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Index

All pages for court cases are to be found in Table of cases

1866, 1868, 1870, 1871, 1875 Civil Alabama 10, 30, 39, 40, 48–9, 50, Rights/EnforcementActs see Civil 80–81, 90, 91, 92, 93, 120, 129, RightsAct of 1866, etc. 135, 136, 137–8, 140, 186–7, 1867Anti-PeonageAct 192, 311 192–7, 199, 203, 226, 231, 308, 1870 NaturalizationAct 8, 98, 154, 176, 309, 310, 311, 312, 329, 330, 334, 178 354, 375, 386, 396 see alsoAct of February 18, 1875 Alaska 307, 353, 356, 364–5 1874, election of see election of 1874 Albuquerque, New Mexico 359 1892, election of see election of 1892 Aleuts 356 1906 NaturalizationAct 216 alien land laws see alien rights, 1911 Treaty with Japan 214–5 restrictions on 1917Asiatic Barred ZoneAct see alien rights Asiatic Barred ZoneAct absence/presence of due process for 1924 Immigration Law 218 deportation 147–54, 172, 1964 Civil RightsAct see Civil Rights 180–82, 210, 212–3, 215–216, Act of 1964 219–220, 231, 265–7, 269–71, 1965VotingRightsAct seeVoting 303, 378, 381–2, 384 RightsAct of 1965 restrictions on land ownership/ 1968 Indian Bill of Rights 306, 357, leasing 98, 210–1, 214–5, 359–60, 392 218–219, 305, 341, 343–4, 381, 1968 Open HousingAct see Open 383 HousingAct of 1968 restrictions on employment/ occupation 211, 219, 231 abolitionists 6, 12, 53–5, 57, 63, 64, 75, see alsoYick Wo v. Hopkins 76, 101, 115, 394 to family privacy (parent’s education of child) in federal territories aboriginal title to land inAlaska 307, 220, 231 364–5 see also birthright citizenship, Act of February 18, 1875 99 claims of Adams, John Quincy 32, 40, 5, 374, 396 all deliberate speed 1 affirmative action 3–4, 297, 299, 341, Alvarez, Roberto 278 365, 372, 373 American Civil Liberties Union African-Americans see black (ACLU) 241, 287–8 Americans American Colonization Society (ACS) Africans, naturalization of see 17, 20, 29 citizenship eligibility American Indian Bill of Rights see 1968 Akerman,Amos 103 Indian Bill of Rights

427

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American G.I. Forum 271, 290, 296 eagle hunting by 366–8 American Indian Citizens League of exclusion from Fourteenth California 314 Amendment citizenship American Indian DefenseAssociation see Elk v.Wilkins 349 fishing rights see hunting/fishing American Indian Movement (AIM) 356 rights American Indian Religious Freedom homicide rate 358 Act (AIRFA) see Senate Joint hunting/fishing rights of 162, 164–5, Resolution 102 173, 183–4, 362, 367–8 American Indians illiteracy rate 242 aboriginal title of, denied inAlaska in Mexican Cession (Pueblo/Pueblo 307, 364–365 style) 245–251 adoption among 359–60 see also Pueblo Indians affirmative action toward 355–56 indigenous sovereignty 360 assimilation-ending policy 166, 242, see alsoAmerican Indians, respect 306, 349–50, 390–91 for sovereignty of assimilation-promoting policy 48, infant mortality among 242 160–64, 177, 237–40, 242, 349 Just Compensation Clause protection see also tribal termination policy 307, 352, 363–364, 368, 370, attain U.S. citizenship 165–6, 240 391, 393 bans on sales to land sales by 163, 166, 237–9, 365, of ammunition 353 368 of guns 353, 391 see also DawesAct, impact of of liquor 165, 183, 237–40, 249, lands of, purchased rather than stolen 391 by U.S. government 104, 365 birthright citizenship clauses apply life expectancy 358 off reservation 96–97, 101, 159 liquor purchase by seeAmerican see also Elk v Wilkins (to the Indians, bans on sales to contrary) policies toward 33–51, 79–83, characterized by Supreme Court as 101–106, 115–7, 155–166, 170, simple, weak, inferior or 172–5, 177, 182–184, 237–243, backward 158, 161, 238–241, 245–251, 349–370, 372–9, 249 381–4, 390–400 Christianizing efforts toward 40, 105, poverty of 162, 242, 357–8, 392 177, 300, religious exercise rights of 33, 161, citizenship received see attain U.S. 356–8, 366–7, 369, 392–3 citizenship Renaissance 358 civil law jurisdiction of tribe 177, respect for culture of 103, 108, 306, 353–354, 367, 392, 349–50, 356–8, 366, 369, 390, colonial theory and practice toward 392–3 33–34 respect for sovereignty of 103, 108, criminal jurisdiction of tribe 80, 101, 356–9, 369 177, 353–4, 357, 360–62, 367, Supreme Court characterization see 392, 397 characterization by Supreme see also Ex Parte Crow Dog; Major Court CrimesAct; U.S. v, Kagama; Supreme Court doctrine toward, in U.S. v. Rogers; Duro v. Reina late twentieth century 359–368, decimated by European diseases 6 393

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treaty-making with 34, 39, 44, 79–80 Ark, Wong Kim 97, 150–51, 172, 174, ends (in 1871) 101–6 181, 210, 378, 396 tribal termination policy 306, 353–5, Arkansas 69, 88, 91, 187, 225, 320 357–8, 367, 369, 392 Arthur, President ChesterA. 143–4, tribes form corporate charters 351 179, 377 tuberculosis among 242 see also Garfield (James)-Arthur voting rights /granted 49, 240–41, (ChesterA.)Administration 247–8, 250, 254, 258, 259–60, Article I, Sec. 4, 111–2, 119–22 261, 300–01, 353, 381, 384, 391 see also executive branch focus see also Bureau of IndianAffairs; Article I, Secs. 9 and 10 272 Congress, treaty-abrogation Article IV,Section 2 10, 58 power of; DawesAllotmentAct; see also Fugitive Slave Clause discrimination; Interior, Asheville, North Carolina 199 Department of the; names of Ashland,Virginia 199 specific laws; names of Supreme Ashmore, Margaret 60–61 Courts by Chief Justice; topics Asians (1865–1875) 96–100, 116–117, below with first word “Indian”; 176; (1876–1910) 141–155, tribal names 170–175, 179–182; (1911–1930) American Jewish Congress 287, 314, 210–223, 237; (1931–1991) 344 336–349; (1865–1991) 370, American Samoa 244 372–3, 378, 381–3, 385, 390, Anglos in southwestern states 179, 393–400 245–6, 250–52, 255–9, 261, 263, see alsoAsiatic Barred ZoneAct; 282, 295, 299, 301–3, 385 Chinese; Chinese Exclusion anti-busing legislation 3 Acts; Democratic/Republican anti-enticement laws 89, 195 Party platform; Filipinos; anti-lynching legislation 129, 187, immigration; India; Japanese; 197–8, 226, 333, 389 Koreans; PageAct anti-miscegenation laws 2, 6, 120, 213, Asiatic Barred ZoneAct of 1917 215–6, 318, 348, 389, 399 265, 382 see also strict scrutiny Associated Press 169 anti-Semitism 224, 234, 308 Association of MexicanAmerican see also Frank, Leo Educators 296 Apache 163, 362 Atlanta, Georgia 1, 192, 199 Apache County,Arizona 241 Axis powers 280, 332, 335 Appomattox 85, 89 Arabia (ArabAsia) 215, 382 “badge of inferiority/servitude” 139, Argentina 280 282 Arizona 211, 244, 251, 253, 262–5, Bailey,Alonzo 140, 187, 192–6, 231 270–71, 337 Bald Eagle ProtectionAct 366 Anglo-Mexican balance contrast with Balderrama, Francisco 261, 266 New Mexico 262–4 Baldwin, Justice 55–6, 62, English literacy issue in 263–4 Baltimore, Maryland vii, 1, 24, 121, segregation/desegregation in 270, 184, 199 276–8, 288–9, 295 Banks, Dennis 356 voting by tribal Indians denied in/ Bastrop Independent School District granted 241, 353, 391 281, 288

