brown reported Begin’s contin¬ rics as persuasive accompaniment to his ian, Vatican, and UN representatives ued assurances, I told him that at that argument. He was the guardian of the happy. By the time a memcom had moment Habib was watching Israeli Foreign Service, and I salute him for his been drafted, carried by courier to be airstrikes hit the city—and Habib was extraordinary contributions to our cabled, and read in the department, letting us hear them as they happened. country. He had a great capacity for Habib would have gone through three It was to me a memorable moment in friendship, and as a close friend, I will or four new rounds of his effort to Foreign Service reporting. It seemed to miss him deeply. His inspiring example negotiate the evacuation of Arafat and have struck the Israelis that way too. I will stay with me. his PLO fighters by sea and prevent an was later told that Sharon had noted that — GEORGE P. SHULTZ, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE Israeli conquest of an Arab capital. he would have fired any officer who At this point the “tacsat” entered based his reports on such a tenuous ♦ diplomatic history. As director of the chain of evidence. More significantly, Twenty-five years ago, a group of Office for Israel and Arab-Israeli Affairs, the episode revealed Phil Habib in full young Foreign Service officers launched I began virtually to live in the depart¬ force: ingenious, irreverent, outrageous, the first-ever write-in election campaign ment, talking to Habib five to 10 times theatrical, overwhelming in his emo¬ for AFSA. They sought to wrest control a day, relaying reports, and conveying tional and intellectual commitment to of the association from State Depart¬ instructions over the regulation-issue his country, to human life, and to the ment and Foreign Service “manage¬ amiy field radio set up in a back room “service” as fundamental to progress ment” and make it representative of the of the old, unimproved operations cen¬ toward peace and justice. members of the Service. They won ter. The information age had not yet Phil Habib was the master of the every seat on AFSA’s board. dawned on most minds, and the idea tirade. He let you have it, at the top of Phil Habib was one of a handful of that this radio signal was beamed up by his lungs. It was stuff you didn’t want to senior officers who supported these this little open-umbrella-like device at hear, but you knew he was right, and “Young Turks” and legitimized their the window to a satellite and then down you never took offense, because under¬ campaign. He then became AFSA’s first taHabib at Ms'army field radio in Baabda neath the shouting and the wild ges¬ “Young Turk” president. was almost unbelievable. ticulation was the constant, undeniable One of us was with Phil the weekend Habib would rant and rave and shout presence of a human being who was before he died in May. He spoke with and swear at me for 15, 20, sometimes unwaveringly kind and good and honest. pride of his role in helping set AFSA on 30 minutes at a time. He was up against I’ve noticed, over the years, that a few of die a course that it has since maintained. one of those nearly unbearable dilem¬ Foreign Service officers who worked with Courage was one of Phil’s hallmarks. mas of diplomacy: Israeli military pres¬ Phil Habib, myself included, sometimes So was devotion to a disciplined For¬ sure was needed to push the PLO to try to emulate his style; we never quite eign Service. His professional standards give Habib their decision to leave Beirut, get it right, but it often gets results. Phil were of the highest, and no matter what but the pounding the city was taking Habib created a new dimension of courses AFSA pursued, what mattered was inhumane, and prevented travel diplomacy, one which is wholly Ameri¬ most to him was professionalism. back and forth among the negotiating can: direct, refreshing, and effective. His Tough, courageous, blunt, discreet, representatives. At 3:00 a.m. August 4 style and his substance are a legacy that outspoken, loyal, Phil Habib was a true Habib was raging at me on the tacsat. The will last. friend, a model for our profession, a shelling was the worst he had seen in eight — CHARLES HILL, FORMER great American. weeks of war. We had to get the Israelis to EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF STATE — CHARLES W. BRAY AND THEODORE L. ELIOT JR., stop, Habib screamed. In my other hand FORMER MEMBERS OF AFSA’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS was a telephone over which I was ♦ talking to Deputy Chief of Mission Bill Phil’s integrity and moral courage ♦ Brown in Israel. Brown was at that same were total. I have seen him dress down When the Israel Defense Force (IDF) moment also holding two receivers: a tough and slippery ambassador for drove north into Lebanon in early June talking to me over one and talking to tiying to pull a fast one on him. I have 1982, the pace of political-military ac¬ Prime Minister Menachem Begin on the also seen him stand his ground with an tion outstripped traditional Foreign Ser¬ other. Begin was calmly denying that overbearing and over-confident secre¬ vice reporting practices. West Beimt any shelling was taking place; this had tary of state when he felt strongly that was patrolled by terrorists and under just been confirmed by Defense Minis¬ his boss was about to make a wrong siege by Israeli artillery and aircraft. Our ter Ariel Sharon. I relayed this to Habib. move.

12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 One vignette: Phil found himself on out to be a massive heart attack. Never senting a nation that let him rise to the one occasion at Lyndon Johnson’s side one to give an inch, well after he highest professional ranks was evi¬ at a conference in Hawaii. As Phil told recovered Phil would remind me that dent. At the same time Phil remained it, LBJ asked him what he wanted to do I had acted precipitously in phoning from beginning to end the same man— next, and he replied. “Mr. President, I’m for the ambulance. decent, loyal, and dedicated to the a Foreign Service officer and I’ll go — THOMAS J. MILLER, FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER basic ideals of freedom, justice, and where I’m needed.” Back in Paris, Phil compassion. Phil never advocated a moaned facetiously,’’Can you imagine ♦ dishonorable action. While he recog¬ how stupid I was! The president of the In the past 10 years or so I used to nized that realism was the first essen¬ United States offered me any job I want, see Phil or talk to him on the phone tial ingredient in foreign policy, it was and I muffed it!” But that was Phil: he fairly frequently. We always seemed to not the only one. For Phil, justice and would not latch onto the president’s have the same conversation. He would support for democratic institutions were casual offer to feather his own nest. open by attacking me for “sitting on equally part of the foreign policy equa¬ Phil Habib was one of a kind. my behind” in general, or allowing my tion. Phil discovered human rights far — ROBERT H. MILLER, FORMER AMBASSADOR superiors to do some stupid thing, or before the term became popular. insufficiently defending the Foreign Phil lived his life as he wanted—to ♦ Service, or all three. In fact he would the fullest and to the end. He also Right before I interviewed with Phil often call and blame me personally for remained at heart a Lebanese boy from for a job as his special assistant in some egregious political appointment Brooklyn who marveled at having made Political Affairs, I was told by one of to an important embassy. it in the big time, and loved the country the other special assistants that Habib Our cycle became a familiar one. I that had let him do it. absolutely abhorred people with long would react to his attacks by attacking — DANIEL A. O’DONOHUE, hair. Having both long hair and a full him. We would inevitably get into a FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER beard, this already trembling junior shouting match that, in the end, did Foreign Service officer about to be not work either. He liked all this prob¬ ♦ interviewed by the department’s high¬ ably a lot more than I did. Phil left an indelible imprint on my est-ranking FSO did not exactly gain Phil was one of a few Foreign approach to life and work in the For¬ confidence. The interview went re¬ Service officers who became known to eign Service. He immersed himself markably well—it consisted of dis¬ a wider American public. He loved with total commitment to whatever he cussions about Vietnam, the Middle and deserved the recognition. But did, whether at work or play. And he East, and other subjects about which I probably nobody compared to Phil, applied the same holistic philosphy to had some passing knowledge—until either when he was in or out of the his personal relations. As a political the end, when Habib remarked: “Why government, in dedication to the State officer under Phil in Saigon, I really got does a person who seems to have Department as an institution. to know him extremely well. Perhaps some intelligence look like a hippie?” People say Phil was the last of a it was the camaraderie of seiving at a My heart sank. breed. I think of him, with his magnifi¬ war-time post; maybe it was the tail I was shocked a week later to get a cent but unusual array of qualities, as end of an era in the Foreign Service call from Phil offering me the job (and the first of a breed too. We don’t have where we all seemed to get to know not even suggesting that I get a hair¬ Habibs today in Washington, but that each other much better. Whatever the cut). All the time that I worked for him, is another tale. case, both in Vietnam and later in the though, I did hear at least once weekly — MORTON ABRAMOWITZ, PRESIDENT, Paris Peace Talks, Phil was without a about my hairy tendencies. CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE doubt the shrewdest, most colorful, Another time, Phil returned to the and genuinely concerned Foreign Ser¬ office looking extremely haggard after ♦ vice officer I have ever known. a grueling trip to the Middle East and Phil Habib was the towering Foreign Whenever we complained of over¬ the Soviet Union. As the early person Service figure of our time. Scores of the work, Phil reminded us there were 24 among his special assistants, I told Phil most senior officers in the Foreign Ser¬ hours in every day and he had no use that he looked really bad and suggested vice remember serving under Phil as the for unfinished business. He insisted that he lie down. I came back to check most memorable, most challenging, and that we take verbatim notes at meet¬ on him 10 minutes later and saw that most satisfying part of their careers. ings (heaven help you if you missed an his appearance had worsened. I told With Phil, work was always first, in¬ important word or phrase) and he him I was going to call an ambulance. deed, consuming. But equally, working demanded instantaneous reporting His response: “Don’t you dare, I am with him was sheer fun, with his wit and thereafter, no matter the time of day or just a little tired and need to catch my his readiness to take as well as give night. Phil gave the Foreign Service breath. I will be OK. You young For¬ blunt, unvarnished advice. work a relevance that inspires and eign Service officers panic too easily.” Phil loved the drama of great politi¬ encourages me to this very day. I wish Over his protests I called the ambu¬ cal events and, with boyish delight, he had lived longer so more young lance. He was administered last rites gloried in being an actor on the world officers could have come to know him. that evening following what turned stage. To the end, his pride in repre¬ —JOHN NEGROPONTE, AMBASSADOR TO MEXICO ■

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *13 Jump-starting U.S. aid to the former Soviet republics

Red Army cadets pose for U.S. Air Force photographers, Red Square.

On a cold and dark day in early February, I found myself on the tarmac of the airport in Minsk, capital of the newly independent Republic of

Belarus. I was surrounded by the foreign minister of Belarus, other senior officials, Belarus reporters and TV crews, a convoy of Red Army trucks and soldiers, and four other Americans. It wasn’t difficult to pick us out. We all wore dark blue arctic parkas with American flags and the insignia ofthe

On-Site Inspection Agency (OSIA) prominently displayed. Promptly at

2:30 p.m., a huge U.S. Air Force C-141 appeared out of the overcast sky, touched down, and taxied overto the reception committee. The soldiers and Belarus officials had prepared a warm welcome to the crew of this longstanding, former adversary to thank them for the plane's cargo, 25 tons of medical supplies and medicines in short supply. ►

ARTICLE AND PHOTOS BY ARTHUR S. LEZIN Red Square with pollution.

Two weeks previously I had been medical supplies to 15 cities in 11 Provide Hope.” Given the time con¬ contacted by USAID at my home in republics. (Georgia was omitted be¬ straints, the need for sure lines of Sunriver, Oregon and asked if I would cause of the security situation there.) communication, and the critical im¬ be interested in a crash project to be The commodities had been stockpiled portance of logistic questions, he chose carried out over the next three to four in Europe for “Operation Desert Storm” to place the teams under military lead¬ weeks. I would join a five-person and, fortunately, never used. The flights ership, in this case OSIA. There were team to distribute food and medicine grew out of the January donor meeting other compelling reasons to pick the at an as yet undecided location in one called by the Secretary of State to agency responsible for monitoring So¬ of the republics of the Commonwealth consider ways of providing immediate viet compliance with arms reduction of Independent States (CIS). It didn’t assistance—a “jump start” to help treaties. OSIA military personnel had take me long to say yes. A State smooth the way to a market economy experience in Russia and many of the Department briefing on the project and democratic institutions. While it other republics in mid-winter, and was scheduled to begin in Washing¬ was recognized that the assistance they had Russian-speaking inspectors ton D.C. in exactly 48 hours. I made it. provided by the airlift was meager and interpreters. compared to the need, it demonstrated Getting the flights in and out of CIS Potluck provisions our willingness to join with other more airspace was only a means to an end, The meeting was chaired by Am¬ substantial donors such as the Euro¬ however. Care would have to be taken bassador Richard Armitage, Secretary pean Community and the Federal Re¬ to insure that the food and supplies of State Baker’s choice to plan and public of Germany. Further, if all went reached those truly in need. Leakage manage this phase of U.S. assistance well, the airlift could signal the begin¬ and diversion to the black market to the commonwealth. Military uni¬ ning of U.S. involvement in the long¬ would be a double disaster, disillu¬ forms predominated on the stage and term restructuring of the common¬ sioning CIS populations about the in the audience. The ambassador and wealth economies. The flights, there¬ nature of the new leadership and his staff, joined by the director of fore, were likely to have a psychologi¬ jeopardizing future flows of U.S. assis¬ USAID’s Office of Food and Humani¬ cal impact in the CIS far greater than tance. We were told that getting the tarian Assistance and officers from the the tons of food and medicine they local press involved early on was the Defense Department and the Joint carried. best insurance against having the do¬ Chiefs of Staff, described the multi¬ Armitage explained that a target of nated supplies show up in the bazaar donor effort to provide 54 (later ex¬ three weeks had been established to or central market. Transparency was panded to 65) planeloads of food and complete the airlift, called “Operation what we should strive for. Along with

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 15 prohibitions that were designed for U.S. military working on treaty provi¬ sions in the Soviet Union. The prohi¬ bitions on cameras and tape recorders did not apply to us. Paul advised us that a minimum of two team members would be required for any activity out of the hotel, but this was quickly jettisoned once we were established in Minsk. It didn’t make sense in that non-threatening atmosphere. (When we returned to Washington, we found that other team chiefs were not so pragmatic, and their refusal to relax the rule had been a source of friction with team members.) I leafed through the briefing mate¬ rials on the flight to Moscow. Belarus, The author in Belarus or White Russia, is bordered by Latvia, the others from USAID, I was expected “When will we know the exact Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine. The to play a critical role in this non¬ contents of the flights scheduled for population is 10 plus million. Educa¬ military aspect of “Operation Provide our location?” tion levels are relatively high, and the Hope.” “As soon as the planes are loaded.” economy has a broad industrial and (Unfortunately, we never did get the agricultural base. Belarussians are Meaning in minutiae manifests in time to work out the proud of their language and traditions, The 15 target cities and the assigned distribution before the flights arrived.) but a Ukrainian type of nationalistic teams were announced. I would have “Will food shipments going to the fervor does not exist there. Belarus been hard pressed to locate some of Moslem populations of Kazakhstan, was directly in the path of the German the cities—Bishkek, Kishinev, Azerbaijan, and Tajikistan include pork?” invasion in 1941 and was occupied Yerevan—on a map. Suddenly, I heard “Yes . . . remove the items in ques¬ longer and had higher losses (a quarter Minsk followed by my name and those tion and arrange their distribution to of the population) than any other part of my fellow team members. Paul non-Moslems.” of the Soviet Union. Petersen, our team leader, was a Navy “Will there be instructions in Rus¬ commander on loan to OSIA. Lee sian on food preparation?” Fast relief Clausen, a non-commissioned officer “We’ll try and get them to you,” was In Moscow, we spent most of the with OSIA, was a Russian linguist. the answer. In practice, our team had day in briefings at the embassy. We Both had completed anns control as¬ to do without. were told that the Soviet Union’s com¬ signments in the Soviet Union. prehensive system of support for the Lawrence Ervin, a second USAID em¬ Last-minute preparations disadvantaged was still operating. We ployee en route from his post abroad, The next day, the last before depar¬ could expect that orphanages, homes would join us at the airport for the ture, we pressed the Russian Embassy for the elderly, and mental hospitals flight to Frankfurt and Moscow. We to produce our visas in less time than would have access to the food and would pick up the fifth member of our ever before. They came through. We medicines that were available. How¬ team, Eduardo Trujillo, an army ser¬ then checked out the use of COMSAT, ever, pensioners, invalids, and all those geant and interpreter, in Frankfurt. our 84-pound, suitcase-sized satellite living alone and on fixed incomes When the briefing resumed, ques¬ telephone and fax link with Frankfurt were suffering. Relief or humanitarian tions were fielded from the team mem¬ and Washington and were outfitted by aid committees (with representatives bers. Many of them centered on logis¬ OSIA with the latest in cold-weather of both public and private organiza¬ tic details: payloads, availability of gear. It came in handy, although, fully tions) were functioning in most of the unloading equipment, access to de¬ garbed, we resembled astronauts pre¬ target cities and should be contacted icing machines, minimum runway pared for a moon walk. Finally, we as soon as possible. length, landing rights and fees, the were given our advance in $20 bills. A light snow was falling as the train expected number of crew members, Travel was so cheap outside of Mos¬ to Minsk left from the Belarus Station at press, or VIPs on board. cow that we returned with most of the 9:30 p.m. At the station we had bought “How will we pay for fuel and money. Also, the local authorities of¬ tickets for the 10-hour journey at 90 transport, for instance, should it be ten insisted on paying our expenses. cents each for three deluxe, two-person necessary to do so?” At dinner in Frankfurt, with all compartments. When we were board¬ “Each team will be provided with members of the team on board, Paul ing, the woman controlling access to the cash,” was the answer. went over the OSIA restrictions and car admonished us that we had not