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430 The U.S. Supreme Court and racial minorities

Battle of Fallen Timbers 35 treatment of, by judiciary 1–7, 13–32, Beal, J.J. 203–6 52–64, 67–70, 71–79, 81–3, Belford, Rep. James 160 106–141, 166–171, 174–175, Bell, Derrick 167 177–8, 184–209, 223–6, 237, Benedict, Michael Les 111, 125 304–29, 346–349, 369–400 BIA see Bureau of IndianAffairs see also access to juries; affirmative Biddle,Attorney General Francis 330, action;Africans, naturalization 332 of; black codes; busing; Civil bilingual education see English Rights/EnforcementActs; language instruction; English desegregation; discrimination against; free blacks; migration to Language Learner North of; mob violence (black Bilingual EducationAct of 1968 297 against white; white against Bill of Rights 8, 69, 114, 116, 162, 183, black); Negro SeamenActs; 272–3, 306–7, 357, 392 patronage jobs; Puerto Rico; Birmingham,Alabama 198 segregation; separate but equal; birth-right citizenship slave/slavery references; voting see also citizenship rights, blacks claims of, protected by due process black codes (of postbellum southern 151–2, 210–212, 219–220, 231, states) 89 378, 381–3 Black Hills of South Dakota 356, 363–4 Congressional correction in Dawes Black, Justice Hugo 341, 344 Act of Elk v Wilkins on 160, 174 Black Power 299 of off-reservation Indians 97, 101, Blackmon, Douglas 330 115, 158–9, 159–60, 165, 174, Blue Lake (in New Mexico) 356 182–3, 248–50, 254–5, 397, Boardman, Homer 204 400 Booth, Sherman 76–8 ofAsians 97, 115, 150–2, 172, 174, Boston 3, 76, 207 181, 210, 231, 378, 383, 396 Botiller, Brigido 259 of Puerto Ricans 271–3 braceros program 279, 303, 385 via FourteenthAmendment 97, 101, Bradley, Justice 103, 111, 132, 145, 115, 159 168 see also Elk v.Wilkins and Wong Brandeis, Justice Louis D. 199, 208–9, Kim Ark v. U.S. 219, 236 via Jones ShafrothAct 153, 272 Brandwein, Pam vii, 111–4, 121, 123, blackAmericans 125–7, 167 military service 8, 87–8 Breckinridge, John 70 see also desegregation of armed Brewer, Justice David 138, 148 forces; segregation of armed Brinton, Daniel 161 forces Bristow, Benjamin 103 population 85, Brookings Institution 242 treatment of, by elected branches Broughton, F.W. 196–7 1–12, 21–32, 64–67, 70–71, Brown, H. Rap 394 83–96, 115–141, 166–171, Brown, Justice Henry 162 174–175, 177–8, 184–8, Brown, Linda 285 189–209, 224, 226, 233, 237, Brown Power 299 304–5, 311, 322, 329–336, 369, Brownell, U.S.Attorney General 371–381, 386, 388–90, 394–400 270

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Brownsville incident 171 mestizo Mexicans denied voting Buchanan, Charles see Buchanan v. rights in 258 Warley Mexican-Americans lose land to Buchanan, President James 53, 71, 78, Anglos in 259 83, 115, 375 Sections 8003 and 8004 of California Buckley, John Education Code 276, 286–7 see Corrigan v. Buckley segregation of Mexican-Americans Bureau of IndianAffairs (BIA) 156, 261, 276–7, 280–7 351, 354, 366, 390–1 see also Mendez I and Mendez II see also Indian Office whiteness of Mexicans, legislation on 258 BurkeAct (1906) 165, 172, 183, 237–8, see also Carpinteria, California; Los 240 Angeles; Southern California Burlingame Treaty 98–9, 141–2, 144–5, California Land SettlementAct (1851) 176, 179 259 Burns,Anthony 76 California Supreme Court 259–60, Bursum Bill 251 344 busing (for school desegregation) 3–4, Camarillo,Albert 257, 267 295–6, 371 Cameron, Senator James Donald 128 Butler, Brian 192 Canada 76, 100, 104, 152, 155, 268, Butler, Elizur 45–48 276 Butler, Justice 218 Cardona, Martha 293–4 Byrnes, Justice James 311 Carmichael, Stokely 299 Carolene Products footnote 307–8, CableAct (1922) 217 329 Calhoun, John C. 66–7 Carpinteria, California 276 California Carson National Forest 356 Alien Land Law 343–4 Carter, President Jimmy 306, 342 Anglo-Hispanic vigilante violence in Carter, Robert 283–5, 319, 326 257 Cass, Lewis 49 anti-Hispanic gerrymandering 258 Catawba Indians 354–5 bilingualism in laws 258, 262 Catron, Justice John 61 see also English language Chambers, Judge Claude 278 instruction Chan, Sucheng 216 citizenship of Mexicans challenged, ChandlerAct (1894) 149–50, 180, 182 in 259–60 see also Congress restricts de la Guerra, Don Pablo 258–60 immigration jurisdiction discrimination against Chinese see Chase Court 162, 167, 173, 198, 377, Chinese, California 379, 396–7 discrimination against Chase, Salmon 69 Fish and Game Code 344–5 Cherokee Cases 39–51, 78, 104, 138, see also Takahashi v. Fish and 374 Game Commission Cherokee Indians 5, 39–49, 78–81, 101, Greaser Law 258 103–4, 106–7, 115, 138, 161–2, Hispanic population of 256–8, 170, 177, 179, 182–3, 241, 374 260–61 acculturated to Euro-American ways legislation against Mexican cultural 50 practices 258 form republic 40–1

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lose land under CurtisAct 161–2 wartime alliance with 337, 345, Treaty of 1866 101, 103, 106–7, 170, 346 177 see also ChandlerAct; Sections see also CurtisAct, Trail of Tears; 8003 and 8004 Treaty of New Echota Chinese ExclusionAct of 1882 100, Chicago 209, 253, 269, 297 130, 143–5, 179, 397 Chicago Tribune 113 Chinese ExclusionAct of 1884 Chicanos see Mexican-Americans 143–5 Chickasaw 161 Chinese ExclusionAct of 1888 child labor 273 (ScottAct) 42, 143–4, 146–7, Chinese 7–9, 99–100, 141–155, 173, 179–80 210–217, 345–6 Chinese ExclusionAct of 1892: the attempt to qualify as white 222–3 GearyAct 148–50, 180–1, 219, see also Gong Lum v. Rice 373 birthright citizenship of see birthright Chinese ExclusionAct of 1902 citizenship ofAsians 153–4 California discrimination against Chinese ExclusionAct of 1904 98–9, 141, 276, 286–7 154 English language learners, 285, Choctaw Indians 48, 51, 161, 241, 296–299, 302–303 359 exclusion ended 306, 393 Christian Science Monitor 270 immigration by Circular No. 3591 330 limited (starting in 1875) 96–100, citizenship 116–7, 141–150, 153–4, 176, acquisition by Pueblo in New Mexico 179–182, 210–223, 237 246–250 permitted in 1943 306, 345–6, 370, anti-Hispanic bias in naturalization 393–4 process 255 see alsoAsiatic Barred ZonesAct; eligibility to naturalize for Chinese ExclusionActs; African-descent/Africans 8, 98, Hart-CellerAct 176, 178 land ownership by 210 Asians 8, 98–9, 106–7, 143, 151, language rights in the Philippines 154, 176, 179, 182, (spouse 220 of) 217, 221–222, 233, 306, merchants 147, 149, 181, 213, 216, 337, 343, 345–6, 370, 382–3, 218, 220, 382 393–4, 398 protection by Supreme Court from expedited for veterans 216, 222 administrative abuses 109, 116, Filipino 153, 216, 222 118, 136, 14, 144–7, 149–52, indigenous peoples ofAmericas, 172–5, 179–182, 210, 214, granted by Congress 268 219, 231, 315–6, 318, 343, Japanese, nullified by statute and 373, 378–9, 381–2, 390, Supreme Court 154, 182, 396–7 221 Puerto Rican domicile of 244, 272 Hawaii 152–3 school segregation of 276–7, 286, Florida Territory 245 293, 296 Louisiana Territory 245 treatment in EnforcementAct of Mexican Cession 239–240, 245, (May 31) 1870 97–8 258

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Mexican-American, unsuccessfully Clark,Attorney General Tom 332–5, challenged 254–5, 259–60 389 NativeAmericans Clarke, Justice John 190 granted to assimilated Indians by Clay, Henry 54, 56 DawesAct 160, 165–6 Clean WaterAct 359 granted to reservation-based Cleveland, President Grover 127–9, NativeAmericans 240, 383, 144 390 Clifford, Justice Nathan 120, 131 may/may not be diminished by Clinton, President William (Bill) Congress 165, 172, 183–4, 359 237–240, 250, 373, 378–9, Clyatt, Samuel 139–40, 186–7, 192, 382 196, 231 postponed in BurkeAct 165, 172, coal mine riots 191 183, 237–8, 240 coerced confessions 226, 310 Puerto Ricans 271–3 see also criminal due process; Due Texans 245 Process Clauses see also birth-right citizenship Cohen, Felix 104, 365 Civil RightsAct ofApril 9, 1866 89, 91, Colfax massacre 169 93, 96–8, 101, 159, 170, 177, 214, collateral estoppel 363 314 Collier, John 166, 251, 349–350, 354, Civil RightsAct of (March 1) 1875 356, 390 93, 115, 120, 123–7, 184, 207, colonizationist movement 12 376–7 see alsoAmerican Colonization Civil RightsAct of 1964 1, 2, 289–90, Society 296–8, 371 Colorado 128, 160, 240–1, 276, 278, Title II 289 295, 360–1 Title III 289 Columbus, Christopher 33 Title IV 289 Comanche 163 TitleVI 289–90, 296–8 Commerce Clause 2, 13, 44, 47, 54–5, TitleVII 289 68, 100, 127, 131–2, 158, 184–5, Civil RightsAct of 1991 372, 395, 188, 198, 207, 214, 289, 321, 400 373–4, 388, 393 civil rights enforcement see executive Commission on Civil Rights 295, 297, branch and “Administration” 333 preceded by names of presidents Commission on Wartime Relocation Civil Rights Section of the Justice and Internment 342 Department 310, 329, 333 Commissioner of Immigration 100, see also executive branch 149, 151–2, 181, 213 Civil Service Commissioners for IndianAffairs 102, desegregation of 331, 333–5, 365, 104–5, 177, 349, 390 390 common law 16–7, 21, 23, 31, 36, 111, segregation of 190, 233, 324, 380 126, 133, 398 Civil War Comprehensive Elementary and see also secession, impact on Secondary EducationAct (1988) government structure and policy 358 deaths caused by 85 Compromise of 1850 54–5, 65 fugitive slave policy during 85–7 see also Fugitive SlaveAct of see also ConfiscationActs 1850

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Confederate Congress 127 Indian tribes, accepted massive ConfiscationActs 86–7 swindle of (by executive branch) see also Civil War, fugitive slave 163–4 policy during see also Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Congress (U.S.) lame-duck passage of 1875 Civil able to pass Reconstruction RightsAct by 93, 115–6, 123, legislation due to absence of 178, 376 seceded states 84–85 manipulated Supreme Court 107 anti-peonage laws, broadening 197, overrode Court decisions upholding 389–90 Chinese rights 42, 65, 146–7, 173–4, 179–80 bans on selling liquor, guns, and overrode Court decisions upholding ammunition to Indians, ended by Indian rights see BurkeAct; 353, 391 Major CrimesAct black suffrage, imposed by, on South overrode Court denial of citizenship 90–92, 115, 376 to off-reservation Indians 160, civil rights advances (1866–1870) for 165–6, 174, 400 American Indians andAsians overrode two Court decisions that 115 weakened employee civil rights civil rights advances in 1960s of 1–2, (1991) 372, 395, 400 289–90, 371 plenary power over foreign civil rights enforcement in 1879–80, commerce/immigration refusal to fund 119 108,149, 214, 220, 231, 373, compensated Pueblo for sold land 382–3 251 poll taxes, endorsed constitutional constrained President in Indian amendment to ban in federal RemovalAct (1830) 41, 50, elections (1964) 371 80–81, 104, 395 Pueblo Indians, takes away vote from DawesAct policy, undone by 306, 246–8, 250, 254, 300–301, 349–351, 383, 390–91 383–4 deracializes immigration law see Hart Reconstruction laws protecting CellerAct (1965) and Magnuson voting rights, (1894) repeal of see voting rights, black, Act (1943) enforcement laws repealed follows President on twentieth (1894) century evolution of Indian Reese decision, response to 112 policy 349–359 restricts immigration jurisdiction of gag rule on anti-slavery petitions 64, courts 147–152, 180, 216 81, 375 school desegregation pushed ignores Southern persecution of effectively by 1–2, 277, 289–90, blacks (1876–1963) 116, 233, 371 237 Sioux Black Hills dispute, actions Indian tribes, plenary power over toward 363 157–8, 163–4, 363–4 slavery in D.C. and territories, Indian tribes, power over, limited by outlawed by 83, 86 Just Compensation Clause see treaty-abrogation power of 42, 81, American Indians, protection by 103, 116, 142, 146, 157–8, 163, Just Compensation Clause 174, 177, 179, 182, 363, 376