16 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 bought tickets for foreigners, but her Anatolievich Mozykhov, chairman of Mozykhov, absorbed 70 percent of the unhappiness, and the fact that the heat the Chernobyl Department in the Min¬ fallout from the explosion of the nuclear could not be turned down, were the only istry of Foreign Relations, which was reactor. Some 600,000 people have problems we encountered. established to seek assistance and been affected out of a total population It was still pitch black when we today of 10.3 million (that population arrived. With some difficulty we man¬ declined between 1979 and 1989, while aged to get to the 22-story Byeloruskaya Russia’s increased); cancer among Hotel and found they were expecting The next day, the last before depar¬ children, particularly thyroid cancer, is us. The dimly lit lobby was filled with ture, we pressed the Russian Em¬ up significantly; and 22 percent of video games, mercifully silent at 7 a.m. farmland is unusable. More than Stocky women were mopping the stone bassy to produce our visas in less 200,000 Belarussians are living on con¬ floor with rags attached to wooden time than ever before. They came taminated land. Many are still exposed handles. We unpacked and waited for to impermissible levels of radiation, the dining room to open. One whiff in through. We then checked out the Mozykhov told us, but there is no my room convinced me that the Clean use of COMSAT, our 84-pound, place or money to move them. Prior to Air Act was not yet part of the Belarus the breakup of the union, Belaais had legal structure. The window had been suitcase-sized satellite telephone and received limited help from the central taped shut, and I opened it with diffi¬ fax link with Frankfurt and Washing¬ government. This no longer exists, nor culty. What felt like a sub-zero gale do they receive any assistance from ton and were outfitted by OSIA with blew in, scattering the papers I had Ukraine—a sore point, he said. unpacked. I was not able to close the the latest in cold-weather gear. Over the next few days we met with window completely for the balance of the minister of Health, the Humanitar¬ my stay. When we were finally al¬ ian Commission, and authorities at the lowed in the dining room, our team airport. Their cooperation left little to had no complaint with the fare: om¬ manage its distribution after the April be desired, and they needed no advice elette, cheese, cole slaw, dark bread, 1986 disaster. from us on the importance of a seam¬ and tea. Mozykhov proceeded to educate us less, black-market-proof operation. We in passable English on the somber passed on what information we had Chernobyl mission medical and budgetary consequences on the contents of the first flight (ex¬ Our first visit was to Aleksey of Chernobyl. Belarus, according to pected in two days). Initially, the gov- Put Your Most Valuable Asset In Our Hands. Amemberofthe [71 Sears Financial Network LUJ COLOUieLL BANKER □ (703) 556-6100 Coldwell Banker, one of America’s largest real estate companies, has provided superior leasing and property management services to absentee home owners since 1933. Our full-time staff of ex¬ pertly trained property managers is ready to serve your needs. —Our Services Include— l7>YF^r7" 77,1 7 ~~ I _ CTC TI-HAMT . iUT I LO! I would like more information COMPLETE TENANT SCREENING on Coldwell Banker's Property Manage- ON-SITE PROPERTY INSPECTIONS ment services and related fee structure. MONTHLY STATEMENTS NAME: YEAR-END TAX STATEMENTS ADDRESS: PROMPT DISBURSEMENT OF PROCEEDS TO OWNERS DEPENDABILITY AT RENTAL PROPERTY COMPETITIVE RATES Call us today! TELEPHONE #: ‘ > or mail the enclosed coupon jj^RxaiMail to: Coldwell Banker Residential Property Management Department c/o Executive Ollices. 195.1 Gallows Road. Suite 650. Vienna. VA 22180

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 ernment leaned toward dividing the were in short supply. Up to the time of refused to seat us even though there first shipment of medical supplies our visit the government had managed was the usual expanse of empty tables. among 14 hospitals and clinics in and to minimize the effects of inflation by “We can’t serve you; we’re expecting a around Minsk. They then decided, and having employers issue coupons with big group. Come back in 30 minutes.” we agreed, that this would have been paychecks. Most merchandise required When we returned, the big group had impractical. Instead they opted to send coupons, presumably unobtainable by not yet materialized and we were still the entire contents of each flight to visiting Ukrainians or Russians. Prices unwelcome. We tried to convince her medical facilities in regions hard hit by were bizarre. Gasoline was 6 cents a that this was not suitable treatment for the Chernobyl fallout. The first flight gallon. The bill for the five of us, even guests. Finally, we were able to sit was earmarked for the Regional Can¬ in quite respectable restaurants, often down but not before receiving her cer Clinic, a 320-bed facility in Mogilov, came to 150 to 200 rubles, a dollar or salvo: “What do you expect? This is the 200 kilometers southeast of Minsk. two at the current rate of exchange. Soviet Union.” The key person at the Humanitarian The subway cost 30 kopeks or one- At last the day for which we had Commission was Ludmilla Nikolaevna third of a cent. been preparing arrived. We set up our Syroyegina. She knew everyone, was It didn’t take us long to realize that COMSAT in an airport building re¬ steeped in history of the region, and the momentous changes stemming served for VIPs near the tarmac and took us under her wing, giving us from Belarussian independence had quickly established contact with advice on everything from restaurants not seeped down to waiters and wait¬ Frankfurt. Our flight had left on sched¬ to the ballet, getting around the city resses. We established a daily prize for ule. The airport manager was awe¬ (subway was the warmest and cheap¬ the worst service. One early winner struck by the speed with which we est), and arranging meetings with any¬ was the waitress who ignored us for a deployed the small antennae and di¬ one in the government knowledge¬ considerable period and then threw aled Germany; he had been trying, able about long-term needs for aid. down a luncheon menu and expected unsuccessfully, to talk to the control us to order instantaneously. When we tower so he could pass the latest Small change could not conform to her schedule, weather information on to us. At one In Minsk, we saw no food lines, she blurted out, “You are torment¬ point he shouted at the poor operator, common enough in Eastern Europe ing me with time.” Another winner “Look, the Americans have been here the previous winter. Stores and shops was the woman in charge of the dining five minutes and they already have were crowded, although many items room at our hotel who sometimes spoken with Germany. Don’t you think 3 Finish! S

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18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 CeaVe your most important investment With the Ludmilla Nikolaevna Syroyegina, director of Humanitarian Commission, Minsk management I could at least manage to talk to the Our team tagged along with the convoy tower?” to the Ministry of Health warehouse, where we monitored the unloading. Getting out the goods The only door was padlocked and professionals It took several hours to unload the sealed with a stamp. The authorities plane and distribute the contents to the wanted us to know that no one would waiting army trucks. Small clusters of be able to tamper with the shipment you trust. crew members and Red Army troops overnight. not involved in the unloading were The good news was that the minis¬ Rental and Management exchanging pack¬ try car picked us ages of American up at the hotel, as oj Tine Properties in cigarettes for items The key person at the Humanitarian promised, the Northwest ‘DC, CheVg Chase, of clothing. Crew next morning. ‘Bethesda and ‘Potomac members freely Commission was Ludmilla The bad news: gave away pins and Nikolaevna Syroyegina. She knew the driver didn’t candy bars. Soldiers know how to find and airport em¬ everyone, was steeped in history of the warehouse. ployees entered the the region, and took us under her None of the re¬ plane to look loading for the around. I found wing, giving us advice on everything Cancer Clinic in myself standing from restaurants to the ballet, getting Mogilov could next to the deputy start until we ar¬ foreign minister. around the city (subway was the rived. “I’ll phone,” “Please don’t mis¬ warmest and cheapest), and arrang¬ the driver in- understand,” he fonned us, and answered, “but I’m ing meetings with anyone in the disappeared. At saddened that, at government knowledgeable about such times one this stage in our could take com¬ Executive Housing history, my coun¬ long-term needs for aid. fort in the much try has come to used Russian Consultants, Inc. this.” phrase, nichevo 7315 Wisconsin Avenue When the plane had been com¬ nepodelaisb(nothing can be done about Suite 1020 East pletely unloaded and the aluminum it). After what must have been the palletes restowed on board, the Belams longest phone call in modem Belarussian Bethesda, Maryland 20814 officials insisted on busing the crew to history, the driver returned and we 301/951-4111 the terminal where they had prepared made it to the warehouse without too dinner. The pilot was anxious to leave, much difficulty. “We care jor your home but this was an offer he couldn’t refuse. It was immediately clear that there Finally, as darkness descended, the were not enough trucks. The ministry as ij it Were our oWn. ” huge plane took off for the return flight. representative reluctantly agreed and

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 i r started the complicated process of ob¬ spoke for a few minutes, then he said, AUTHORIZED EXPORTER taining additional transport. Our call “You know, up to 10 years ago we for reinforcements was supported by believed we lived better than anyone GENERAL ELECTRIC the medical director of the Mogilov else in the world.” -USA- Clinic, Victor Ivanovich Bryknov, who “Did you think pictures of life in the had traveled to Minsk to insure that all West were fakes?” I asked. of the promised supplies reached the “We never saw them,” he replied. clinic. While we were waiting for the GENERAL ELECTRONICS trucks, we started chatting with the Eat, eat INC. warehouse employees. Shyly at first, After four hours in the fetal position they began to ask us about life in the (the Moskvitch is no threat to Japanese United States. A or any other im¬ □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS few years ago, they ports) we arrived in □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS told us, we would Victor Ivanovitch said that he had Mogilov. The street □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES not have had a lamps were off be¬ □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT □ TELEVISION business in Minsk and that he would □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM¬ chance to talk to cause of electricity ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG you. “If we had drive us. This was good news, since shortages. Every so (Please check box) seen you at all you often I could pick there were no flights that day and the Available for All Electric would have been out moving figures Currents/Cycles guarded and iso¬ train wouldn’t have gotten us back in the snow. There lated by security was a welcoming before dark. The countryside was Immediate Shipping/Mailing people.” committee in the From our Local Warehouse At last the trucks barren, bleak, and covered with snow. courtyard of the were ready to go. clinic and we were Occasionally we passed huts in poor We Can Also Furnish Eduardo and I were greeted with bear Replacement Parts for to accompany the repair. The two-lane road wasn’t bad, hugs and excited, Most Manufactures shipment; Victor rapid-fire Russian. but traffic was sparse. The landscape Ivanovich led us to Nicolai Nikolaiavich SHOWROOM General Electronics, Inc. his tiny Moskvitch resembled nothing so much as an Pacutin, die assistant sedan and intro¬ medical director, led 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. underdeveloped Third World country. Washington, D C. 20016 duced us to his us through the run¬ Tel. (202) 362-8300 driver, Vasily. He down and dimly lit FAX (202) 363-6538 would finish the corridors to the TWX 710-822-9450 GENELECINC WSH paperwork and catch up with us by the director’s office. Nicolai opened the time we reached Mogilov. I asked door with a flourish to reveal a table Vasily about radiation levels in Mogilov covered with wonderful smelling dishes. with more titan academic curiosity. Bottles were stacked on the sideboard. “Nothing to be concerned about,” Victor Ivanovitch, who had just arrived, he said, while he extricated a Geiger stood behind the table with three fe¬ counter from the glove compartment. male doctors on his staff. Everyone was “When did you first learn about introduced, chairs were produced, and Chernobyl?” I asked. we were urged to “kushet, kushet”(cat, “The explosion occurred on April eat). Our hosts started drinking a mix¬ 26,” he said. “There was a brief ture of vodka, cognac, and a local announcement of the fire on the radio vermouth. One sip convinced me that it with no indication that the population would solve Aeroflot’s fuel shortage. in Belarus was at risk.” Everyone was extremely curious about Mogilov is directly in the path of the our lives, and the conversation was prevailing wind from the Ukraine. On warm and intense. Tatanya placed her May 1, Vasily took his girls to the hand on mine and said, “I’ve never traditional parades, along with thou¬ touched an American before.” Around sands of others, even though it was midnight they relented and agreed to highly dangerous to be outdoors. A drive us to the hotel. Nicolai didn’t give month passed before the general pub¬ up, and wanted me to go home with lic was told what had happened. The him even after he’d carried my bag to government’s callous secretiveness my room. Luckily, I was able to remem¬ apparently brought back bitter memo¬ ber the Russian for “Sorry, but I’m ries, and talking about it temporarily going to bed.” Nicolai left, obviously derailed Vasily’s good humor. Nobody unhappy that fate hadn’t sent him an American with a capacity for drink and friends had brought. By the time nicipal property and businesses to closer to his own. we had found a taxi we were seriously private hands. “Very complicated,” he He picked us up the next morning, behind schedule. At the station we ran said. “It will take a long time to work as agreed. In the daylight the clinic down the track, lugging our stuff, out the details.” I pressed on. “What buildings were a sorry sight. Several frantically looking for our car. The about government-owned land?” “Our patients in bathrobes were lounging in Foreign Ministry officials were running peasants don’t want the responsibility the courtyard, impervious to the cold. alongside while pressing gifts into of their own land. Furthermore, farm Victor Ivanovitch said that he had whatever free hands they could find. machinery is geared to large hold¬ business in Minsk and that he would At the embassy in Moscow the ru¬ ings.” I did not get the sense that the drive us. This was good news, since mors of another assignment were con¬ deputy mayor was impatient with the there were no flights that day and the firmed. Two C-5 flights of food to pace of reforms emanating from Mos¬ train wouldn’t have gotten cow. us back before dark. The It took all morning the countryside was barren, following day to segregate bleak, and covered with the food cartons into some snow. Occasionally we sort of order. Many of the passed huts in poor repair. items—fruit compote, chile, The two-lane road wasn’t disposable trays—were a bad, but traffic was sparse. mystery to the relief offi¬ The landscape resembled cials. Package instructions nothing so much as an un¬ for preparation in micro- derdeveloped Third World wave ovens would have country. been useful if the recipients had such appliances and if The last details they could read English. The second and last flight, Two truckloads were des¬ another 25 tons of medical tined for a municipal soup supplies, arrived the day af¬ The Kremlin Museum, Moscow kitchen. The director and I ter we got back to Minsk. sat in the cab as we made The entire cargo was earmarked for Moscow had been split up and shipped our way across Tula. We passed a the regional emergency care hospital by road to Smolensk, Brest, and Tula, huge plant of some kind and I asked in Gomel, 300 kilometers from Minsk, but no arrangements had been made her what it was. “A weapons factory,” in a region also hard hit by the fallout for their final distribution. We were to she replied. “What kind of weapons?” from Chernobyl. We decided to avoid get to Tula (three hours by train south She smiled sweetly and said, “It’s a the hassle of temporarily warehousing of the capital) posthaste, meet with the secret.” The soup kitchen fed 300 the supplies in Minsk by loading di¬ local relief authorities, obtain a plan pensioners and war veterans one meal rectly onto trucks for Gomel. It was 6 for division of the supplies, and check a day. It was immaculate. My col¬ p.m. and almost dark when the con¬ out the agreed recipients. leagues, meanwhile were tracking the voy finally was ready to go. Two team We were met in Tula by Sergei delivery of the “Operation Hope” car¬ members went along to check out the Mikhailovich Kisilev, deputy director tons to the other institutions. When we hospital. They arrived at midnight and of the Social Defense Fund and a compared notes that evening on the didn’t finish unloading until 2 a.m. handsome, serious man in his late train we were reasonably confident They made it back to Minsk in time for twenties who exuded dedication and that the supplies sent to Tula would be, the team to take the night train to incorruptibility. Any doubts we may used and appreciated by those most in Moscow the next evening. have had about security of the ship¬ need. Since our work was finished, the Ludmilla Syroyegina, Mozykhov, ment evaporated. We discussed what team would be splitting up when we and Ivanov insisted on taking us to the needed to be done. An inventory of got back to Moscow. The information train. First, we had to check out of our the food ranked high on the list. The that interested us the most was a home away from home, the local officials had designated four in¬ schedule of trans-Atlantic flights. I Beloruskaya. We had been told that stitutions—an orphanage, old folks searched through my things but our rooms would be the ruble equiva¬ home, and two soup kitchens—as the couldn’t lay my hands on the airline lent of $45 a night, a “special” diplo¬ most in need. We were encouraged to guide I had been carrying around for matic discount. Instead, we were accompany the trucks to see for our¬ a month. Pity, but then, nichevo ne charged 630 rubles, or $6 a night. selves. That evening the deputy mayor podelaish. m When I questioned my bill the cashier hosted a dinner for us. As expected, thought I was objecting because it was whatever shortages existed in Tula, Arthurs. Lezin last served as USAID too high. “But, Gospodin, you had two liquid refreshment was not one of mission director in Mauritania. He beds in your room.” The five of us and them. I asked the deputy mayor about retired in 1988and now consults and our luggage didn’t fit in the van Ludmilla the city’s plans for turning over mu¬ writes from Sunriver, Oregon.