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see alsoAmerican Indians, CurtisAct (1898) 161–2, 166, 175, 183, assimilation-ending policy; 241–2 American Indians, Curtis, Helen 229 assimilation-promoting policy; Curtis, Michael Kent 111 American Indians, tribal termination policy; Dahl, Robert 175 anti-lynching legislation; Dallas, Texas 199 Chinese ExclusionActs; Civil Daniel, Justice Peter 64 RightsActs/EnforcementActs; Darwin, Charles 169 DawesAct; Due Process see also racial Darwinism Clauses; elected branches; Davis, John W. 204–5 FifteenthAmendment; Davis, Justice David 102–3, 110, 198 FourteenthAmendment; Hart CellerAct; Indian Bill of Rights; Dawes Commission 162, 183 Indian ReorganizationAct; Dawes [GeneralAllotment]Act (1887) MagnusonAct; PageAct; Scott 160–166, 174–5, 183, 237, Act; ThirteenthAmendment; 239–42, 250, 263, 306, 349–50, U.S. v. Kagama 382–3, 390, 397 Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) enactment of 160–61, 183 287 ended by Indian ReorganizationAct Connecticut 9, 59 166, 242, 306, 350–52, 391 contempt of court see Shipp II trial impact of 166, 242, 383 convict labor system see criminal surety rhetoric surrounding 160–62 laws Dawes, Senator Henry 160–61 Coolidge, President Calvin 218, 242 Day, Justice William 193–4, 197, “coolies” 99–100, 106, 176, 230 199–201, 208, 212, 218, 236, 274 Corrigan, Irene see Corrigan v. Buckley D.C. [District of Columbia] 48, 63, 110, Cotton Whigs 67 279, 293 Court of Claims (U.S.) 352, 363–5, 367, anti-black riot in 209 391 black enfranchisement in 90, 177 Coushatta Indians 354 racial discrimination in 8–9, 31, 178, Cover, Robert 225 198, 229, 287, 312, 314, 324, covert de jure segregation 3, 295 336, 376, 388 Creek Indians 39–40, 48–9, 81, 161, school segregation in 116, 286, 375, 396 318–9, 325, 348–9, 373, 376, criminal due process 150, 172, 180, 389, 225–9, 233–4, 237, 273–5, 291, slave code of 8–9, 14, 16, 21–2, 26, 305, 309–312, 318, 361–2, 373, 31 379, 381, 383, 390, 399 slave trade in 65, 69 criminal surety laws 195–7, 209, 231–2 slavery in 10, 83, 86 criminal trial on original jurisdiction at voting rights of blacks in 117 U.S. Supreme Court see Shipp II debt-based bondage/imprisonment see Crow Dog 156–7 peonage; criminal surety laws Cuba 22, 24, 52–3, 152, 252–3, 299 Delaware 6, 34, 42, 84, 87, 90, 124, 135, Cubans in U.S. 252–3, 272, 276, 291, 137, 184, 311, 316 297, 299–300, 383 Delgado family 281, 288 see also Florida; Hispanics Democratic Party 53, 67, 70–1, 82, 88, Currie, David 167 107, 112, 144, 196, 204

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blocks significant civil rights see also Elementary and Secondary legislation (1876–1964) 1, 116, EducationAct of 1965 118, 128, 185 of interstate transportation/travel 116, Convention of 1948 334–5 131–2, 178, 321–2, 335, 336, electoral success in 1870s–1892 91, 388 93–4, 96, 110, 118, 127, 168, see also ICC; Civil RightsAct of 178, 184–5, 376 1964 electoral success in 1964 2, 371 of labor unions 322–3, 335, 388 in Supreme Court composition 120, of public accommodations 324–5, 127, 131, 134 336, 371 see also Civil RightsAct of 1875; oppose Burlingame Treaty (1879) Civil RightsAct of 1964 142, 179 Devens, Charles 119, 127 platforms (1876 anti-Chinese) 141; DeWitt, John 337–8 (1880 anti-Chinese) 179–80; Dictionary of Races or Peoples 272 (1948 military desegregation) Dillin, John 270 334–5 discrimination repeal voting rights enforcement againstAmerican Indian (citizens) by attempt blocked 96, 119, 171, 397 laws or government 237–242 successful 114, 128, 166–7, 175, see alsoAmerican Indians, bans on 185, 202–3, 206, 378, 397 sales to;American Indians, refused to fund civil rights voting rights denied to; Burke enforcement 119, 168 Act; In re Heff; U.S. v. Nice; stop enforcing civil rights (in American Indians, 1885–1900) 128–9 segregation of see also southern Democrats, white against blacks primaries by individuals or companies see democratic vs. undemocratic quality of Corrigan v. Buckley; Shelley v. branches of U.S. Government 7 Kramer; Civil RightsAct of Democrats see Democratic party 1875; Civil RightsAct of see also Southern Democrats 1964; Open HousingAct of Denver 294, 295, 302 1968 deportation of Mexicans 264–71, 278, by laws or government 1–4, 8–13, 303, 305, 384–5 32, 87, 88, 89, 90, 98 see also Chinese, immigration by, see also affirmative action; free limited blacks; jury access of blacks; desegregation 1–4 voting rights, blacks see also Fair Employment Practices against Hispanics Board; FEPC; Hispanics, by individuals or companies 275, desegregation of; Hispanics, 280 school segregation of; NAACP by laws or government 243, 252–4, of armed forces 331, 333–5, 369, 262, 276–303 389–90 by swimming pool management of education 1–4, 93, 115, 283–4, 280 289–90, 292, 294–9, 302, creates international tension 315–319, 322, 325–6, 329, 336, 279–80 346–9, 369, 371–2, 385–6, federal racial purity test for Indian 388–9, 399 benefits 240

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disenfranchisement see voting rights Eisenhower, President Dwight D. (Ike) Dixiecrats 333, 390 asked Congress to liberalize see also Southern Democrats immigration quotas 306, 346, Doak, William 266 398 dominant national electoral coalition sends troops to enforce school 174–5, 390 desegregation in Little Rock 325 Dominguez, Dominga see Botiller v. Ekiu, Nishimura see Nishimura Ekiu v. Dominguez United States Douglas, Stephen 70, 75–6, 127 elected branches Douglas, Justice William O. 298, 365 abandon Reconstruction 130 Due Process Clauses see also election of 1874 applied to Chinese-descent persons begin excludingAsians (1875) claiming birth-right citizenship 99–100, 106–107, 141–2, 176 see birthright citizenship constitutional authority over foreign applied to non-tribal Indians on a relations, Indian policy and reservation see Duro v. Reina naturalization 81, 158, 231,307, applied in insular territories 220, 231, 370, 374, 383 383 limit the slave trade 19, 31–2, 69, 374, Asian immigrants, rights under 116, 396 147–8, 150, 152, 172, 180–82, onAmerican Indians 34, 39–51, 211–4, 220, 231 80–82, 101–108, 118, 130, 142, see also ChandlerAct; WongWing 155–7, 159–66, 170–75, 177, v. U.S. 182–4, 237–42, 245–251, 268, on rights of the accused developed 300–02, 306–307, 316, from cases ofAsians and black 349–359, 368–370, 372–5, Southerners see criminal due 377–9, 382–4, 390–400 process onAsians seeAsians on slavery, 10, 15 on free blacks see blackAmericans, Duvall, Justice Gabriel 15–16, 19, 21, treatment of by elected branches 28 on slavery (1619–1789) 6; Dyer Bill 226, 381 (1789–1835) 6–12, 13, 21–32; see also anti-lynching legislation (1836–1852) 64–70; (1853–1860) 70–71; 81–3; East St. Louis, Illinois 209 (1861–1865) 84–89 East Tennessee 84 overrode Supreme Court by new eight-hour workday 273 treaty 79–80 EisenhowerAdministration see also BurkeAct; Major Crimes deports Mexicans 270 Act; ScottAct Justice Department of, argues for take leadership on securing rights D.C. restaurant desegregation during Civil War and 324–5 Reconstruction 88–96, 106, Justice Department of argues for D.C. 114–115, 117 school desegregation 324–5, 389 ofAmerican Indians 242, 349–359, tribal termination policy of 306, 390–92 352–5, 369, 391–2 of Chinese in 1940s 345–6 see also Eisenhower, President under LBJ 1–2, 289–291, 304–305, Dwight 336, 369, 371, 386, 394, 398

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under Truman 329–336, 369, 371, Environmental ProtectionAgency 386–390, 394, 398 (EPA) 358–9 undemocratic aspects 7 Equal Educational OpportunitiesAct election of 1874 93–4, 106, 110, 115, (1974) 299 118, 120, 128, 168–9, 174–5, 178, Equal EmploymentAct (1974) 365 184, 397 Equal Protection Clause 110–11, 113, election of 1892 128 126, 145, 174–5, 179, 211, 218, Electoral College 10, 66, 70, 84, 94, 225, 230, 234, 285, 291, 293, 296, 118, 127 298, 314, 323, 340–41, 343–5, electorate, mood of, 347, 348, 386, 389 post-Reconstruction, 94, 127, 168 equity jurisdiction 133–4, 137 Elementary and Secondary Education Eskimos 356 Act (1965) (EASA) 2, 290, 297, Europe 5–6, 19, 30, 33–8, 43, 46, 79, 371 105, 161, 216, 222, 245, 252, 255, Elk, John 159, 249 263, 281, 296, 299, 307–8, 338, Elman,Assistant Solicitor General 369 Philip 325 see also slave trade, international emancipation of slaves 29, 85–89 Evans, Governor John 133 by border states 87 Evansville, Indiana race riot 192 by Congress ExclusionActs see Chinese Exclusion in D.C. 85 Acts in territories 86 executive branch see also ConfiscationActs; closed post office to anti-slavery ThirteenthAmendment; mailings 12, 81, 375 ReconstructionActs enforcement of 1960s Civil Rights by own wartime actions 85–7 Acts produces actual school by WestVirginia 87 desegregation 2, 277, 289–90 Emancipation Proclamation 87, 127, focus on federal election prosecutions 372, 376 112, 119–22 Embry, John 203 see alsoArticle I, Section 4 Emerson, John 71–4 funded efforts to eliminate Endo, Mitsuye see Ex Parte Endo public-accommodation EnforcementAct of (May 31) 1870 discrimination against Latinos 91–3, 95, 97–8, 112, 114–5, 128, 279–81, 385 141,176,178, 215, 388 opposed birth-right citizenship for Section 16 of 97–8, 141, 176, 215 Asians 150–51 EnforcementAct of 1871 see Ku Klux opposed judicial access toAsians KlanAct of (April 20) 1871 claiming birth-right citizenship enfranchisement see voting rights for re-entry 151–52 English language instruction 257, 279, prosecutions of lynching 129–30 292–4, 296 prosecutions of peonage see peonage see also English Language Learners prosecutions of English Language Learners (ELL) 285, prosecutions protect blacks in South 295–299, 302–303, 385 until 1885 vi, 92, 94–6, 109, 113, English literacy voting requirement see 117, 119, 121, 128–9, 168–9, voting rights, English literacy 178, 184, 377 requirement Pueblo Indians, challenged special Entin, Jonathan 321 legal status of 248, 300–301

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stationed thousands of marshals in 20) 1871;VotingRightsAct of South to protect voters 119–120 1965; white primaries see also criminal surety; ICC and Equal Protection Clause substitution segregation; names of 225 presidential administrations; Fuller Court eviscerates 132–139, prosecution of Southern police; 185–7, 202, 378 Shipp II trial original intent 136, 241 Executive Order 8802 331 Southern efforts (successful) to evade Executive Order 9066 337 132–139, 169–70, 185–7 Executive Order 9102 337 state action requirement under 111–112, 114, 116, 121–2, 168, Executive Order 9346 331 178, 185–6, 376, 397 Executive Order 9980 333, 390 see also grandfather clauses; voting Executive Order 9981 333, 390 rights; white primaries FifthAmendment 10, 75, 148, 150, 173, facially neutral laws administered with 220, 234, 286, 319, 323, 340–41, racial bias 123–5, 134–9, 168, 378 348, 361, 363–4, 389 see also Giles v. Harris; Giles v. see also Due Process Clauses Teasley; Margold, Nathan; filibuster Williams v. Mississippi;Yick Wo kills 1889–90 attempt at voting rights v. Hopkins; jury access black protection 127–8, 185 Americans Filipinos 153, 162, 244, 305, 345 Fair Employment Practices Board 334 cultural autonomy of 274 Fair Employment Practices Committee immigration cap on 305, 393 see FEPC ofAsian descent 153, 216, 221–2, fair trial requirement see criminal due 233 process of Spanish descent 244 farming as giving moral authority over see also Philippines nomadic Indians’land 34, 37–8 Fillmore, President Millard 70, 76 see also Pueblo Indians, special legal FirstAmendment 12, 64, 113, 366, 375, status of Five Civilized Tribes 161, 183, 240 FDR see Roosevelt, Franklin D. Florida 2, 49, 72, 81, 91–2, 120, 129, Federal PowerAct 368 135, 140, 186, 195, 226, 243–5, Federal Power Commission (FPC) see 251–4, 297, 299, 310, 320, 329, FPC v. Tuscarora 343 Federalist #10 39, 83, 170–71, 395 Constitution (1845) 252 Federalist #51 171, 395 Cubans in 252–3 Federalist #78 83, 170–71, 395 Hispanic population overwhelmed FEPC (Fair Employment Practices early 251–2 Committee) 331, 335 Foley, Neil 280 Field, Justice Stephen 99, 108, 144–6 Fong, Chin 213–4, 231 FifteenthAmendment 91–3, 159, 178, Footnote Four see Carolene Products 248, 260 footnote enforcement of see EnforcementAct ForakerAct (1900) 271 of (May 31) 1870; executive “forced busing” see busing for school branch prosecutions protect desegregation blacks in South; Ku Klux Klan Ford, President Gerald 342 Act (EnforcementAct) of (April Forsyth, Senator (GA) 41