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No issue in international broad¬ casting has been as hotly de¬ bated in recent years as the current proposal to create a Radio Free China. This surrogate radio network would broadcast to China (and, possibly, as Radio Free Asia, to other Asian coun¬ tries under Communist control) with purposes similar to that of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). The latter radios were established in 1950 to broadcast to the populations of the “enslaved nations” of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe as though they were domestic stations supplying in¬ formation and news denied their audi¬ ences by the Communist authorities. The proposal for Radio Free China was recommended by a majority of the President’s Task Force on the U.S. Government’s International Broad¬ casting in its December 1991 report and is now being considered by a new congressionally mandated commission. It is being contested in the press, in

BY HANS N. TUCH

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 public fora, before congressional com¬ change,” they argued that this new North Korea.” The minority also pointed mittees, among political propagandists, surrogate broadcasting entity would out, “that beefing up the VOA China and among China specialists with an enhance people-to-people communi¬ service can be done soon, not [the] emotion and vehemence reminiscent of cation and would promote “the as¬ three, four, five or more years hence” the 1950s Cold War propaganda debates. sumption that people can change his¬ that it would take to bring surrogate William Safire, for instance, writing in tory through the force of ideas . . . radio into full service. the New York Times, charged the four [through] a burly opposition to dictator¬ opposing members of the task force ship.” Their argument continued, “It is The thrifty choice with having been “manipulated” by the importanttoU.S. interests that the people In an appearance before the House State Department, and he demeaned of China understand that the free people International Operations Subcommit¬ the Voice of America as being under of America stand with them.” They tee in February, task force minority State’s control. Meanwhile, former U.S. added that their decision would also be member Abbott Washburn, a former Ambassador to Beijing Winston Lord, shrewd: “We will not only be on the deputy director of USIA and FCC com¬ who strongly favors a surrogate Radio right side, but on the winning side.” missioner, reinforced the opposition by Free China, described VOA as “our The task force’s opposing minority pointing out that the best estimate of the single most effective instrument to get countered that “the best, most cost- cost of a Radio Free China would be the truth and information to the Chinese effective, and quickest way of increas¬ $110 million for construction and start¬ people.” ing information to the region is through up and $34 million for annual opera¬ The task force’s several other rec¬ a greatly strengthened Voice of America tion. On the other hand, with ommendations on the future conduct an additional $2.14 million of the U.S. government’s inter¬ now and another modest national broadcasting were increase next year, VOA unanimously adopted. Among could significantly upgrade the principal recommendations its China service and its were that the Voice of America services to Vietnam, Cam¬ should remain part of the U.S. bodia, Laos, and North Information Agency and that Korea. He quoted former there will be an indefinite and U.S. Ambassador to expanding need for VOA broad¬ Beijing Arthur W. casts, especially to China; that Hummel Jr., an experi¬ RFE/RL’s “continuing, albeit enced China specialist: somewhat modified, mission will anymore “The VOA is much a"em continue ... for some years;” that respected and well known to just the Board of International Broad¬ China service. about eveiyone in China. They turn to casting (BIB) should manage all They stressed that VOA is well known it for reliable information ... If our U.S. government-sponsored surrogate and respected in China and that it makes own government can find more dollars broadcasting activities, including Radio sense to build on this base. for international broadcasting, in my and TV Marti broadcasting to Cuba “A new U.S. station,” die minority view they could best be used for (currently under USIA); and that USIA argued, “would have a hard time com¬ strengthening the Voice’s capability to should expand its TV reach through peting against the fonnidable array of cover all of China with a stronger interactive Worldnet programming and programs already bombarding China signal and more hours of program¬ English teaching. from the outside. It would compete with ming.” our own VOA” and, in effect, diminish This statement should be read in the ‘Burly opposition’ the global VOA seivice. They suggested context of the remarks by Representa¬ On the question of a Radio Free that the current VOA request for a $2 tive Howard Berman, chairman of the China, however, the task force was million increase for its China service subcommittee, introducing the hearing: split—seven in favor, four against, the (primarily for augmenting the Cantonese- “Given the current budget constraints, majority stating that the United States language staff, for a Hong Kong bureau, the subcommittee’s task... will be to set “ought to pay as much attention to and for a China research office) is too priorities and make some hard choices promoting democracy in Asia as we did modest, that this request should be about which services and projects to in Eastern Europe [and] the Soviet Union.” augmented by funds needed to increase initiate and expand and which to cut In addition to favoring increased VOA the number of hours of targeted pro¬ back and curtail.” broadcasting to China, the task force’s gramming. They recommended an ad¬ An authoritative and independent majority recommended creating a new ditional $10 million that “would go far view of VOA’s effectiveness in China U.S. surrogate broadcasting entity to be toward enhancing this service—which comes from New York Times corre¬ aimed at Asia, principally China. Stressing is already hard-hitting and already obvi¬ spondent Sheryl WuDunn, who re¬ that “it is good for the people of the ously having significant impact—and ported from Beijing in May 1989: world to know that we, the people of also toward improving Voice program¬ “When the streets here swell America, are the friends and helpers of ming to Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and with protestors, people all over

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 S A INI JOSE L_ o s A INI <3 E L E s O RANGE COUNTY 2 FI

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26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ■ JULY 1992 Eizenstat further stated that the start¬ earlier, was a classic example of tar¬ Second, the lobby for the Board of up costs, while high, should not be an geted programming. Two VOA corre¬ International Broadcasting, which would excuse for doing nothing. He believed spondents were thrown out of the presumably run a Radio Free China, that transmitters might be shared with country for their detailed reporting on continues to be strong, with substantial private religious broadcasters, that the spring 1989 events in China. emotional and ideological si ipport from former Soviet jamming transmitters the Hill. Two of the task force’s mem¬ might be used, and that new VOA ideological coalition bers in favor of Radio Free China, David transmitters might be shared. He con¬ Why is it that, in the face of what, to Abshire and Ben Wattenberg, have over cluded that $140 million would not be this writer, amounts to convincing evi¬ many years been actively associated daunting, but $25 to $40 million may dence against the creation of a surrogate with the BIB, which, under the highly suffice to start up through the use of Radio Free China, there is considerable visible current leadership of Malcolm existing facilities, including piggy¬ support for it in Congress and among Forbesjr., may be looking for justification backing on VOA. knowledgeable and public-spirited to continue its existence, now that RFE/ Viviane Warren, another task force citizens? RL have almost achieved their goals of member in the minority, wrote in the First, there appears to be an unusual promoting democracy in Eastern Europe San Diego Union in January that her collaboration between normally liberal and the former Soviet Union. (The pres¬ own research convinced her that Chi¬ and conservative members within Con¬ tigious Center for Strategic and Interna¬ nese listeners do not consider the gress. On the liberal side, support comes tional Studies, of which David Abshire is Voice of America propaganda but rely from some who oppose the Bush president, has published “Radio Free on it for accurate and authoritative Administration’s policy toward the cur¬ Asia—Background Notes for Discus¬ news. A surrogate broadcasting service, rent Chinese leadership and try to un¬ sion,” an elaborate but tendentious re¬ she concluded, would be counterpro¬ dermine it by advocating a tough line of search document for the benefit of the ductive, and Chinese listeners would criticism and opposition, which the ra¬ new commission to back up and pro¬ largely discount it as propaganda dio could represent. mote the case for Radio Free China.) broadcasts by emigres of whose veracity On the conservative side are those These advocacy groups appear not they could not be sure. who, having lost the Soviets and East Eu¬ to accept the facts that, one would ropeans as their Communist adversar¬ hope, the current Commission on Wishful thinking ies, see the United States as letting down Broadcasting to Asia and others con¬ The task force’s report is ambiguous its guard against Communist oppression. cerned with the issue will consider: with respect to sharing transmitters with VOA. On one hand, the task force majority suggests finding time for Radio A boarding Free China on existing VOA transmit¬ The Grier SdtooC school ters, while at the same time recom¬ for girls mending increasing VOA broadcasts to A supportive faculty and family environment contribute in grades 7-12 Asia and warning that sharing “should to the success of the educational experience at Grier. A two-track academic program be pursued only if it can be done combines with strong arts and athletic without diluting VOA services to China. ” programs to ensure that girls enjoy a According to Washburn and others, well-rounded and productive secondary school experience. however, there is no way that Radio One of Grier School's most attractive Free China can be accommodated on qualities for Foreign Service families is the fact that our students are VOA facilities in the Far East without 100% boarding. As a result, the crowding VOA programs off the air. school offers a very rich variety of New VOA facilities coming on line in activities on weekends. In addition, the school provides transportation to and the mid-1990s in Thailand and Sri Lanka from airports at holiday time and will be fully committed, as will the organizes school sponsored trips during refurbished Philippine transmitters in the Thanksgiving and spring breaks for students who are unable to go home. the late 1990s. Located near Penn State University, the One other misconception held by Grier School is three hours away from some about VOA is that, as the U.S. Washington, DC by car and is also easily reached by airplane and Amtrak train. government’s official broadcaster, it A $1500 tuition reduction is offered by cannot do the “targeted” broadcasting the Grier School to children of Foreign Service employees. that is currently needed in China. To the contrary, VOA has the authority and For more information, please contact: consistently makes good use of it. Its Director of Admissions Grier School coverage of the Tiananmen Square Tyrone, PA 16686 demonstrations and subsequent massa¬ (814) 684-3000 cre, to which the New York Times ’Sheryl FAX (814) 684-2177 WuDunn referred in the article quoted

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 • A decision to start the new surro¬ gate radio would handicap the effectiveness of VOA, both in the utilization of currently available The Prudential technical facilities and the ability Preferred Properties to recruit qualified broadcasters— both in short supply. • VOA has the experience, know¬ how, and, above all, the audience to provide Chinese listeners with the information and support they need and want in their quest for freedom and democracy. • It would take several years to bring a new radio network into For your real estate needs service and to build an audience for its programs, a time period Zorita and Richard Simunek within which it is not unreason¬ able to expect the internal liberal¬ ization in China to occur that the □ FREE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER radio would be designed to gener¬ ate, thereby making it obsolete Current market trends and sales prices of Washington, before it goes on the air. DC, Virginia, and Maryland homes. • The radio would, in effect, be redundant, since VOA, by virtue Please send me information on buying or selling a home in: of its charter, is designed to and O Washington CJ Virginia O Maryland does provide the information and Bedrooms Price Range program content today that the [”} Condo O Townhouse □ Single Detached radio would be meant to broad¬ cast. The daily 24-hour “domestic” Specific Neighborhoods: broadcast from Taiwan also seems O Property Management Ll Temporary Housing to obviate any need for a surrogate 1”) Market Analysis !*") Tax deferred Exchange radio from the United States. • The internal Chinese situation—in availability of information from r n the outside, in Chinese receptivity ZORITA AND RICHARD SIMUNEK of foreign information, and in Prudential Preferred Properties: Chinese ability to evaluate and assimilate such information—is 1211 North Glebe Road 2550 M Street NW entirely different from that which Arlington, VA 22201 Washington, DC 20037 Phone: (703) 243-6300 Phone: (202) 659-5900 existed in the Soviet Union and DIRECT: (202) 544-5046 DIRECT: (202) 544-5046 eastern Europe in the early 1950s, Fax: (703) 522-6838 Fax: (202) 659-8746 thus making an analogy between RFE/RL and the potential Radio Monthly Payment per $1,000 Free China irrational. • Finally, in this day of severe bud¬ 7% 6.66 8% 7.34 9% 8.05 getary constraint, the American 77e 6.74 87s 7.43 97a 8.14 taxpayer should not be expected 71/4 6.83 874 7.52 974 8.23 to pay for a new broadcasting 73/a 6.91 87s 7.61 93/e 8.32 venture costing scores of millions, 77a 7.00 87s 7.69 97a 8.41 when a $10 million augmentation 77a 7.08 87s 7.78 97a 8.50 of VOA would accomplish the 3 73/4 7.17 874 7.87 9 A 8.60 same results. ■ 77/s 7.26 87/e 7.96 97/s 8.69 Hans N. Tuch, a retired USIA For¬ 1 I eign Service officer, is author of Cut Along Dotted Lines Communicating with the World: U.S. An Independently Owned and Operated Member of the Prudential Real Estate Affiliates, Inc. Public Diplomacy Overseas (St. Martin’s Press, 1990).

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 Make a diplomatic statement.

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1701 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009-2697 Telephone: (202) 234-5600 FAX: (202) 234-3513 - TELEX: 197901 or 197931 and 60 days, the TDY/detail supervi¬ AFSA/A.I.D. wins sor is required, per AFSA insistence, Contesting concessions in to provide a memorandum on the employee’s performance to the assignments EER negotiations employee’s rater, who is to insure that by Julie Smithline such reports are received and incor¬ Member Services Representative by Deborah M. Leahy porated into the evaluation. AFSA receives many questions Member Services Representative • Skill areas have been compressed about how to contest an unwanted as¬ AFSA and USAID management from seven to five. The five core skill signment. Employees cannot grieve have reached agreement on changes areas that now must be addressed in assignments unless the depart¬ in the USAID Employee Evaluation the EER are: professional skills, lead¬ ment/agency has violated a law or Report (EER) form and regulations. ership skills, operational skills, inter¬ regulation in making the assignment. Major changes in these regulations ne¬ personal skills, and supervisory skills. While assignments are not griev- gotiated by AFSA include: Professional/technical skills and pro¬ able, two separate appeal mechanisms • Elimination of all copies of Se¬ gram skills have been incorporated do exist. The first, contained in the lection Board letters of criticism to into the remaining skill areas. AFSA regulations of 3 FAM 142.1-6, allows USAID review panel members. In¬ believes that language describing the the department to organize a panel to stead, an advisory or guidance letter areas is also clearer. hear assignment appeals. Regrettably, may be sent to the panel members • Language rating is limited to the department rarely exercises this when a Selection Board believes that those who have been given the op¬ authority. The second, an appeal to the member failed adequately to fulfill portunity to learn a language. To meet the director general, is available to all his or her responsibility. Any such let¬ a congressional mandate regarding employees. ter will be sent “addressee only” to the language competency, all employees An employee may appeal to the di¬ employee. No copies will be distrib¬ who have S3/R3 or higher in a lan¬ rector general within 10 days of being uted, retained, or placed in any file. guage-designated position and who notified of the decision of the assign¬ AFSA considers this elimination an im¬ have a supervisor with S3/R3 or above ment panel. The director general may portant victory. in the same language must be evalu¬ ask the assignment panel to recon¬ • Memoranda of Performance, ated on their effectiveness in using the sider its decision but there are no es¬ which were used to record perfor¬ foreign language in their work. Since tablished criteria governing his mance for periods of 30-120 days, the agency has not emphasized and decision. Furthermore, the director have been eliminated. AFSA was con¬ invested adequately in language train¬ general cannot unilaterally overturn a cerned that the use of an “abbrevi¬ ing, a language performance rating panel decision. He/she can only re¬ ated” EER for periods exceeding 90 may disadvantage many employees quest reconsideration. days would disadvantage employees who have not been given the oppor¬ who had short tours or longer tempo¬ tunity to learn a language. rary duties and negotiated two • All career candidates must have AFSA hits changes. First, when the period of su¬ mission directors, principal officers, or pervision is from 60 to 149 days, ab¬ deputy mission directors act as their 10,000 breviated EERs will be prepared. reviewing officers. Management As of June 1, AFSA reached its These will be the same as a regular pointed out that this was usually the highest membership level in 68 EER except that the potential section, case already and both AFSA and man¬ years of representing the Foreign including areas for improvement, will agement feel that these people are the Service. We're now at 10,000 and not be completed by the rater. Sec¬ best to judge whether or not a candi¬ still climbing. Recruit a friend ond, assessments of any temporary date will serve successfully through a today, and help us remain duty that is less than 60 days will be normal career span. strong! included in the full EER for the rating period. For TDYs/details between 15

JULY 1992 • AFSA NEWS • 1 nevjslrriej's Gays and Book Fair donations. The Association of American Foreign Service Lesbians in Women requests donations of books, stamps, coins, tapes, records, crafts and pictures for the annual Book Fair. Donations can be left at the book Foreign Affairs room, room 1524, or call (202) 223-5796 to arrange for pickup. The 1992 GLIFAA (Gays and Lesbians in Book Fair will be held October 14-25. Foreign Affairs Agencies) was Foreign Service authors: The call by AFSA and DACOR for books for formed to advance the fundamental an “Authors’ Corner" on Foreign Service Day elicited more than 80 volumes. principle of non-discrimination on These included weighty tomes on foreign policy issues and memoirs of For¬ the basis of sexual orientation. The eign Service life, but also some works on such delightfully different topics group holds monthly meetings and as sailing and birdwatching. Our thanks to all those who participated. is currently receiving mail at the AFSA office. Contact: GLIFAA, 2101 E St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Metropool participation stalled by Chris Peritie the Metropool program. The agency management rejected AFSA’s sugges¬ Member Services Director has established a task force to explore tion of surveying employees on the Neither State nor USAID will be the potential for future participation issue, asserting that any “survey . . . participating in the Washington Met¬ and will survey its employees to de¬ would likely raise expectations [State] ropolitan Metropool program during termine overall interest. Based on the cannot now meet.” this fiscal year. After a good bit of survey data and subsequent cost pro¬ AFSA finds State’s approach to the prodding, AFSA has been told by the jections, the task force will make a rec¬ program inadequate. Unfortunately, management of both agencies that ommendation for implementation in participation in the Metro program is neither currently has the funds to pay the 1993 fiscal year. at an agency’s discretion and AFSA for the program. State’s response was less positive. cannot compel the department to bar¬ Recent legislation authorizes fed¬ After waiting more than three months gain on its decision. However, in these eral agencies to subsidize their for a response to our initial inquiry, days of increasing environmental employees’ travel between home and AFSA received a series of cryptic let¬ awareness, AFSA is frustrated by the work using public transportation, pro¬ ters from State management that left department’s unwillingness to give viding up to $21 per month to employ¬ many questions unanswered. What this issue the attention it deserves. ees from existing funds. has emerged from this correspon¬ USAID management has been dence is that State has no plans to par¬ forthright in explaining its position on ticipate in the program. Furthermore,

AFSA-FOR A CHANGE USIA needs a champion AFSA has announced that it will challenge AFGE (American Federation of Government Employees) for the position of exclusive bargaining agent for Foreign Service employees at USIA. Bud Hensgen, AFSA vice president for USIA, announced the decision at a recent luncheon held at the Capitol Holiday Inn. On May 19, AFSA filed employee petitions with the Foreign Service Labor Relations Board requesting a challenge election to determine which union would represent USIA Foreign Service personnel. The large numbers of USIA employees who signed the challenge election petitions indicates a powerful support for AFSA, as well as employee dissatisfaction with current representation. During the coming election campaign, AFSA will set forth the many positive reasons why USIA Foreign Service personnel need a bargaining representative totally dedicated to their best interest worldwide and with the infrastructure in place to respond to their needs. Yet, the real election issue is change: CHANGE of overseas housing regulations; CHANGE of contract fare airline restrictions; CHANGE of USIA’s role in the post-Cold War era; CHANGE of the many conditions that inhibit Foreign Service personnel from doing their best job for the national policy interest. And, finally, the election is about choosing a new bargaining agent that will effect needed CHANGE at USIA. AFSA/USIA committee members will soon contact USIA Foreign Service employees in person or by mail to answer any questions they might have about AFSA and AFSA’s USIA Action Plan. Once our USIA Foreign Service colleagues know all the facts we are confident that they will choose AFSA for change at USIA.

2 • AFSA NEWS • JULY 1992 moting a vigorous public dialogue on Speakers Bureau launched the many foreign-policy challenges facing our country. The Speakers Bu¬ by Gilbert Kulick Horan in launching the project. “. . . reau will take advantage of officers’ Outreach Coordinator broad public understanding of com¬ home-leave travel and will encourage With the assistance of major grants plicated and often confusing interna¬ participation of well-qualified retirees. from the Ford Foundation and the Una tional issues is more important than Procedures for volunteering to partic¬ Chapman Cox Foundation, the long- ever if we are to maintain a vigorous, ipate in the Speakers Bureau will be bruited AFSA Speakers Bureau is now forward-looking foreign policy, which publicized in the next two months. being formed. Part of AFSA’s outreach in turn requires a well-endowed, Start-up funding was also provided effort, the bureau will draw its speak¬ broadly representative Foreign Ser¬ by grants by the Dillon Fund and the ers from active and retired members vice. Through our new Speakers Bu¬ Delavan Foundation. of the Foreign Service. reau, AFSA means to foster that Beginning next fall, AFSA will understanding.” New luncheon make experts on current international In addition to promoting public ed¬ issues available to educational, busi¬ ucation in international affairs, AFSA reservation ness, civic, and religious groups, es¬ speakers will seek out opportunities pecially those located outside the to encourage young people, espe¬ procedures Washington area, as well as to World cially minorities, to consider a career A significant number of individuals Affairs Councils and other regional in the Foreign Service. AFSA will co¬ have been reserving places for groups. In pilot projects last year, ordinate its activities in this sphere speaker luncheons but then neither AFSA sponsored speaking trips by with the Association of Black Ameri¬ attending nor cancelling. This is un¬ Ambassadors Edward Peck and Bruce can Ambassadors. AFSA speakers will fortunate for two reasons: Someone Laingen and well-received tours by also seek out opportunities to else who wishes to attend cannot do Ambassador Nathaniel Howell and his heighten public awareness of the For¬ so, and AFSA must pay for the lunch. deputy Barbara Bodine, who had re¬ eign Service and the importance to the We are therefore instituting a new cently returned from their harrowing nation of its role in carrying out public reservation procedure under which a siege in Embassy Kuwait. policy. check must be received either by mail “With the end of the Cold War, our AFSA plans to work with the State or left at either of the AFSA offices traditional diplomatic and foreign-pol¬ Department and other agency public- to reserve a seat. Reservations may be icy priorities have been radically re¬ affairs bureaus to ensure maximum cancelled by phone up to two hours arranged,” said AFSA President Hume coordination and cooperation in pro¬ before the event for a full refund. from, the state vice president by William A. Kirby • Everyone coming to Washington on the Hill are sincerely interested All officers are reminded that, be¬ this summer—whether taking up in what we have to say. ginning in 1993, promotion precepts new Stateside assignments or just • The housing situation apparently will instruct the boards to recognize passing through-should give seri¬ varies from post to post. If your and reward contributions to the ous thought to paying a call on his post is a problem, are the AFSA rep¬ achievement of U.S. economic and or her representative and/or sena¬ resentative and chapter actively in¬ commercial goals. This applies regard¬ tor. Let them know where you’ve volved? Are you? Don’t forget that less of cone. (The precepts will also been and what you’ve been doing. AFSA’s right to be heard by State note that not all officers will have an Describe what’s attractive about the management extends to its author¬ equal opportunity to make such con¬ Foreign Service these days and ized representatives at post over¬ tributions.) what could stand improvement. If seas. AFSA insisted that this change in you have problems with the new • If you have been active in an AFSA the precepts be delayed until 1993 so overseas housing policy, they chapter overseas and are returning that everyone could prepare for it. should hear about it; they’re largely to Washington this summer, stay Now is the time for rating and rated responsible for it. active and contact us early on. We officers to give serious thought to how There are a number of studies of need your input. Indeed, we need the latter can contribute and have that the Foreign Service under way-in¬ the active involvement of everyone contribution recognized. Economic cluding the Veliotes Commission who is concerned about where the strength and commercial vitality are mandated by Congress itself-and Foreign Service is headed and increasingly important to American di¬ our budget problems are real. Only wants to do something about it. plomacy and there is certainly enough good can come from putting a Join us for what promises to be an work to go around. It is important that human face on the Foreign Service. important year in the life of our in¬ such work be rewarded. Experience shows that most people stitution.

JULY 1992 • AFSA NEWS • 3 from the USAID vice president

strict the staffing and operating ex¬ getting the executive and legislative Hail and farewell penses lifeline. The agency’s political branches to take a serious look at our by Priscilla Del Bosque leaders seem unable to stem this ero¬ IG operations is proof that we can do My service as AFSA vice president sion or to recognize USAID’s contri¬ something about a long-festering for USAID is coming to an end, since butions. problem. AFSA can and will continue I am about to leave for a new assign¬ There are many reasons for the cur¬ to press on the many challenges and ment in Cairo: As people become rent difficult situation. But many of the issues facing USAID. We must hang aware of my transfer, they ask me, “If factors at play could be dealt with if in there and pull together. Collec¬ you had to do it over again, would the agency’s political leadership had tively, we can make a difference. a real understanding of what it is that you still take on the AFSA responsi¬ Retiree Issues bilities?” Without hesitation, I answer, USAID does (or does not do and why) “Yes!” I explain that, while I’ve always and of the complexities of develop¬ been an AFSA member, I had never ment work and issues. To gain this un¬ New programs been active in AFSA, and I ran for of¬ derstanding, these individuals need to fice without awareness of the substan¬ roll up their sleeves and dig into the seek retiree input issues with an open mind and be will¬ tial time and effort my AFSA role by Ward Thompson would demand of me-demands that ing to pull together as a team. They need to seek the expertise and advice Retiree Liaison took up my evenings and weekends. These are encouraging times for I did it because I was convinced of of their professional career staff to un¬ derstand better what it is that they, the the many Foreign Service retirees who the value of USAID’s Foreign Service want to remain involved with foreign and the need to fight for preserving top managers, need to do as a team to bring greater coherence to USAID’s affairs. Three important programs an¬ its unique strengths and for reversing nounced at this year’s Foreign Service the trends that have demoralized its programs and operations. They need to begin to really manage the agency. Day—itself an occasion for alumni to people. I did it because I felt it was talk directly with Secretary Baker and time for employees’ concerns and It means taking a stand and making decisions. It means understanding that his top policy assistants—will rely ex¬ views to be heard. tensively on retiree participation: I was convinced, and still am, that development work is an untidy, high- risk, high-stakes human endeavor, Foreign Affairs Reserve Corps. despite the trials and tribulations of In May, State sent out 1,400 applica¬ the agency, USAID is still the best de¬ and that when something goes wrong, it doesn’t mean the agency is inher¬ tion packets to those who expressed velopment agency in the world. I also interest in this project. Inaugurated at strongly believe that the contributions ently bad, corrupt, or inept. It means pushing for the resources to support AFSA’s initiative, it will create a pool and sacrifices that we all make to of experienced foreign affairs experts make this a better world are not fully and motivate USAID’s talented em¬ ployees to do their jobs well. on whom State can draw to meet appreciated by the current USAID needs not covered by regular staffing. leadership, the Office of the Inspector I leave my role in AFSA knowing that my fellow AFSA representatives AFSA Speakers Bureau. This General, Congress, or the American project is under way. public. will continue to speak out on behalf of USAID employees. I am greatly in¬ Minority Intern Mentoring Pro¬ I am also convinced that USAID gram. AFSA seeks retired Foreign Ser¬ needs to define better its role in order debted to them, the AFSA Governing Board, and AFSA staff for standing vice members as resource persons to to help the unprecedented move¬ minority interns returning to school ments for political and economic free¬ shoulder to shoulder with me on ad¬ vancing the interests of USAID’s em¬ after stints at State. Several alumni dom in the world succeed. USAID’s have already come forward for this Foreign Service is up to the challenge, ployees. I also owe many thanks to the USAID employees here in Wash¬ project, which is designed to encour¬ but we need strong leadership and the age the interns to consider a foreign resources necessary to do our jobs ington and overseas. Together, we showed that AFSA can play a con¬ affairs career and thus make our For¬ well. The past year has been an es¬ eign Service more representative, pecially difficult one for the agency. structive role in helping the agency weather the storms. We demonstrated stronger, and more effective. The next year promises to be equally There has been a strong and favor¬ painful. The future of the agency is that a more collaborative relationship, based on a sense of common purpose able response to these projects from still at stake; Congress during this elec¬ many retired members. Similarly, the tion year shows little support for for¬ and trust, is possible between man¬ agement and AFSA. White Paper AFSA will soon issue on eign aid; the Office of the Inspector diplomacy in the post-Cold War era General continues to give the agency We haven’t found the remedies for all that ails USAID. But we’ve made a has benefited from important contri¬ bad press; and the Office of Manage¬ butions from interested alumni. ment and Budget continues to con¬ start. The fact that we succeeded in

4 • AFSA NEWS • JULY 1992 1992 Merit Scholarship Awards The AFSA IAAFSWMerit Awards recognize high school seniors who have demonstrated academic excellence and outstanding leadership during high school. This year, the 20 merit awards are in memory of Ambassador Carol Laise Bunker. Funds for the awards are provided jointly from the American Foreign Service Scholarship Fund and the Association of American Foreign Service Women. Following are excerpts from the award winners’ essays.

Stephanie Bowers: (on Timothy M. Finegan: (on pessimism) “There is very little his experience as a juror) “So¬ room for acknowledging the cial Science courses [seemed negatives. If each time some¬ to] lack connection with the thing went wrong I focused on real world. There is a feeling it, I would probably never of finality, the sense that social even try. For me, it is noticing science is stagnant. That was all of the barriers that stand in my opinion until I stepped in the way of my success, but not the door of the AP U.S. gov¬ dwelling on what they might ernment course and soon become. I don’t know what found myself sitting on a jury ; my future will hold, 1 only Stephanie A. Bowers: in the U.S. Justice Department know that I want to be able graduate of Yorktoum High building. . . I was [placed] in Timothy Finegan: gradu¬ to direct it. School, Arlington, VA; daugh¬ a situation in which my ate of Washington-Lee High ter of Charles Richard and thoughts and ideas mattered. School, Arlington, VA; son of Karin Bowers (State); Ger¬ There were real people, not an Michael and Yin-I Finegan man A.P.; competitive swim¬ abstract rendition of a moldy (State); Science Fair - 1st ming; Auburn University. case out of a textbook. I was Place Physics, Geological Soci¬ Cristina Brown: (on her seeing justice in action and, ety of Washington Award for Foreign Service experience) even more importantly, I was Achievement; College of Wil¬ “As I get older, each new a part of it, a crucial part.” liam and Mary. move is a little harder than the last; even now, part of me feels unwilling to share even my memories. I depend on them; they are more perma¬ Matthew Fleming: (on nent than the houses and peo¬ values) “In Bangkok, it was ple I have known. It’s hard, impossible to ignore the pov¬ having to start over every time erty, made painfully more im¬ we move, having to prove my¬ Cristina Brown: gradu¬ portant in the light of the self to a whole new group of contrasting extravagant people. I’ve got to advertise- ate of Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, MD; daugh¬ wealth. Crippled beggars package myself-if I want to were found on every street, find people like me. Some¬ ter of David E. and B. Tuyet Brown (State); National Merit and in the walkways leading times I hardly have the energy to fancy department stores. It to campaign for myself.” Finalist, 1st place Wordworks Young Poets Competition; is hard enough to actually wit¬ Brown University. ness such suffering at all in a lifetime, yet even harder to see it when you are growing up. Matthew Fleming: gradu¬ Amber Sue Field: (on her [It had] all caused me to ate of Richard Montgomery experience at the 1988 Baha’i change my priorities, rethink High School, Rockville, MD; International Youth Confer¬ my view of my place in soci¬ son of William and Sung ence) “After witnessing peo¬ ety, and see the value of Fleming (State); Academic Ex¬ ple of different ages, human life. Because of that, cellence Award in Physical economic backgrounds, col¬ one of my goals is to contrib¬ Education, Scholastic Blue ors, and cultures coexist ute as much as possible to Ribbon Art Award; Williams peacefully. . .the conference some of those in need, College. impressed upon me the im¬ through medical aid and finan¬ portance of sharing the mes¬ cial support; essentially, by be¬ sage of universal peace and coming a doctor.” unity with others. ... I also make an effort to lead a simple Amber Sue Field: gradu¬ spiritual life.” ate of O’Fallon Township High School, O'Fallon, IL; daughter of Elaine Field (re¬ tired USIA); IL State Scholar, Lewis and Clark Col¬ lege.

JULY 1992 • AFSA NEWS • 5 Lara A. Johnson: (on her Jeffrey Licht: (on school Foreign Service experience} systems) “The school I at¬ “At seven days old I took my tended in Australia, Canberra first plane trip to my new Grammar School, could not be home in Indonesia. When I more different than my pres¬ was four I moved to Arlington, ent one, Bethesda-Chevy Virginia. At eight I [moved to] Chase High School. CGS is Sri Lanka [and then] to the based on the British public Philippines. In April 1990, we school model. An all-boys quickly left the Phiippines school, it has a very personal after having stayed through a cast to it. Upon arriving, each revolution, six coup attempts, boy is assigned to a house Jeffrey Licbt: graduate floods, violent elections and Lara A. Johnson: gradu¬ with which he stays through¬ of Bethesda-Chevy Chase High an evacuation. I entered Wash¬ ate of Washington-Lee High out his education. It is a very School, Bethesda, MD; son of ington-Lee High School in School, Arlington, VA; daugh¬ structured approach to educa¬ Louis and Pamela Licht midterm and had to find my ter of William and Use John¬ tion. B-CC, on the other hand, (State); National Merit Final¬ niche again. My parents’ opin¬ son (AID}; Science Fair-1st is much freer, rambunctious, ist, summer intern at God¬ ions have influenced me place in chemistry; National and impersonal. Being larger dard Space Center; Yale greatly, since they have been Council of Teachers of En¬ than CGS, there is much less University. the anchor in my disjointed glish Achievement Award¬ a sense of community, and a passages. Living in an inter¬ writing; valedictorian; much greater need to watch national environment, I have College of William and Mary. out for yourself.” learned to be sensitive to people’s backgrounds, to ac¬ cept diversity, and to be more tactful in expressing my own views. ” Rita Louh: (on humanities David Kurtzer; (on life in and the sciences) “A square the Foreign Service) “When I piece of plastic just does not was younger, the United States look like it holds much, but seemed very distant and for¬ this computer disc contains all eign, an unpleasant place to of the computer programs I spend summer vacations, created. In my original love- other than the fact that I could hate realtionship with comput¬ see all my relatives. It only ers, I liked computers for their seemed natural that [my versatility, but I detested them friends] all pick up and move as well, always afraid of losing every few years. Sometimes I the final draft of my term regret the constant moving, paper and other writings. Rita Y. Loub. graduate the constant change and unfa¬ David Kurtzer : graduate With an open mind and ready of Cherry Hill High School miliarity of a new country and of Hebrew Academy of fingers however, I plunged East, Cherry Hill, NJ; daugh¬ language and culture. Still, the Greater Washington, Silver into the world of introductory ter of Philip and Evelina sense of objectivity I have Spring, MD; son of Daniel programming in Pascal and Louh (State); GW University gained from my experience and Sheila Kurtzer (State); wrote my first program. Al¬ Award and Society of Women overseas seems to outweigh National Merit Finalist; high though the program simply di¬ Engineers Certificate of Merit any inconveniences or hard¬ school president; Yale Univer¬ vided positive integers into of the Highest Honor, Phila¬ ships I may have felt as a child, sity. their prime factors, it was and in the long run, the For¬ amazing! For someone who delphia Science Council eign Service was a positive had always felt computer Award; Harvard & Radcliffe factor in my development." illiterate, I had performed an University. incredible and unbelievable Vincent LaVergne: (on his feat.” experience at the Ball State University photojournalism workshop) “I especially no¬ ticed one photographer’s work to be . . . extraordinary. Every picture seemed perfect in content and composition. . . . My picture made it! This competition taught me that I can compete with anyone. I have taken that attitude into all Vincent LaVergne: gradu¬ the things I do. No matter ate of Shawnee Mission North¬ how talented or extraordinary west High School, Shawnee, KS; son of Elizabeth and Pat someone may seem, if I work hard, never give up, and do LaVergne (State); Kansas Governor's Scholar; outstand¬ my absolute best, I can com¬ ing photo journalist; Kansas pete with them." State University.