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Fort Hall Reservation 163 northern state interference with 13, Fort Sumter 85 59 Fortas, JusticeAbe 293 rescinded by Congress (1864) 87 FourteenthAmendment 90–1, 97, 101, Fugitive Slave Clause of U.S. 111, 113–5, 125, 129, 132, 136, Constitution 11, 31, 54, 57, 62–3, 139, 145, 151, 158–9, 168, 170, 69, 86 174, 176–8, 184, 201–202, 208, Fugitive Slave Law see Fugitive Slave 211, 220, 225–6, 229–30, 234, Act 249, 273, 280, 298, 309, 314, 319, fugitive slave policy during Civil War 324, 341, 348, 357, 379, 397 see Civil War fugitive policy ratification of 88, 91, 178, 379 Fuller, Chief Justice Melville 113, 127, Section 2 of 129, 202 133–134, 146, 166, 336, 378, see also Equal Protection Clause; Due Process Clauses; Privileges Fuller Court 125, 127, 130–41, 146–53, or Immunities Clause 162–7,170–76, 179–99, 205, FPC see FPC v. Tuscarora 207–8, 210, 214, 230–31, 233, Frank, Leo 234–6, 383 237, 311, 317–8, 336, 362–3, 369, Frankfurter, Professor/Justice Felix 378–81, 386–7, 396 236, 307–8, 365 onAsians146–153; 172–6, 179–82, Franklin, John Hope 127 210–11,214, 231, 318, 378–9, Frantz, Laurent 125, 127 381, 383, 396 free blacks on blacks 127, 130–41, 166–7, see also Negro Seamen’s Laws; 170–71, 175, 185–8, 202, 205, discrimination, against blacks 207, 230–31, 233, 311, 317–8, barring or expelling from a state 9, 369, 378–80, 386–7, 396 67–8 on Indians 162–5, 171–6, 183–4, 237, equal citizenship of (Supreme Court, 240, 362–3, 379, 381, 396 1793) 13–14; (U.S.Attorney fundamental fairness, denials of see General) 74 criminal due process; coerced meetings banned in D.C. 9 confessions no citizen rights, per Supreme Court of Dred Scott (1857) see Taney Garcia, Hector P.290 Court on free blacks Garfield, President James 94, 119, 142 population of (1860) 85 Garfield (James)-Arthur (ChesterA.) restricted land acquisition of, 71, 83, Administration 94, 119 376 GearyAct see Chinese ExclusionAct of free black sailors see Negro Seamen’s 1892 Laws General Federation of Women’s Clubs Free Soil Party 70 251 Freedmen’s Bureau 88–9, 177 Gentleman’sAgreement 155, 182, 215 “Freedom national, slavery local” 57 Georgia 1, 9, 13, 27, 29, 43–4, 49, 81, Fugitive SlaveAct of 1793 13, 57–9, 63 91, 192, 196, 199, 310–12, 329, Northern state interference with 13, 333, 387 58–9 anti-Indian laws of 39–42, 80, 104 Southern state recapture, after Prigg behavior toward Tassels of 42–3 63–4, 67 grandfather clause of 203 Fugitive SlaveAct of 1850 13, 54, 64–5, lynching of Jew in 234 67, 69, 76–7, 81–2, 86 see also Frank v. Magnum

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ouster of all black legislators 92 Guam 152–3, 233, 244, 272–3, readmitted to Congress 91 345 school segregation 139, 198, 387 Guantanamo 152 see also Cummings v. Richmond Guenther, Daniel vii, 373 treatment of Worcester decision Guinn, Frank 203–6 43–48, 78, 103–4, 138, 172–3, 374 habeas corpus see writ of habeas corpus German sabotage 338 Hall, Matthew vii, 373 Germans 338 Hamilton,Alexander 4–6, 31, 107, 372, German-Americans 338 400 Giles, Jackson 137–8 see also Federalist #78 see also Giles v Harris, Giles v. Hamilton, Charles 299 Teasley Hampton, Wade 94, 119, 169 Glass, Carter 138 Hansberry, Lorraine 314 Glover, Joshua 76–7 hard labor see WongWing v. U.S. GNC (Neighbor Commission of Texas) Harding, President Warren G. 218, 226, 280–1 251, 265–6, 303, 381 Goff, Nathan 132–5 orders Mexicans deported (1921) Goldwater, Barry, candidacy of 2, 371 265–6, 303 Gomez-Quinones, Juan 256 supports anti-lynching bill 226, 381 Gonzales, Porfirio 288–9 Harlan, Justice John [the first] 124, Graber, Mark vii, 174–5 131–2, 135, 138, 140, 144–5, 159, graduate/professional school 182, 190, 193–4, 198 desegregation 315–9, 325–9, 334, Harlem 223 336, 386, 389, 399 Harrison, President Benjamin 127 see also names of cases in these Harrison, President William Henry 54 discussions Hart-CellarAct 346, 370, 394, 398 grandfather clauses 202–7, 232–3, 237, Harvard Law Review 304 240, 313, 380, 386 Hawaii 144, 152–5, 220, 231, 233, 262, see also FifteenthAmendment; 356, 360, 383 voting rights, black Hawaii OrganicAct (1900) 152–3 Grant, Madison 161 Hayes, President Rutherford B. 45, 105, Grant, Ulysses S. 93, 107, 176 109, 177 (administration of) enforced protection of Southern blacks election of 94, 118 92, 94–6, 109, 114, 119–120, pattern of protection of blacks in 176, 178, 184 South 94, 95, 119, 169 begins restrictions onAsian vetoes restriction of Chinese immigration 99–100, 106–7, immigration 142–3, 179, 377 141–2, 176 vetoes Democratic efforts to repeal Peace Policy of 40, 105–6, 177 civil rights laws 96, 119 re-election in 1872 94 HCR see House Concurrent Resolution Graves, James 43 Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), Gray, Justice Horace 159, Department of 298 Great White Hope 192, Helena,Arkansas 225 Greensburg, Indiana race riot 192 Heong, Chew 144–6 Greenville, South Carolina 199 see also U.S. v. Chew Heong

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Hernandez, Kelly Lytle 269 calls for greater appropriations for Hernandez, Pete 291–2 Indians and rejects assimilation see also Hernandez v. U.S. 242, 349, 383, 390 HEW see Health, Education and deports Mexicans and Welfare Mexican-Americans 266, 278, Hirabayashi, Gordon 342 303 see also Hirabayashi v. U.S. House Concurrent Resolution 108 Hispanics 243–304, 370, 375, 385, 396, (HCR 108) 353, 392 398 Houston, Charles 322 Census Bureau politics concerning Houston, Texas 224 267–8 Howard, Benjamin C. 69–70 Equal-Protection-Clause-relevant Howard, John 167, 190 minority 243, 291–2 interbranch comparison on support Hoxie, Fred 161, 241 for 299–303, 385, 398 Hughes Court 223–5, 304 political clout of 262–3, 268, 303 on rights ofAsians 305 preference among, for on rights of blacks 225–6, 304, nationality-based identification 307–13, 315, 317–8, 320–21, 268 336, 369, 386–8 school desegregation of 276–91 Hughes, Justice/Chief Justice Charles precedent for black-white 52, 190, 193, 199–200, 208, desegregation 276, 277, 280, 211–12, 224 (off-court), 234, 304, 281–9, 292, 296–299, 319, 315, 317 326, 346–9, 370, 385, 399 Hunt, Justice Ward 112 tri-ethnicity issue 294–5, 302, 385 see also English Language ICC (Interstate Commerce Learners Commission) and segregation 185, school segregation of 198, 320–2, 334, 388 not openly de jure 256, 257, 261–2, Ickes, Harold 350, 352, 390–92 264, 276–9, 295 Idaho 163, 210, 241 rationalized by English-language Illinois 28, 35, 39, 67, 72, 77, 127, deficiency 261, 279 191–3, 209, 360 see also citizenship; Cubans; Denver; see also Chicago, East St. Louis, deportation of Mexicans; Springfield (Illinois) Hernandez v. Texas; Mexicans; names of states in Southwest; immigration Puerto Ricans; voting rights see also Chinese; ExclusionActs; Hoar, George 127–8, 185 Japanese; Hispanics; Hoar-Lodge Bill 127–8, 185 ImmigrationAct of 1907; Hoffman, Daniel 373 ImmigrationAct of 1917; Holmes, Justice Oliver Wendell 137–8, ImmigrationAct of (May 26) 190, 193–4, 197, 200, 206, 208, 1924; names of presidents 225, 234–7, 383, 399 beginning with 1881; Holyfield case Luce-CellerAct; MagnusonAct see Mississippi Band of Choctaw v. employment skills quotas on see Holyfield Hart-CellerAct HomesteadActs 59, 159, 263 hemisphere-based caps in 1965 on Hoover, President Herbert 308 see Hart-CellerAct