6 • JULY 1992 • AFSA NEWS Edward McBride: (on For¬ Key Young O’Neill: (on eign Service experience) “My pollution) “I gazed at the pre¬ mother and I bundled into our cipitous hill before me. It rose Ford Fairmont; she tried to re¬ about 200 feet into the air and verse out of our parking extended to my left and right space. The car wouldn’t for at least several hundred budge. There was obviously feet before tapering off. ... a something blocking our way. man approached me. ‘It’s We got out expecting to find trash,’ he said. 'Excuse me?’ a pile of bricks or a fire hy¬ ‘It’s trash and garbage buried drant. We were amazed to in dirt.’. . . If a still-industrial¬ identify the real obstacle: a izing country like Korea can’t loaf of bread. The Romanian Edward McBride: gradu¬ Key Young O’Neill: gradu¬ ate of Eton College, Great find places to put its waste, populace was reduced to a po¬ ate of Seoul Foreign School, Britain; son of Mr. and Mrs. where does the garbage of a tato-meal bread so leaden that country in industrial bloom, Seoul, Korea; son of Aloysius a single loaf could baffle the Edward C. McBride; drama, and Jin O'Neill (State); Na¬ school prefect, journalism, like the United States, end up?” progress of a mass of angry tional Merit Finalist; AIME American metal. ... By my sports; Harvard University. Math Award; University of Vir¬ horror at Romania’s predica¬ ginia. ment, I make a subconscious Katherine Parris: (on ad¬ admission of my privileged justment to the U.S.) “My first upbringing, and the corre¬ introduction to school (after sponding debt I owe society,” living in Russia) made me re¬ alize that I would have to fight for acceptance in the United States, my ‘homeland.’ The Susan Moody: (on an teacher introduced me as a Agape Catholic youth retreat) Russian immigrant. Im¬ “1 made a decision to partici¬ mediately the questions and pate in Search, as the retreat snide remarks began. ‘You is called. At Search, we were speak English well for a Rus¬ able to build a close-knit com¬ sian.’ ‘Is Moscow like it is in munity of trust and under¬ Red Dawn! Do you work for Katherine Parris: grad¬ standing, in which openness the KGB?’ My personal favor¬ uate of Walworth Barbour was the top priority. . . It was ite was when someone asked American International a relief to see such high stan¬ if ‘they’ cut off the fingers of School, Israel; daughter of dards among people my own people who answered ques¬ Mark and Joan Parris age in a world in which morals tions wrong. I held up my (State); Xerox Scholarship- and values sometimes seem to hand with one finger folded University of Rochester, Na¬ cease to exist. It is my hope Susan E. Moody: gradu¬ down and told the class that I tional Merit Commended that the trusting and optimistic ate of South Lakes High had forgotten the answer to 2 Scholar; University of Vir¬ School, Res ton, VA; daughter attitutde I gained from Search + 2. This quick response won ginia. of William and Marguerite will remain with me for the over a majority of the class." rest of my life.” Moody (State); National Merit Finalist; Math, French, and National Honor Societies; Uni¬ versity of Virginia. Fernando Pizzaro: (on Foreign Service experience) Krister Olsson: (on grow¬ “Having never lived in a coun¬ ing up in the Foreign Service) try for more than two years at “It is true that living in a num¬ a time and having never at¬ ber of different countries has tended the same school for opened my eyes to the world more than one has made me in ways that studying in the sensitive to cultural differ¬ ‘good ole USA’ could never ences. In fact, I have grown have done. But by the same not only to tolerate them, but token, living abroad has not to enjoy them as well. (With) been easy. I am talking about my Foreign Service experi¬ a pronounced and deeper ence, I have found that the hardship -that of making and basic element of tolerance and Fernando Pizarro: grad¬ leaving friends. ... I have sensitivity is respect. This does uate of Cairo American Col¬ spent many nights awake Krister Olsson: graduate not comprise the generic claim lege; son of Leonel and Sue looking at the ceiling of my of St. Mary's International of ‘I have traveled therefore I Pizarro (AID); peace essay bedroom, praying for one School, Tokyo, Japan; son of am culturally sensitive,’ ... I contest; Model United Nations; more year-one more year of Karl and Karin Olsson (was able to) truly empathize Harvard University. certainty and security. (USIA); National Merit Final¬ with a culture (by living Nietzsche said,‘That which ist; varsity letter-swimming; abroad), rather than just see¬ does not kill me will make me school newspaper editor, ing it.” stronger,’ and in a sense that Swarthmore College. is true.”

JULY 1992 • AFSA NEWS • 7 Lynn Selby: (on compar¬ Andria Thomas: (on For¬ ison of school systems) “Rela¬ eign Service life) "Seeing the tionships with my teachers 7-11 store for the first time could not have been more dif¬ gave me a shock. Walking ferent as the concept of proper around Arlington after having respect played a fundamental spent four years in Thailand, 1 role. When a teacher entered had expected to feel welcome, the classroom, the pupils had at home, and completely at to stand up promptly and ease. But there were little chant 'Banjoul1 then sit down things about being back here in unison when bid to by the that kept surprising me. The teacher. Any other sort of weather was a lot milder and behaviour was ‘sauvage.’ A Lynn Selby : graduate of cooler, even in the summer. Andria Thomas: gradu¬ Robert Louis Stevenson High pupil’s crying in class in reac¬ There was less traffic, less pol¬ ate of H-B Wood lawn, Arling¬ tion to a teacher’s chastising School, Pebble Beach, CA; lution and less people on the ton, VA; daughter of Larry occurred frequently. . . .life at daughter of Richard and Ann streets outside. I could feel and Suong Thomas (USLA, re¬ 1’Assomption became less of a Selby (State, retired); English safe, walking around on my tired); National Merit com¬ Speaking Union Scholarship; nightmare in my eleven-year- own. Why, then, did I feel so mended scholar; University Dartmouth Book Award for old mind and gradually enjoy¬ uncomfortable? Why did I of Virginia. Excellence in the Humanities; able. My hot tempered French find myself yearning for Bang¬ Silver Duke of Edinburgh teacher who would rise up in kok? I think the problem was fury if someone dropped a Award (sports); UC Berkeley. the sameness of it all.” pencil or coughed turned out to be one of the most patient and encouraging teachers I have ever had.” Melinda Winter: (on For¬ eign Service experience) “In the international school here (Indonesia) over 40 nationali¬ May Tran Taylor: (on For¬ ties are represented. Interna¬ eign Service experience) “All tional events are personalized around my house (in and magnified for me because Bangladesh), there was a very in my classes I see the reac¬ high red brick wall, with a gate tions of the students from the to let our cars in. That gate was countries involved. I watched guarded by a watchman, who the Germans celebrate Ger¬ was my friend. He would let man reunification and the de¬ me scamper about on top of struction of the Berlin Wall not that wall, pretending I was in only on CNN, but also within Melinda Winter: gradu¬ a circus, on a tightrope. That’s my school, as every nationality ate of Jakarta international all that wall meant to me; it shared the joy of our German School; daughter of Marcus was a thing that 1 got to play May Tran Taylor: gradu¬ classmates. The combined cel¬ and Chong Ae Winter (AID); with if I was very good and ate of Woodstock Union High ebrations affirmed our shared National Honor Society; careful. I never looked over School, Woodstock, VT; daugh¬ belief in the importance of Duke University. those walls, or through the ter of Carl and Ching-Wen freedom. I am proud to think gate to see those big pleading Taylor (State, retired); All-Star that the once rebellious brown eyes of children, des¬ Math Team; Citizen's Bee thoughts of my forefathers perately in need of food. Walls State Finalist; Harvard and have become the standard in everywhere must one day go Radcliffe University. today’s world.” down, be it another Berlin Wall or the walls between me and those children.” 1993 Merit Award applications

High school students graduating in spring 1993 who wish to apply for the 1993 AFSA \AAFSWMerit Awards should request an application in October 1992. Application deadline is February 15,1993■ Dependents of Foreign Service personnel in State, USAID, USIA, Commerce, or Agriculture with outstanding academic records are urged to apply.

Contact: AFSA Scholarship Department, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C 20037.

8 • JULY 1992 • AFSA NEWS POWER AND PURPOSE MAKING MULITILATERALISM WORK

^_ one-third of the peacekeeping costs of the United Nations No longer, as former Israeli Foreign will obviously be a great deal less expensive than 100 T Minister Abba Eban once said, is it a ship percent of the costs of unilateral intervention. The end of out of contact with any shore; on the Cold War, combined with the general surge of democracy the contrary. Over the course of the last few years the United and liberal economics, transforms multilateralism in two Nations in particular and the practice of multilateral diplo¬ ways. First, it has universalized it, and, second, it has macy in general have become central to the management of devolved upon multilateralism the order-making task core U.S. foreign policy interests. It is important to us as formerly performed by the Cold War coalitions. No event Americans that the changes be lasting ones. better symbolized the first change than the admission last The 1990s have already been called by some the “age of month of Russia and most of the other republics of the multilateralism,” and this label may well stick; the power of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to the Inter¬ hope stands behind it. By promoting the vision of a foreign national Monetary Fund and the World Bank. No action relations based on cooperative problem-solving, peaceable better captured the second change than the UN-authorized settlements of disputes, and collective enforcement, expulsion of Iraq from Kuwait. multilateralism meets a clear need to put the angst and confrontation of the Cold War and its politics well behind us. The North vs. the South Equally compelling is the potential of “multilateralism” to There seems to be little doubt that the new challenges of close the gap between our interests and purposes as a nation multilateralism far surpass any preparation we have had for and our power to secure them. While the end of the Cold War them. Tension inevitably inheres in the interplay among does not mean that we will relinquish the option to employ such goals as order, justice, development, and sound force unilaterally, it does suggest that the necessity for such institutions, and how that tension is resolved will decide if employment should be on a dramatic decline. As a conse¬ a multilateral system can endure and prosper. quence, today’s multilateral thinking also is well placed to A central dilemma for an emerging multilateral security respond persuasively to the budget-conscious sense of system that strives to be universal is the substantial diver¬ national limits symbolized by Gramm-Rudman-Hollings and gence of the security concerns of the developed and the its successors. developing countries. In the industrial North, the former From this perspective, and acknowledging the necessity Cold War foes are coalescing around a single normative for more equitable cost-sharing in multilateral diplomacy, consensus favoring democracy and free markets. All of them

BY THOMAS R. PICKERING

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 are now members of the Conference on Security and have developed approaches and processes potentially Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), and their goal is to build a useful in other circumstances. civil community based on shared ideology, similar political Of course, it is also true that the efficacy of the inspec¬ systems, and growing economic interdependence. Unique tion regime in Iraq reflects the status of Iraq as a pariah state among international treaties, the Charter of Paris last year subject to compulsory actions and sanctions under Chapter asserted that order among its members is directly dependent VII of the UN Charter, a unique legal limitation on sover¬ upon civil principles within the nations. Their common eignty. This status provided a political and juridical context security concerns therefore embrace both external threats, for the use of tools that are unprecedented in the history of such as proliferating weapons of mass destruction, and post-war international action in general and in dealing with internal forces, such as civil war or human rights abuses, nonproliferation in particular. The tools include an extensive which are capable of subverting what Secretary of State ground presence inside Iraq, a legally unconstrained degree James Baker has called “the democratic peace.” of intrusiveness, real-time intelligence-sharing involving the With the exception of the growing political cohesion and latest available data from major members of the UN, and the institutional support for democracy in Latin America, and to continuing willingness and ability by the coalition to en¬ a somewhat lesser extent in Africa, and economic cooperation force Resolution 687’s provisions. While these are, indeed, among the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian extraordinary measures, their application against Iraq Nations (ASEAN), the regions of the developing world lack should begin to signal to potential developers of weapons a comparable consensus. Economic interdependence among of mass destruction or violators of the NPT that such tools them is a weak deterrent to conflicts between neighbors, could also be deployed in their direction. since most trade and investment still flows north-south. The Security Council’s formative experience with Iraq Many different systems of government and political aspira¬ has also spun-ed expansion of an international consensus tions may exist side by side, so these countries also tend to on the sensitive issue of humanitarian intervention. The lack the stabilizing effect of shared democratic goals. passage of Resolution 688 last spring was the first time that Yet it would be mistaken to assume that differences in the the international community, acting through the Security aggregate or in rhetorical terms denote an unbridgeable gap Council, decided it would not permit a sovereign govern¬ in reality. In reality, developing countries deal with issues at ment to use the doctrine of nonintervention as a shield for the Security Council usually on a case-by-case basis in terms widespread internal repression and other practices prohibit of very specific interests. Sometimes we disagree on that by law and treaty. Coalition forces were then deployed basis, but many more times we do not. In the last few years, militarily into northern Iraq in consequence of that reso¬ the Security Council may not have done all that we sought, lution to ensure that successful relief activities took place. yet it has come remarkably close to that goal, and often by The passage of this resolution opened a legal space for consensus. Moreover, there is really no choice about it. rebalancing the claims of sovereignty and those of humani¬ Despite the differing circumstances of its members and of tarian values, but it did not open an entirely new frontier. their security priorities, the United Nations must find a way The council’s decision was qualified in several ways. First, both to accommodate differences and provide leadership, or Iraqi sovereignty was already limited by Chapter VII of the it will risk losing the authority, credibility, and relevance that charter. Second, Iraq’s actions were deemed to be a threat have grown so rapidly over the last few years. to regional peace and security under the charter and, thus, sufficient to override the prohibition in Article 2, Paragraph The effect of Iraq 7 on nonintervention in domestic affairs. The shared experience of successfully turning back Notwithstanding these qualifications, the passage of this Saddam’s challenge to international law has deeply and resolution and its immediate positive effect changed in positively affected the Security Council’s view of its own subtle ways the dynamic of the Security Council. Its members potential. It has also earned the council unprecedented and the international community at large were willing, if respect and established a high performance standard for it. necessary, to employ force to end massive humanitarian One test of that standard is the ongoing oversight of Iraqi suffering. The nonintervention taboo had been further compliance with the provisions of Resolution 687 dealing constrained, and Resolution 688 is destined to become a with, among other things, weapons of mass destruction. The precedent. outcome will affect centrally the future role of the Security Action must be taken only with the greatest prudence, Council and of multilateral action generally, for example, in however. There may well be a body of activity that could curbing proliferation. justify, in extreme cases where humanitarian assistance is A number of positive results can already be counted. At required, some intervention. But if we destroy entirely Article the political level, the palpable dangers posed by Iraqi 2, Paragraph 7 of the charter, then we will pull apart the state development and possible use of nuclear weapons have system. If that happens, the weaker countries of the world strengthened support for the Non-Proliferation Treaty will grow intensely nervous, and with some reason. In fact, (NPT), to which several important countries have recently they became colonies perhaps as a result of activities that acceded, and for a more assertive role by the International would not have been compatible with Article 2, Paragraph Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). At the operational level, 7, and they feel that hot breath still on their necks. We would the special commission created by the UN and the IAEA have a very difficult time dying to find limits to the activity,

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 and I don’t think that anybody is to arrange a referendum in West¬ ready now to turn the Security A MAJORITY DESIRE FOR DEMOCRATIC ern Sahara, and may provide as¬ Council into a world government sistance to election or referen¬ whose business it is to deal in GOVERNMENT MAY PROVE NO MATCH, dum efforts in Eritrea, Angola, internal issues across the board all AS IN HAITI LAST SUMMER, FOR DETER¬ Mozambique, and the Congo. In around the world. addition to supporting these op¬ On the other side, however, there MINED EFFORTS TO UNDERMINE IT. erational activities, the General are some actions so heinous, some THE UN MUST ALSO ADOPT A CLEAR Assembly last year adopted a activities so reprehensible, that the resolution implementing President international community cannot but STAND AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH Bush’s proposal to create an elec¬ take note, and, where it is possible, THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS. toral assistance coordinator in the under limited circumstances, take UN and related steps designed to action. One of the balance wheels strengthen and consolidate the of this is that whatever precedent is established, it’s a UN role. We believe elections serve an irreplaceable function precedent established working through the Security Council. in both nation-building and helping to mediate the many Last month, that is what happened when the council disputes and tensions that pull nations apart or spark or passed Resolution 751, authorizing humanitarian assistance prolong conflicts, but they are not a panacea. A majority in Somalia. The terms of that resolution take the matter of desire for democratic government may prove no match, as humanitarian security somewhat further than those of 688 in Haiti last summer, for determined efforts to undermine it. by combining a mandate for unarmed observers with The UN must also adopt a clear stand against interference agreement in principle to the deployment of armed troops with the democratic process. UN action does not always to provide security for the emergency distribution of food in solve problems; witness its condemnation of the violent Mogadishu and in its environs. overthrow of Haiti’s legitimately elected government, and of In addition, the resolution makes a rare but important Myanmar’s ignoring of election results and illegal detention finding that the continuation of the civil war in Somalia itself of Aung San Suu Kyi. In all of these cases, stronger actions constitutes a threat to international peace and security, met sufficient opposition as to make them unachievable in thereby justifying Security Council action. The 688 precedent the council. has also been a factor in the Security Council’s deliberations But these shortcomings do not mask the reality that and response to human rights violations, attacks upon support for democracy and fundamental freedoms is now far minorities, and conflict in Yugoslavia. Successive resolutions stronger in New York than ever before. Indeed, modest have invited the secretary general to use his good offices, and echoes of this could be heard in this year’s session of the have imposed an arms embargo, authorized the deployment Human Rights Commission. Notwithstanding our concern at of peacekeepers to Croatia,called upon the parties to the commission’s expansion to 53 members, it voted to observe the ceasefire in Bosnia, and levied broad sanctions criticize 22 governmental violators of human rights, some¬ against Serbia. thing of a record, and placed many more under commission As in Somalia, the Security Council defines the fighting in purview. the territory of the former Yugoslav republic as a threat to international peace and security. But the Bosnian situation Renouncing relativism within Yugoslavia, like that in Somalia, tragically demon¬ One final illustration of the UN’s recent change is the strates the current limits on UN action in civil wars. Since treatment of terrorism. Last fall, the General Assembly passed passage of Resolution 751, developments in Somalia have a landmark resolution explicitly condemning terrorism in all prevented the deployment of either the ceasefire observers its aspects, at any time, in any place, by anyone, for any or the security component. Indeed, Bosnia and Somalia reason. The unequivocal statement clearly renounced the show how difficult it can be to devise an effective response. situational ethic with which some member states had often As a general principle, the Security Council measures found a way to excuse and rationalize resort to terror tactics. reflect agreement about the acceptable norms of interna¬ As it turned out, the cohesion of the General Assembly’s tional behavior. The historic nature of a number of the action portended new cohesion on a subject where consensus resolutions described suggests that changes in global nomas is critical to world order. It was followed this January and are significantly expanding the range of possible security April by Security Council resolutions directing Libya to re¬ action to respond to aggression, to stem proliferation, and to linquish two individuals suspected of responsibility for the provide humanitarian security and assistance. bombing of Pan Am 103 and then applying limited sanctions on Libya to compel it to do so. While the council vote on the Suffering and suffrage sanctions resolution was closer than we had hoped, some 10 A different illustration of this dynamic at work is the UN’s to five, in contrast to a unanimous vote on the original activism in assisting members’ decisions to carry out demo¬ resolution setting forth the goals, the split, in my judgment, cratic elections. Since 1990, the UN has monitored elections largely reflected a desire of some member states to seek more in Namibia, Nicaragua, and Haiti. It is now preparing to do time to persuade Colonel Qaddafi to comply. But, there was so in Cambodia. It is still attempting, so far unsuccessfully, absolutely no argument on the vital issue: that state-spon-

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 sored terrorism is impermissable in the international com¬ attention of the Security Council, and the creation of a body munity and barriers against it should be raised. of senior world figures available to the secretary-general, as former Secretary of State Cyrus Vance has been, to carry out Common goals urgent and sensitive good offices missions. Like any order, the emerging multilateral one reflects Second, peacekeeping ought to be placed on a far the distribution of power, but it differs in that power is not stronger operational and financial basis. This requires an the primary arbiter of international relations. The arbiter, integrated and rational management structure within the in fact, is a system of principles to which all countries secretariat. It also requires a peacekeeping reserve fund subscribe because it is reciprocally beneficial to all partici¬ to facilitate rapid responses to emerging crises; the pants. Military power is thus engaged to defend the system strengthening of in-house planning; the creation of cadres as a whole, rather than to promote solely the interests of skilled in de-mining, civilian policing, and electoral specific states. That, of course, is the ideal. The reality is monitoring, and able to provide training in these areas; and that we can expect a long period of testing and challenges. the earmarking of trained troops and equipment among One test will be the extent to which countries see member states, including the permanent members, avail¬ themselves as members in, and beneficiaries of, a civil able for commitment to peace and security missioris on international society sharing common values. The real story short notice. An overall UN system of training and training here lies in how rapidly this international society is taking standards would help greatly in this regard. shape at a political and moral level. A second test is whether Third, within the United States,regular logistic support is multilateral security becomes credibly collective or increas¬ frequently funded by the Department of Defense budget. As ingly selective. A third is really the converse of the second, a result, we should consider an explicit budget provision. because it involves the question of burden-sharing. While We should also return to the former tradition of paying our the Security Council role in dealing with Iraq has raised UN budget, as well as peacekeeping assessments to the expectations and political pressure for a comparable council extent that they are known, at the start or during the involvement in other crises, the charter never intended the calendar year, rather than at the very end. council to be the constant court of first resort. In fact, Article Fourth, the members of the Security Council should 52 explicitly mandates regional efforts to resolve or redress pursue ways to augment council cooperation with the threats to peace before resort to the council. Often the IAEA and other appropriate international agencies to cohesion arising from shared economic and political and reinforce efforts to curb proliferation. cultural interests permits a wider scope of consensus and Finally, the United States should consider examining on action than exists in the Security Council, and the UN simply an informal basis and together with its allies and partners cannot mediate or police eveiy disturbance or difficulty. the terms and modalities of future uses of force authorized But the strength of the regional groups varies widely, as by the Security Council for purposes of reversing aggres¬ we all know. While some are far closer than others, none sion, enforcing peace, or detering conflict. of the regional groups seems ready today to assume the full range of peace and security tasks of which the UN is Expanding neighborhood capable. While recognizing the political limits to rapid Since the birth of the republic, every generation of change, we need to undertake a major effort to nurture Americans has had to decide for itself the right and proper their institutional development wherever that is possible. relationship between American power and American pur¬ This would combine both UN technical assistance in areas poses. When the republic was young and weak, and like peacekeeping, preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, Europe looked like a bad and dangerous neighborhood, and election monitoring, as well as bilateral advice and our very distance from the rest of the world seemed to support from member states. In this respect, we should secure our safety. Today, from a commercial, investment, make increasing use of regional contact groups to enhance ecological, weapons proliferation, indeed many other mediation and peacekeeping efforts, as was done with the perspectives, our neighborhood is that world, and we are Four Friends group in El Salvador. Such arrangements both the strongest power in it. Only by helping to lead the world create invaluable regional experience and also help to can we assure its peace and security and our own. leverage the efforts of the UN secretary-general and the Fifty years ago, Henry Luce wrote, “America is respon¬ permanent members of the Security Council. sible to herself, as well as to history, for the world environment in which she lives.” That has never been A stronger UN? more true than it is today. ■ The final test I will mention is the extent to which UN Currently ambassador designate to India, Thomas capacity in peace and security can be strengthened to meet Pickering was formerly U.S. ambassador to the United the demands of a multilateral security system. First, peace¬ Nations and has also served as ambassador to Jordan, making and preventive diplomacy need major improvement El Salvador, Israel, and Nigeria, among other posts. Tins through better-quality analysis, member-state intelligence¬ article was adapted from a speech delivered by Ambas¬ sharing with the secretary general, more systematic ap¬ sador Pickering at the Foreign Service Club on May 14. proaches to dispute settlement, greater use of the secretary- Views expressed are his own and do not necessarily general’s power to bring incipient disputes to the infonnal represent those of the U.S. government.

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 UNEASY TANGO U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND THE UNITED NATIONS

n the last day of January, leaders toward collective security. And this attitude has yet clearly to O of the 15 nations represented on crystallize. the United Nations Security Council gathered in New York for Accepting no imitations an unprecedented summit meeting. Their purpose was to With the end of the Cold War, the United States faces basic chart a path for the Security Council in the post-Cold War era. choices about how to promote global security. One option After more than a year of loose talk about a “new world is for the United States to embrace the apparent advent of a order,” wide agreement existed that concrete efforts were unipolar world and to accept its destiny to run the interna¬ needed to resuscitate the collective security powers of the tional system. “International stability is never a given,” UN. The New York summit was intended to get this process argued columnist Charles Krauthammer, the leading advo¬ going. cate of this view. “When achieved, it is the product of self- As it turned out, the meeting was something of a flop. conscious action taken by the great powers, and most Given the historic nature of the occasion, the speeches were particularly of the greatest power, which for now and for the exceptionally tepid and even inappropriate. Chinese Prime foreseeable future is the United States. If America wants Minister Li Peng used the forum to rail against those who stability, it will have to create it.” worried about human rights, while President Bush took the At the other extreme, the United States could dramatically opportunity to press his crusade against Libya, asking for UN scale back its overseas commitments, encourage the trend sanctions if Tripoli failed to relinquish two suspects in the toward multipolarity, and attempt to foster powerful collec¬ 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103. None of the leaders tive security structures. Such a graceful bowing out is addressed, in any substantive way, three issues that most particularly popular among those who believe that a full- outside observers agree are central to the Security Council's scale emergency has developed at home in the realm of future: the need for some kind of UN rapid deployment economic and social policy. force, a reconstitution of the council’s membership to reflect A third approach to world politics, the one preferred by changed geopolitical realities, and the large debt that already the Bush Administration, is to retain U.S. global primacy yet hobbles UN peacekeeping operations around the world. promote increased cooperation on security matters. In the Also undiscussed in New York was the all-important issue new world order imagined by President Bush and his senior of how much backing the United Nations can expect from advisers, the United States will still be the ultimate guardian the United States. The UN’s role is bound to increase in the of the international system. “Recent events have surely coming years. However, the extent of its power will ultimately proven that there is no substitute for American leadership,” hinge in large measure on the attitude of the United States Bush said in September 1990, when he first introduced the

BY DAVID CALLAHAN

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 notion of a new world order. The administration has Another drawback to quasi-hegemony is that it may prove emphasized, however, that its goal is not overarching unworkable, with the United States slipping back into the American dominance. “The new world order is neither a Pax heavily paternalistic role it played during the Cold War. “As Americana nor a euphemism for the United States as world long as other nations believe that the United States will do policeman,” said then-National Security Council aide Robert the hard work of defending their interests, they are tempted Gates in May 1991- What the administration imagines instead to sit back and let it do so,” observed foreign policy analyst is a pluralist international system with slightly stronger Christopher Layne. And despite its rhetorical support for collective security mechanisms than now exist. As advocated collective security, the Bush Administration has so far in new Department of Defense planning guidance issued in expressed little interest in new mechanisms that might serve April, this system would be dependent upon undisputed U. S. as viable substitutes for U.S. leadership on security matters. political-military strength. At the UN summit, for example, President Bush failed to call for a UN rapid deployment force or for revival of the Military Having it both ways Staff Committee of the Security Council, the body of top This vision has some appeal. With the United States military officials of the five permanent members, which is serving as a quasi-hegemonic global power into the 21st officially supposed to coordinate military action by the century, the international system may have a better chance United Nations. of remaining stable during an otherwise dangerous transi¬ tion period. Relying on persuasion But even such a modified leadership role would impose As the Bush Administration sees it, major collective high costs on the United States. Current Pentagon plans, for security undertakings of the future will be ad hoc affairs example, call for more than $2 trillion in military spending similar to Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Essential to in the 1990s. Nearly 300,000 troops would remain stationed such a model is America’s ability to persuade the international abroad through at least 1995. In comparison with the Cold community to follow its lead in security emergencies. But War years, the burden of defense spending envisioned by how much can such an ability be taken for granted? the administration would be light, dipping to under 4 percent While industrial states in Europe and Asia may prove of the GNP and less than 20 percent of the federal budget, ready to confront security threats in their own regions, they the lowest level since World War II. However, given the U.S. could be unenthusiastic about dealing with more distant fiscal situation, this reduced burden would still be onerous. threats that arise in the Third World. Germany and Japan—

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 two of the obvious candidates for shared leadership on Under the charter, responsibility for maintaining world security matters—both have constitutional limits on the use peace rests squarely on the shoulders of the Security Council. of force overseas. The Bush Administration sees NATO as a The Security Council is supposed to identify “any threat to potential forum for coordinating informal multilateralism, the peace, breach of peace, or act of aggression” and initiate but this will likely prove unworkable. NATO’s 1949 charter action to restore “peace and security.” It has the power to prohibits formal alliance involvement in operations outside organize and deploy armed forces drawn from member its alliance tenitory, and many members want to keep it that states. Article 47 of the charter stipulates that UN military way. At a summit meeting of NATO leaders in November operations are to be run by the Military Staff Committee of 1991, the United States and Britain met substantial resistance the Security Council. when they pushed for a greater NATO commitment to On paper, the charter provides the United Nations with tackling regional security problems. Such resistance will not all the mechanisms it needs to enforce collective security. disappear any time soon. As an independent report on The charter does permit states to act by themselves, how¬ NATO’s future stated: “When it comes to Third World ever, to keep the peace, with Security Council approval. But regions, there are substantial differences of perspective, and the whole idea of the United Nations, embodied in its name, of interests, between the United States and most West is to act in a unified fashion. European countries, as well as among West European states This potential has never been realized. The Korean War themselves.” was the only instance in nearly half a century of violence in In the past, the United States has worked successfully which the UN flag flew over troops seeking to reverse outside of formal alliance arrangements to convince select aggression. Yet even though the war was sanctioned by the NATO members to join in Third World operations. Absent a UN and General Douglas MacArthur served as a UN com¬ new consensus in NATO on out-of-area undertakings, this mander, the Security Council had no control over its conduct. ad hoc system would remain the primary means for securing MacArthur did not report directly to the Security Council, and European cooperation on Third World affairs. the Military Staff Committee played no role in supervising his Such a system suffers from two deficiencies: first, it has actions. rarely yielded a fair sharing of the military burden—it didn’t Much the same situation prevailed during the Gulf War. in the most recent Gulf crisis and didn’t in 1987 and 1988, As in Korea, the Security Council authorized military action when the United States and its allies intervened in the Gulf to reverse aggression (although this time the UN flag was not to stop Iranian shipping attacks. Second, the system carries used and no UN commander was designated). And as in no guarantee of functioning in every crisis; allies may opt out Korea, the Security Council had no control over the military of security operations for a variety of reasons, especially if operations it had authorized. In both cases the United States they can rest assured that the United States will protect their supplied most of the troops for combat and suffered most of interests whether they help or not. the UN forces’ casualties. In both cases, as well, the United A collective security model that hinges on U.S. primacy Nations provided little more than moral legitimacy for has other limitations. The United States is willing to lead American action and the appearance of collective security. cooperative efforts against aggression when it perceives U.S. In both Korea and the Persian Gulf, U.S.-led forces exceeded vital interests to be threatened; it is unlikely to do so when their UN mandates, with deleterious results. MacArthur no such interests are at stake. Notwithstanding President crossed the 38th parallel to destroy the North Korean army Bush’s rhetoric about opposing aggression worldwide, the and government, precipitating Chinese intervention. During American public will usually be against leading crusades the Gulf War, the U.S. military command orchestrated an abroad when U.S. vital interests are unthreatened. It is over-zealous strategic bombing campaign designed to therefore not hard to imagine U.S. inaction in the face of eliminate Iraq as a regional superpower, producing wide¬ injustices comparable to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait—whether spread civilian suffering after the war. that may be aggression in the Balkans or in Central Africa. To be fair, collective security cannot be chiefly the burden Quick response of the United States, especially given its economic problems. Since the end of the Gulf War a host of suggestions have To be effective, a collective security system function when been put forth for reviving the UN’s collective security U.S. vital interests are not at stake. Whether a nation exports apparatus. First, it is widely agreed that the secretary-general oil to the West or bananas to India, it should be assured of must have broader powers to engage in preventive diplo¬ assistance in the face of unprovoked aggression. macy, investigating international disputes and preventing them from escalating into war. A crisis-monitoring center and A UN that works? regular access to intelligence data collected by the five A more equitable and reliable system of collective security pennanent members of the Security Council could bolster requires a reinvigorated United Nations. It would be naive to the secretary-general’s ability to anticipate crises. (It has also think that the UN could be transfonned overnight into a been proposed that the UN create its own intelligence viable guarantor of world peace, but if the United States establishment.) The secretary-general’s power to defuse cannot go it alone, and if an ad hoc collective security system such crises might be increased, former Ambassador Richard is unreliable, there remains little choice but to commit new Gardner has suggested, if he “could be given four or five energy and resources to realizing the UN Charter’s potential. high-level representatives responsible for the main regions

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 of the world who could monitor incipient conflict situations has a veto over UN military operations. (Richard Gardner has and engage in missions of preventative diplomacy.” suggested that contributing nations without a veto might be Second and more important, it has frequently been given the right to opt out of UN operations.) Moreover, suggested that the Security Council create a rapid deploy¬ because the United States would be a major player in any ment force under its command. As stipulated by Article 43 of collective action, it could be assured of a large measure of the charter, such a force would be composed of military units operational control. As for the problem of coordinating from many countries whose availability would be guaran¬ multilateral operations, the examples of NATO and Desert teed by agreements between the UN and participating states. Shield/Storm suggest that such coordination is possible. (An agreement by the United States to provide forces would have Other obstacles to major UN sponsored action would to be ratified by the U.S. Senate.) The Military Staff Commit¬ surely crop up. Disagreement among Security Council tee would oversee the “strategic direction” of these forces, as members Could easily result in the vetoing of proposed stated in Article 47. In particular, it would appoint a UN collective security operations. Some nations might renege on commander and supervise his operations during wartime. commitments to provide forces or not provide them expe¬ The attraction of a standing force is that, at least in theory, diently enough. And there could be fierce disagreements it would swing quickly and reliably into action when clear- about the ultimate strategic goals of UN forces. In short, there cut aggression occurred. There would be no waiting for U.S. is no guarantee that a UN army could successfully be political leaders to determine whether the aggression had deployed to thwart or reverse large-scale aggression. Obvi¬ threatened American interests. If the aggression violated the ously, the United States could not base its defense planning UN Charter, a response would be forthcoming. This would on collective security until there was evidence that it worked. insure a response when unimportant countries are attacked (not every nation sits on lakes of oil). It would also create a The heavy mantle of leadership far higher degree of deterrence than might exist under a U.S.- Furthering international cooperation has never been led collective security system. easy, and the feasibility of empowering the Security Council Of course, this system would not be without limitations. is far from clear. Nonetheless, this goal stands as a logical Inevitably, it would function best in the face of minor next step in the evolution of the international security aggression; bigger challenges would bring more complica¬ system. Even modest success in achieving it would signal tions. Nations might balk at placing large numbers of troops historical progress toward a new world order and could at the Security Council’s disposal. In the United States, substantially relieve the United States of the world leadership political leaders have a longstanding uneasiness about burden it currently carries. This would be especially true if international covenants that appear to impinge on national a newly active Security Council came to include the economic sovereignty. (Even the 1949 convention on genocide was powerhouses of Japan and Germany. never ratified by the U.S. Senate, nor was the 1966 The ramifications of a revived United Nations could be covenant on human rights.) Also, while Americans are profound. In an influential treatise on international affairs, more positively disposed toward military action abroad the political scientist Kenneth Waltz summed up the grim that reflects the will of the international community, this reality of a world without a central peacekeeping authority: does not mean that the public would support the deployment “Because some states may at any time use force, all states of large American troop contingents when no U.S. vital must be prepared to do so, or live at the mercy of their interests are at stake. “It is difficult to imagine Congress militarily more vigorous neighbors.” The consequences of agreeing to this police role for the United States, or the this fear of aggression are pervasive: global military ex¬ American public marching off to wherever the United penditures are now over $800 billion a year. Regional arms Nations has voted it should go,” argued political scientist races are commonplace, with many Third World nations Robert Art. Beyond these political problems, a large UN buying and deploying some of the most advanced weapons army would face substantial difficulties in the area of the industrial world has to offer. For numerous impoverished command, control, and logistics. Finally, it may be unre¬ countries, national security comes before all else. alistic to talk of new collective security responsibilities for The rise of a powerful United Nations, combined with the UN when member nations already owe nearly $400 other trends such as increasing economic interdependence million to the UN peacekeeping fund. and the spread of liberal democracy, could mean a much less Still, most of these obstacles are probably surmountable. dangerous world. If a UN army stood ready to defend any During the years immediately after World War II, the United nation against aggression, then all nations might be able to States overcame a tradition of isolationism to forge the NATO devote fewer resources to national defense. Indeed, that was alliance and other security pacts around the world. These ties the intention of the UN Charter when it called for the compromised the freedom of action that comes with isola¬ “maintenance of international peace and security with the tionism by linking America’s destiny to the fates of other least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and nations. A commitment to a collective security system, run by economic resources.” ■ the Security Council, would be only a modest extension of this compromise. And the United States would not have to Author o/’Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold comply blindly with misguided UN decisions. Like each War, Da rid Callahan is now working on a book about the permanent member of the Security Council, the United States future of U.S. security policy.