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nationality-based quotas for 216, 269, Indian Office 237 271, 345–6, 394 see also Bureau of IndianAffairs; unlawful, from Mexico begins with Indian Bureau ImmigrationAct of 1917 265 Indian Religious Crimes Code 161 unlawful, from Mexico in the Indian Removal 12, 39–51, 80–81, 83, 1940s–1950s 268–271 101, 104, 374–5 ImmigrationAct of 1907 212–4 see alsoAmerican Indians ImmigrationAct of 1917 seeAsiatic Indian RemovalAct (1830) 12, 41, Barred ZoneAct 49–50, 80–81, 104, 395 see also immigration, unlawful Indian Reorganization (Wheeler ImmigrationAct of (May 26) 1924 Howard)Act (1934) 242, 350–51, 216–8, 265 365, 391 Immigration and NationalityAct of 1952 see McCarran WaltersAct see also Merriam Report; John Immigration and NationalityAct of Collier 1965 see Hart CellerAct Indian Self-Determination and imperial ambitions of presidents 233 EducationAssistanceAct 1975 India, people from 7, 215, 221, 345, 356 382, 383 Indian Wars 39, 105, 156, 177, 394 Indian agents 105, 177, 248, 300–01, caused by buffalo extermination 105 IndianArts and CraftsAct of 1935 symptom of violence in U.S. history 351–2, 391 394 Indian Bill of Rights see Indian Civil Indian WelfareAct (1936) 351 RightsAct of 1968 Indiana 39, 59, 192, 201 Indian Bureau 242 Indians seeAmerican Indians see also Indian Office; Bureau of INS 269–70 IndianAffairs Insular Cases 153, 271 Indian Centers 355 insular territories see Guam, Hawaii, Indian Child WelfareAct (1978) 356–7, Pacific Islands, Puerto Rico, and 359 Samoa Indian Civil RightsAct of 1968 306, intangible factors 286, 289, 326, 328, 354, 359, 361 347, 389 Indian Civil RightsAct of 1991 361, interAmerican trade relations see trade 392–3 relations Indian Civilian Conservation Corps interbranch comparisons, 350, 390 Marshall Court years on Indians Indian Claims Commission 352, 363, Marshall Court years, as to black 365, 391 Americans Indian Claims CommissionAct (1946) interdependence of minority group 352, 363, 365, 391 rights 233–7, 282–6, 315–320, Indian Country CrimesAct (1790) 360 325–6, 346–9, 370, 383, 386, 389, Indian Health Care ImprovementAct 398–9 (1976) 356 inter-ethnic tensions 292–5 Indian Health Service 356 Interior, Department of the 316, 349, Indian Land ConsolidationAct (1991) 354, 356 358 Interior, Secretary of 157, 159–60, Indian Mineral DevelopmentAct 162–3, 166, 174, 182–3, 238, 242, (1982) 358 251, 350–5,1, 355, 390–92

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Interstate CommerceAct (1887) 185, Japanese-American Evacuation Claims 188,198, 320 Act (1948) 342 see also desegregation of interstate Japanese-Americans transportation/travel; FDR apology received from U.S. Administration; Truman government 305–6, 342 Administration cases intertwined with those of blacks Interstate Commerce Commission see see interdependence of minority ICC group rights Italian-Americans 338 compensation/reparations received Italians 338 from U.S. government 306, 342 school segregation of see Japanese, Jackson,Andrew 51, 68, 104 school segregation of closed post office to anti-slavery wartime relocation and incarceration essays 12, 32, 64–5, 69–70, 81 286–7, 292, 305, 318, 333, constrained by Congress as to Indian 337–42, 344, 370, 393 Removal 41, 50, 395 see also Japanese Indian Removal initiated by 41, 81 Jay Treaty 10 intervention in Worcester v. Georgia JaybirdAssociation 314, 388 45, 48, 374 Jefferson, Thomas, 26, 30 military intervention inAlabama to Indian policy of 40 aid Indians 49–50, 374–5, Jeffries , Jim 192 395–96, 400 Jehovah Witnesses 307 Jackson County, Texas 243, 291 Jenckes, Joseph 277–8 Jackson, Justice Robert 321 Jew, lynching of see Frank, Leo Japanese Jim Crow see segregation see also Gentleman’sAgreement; Johnson, Jack (boxer) 192–3 Japanese-Americans Johnson, Justice William 13, 15, 24, attempts to qualify as “white,” 7, 221 26–8, 68, 374 deportation, rights against 148, 181 Johnson-O’MalleyAct (1934) 350, 356, education rights protected by 390 Supreme Court 220, 231 Johnson, PresidentAndrew 84, 87–91, espionage ring discovered 338 107, 115, 177–8, 396 immigration by 99, 148, 154–155, Johnson, President Lyndon B. (LBJ) 171, 180–82, 214–6, 345–6, 370, 281 393–4 emphasized economic assistance in land ownership/leasing by 210, his Indian policy 355, 357 214–5, 268, 276–7, 344, 389 ended race bias in immigration law school segregation of 154–5, 171, 306, 346, 394, 398 182, 286 Justice Department of, enforcement Supreme Court treatment in activity 304–5, 371 immigration/deportation cases legislative accomplishments for civil 148, 180–182, 222 rights 1–2, 304–305, 336, 369, wartime relocation and incarceration 371, 386, 394 see Japanese-American, wartime rose from vice-presidency 369, 371, relocation and incarceration 386, 394 Japanese-American Citizens’League Johnson, Thomas and Joshua 35–9 (JACL) 287–8, 314, 342–3 Jones, Judge Joseph 279