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 The Magazine SS2SS&. via MA».nnM lor Thinkin GOESUPOJ. LCLWHOSTATT FlA-'TKS J ttMMCAaR-tvmi W»*^ People

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(Offer good in U.S. only. For faster service, call toll-free: 1-800-822-2822 Signature A2XAXY Regular cover price is $120. per year.) \\t)RLI )&I 2800 New York Avenue NE, Washington, D.C. 20002 ckbuNkiNq TIHE sECURiiy Myrh he Foreign Service leaves a sizable group of denial of employment or security clearance.” According to the state¬ people guessing about whether their sexual ment, however, sexuality in general preference, if known, would be damaging to “may be relevant” during a security review. USAID follows the State De¬ their careers. “The State Department’s director partment protocol, a USAID spokes¬ general has not made it clear that jobs are not in man says. He adds, “We’ve nevertumed anyone down [for a security clearance] jeopardy if [employees] are gay,” says David because of homosexuality.” Buss, a program director in the State Department’s Office of Russell Sveda, a Foreign Service officer on detail to the National Sci¬ Foreign Missions who has been subject to security review as ence Foundation, says that is not the a gay. “There is a real concern that being gay can negatively practice in State. Sveda says he was first investigated on the grounds of affect your assignments and career,” says a USAID officer who homosexuality in 1978, when he was asked to remain anonymous. “The way they briefed us at the posted to Israel. He worked without incident, however, until 1986, when A-100 course [for entering officers],” says another, “I almost DS sought his discharge on suitability expected to be drummed out of the service.” grounds, initially because of “homo¬ sexuality,” following disclosure of a The Department of State, the U.S. I’ve wanted to be out ever since I brief liaison with another American Information Agency (USIA), and the entered the service, but I’ve never man. Then Director General George U.S. Agency for International Devel¬ known whether I would automatically Vest ruled in Sveda’s favor in July 1986 opment (USAID) have established be [fired] or what. ... By not promul¬ but, shortly afterwards, Sveda was in¬ policies toward gay employees in a gating this, they wait until it’s a crisis.” formed that his security clearance was piecemeal manner, failing to publicize being suspended and subsequently existing policies, charge several gay REIEVANT, buT NOT revoked. Since that time, Sveda says, employees. As a result, some gays in dAMNiNq he has spent more than $30,000 on his the Foreign Service feel that a degree Officially, homosexuality is no of¬ defense and received letters of support of uncertainty attends their security fense. Personnel officers in all branches from dozens of colleagues and superi¬ clearances. AFSA wrote in March to of the Foreign Service are guided in ors, including ambassadors, but his Director General Edward J. Perkins general terms by the Foreign Affairs clearance has not been restored. “It’s asking for a clarification of the Foreign Service’s policy toward gays in its ranks, so far without reply. Also in BY MEAD JENNINGS AND ANNE S T E V E N S 0 N - Y A N G March, an informal group representing gay employ¬ ees of the Foreign and Civil Service in State, USIA, and USAID Manual, which specifies that grounds absolutely capricious,” he says. expressed their concerns about “in¬ for disciplinary action may include, Others say they have been singled consistent standards” to the director “conduct which furnishes substantial out for security interviews on the basis general. In response, Ambassador reason to believe that the individual of sexual preference alone. Danny Perkins assigned Deputy Assistant Sec¬ may be or is being subject to coercion, Hall, an administrative officer most retary for Personnel Kenneth Hunter improper influence, or pressure which recently assigned to the Dominican to meet with the gay employees and is reasonably likely to cause the indi¬ Republic whose sexual preference is determine a course of action. David vidual to act contrary to the national known to colleagues, says that on his Buss, spokesman for the employees, security or foreign relations of the reairn to Washington from his first tour says that they now have established a United States;” or, “notoriously dis¬ he was called to three interviews with group called Gays and Lesbians in graceful conduct,” defined in part as Diplomatic Security and asked about Foreign Affairs Agencies, which meets “that conduct which is shameful in his homosexuality. No charge of mis¬ monthly to represent the concerns of nature and is generally known and conduct was raised. Two DS agents gay employees of State, USIA, and talked of in a scornful manner.” Diplo¬ also flew to Dallas to ask Hall’s mother USAID. matic Security (DS) adheres to a gen¬ whether she was aware that her son “My main problem with [State’s Of¬ eral policy that was stated during a was gay. The agents were courteous fice of Diplomatic Security],” says a gay press briefing on August 4, 1982: and made sure Hall was informed of officer, “is that, in my five years, there’s “[A]dmitted or alleged homosexuality, his rights, he says, and his security never been a policy promulgated. . . . per se, does not constitute a basis for clearance has not been revoked. Nev-

(ULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 ertheless, he found the experience disturbing. “I see that there’s prejudice or harassment that does exist,” he says. Richard Hoagland, a gay Foreign U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer Service officer in USIA, came under investigation by the USIA Office of Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats and Security in August 1989- Hoagland, Members of International Organizations like Hall, was out of the closet to Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director colleagues and superiors, had pos¬ sessed an exemplary work record during his fouryears of Foreign Service, and had never breached any security regulations. But, Hoagland says, it would have been unrealistic to imag¬ ine that his sexuality would never come under official review.

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42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 he invasion of Czechoslo¬ cooperated fully with what turned Service. I asked about the liberal T vakia by half a million into a nine-hour interrogation. fraternization policy in Yugoslavia Soviet troops was the most Foolishly, I allowed the two offi¬ (single officers were allowed to significant experience of cials from the USIA Bureau of date local nationals and only had to my childhood. My family Management’s Office of Security to report serious relationships as they emigrated to the United States, and cajole me out of securing legal developed) and was assured that it I developed a keen interest in inter¬ representation. This was a fatal was still in effect. national affairs. This interest and mistake, since it allowed them to After signing my “confession,” I the desire to give back something lie to me about the fraternization was told to go ahead and get my to my adopted country turned my policy in Yugoslavia and to mis¬ shots for Africa. Although shaken attention to public service. After represent what I had told them by this encounter, I firmly believed finishing graduate school, where I about my personal life. I believe that my candor and cooperation focused on Eastern Europe, I joined that their interest in me stemmed had been proper. I was determined the Foreign Service in September from a CIA report that I was gay— to prove that I was not subject to of 1982. This is what I had always wanted to do. It still is. My first offer came from USIA, and I accepted it for a practical as well as a sentimental reason: I was gay and mistakenly assumed that a press-and-culture operation would be a more tolerant setting that the State Department. I also wished to honor my grandfather who, charged with listening to the Voice of America, spent the 1950s in a Communist concen¬ tration camp. Much to the surprise of most of my classmates, we all got the assignments we wanted. I tested out of Serbo-Croatian in seven months and was eagerly on my way to Belgrade. Part of Eastern Europe but not the Soviet Bloc, Gay Life in the Foreign Service Yugoslavia then had excellent relations with the United States. BY JAN KRC I had a successful tour of duty there, as evidenced by my super¬ visors’ evaluations of my perfor¬ information that the CIA had re¬ blackmail (and therefore not a se¬ mance. On the way to my follow¬ ceived from me years earlier dur¬ curity risk) and that I was an honest up assignment in Capetown, South ing a campus recaiitment inter¬ and loyal employee. I took this Africa, I was to stop for three weeks view. Since my homosexuality had position against the advice of those in Washington for consular train¬ never come up during my Foreign who argued that with Security, one ing and consultations. Service security background check, should never be forthcoming on USIA now seemed determined to sexual matters. I 'CONFESS' get me to sign a “confession. ” During It was the summer of 1984, and, A few days before my departure the course of the interrogation, it despite the Orwellian date, I as¬ for South Africa, I was called in for became obvious to me that another sumed that times had changed. I a “routine security debriefing” con¬ purpose of the questioning was to discovered the extent of my na¬ cerning my Belgrade assignment. I ferret out other gays in the Foreign ivete when, without explanation,

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 my assignment to Capetown was prohibited. After the meetings, she teer attorneys at the firm of Covington canceled. For weeks on end, I revoked the proposed termination & Burling, filed a grievance against the waited for something to happen. and assured me that, based on my U.S. Information Agency. performance thus far, I would be After two years of intensive legal Double sTANdAnd tenured. She also encouraged me to wrangling, the Foreign Service Six weeks after the security inter¬ take an immediate overseas assign¬ Grievance Board made its decision. rogation, I received a letter from the ment and get on with my career. The board found my termination to USIA director of Personnel that pro¬ My faith in the ultimate fairness of be invalid, since Security’s action posed to terminate my Foreign Ser¬ the system restored, I looked forward was “arbitrary and capricious and vice appointment based on alleged to my new assignment in the Phil¬ contrary to agency regulations.” It misconduct that demonstrated “in¬ ippines. Unfortunately, I had not directed the agency to reinstate me subordination, irresponsibility, poor counted on the deep-seated in the Foreign Service, clean up the judgment, and lack of discretion.” homophobia and bureaucratic dog¬ files, and remove the blanket restric¬ The specific charge of insubordina¬ gedness of the USIA Office of Security. tion regarding overseas assignments. tion was based on alleged violations Once they leveled their charge against Nevertheless, the Office of Secu¬ of agency instructions prohibiting me, no amount of evidence and no rity persuaded the agency to ignore sexual relations with Communist review process could persuade them this directive and take the case to country nationals. The letter also to see the matter differently. They U.S. District Court. Once on the informed me of my right to a pre- advised Personnel that they would outside, the agency chose not to tennination hearing before the For¬ not approve any Foreign Service as¬ argue the facts of the case but rather eign Service Grievance Board. signment for me. Consequently, in to dispute the board’s and the court’s I was stunned and at first could January of 1985 I received a second jurisdiction even to hear the case. To only believe that the charge was a letter of termination from the direc¬ this day agency attorneys, at great terrible mistake. After all, my Serbo- tor of personnel. This termination, expense to the taxpayer, are fighting Croatian teacher was a Yugoslav unlike die first one, was supposedly to make Security’s actions absolutely national who had recently manied a not disciplinary or performance- unreviewable. I find this position frightening and even un- American. Simply put, it To this day agency attorneys, at great expense to means that whenever the the taxpayer, are fighting to make Security’s Office of Security invokes “National Security,” it can actions absolutely unreviewable. I find this position deprive any government frightening and even un-American. employee of due pro¬ cess lights. It was pre¬ cisely such unfettered USIA Foreign Service officer, and I based but rather a result of Security’s state power that drove my parents to knew of other Foreign Service offi¬ determination that my “homosexu¬ flee Czechoslovakia. cer who had married Yugoslavs. The ality would make [me] an extremely My hope is that soon the U.S. Office of Security did not bother to likely target for hostile intelligence Foreign Service will find better uses show the personnel director the actual approaches.” for its resources than eliminating fraternization policy for Yugoslavia; from its ranks loyal and talented the office merely assured her that it GoiNq TO TIIE COURTS Foreign Service officers who happen was the same as for the Soviet Union. Realizing that I could not settle to be gay. I held a number of meetings with the this dispute quietly inside the agency director of personnel at which I as I preferred, and determined to Jan Krc is currently awaiting a produced the text of the policy and clear my name of the misconduct security clearancefora new For¬ half a dozen signed statements from charge implicit in the overseas clear¬ eign Service candidacy. This ar¬ unmarried FSOs who had recently ance revocation, I Rimed to the out¬ ticle does not necessarily repre¬ served in Yugoslavia and never been side world for help. The American Civil sent the views of the U.S. Foreign told that sex with local nationals was Liberties Union and I, through volun¬ Service.

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■ I 1 — ■■■■■■■ = continued from page 42 10 years. The State Department, how¬ THE Instead, a “nexus” must be estab¬ ever, still considers applicants and lished between sexual orientation and employees who are homosexual to be the ability to perform a job. potentially vulnerable to blackmail, RELOCATION In 1988, the National Security Williamson says. Agency decided to grant gays and A study undertaken for the Depart¬ COMPANY lesbians access to “sensitive compart- ment of Defense on the susceptibility mented information” (SCI) under cer¬ of gays to blackmail suggests, however, tain circumstances. The CIA in the late that gays and lesbians are no more Serving: 1980s also decided that homosexuality likely than heterosexuals to be pres¬ perse was not grounds for denying an sured into committing treason. The SCI clearance, although it was one report, prepared in 1988 by the De¬ Virginia factor to be taken into account in fense Personnel Security Research Maryland determining trustworthiness. and Education Center but never re¬ Washington, D.C. Currently, one of the last bastions of leased by DOD, examined 117 cases exclusion—the armed services—is be¬ of Americans between 1945 and 1989 Offering ing assailed by Congress. In May of who had committed or attempted to this year, Representative Pat Schroeder commit espionage. Of these 117 of¬ FREE (D-CO) introduced the Military Free¬ fenders, seven were identified as Consultations on: dom Act of 1992 to forbid discriminaton homosexual. In brief biographic in the armed services on the basis of sketches of the seven and synopses ♦ Short-Term Housing sexual orientation. of their treasonous acts, no connec¬ Arrangements tion was established between sexual FEARS of bUckiviAiL orientation and espionage. None of The official anxiousness about gay the offenders was recruited by a for¬ ♦ Counseling on Housing employees stems from an old percep¬ eign government, which would seem Options in the Metropolitan tion that gays, leading a lifestyle that is a requirement if blackmail had been Washington, D.C. Area stigmatized, may be more susceptible a motive; all but one volunteered to blackmail than heterosexuals. “The their services. ♦ Relocation Packages idea was that homosexuals were par¬ None of the State, USIA, or USAID

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CALL OR WRITE US To Discuss ! ticularly apt to be blackmailed,” says spokesmen interviewed for this ar¬ Larry Williamson, deputy assistant ticle could offer substantiation for the 1593 Spring Hill Road, secretary of State for Personnel. “I fear that gays are vulnerable to blackmail. Larry Williamson says he Suite 410 think there was something to it, be¬ cause in [the 1950s] there were damn is not aware of any cases of blackmail Vienna, VA 22182 • USA few people out of the closet. There involving a gay, and Larry Carnahan, (703) 847-3026 was a great deal of fear about exploi¬ acting director of USIA’s Office of Fax: (703) 847-3044 tation by [Communist] Bloc intelli¬ Security, says, “There have been no gence.” Williamson believes attitudes such cases in USIA.” Officials in the have changed significantly in the past Office of Security at USAID also can

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JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 recall no case of blackmail involving a gay or lesbian employee. LET EUROPE A secondary reason for subjecting gay employees to heightened scrutiny BE YOUR CAMPUS is the reluctance to allow any Foreign Service employee to engage in behav¬ LEYSIN AMERICAN SCHOOL, IN SWITZERLAND ior that might embarrass the U.S. gov¬ GRADES 9 THROUGH 12, PG YEAR ernment. But the gay employees inter¬ viewed all emphasized the need for SUMMER ENRICHMENT PROGRAM discretion, and none reported being counseled for inappropriate behavior. Highly respected, private, coeducational, American International “Generally, a current employee’s sexual boarding school in the French Swiss Alps, near Lake Geneva. practices become a matter of concern to the agency only if they seem relevant Successful American College Prep, Advanced Placement, and the to the employee’s alleged violation of International Baccalaureate programs. SAT testing Center. Finest security or suitability regulations,” says sports and recreation programs in all of Europe. Magnificent skiing “at Harlan Rosacker, director of USIA’s our doorstep”. Full U.S. and European Accreditations. Office of Personnel. Acts that are committed during a foreign posting and are considered “notoriously dis¬ L.A.S. Thomas F. Rouillard graceful conduct” could result in a U.S. Director of Admissions security investigation for either sex. Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 For homosexuals, “commonly ac¬ Tel: 603.431.7654 cepted displays of affection, such as Fax: 603.431.1280 kissing” are not considered notorious. Neither is presence at gay bars. However, “employees who engage in xYhe Only American School in the Swiss Alps sexual acts in gay bars, bathhouses, and theaters” would fall into the realm of “notoriously disgraceful.” We concentrate on At many foreign posts, homosexu¬ only ONE thing ... ality is technically illegal—as are many homosexual acts in most of the United Managing your property. States. But, according to a USAID PROFESSIONAL Office of Security official who re¬ quested anonymity, even engaging in PROPERTY homosexual acts that are illegal in the RENTAL MANAGEMENT host country should not put a Foreign OF NORTHERN Service employee’s security clearance MANAGEMENT VIRGINIA INC. in jeopardy. “We’re not in the criminal business,” he says. “[We would not be Join our growing number of involved] unless the employee were owners from Athens to Zaire to commit a crime that is also in who trust the management of violation of U.S. code, like rape, for their properties to PPM. Pro¬ instance.” fessional service with a per¬ sonal touch. ScRUTiNy FROM TBE Hill Discounts on appliances In 1987, Representative Schroeder, and more! Monthly comput¬ chairman of the House Subcommittee erized statements. on Civil Service, received allegations that Foreign Service personnel sus¬ 5105K Backtick Rd. pected of being homosexual were Annandale, VA 22003 703/642-3010 subject to disparate treatment. Her concern was directed at USIA. In re¬ sponse to Schroeder’s inquiry, USIA compiled statistics on the treatment of homosexual Foreign Service employ¬ We also service Montgomery County, Maryland ees. Included was a listing of the 18

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 security reviews carried out between put it in a nice way: “You have your terns of prejudice and discrimination. 1982 and 1987 looking into sexual indis¬ lifestyle, that’s your business. But we For example, while officials of each cretion in USIA. Of those listed, 12 have national security interests, and branch of the Foreign Service say there involved homosexual Foreign Service sometimes the two conflict.’ It’s much are no security distinctions between officers and six involved heterosexuals. easier for most gay Foreign Service heterosexual and homosexual activity The report reveals that all but two of officers to accede to that kind of an in foreign countries, gays and their the 12 gay cases were initiated solely interview.” families are often subjected to inter¬ because of an accusation of homosexu¬ views about the employee’s sexual ality, not unlawful conduct. One of the 'POTENTIAL' Risks behavior that they may find offensive two remaining admitted sexual contact State Department Personnel now and intmsive. with foreign nationals, and the other follows guidelines that were laid out in Furthermore, a few gay officers say admitted having sex with foreign na¬ the December 7, 1988 response to they would like to bring their compan¬ tionals from a “criteria” country. (A Schroeder’s queries. According to ions to post. “Most couples now have to “criteria country” is one in which the risk Williamson, this response is the stan¬ deal with, ‘who’s going to put his career of hostile intelligence operations against dard policy now in effect for the State on the slow track?’ We do that too, but American officials is considered particu¬ Department. Among other things, the we do it without a [diplomatic] passport, larly high, traditionally including coun¬ policy states: without housing, without evacuation tries in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, • The department does consider appli¬ protection . .. “ says one gay officer in and China.) By contrast, all six hetero¬ cants and employees who are homo¬ State. “We laugh because the president sexual cases listed involved contact that sexual to be potentially vulnerable to talks so much about family values. Well, violated regulations, including one blackmail. I believe in family values, and this is my person in the Voice of America who was • State does not, without more specific family. What am I supposed to do? married but engaged in “sexual rela¬ security concerns, limit or revoke a Many a woman and make her miser¬ able? Be alone all my life?” Nevertheless, the system is improv¬ ing, according to Williamson. As much “They put it in a nice way: ‘You have your as the attitudes of the 1950s were re¬ lifestyle, that's your business. But we have na¬ flected in departmental policy of that period, greater societal acceptance of tional security interests, and sometimes the two homosexuality is filtering into Foreign Service thinking. “Overt and official conflict.' It's wiuch easier for most gay Foreign discrimination is absurd,” Williamson says. “I would say, however, that there are individuals who still find [homo¬ sexuality] an aberrant behavior and don’t like to deal with [gays].” For Richard Hoagland, the Foreign Service’s attitude toward gays is, at worst, “benign.” “I think the majority of Foreign Service officers across the board are—privately, maybe—very' support¬ tionships with prominent nationals of security clearance if it ascertains that ive of these issues,” he says. Neverthe¬ other countries, some of whom were an employee already posted to a less, although he has risen steadily believed to have connections with for¬ criteria country is homosexual. through the ranks, he accepts that his eign intelligence organizations.” • If the department leams that a For¬ sexuality will limit his personal life in Schroeder’s 1987 inquiry and corre¬ eign Service employee posted to a comparison to heterosexuals. That in¬ spondence with then Agency Director criteria country is (or is believed to cludes getting involved with any for¬ Charles Wick was followed in 1988 with be) homosexual, an appropriate in¬ eign nationals of any country: “It’s a request from Schroeder for the State vestigation is initiated, consisting something I’ve decided I wouldn’t do, Department to answer seven pages of normally of record checks, inquiries because it would raise questions in the questions concerning discrimination to cognizant security officers or su¬ security apparatus. Yes, it boils down to against gays. Since that time, security pervisors, and a personal interview discrimination. I know it’s morally wrong, reviews have become less intrusive for with the employee. but that’s the level of discrimination I’m gays. “Diplomatic Security approaches able to live with.” ■ it with a certain amount of understand¬ ToLERAblE disCRiMINATiON? ing,” says Washington attorney William Where does it all leave gay Foreign MeadJennings is a Washington-based Bransford, who has represented several Service employees? Some contend it journalist. Anne Stevenson-Yang is gay Foreign Service employees. “They leaves them to deal with subtle pat¬ editor of the Foreign Service Journal

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 BOOKS

State’s Hair Shirt policies he privately opposed and his The Military and U.S. steadfast refusal to resign on a point of principle, drew fire from disappointed Grand Strategy GEORGE BALL, VIETNAM, AND colleagues and the media. He long A PREPONDERANCE OF POWER: THE RETHINKING OF CONTAINMENT tempered his dissent to the war, appar¬ NATIONAL SECURITY, THE TRUMAN by David DiLeo, University of North ently in the hope that he would be Carolina, 1991, $37.50 hardcover, called to serve as secretary of State. ADMINISTRATION, AND THE COLD $12.95 softcover DiLeo’s work contains a few curi¬ WAR ous bobbles: he identifies Roger by Melvyn P. Leffler, Stanford Reviewed by Henry E. Mattox Hilsman twice as a mere “State Depart¬ University Press, 1992, $29.95 The name of George W. Ball will ment intelligence analyst” and political hardcover remain forever linked historically with scientist Richard Neustadt as a diplo¬ America’s war in Vietnam—linked as a matic historian. More importantly, the Reviewed by James Edward Miller critic, that is. He was not one of the title is misleading, despite the inclu¬ The early years of the Cold War “best and brightest” -who urged one sion of an unconvincing concluding have long exercised a special hold on form or another of an American solu¬ chapter entitled “George Ball and the students of modern American foreign tion in the 1960s. Rather, while an Theorists.” Realist though he was in policy. The structures and the outlook insider in government, the former un¬ created during the presidency of Harry der secretary of state and (briefly) Truman remain central to contempo¬ DiLeo also discusses at length how ambassador to the UN put himself rary foreign policy. In spite of their repeatedly on record, beginning with the lawyer-banker-diplomat brave words about a “new world or¬ his service in the Kennedy Administra¬ managed to maintain good der,” politicians in both the United tion, that the United States should not States and Europe are more interested follow France in becoming fatally mired relations with virtually all of his in fitting the states of Eastern Europe in Vietnam. No one else at his level of superiors—even Lyndon John¬ and the Commonwealth into the exist¬ responsibility did so at such an early son—while acting as “in-house ing international system than in creat¬ point or so persistently. He seemingly ing a new one. No better indication of never held any illusions about the hair shirt" on Vietnam. this desire exists than U.S. insistence possibility of success of our Vietnam on preserving the cornerstone of policies, while in office or later. Truman’s containment program: NATO. In his memoirs, The Past Has An¬ the halls of diplomacy, and as valuable The second reason for this scholarly other Pattern, Ball covers these con¬ as his dogged persistence occasionally preoccupation with the Tinman years troversial episodes in only three chap¬ was in injecting a note of caution in does little credit to our government. ters out of a total of 30. His long career, plans to escalate U.S. involvement in Since the late 1970s the United States after all, involved a multitude of other Southeast Asia, Ball scarcely played a has created a heavy-handed, costly, questions, including important Euro¬ leading part as theoretician in “re¬ and overzealous censorship bureau¬ pean affairs and economic issues. thinking containment.” The impetus cracy. These modern-day grand in¬ DiLeo, drawing on extensive inter¬ for such strategic thinking and writing quisitors have withheld so many docu¬ views with Ball and others, concen¬ came mainly from academic revision¬ ments in the name of “national secu¬ trates on Vietnam alone in this schol¬ ist opponents of the Cold War doctrine rity” that scholars suspect a conscious arly study. He impressively documents attributed to George Kennan—includ¬ effort to distort the historical record. In the details of Ball's objections and of ing Kennan himself. This study none¬ late 1990 Congress stepped in to put a their many submissions to higher au¬ theless provides a useful look at George stop to what the New York Times aptly thority. DiLeo also discusses at length Ball’s policy views and motivation; the defined as “Historygate” (see the For¬ how the lawyer-banker-diplomat serious student of the Vietnam War eign Service Journal, December 1991, managed to maintain good relations will find it a must. “Despatch”). with virtually all of his superiors— While waiting for the U.S. govern¬ even Lyndon Johnson—while acting A retired Foreign Service officer, Henry ment to overcome its fear of releasing as “in-house hair shirt" on Vietnam. Mattox currently teaches at the the “secrets” of the Eisenhower Ad¬ This remarkable ability, along with University of North Carolina at Chapel ministration, scholars have used the Ball’s role as public spokesman for Hill massive record created in the Truman

50 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 years to produce a seemingly endless The key to Leffler’s success lies in of these interests, Leffler never falls stream of studies of bilateral relations his ability to integrate the military into the trap of demonizing or belit¬ and regional policies, many of great perspective acquired from an exhaus¬ tling Truman and his collaborators. value. Strangely, few have essayed an tive perusal of defense planning and Quite properly, the center of this overview of U.S. grand strategy. Gabriel operational records with more com¬ book is Europe, where the administra¬ Kolko made a heroic effort in the 1960s monly utilized archives of the State tion frontally challenged Soviet power prior to the release of most of the Department and the Truman presiden¬ and provided material and moral documentation. Since this neo-Marxist tial library. In doing so, he shows how support for the efforts of the demo¬ interpretation, a quarter of a century the requirements of military planning cratic center to defeat their internal passed before anyone took on the shaped U.S. grand strategy. Shifting Communist opponents. The great daunting task of producing an equally rapidly but gracefully from Washing¬ success of Truman and his collabora¬ comprehensive synthesis of the rap¬ ton planning to the political, economic, tors was that they pulled together a idly accumulating scholarship and ar¬ and social realities of a world ravaged block of states that possessed the vast chives. by war, Leffler illustrates how the cha¬ majority of the world’s economic po¬ Fortunately, that scholar was ex¬ otic conditions of postwar Eurasia led tential. For the next four decades, the tremely well equipped. Melvyn Leffler Truman Administration officials to a United States utilized its economic, of the University of Virginia combines series of “prudent” actions to defend military, and political-ideological assets an iconoclastic outlook with policy U.S. interests. Underlying American to hold these nations together in a experience acquired as an official in policy, Leffler explains, was the desire mutually enriching cooperation. the Carter Administration’s Defense to preserve a “preponderance of Strategic concerns, including secur¬ Department. No historian operates power.” ing the West’s uninhibited access to without an ideological bias, and Leffler’s Leffler’s policymakers are not card¬ petroleum, inevitably led the United is a commitment to the ideals of the board figures marching to the tune of States into a widening involvement in democratic left. However, he has pro¬ the unrelenting demands of monopoly the turbulent Middle East, while civil duced a sophisticated, readable, and capitalism but men possessed of ide¬ war in China and a need to keep the fair-minded study of the making of a als, plagued by difficult choices, and industrial potential of Japan in the global strategy that may dominate his¬ dedicated to serving the best interests democratic camp shaped an expand¬ torical debate for the next quarter of the American people. While he ing East Asian commitment. century. challenges many of their conceptions The problem, as Leffler sees it, was

Inn

JULY 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 51 BOOKS an overextension of U.S. geopolitical documentation, will undoubtedly come to power through elections. reach, first evident in the Middle East bother many. Leffler makes a strong Communist parties were dangerous and in such peripheral areas as Korea case for giving the Soviet dictator the precisely because their leadership was and Southeast Asia. This overextension benefit of the doubt in international not fully in control of an armed and was the result of a serious misperception affairs, though he entertains no delu¬ radicalized base. A real potential for of the strength of the Soviet threat. The sions about the bloody and repressive insurrection or civil war existed within results of this overly ambitious policy nature of Stalin’s regime. However, it the U.S. sphere of influence, and with undertaken for the best reasons by men strains credulity to argue that the So¬ this threat came the possibility that of unquestioned patriotism were seri¬ viet Union was as consistently re¬ European or U.S. actions would pro¬ ous: “The price of predominance—the strained in its international activities as voke Soviet intervention. Prudent men, costs of linking Western Europe, Japan, Leffler would have it. like those in command of the Truman and their dependencies to a U.S.-led More troubling for this reader is Administration, had to take this possi¬ orbit—was an unlimited amis race, in¬ Leffler’s treatment of the threat posed bility into their planning. discriminate commitments, constant by European national Communist par¬ Leffler will not have the final word on anxiety, eternal vigilance, and a pro¬ ties to international stability. Leffler the origins of the Cold War—and prob¬ tracted Cold War.” relies heavily on the work of other ably would not want it. A Preponder¬ These conclusions will undoubt¬ American historians, who often over¬ ance of Power should provide both a edly provoke criticism. It is a tribute to estimate U.S. influence and underesti¬ model and encouragement for other Leffler’s skill as a scholar that his major mate the internal factors shaping Eu¬ scholars to deal with issues of grand points are so firmly rooted in skilfully ropean foreign and domestic policies. strategy during the Cold War era. ■ employed, massive documentation The United States was a hegemonic that, even if secondary conclusions are power in the 1940s, but that hegemony Janies Edward Miller is a Foreign Service successfully challenged, the central was based on mutually reinforcing officer. The opinions expressed are argument remains compelling. alliances with dominant foreign elites. solely those of the author and do not The treatment of Stalin’s motiva¬ However, in some nations, the possi¬ reflect the views of the Department of tions, an area in which Leffler has little bility existed that Communists would State. r >v Affordable Luxury

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(703) 281-2161, mailed to you, write: STEPHANIE tice, estate planning, real es¬ plete name-expiration date to Fax: (703) 281-9464. Y. HUGHES, 713 Grandview tate, domestic. Gregory V. ECE Inc., 5150 Wilshire BL, COMPLETE TAX AND AC¬ Drive, Alexandria, VA 22305. Powell, FUREY, DOOLAN & ABELL, #501, Los Angeles, CA 90036. COUNTING SERVICES. Spe¬ 8401 Connecticut Ave., PH-1, “Conventional” personalized cialize in Foreign Service and Chevy Chase, MD 20815. (301) books also available. Write for overseas contractor situations, BOOKS 652-6880. free brochure. VIRGINIA M. TEST, CPA 6250 SPECIALIZING IN SERV¬ REPS WANTED: Sell wide Mountain Vista, #L-3A, Hen¬ BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS! ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF¬ range/hi-profit items. derson, NV 89014, (702) 458- We have thousands in stock, FICERS AND THEIR Giftware, collectibles, 9315. do special-orders daily, search FAMILIES - Our firm can as¬ housewares. Plus NEW items- ATTORNEYS specializing for out-of-print books. 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Prompt Contact ECE Inc., 5150 Wil¬ sions, business-related Order any U.S. book in print. response to your inquiries. shire BL, #501, Los Angeles, deductions, separate mainte¬ Store credit available, SALMA¬ CLIFFORD, FARHA & SANDERS CA 90036 (213) 954-3715. nance allowances, real estate GUNDI BOOKS Ltd. 66 Main 1606 New Hampshire Ave., SATISFY YOUR NEEDS! purchases and rentals, home Street, Cold Spring, NY 10516. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009 Purchase from a wide range of leave deductions, audits, etc. SOUTH VIETNAM COINS Fax: (202) 265-1474 Tel: (202) giftware/housewares/collecti Contact Susan Sanders or Paul & Currency book $29-95 post 667-5111. WILLS/ESTATE bles, etc. Free gift catalog with Clifford, CLIFFORD, FARHA & paid. SEAT, P.O.B 626, Dunn PLANNING by attorney who is over 300 high quality items. SANDERS, 1606 New Hamp¬ Loring, VA 22027. a former Foreign Service offi¬ Larger catalog with over 3000 shire Ave., NW, Washington, cer. Have your will reviewed items for $4.00. Send check, D.C. 20009 (202) 667-5111, and updated, or a new one money order, Visa/Mastercard Fax: (202) 265-1474. VACATION RENTALS prepared. No charge for initial number-complete name-expi¬ FREE TAX CONSULTA¬ consultation. M.BRUCE ration date to ECE Inc., 5150 TION for overseas personnel. HIRSHORN, BORING, PARROTT & Wilshire Blvd., #501, Los An¬ We process returns as re¬ PARK CITY, UTAH: Fully PILGER, Suite D, 307 Maple Av¬ geles, CA 90036. (213) 954- ceived, without delay. Prepa¬ furnished/serviced condo enue, West, Vienna, VA 22180. 3715. ration and representation by available. Sleeps six; on golf Tel. (703) 281-2161, Fax (703) SCHOLARSHIPS AVAIL¬ enrolled agents, avg. fee $195 course variety of sports/recre- 281-9464. ABLE. Write EARS #111, 5429 includes return and TAX Trax, ation available. Forty minutes Mapledale Plaza, Dale City, VA unique mini-financial plan¬ from SLC Airport. FS dis¬ 22193. Toll Free: 800-USA - ning review with recommen¬ counts. No smokers. Don Car¬ MISCELLANEOUS 1221 EXT 3034. dations. Full planning penter, 1909 Parkridge Drive, available. Milton E. Carb, EA, SLC, UT 84121, (801) 943- AIR ANIMAL, “the pet

60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JULY 1992 WE'LL GIVE YOU REASONS TO CHEER OUR EVERY MOVE.

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