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Jones ShafrothAct of 1917 153, 272–3, Kenney, Robert 276 275 Kentucky 10, 63, 71, 73, 77, 82, 87, 110, judicial independence (from electoral 124, 131, 139, 184–5, 187–8, 193, retaliation) 4–5, 7, 84, 372 198–200, 207–8, 232, 308, 311–2, see also Mark Graber 386 juror qualifications 93, 123–5, 135–7, Kido, Saburo 287 273, 292, 312 King, Martin Luther jury access assassination of 2 American Indians 48–9, 376 protests led by 1 blackAmericans 9, 93, 115, 120, Kiowa 163 123–5, 135–8, 168–9, 174, 178, KKK see Ku Klux Klan 184–6, 193, 201–2, 225, 232–3, Klamath Indians 291, 376, 386–7 Klan-like terrorism see Ku Klux Klan; Hispanic-American 262, 273–5, mob violence, white against black; 291–2, 302, 309, 311–12, 385 White League Pacific Islanders 273–5 Klarman, Michael 129, 191–2, 206, Just Compensation Clause see 226, 316, 332 Congress, Indian tribes, power Korea 154–5, 182, 215, 220, 222, 297, over limited by 343, 345–6, 370, 390, 394 Justice Department 94–6, 114, 119, Korematsu, Fred 305–6, 342, 370 129–30, 139–40, 144, 147, see also Korematsu v. U.S 149–51, 164, 169, 171, 175, Kousser, Morgan 129 191–2, 194–7, 203–4, 206, Kristallnacht 308 209–10, 231, 233, 234, 237–8, Ku Klux Klan 92–3, 103, 109, 178, 202, 240, 290, 298, 304, 310–11, 224 320–22, 325–6, 329–35, 339, 344, Ku Klux KlanAct (EnforcementAct) of 367, 371, 378–9, 387–9 (April 20) 1871 91–3, 95, 114–5, see also executive branch; names of 125, 128, 178 presidential administrations Kwock Jan Fat 212

Kansas 59, 71, 102–3, 115, 162–3, 173, labor shortage due to Chinese exclusion 177, 183, 210, 284–5, 360 143, 154 Kansas-NebraskaAct (1854) 70–71, Lamar, Justice Joseph 190, 194, 205–6 75–6, 82–3, 115, 376 Lamar, Justice L.Q.C. 119, 127, 169 Kelly, Harbison, and Belz 125 language of instruction conflict KennedyAdministration see Kennedy, produces school segregation of President John Hispanics 257 Kennedy, President John F. (JFK) LatinAmerica 280–81, 302 asked Congress to remove race-based see also Cuba; Mexico; Puerto Rico aspects of immigration law 1, LatinAmerican descent see Hispanics 346, 394, 398 Latinos see Hispanics assassination of 1, 371 Lau family (of Lau v. Nichols) 296–299 ended tribal termination policy 306, law journals 284, 304 392 LBJ see Johnson, Lyndon B. promised respect for tribal culture Lecompton Constitution 71, 83, 115, 306, 355, 392 376 proposed Civil RightsAct 1 Lee, General Robert E. 85

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Lemon Grove School District 278 Lurton, Justice Horace 190, 194, 205 Lewis, William H. 171 lynchings 128–30, 184–5, 187–9, “liberty and Union, now and forever” 54 192–3, 197, 208, 218, 226–230, Lincoln, PresidentAbraham 75, 107, 332–3, 335, 378, 380–81, 389 120, 394 see also anti-lynching legislation; assassination of, 88 Shipp II; U.S. v. Harris Attorney General of, 74 lynch-mob-type trials see criminal due election of, 70, 75, 83–5, 115, 394 process emancipation of slaves 85, 89, 115, 372 Madisonville, Kentucky 199 First InauguralAddress 86 MagnusonAct (1943) 345 permits blacks into military 88 Major CrimesAct of 1885 130, 157, promotes Freedmen’s Bureau 88, 177 promotes ThirteenthAmendment 89 159, 172, 174, 182, 360–61, 377 Ling, (federal district) Judge 289 Maine 9, 59 LiteracyAct of 1917 seeAsiatic Barred MALDEF see MexicanAmerican Legal ZonesAct Defense literacy tests Maltz, Earl 76, for immigration 265 Manumission Society of NewYork 4–5 for naturalization 294 march on Washington (threatened, for voting 136, 184, 202–3, 205–6, 1941) 331, 335 240–2, 263–4, 384 Marcus, David 281–2, 284, 287 see also voting rights, English Margold, Nathan 315–9, 325–6 literacy requirement;Voting Marshall Court vii, 8–51, 52, 80, 172, RightsAct of 1965 and 173, 374, 396 subheadings thereof cases on circuit re: free blacks see Little Rock,Arkansas 325 Negro Seamen’s Laws Livingston, Justice Henry 23 not as anti-slavery as John Quincy Lodge, Henry Cabot 127–128, 185 AdamsAdministration 31–32, Lone Wolf, Chief see Lone Wolf v. 81, 374, 396 Hitchcock on free blacks, 13–14 LosAngeles 253–4, 257, 282, 288–9, protective of Indian rights more than 337 elected branches were 50–51, bans selling guns/liquor to 374, 375, 396 “Mexicans” 264 treatment of slavery 13–32, 81, 374, calls for deporting Mexicans 264–5 396 see also Southern California treatment of Indians 33–51, 374, 396 Louisiana 23, 26, 72, 88, 91–3, 114, Marshall, John 15 120, 129, 130–1, 135, 139, 178, enforcement of Worcester v. Georgia 184–5, 189, 203, 210, 245, 252, 48, 374 254, 312–3, 329, 333, 386 maneuvering in Cherokee v. Georgia Louisiana Purchase 40, 104, 243–5 44–5 Louisville, Kentucky 1, 199, 209, 232 on (state-level) deviation from a prior Love, Charles 224 treaty 103, 108, 172–3, 366–7 Luce-CellerAct (1946) 345, reasoning in Cherokee v. Georgia LULAC 278–81, 287–8, 294, 296 43–4 Lum, Gong 222–3 reasoning in Johnson and Graham’s Lung, JungAh 146, 172, 179, 377 Lessee v. McIntosh 36–9

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reasoning in Worcester v. Georgia segregation and desegregation of see 45–8, 138 Hispanics, school desegregation; sympathy for Indians 44–45 Hispanics, school segregation see also Marshall Court service in World War I 265 Marshall, Thurgood 277, 283–4, 319, Mexican Cession 243–251, 253–264 322, 326, 331, 360–1 Mexican citizenship martial law 107 of Pueblo Indians prior to Mexican Martinez, Julia 359 Cession 245–6 Maryland vii, 14, 16, 28, 30, 35, 51, option within Mexican Cession 245 60–62, 69, 72, 77, 83, 87, 91, 121, Mexican civil wars 260 199, 201, 203–4, 206 Mexican Revolution 260, 264–5 Massachusetts 6, 9, 59, 72, 127, 160, “Mexican schools” 190 see Hispanics, school desegregation; McCarran WaltersAct (Immigration Hispanics, school segregation and NationalityAct of 1952) 345 Mexican War 66, 82, 244, 256–7 McCormick, Federal District Court Mexicans Judge Paul 282–9 braceros program for see braceros see also Mendez I program McIntosh, William 35 deported see deportation of Mexicans see also Johnson v. McIntosh executed by hundreds in Texas 264 McKinley, Justice John 55–6, 61 joined the U.S. under Treaty of McKinley, President William 149–152, Guadalupe Hidalgo 243–251, 164, 183, 233 253–264 McLean, Justice 15, 29, 55–7, 62–3, 67, peonage system of 230 75 whiteness of, issue in California McReynolds,Attorney General/Justice 258–260 James 190, 204–5, 235 see also Hispanics Means, Russell 355–6 Mexico, government of 265 Menchaca, Martha 249, 255–6, 259 allows recovery of U.S.-owned oil Mendez, Gonzalo 277–8, 280–2 fields 265–6 see also Mendez I and II assists in and promotes deportation of Mendez, Felicita Gomez 277–8, 280–2 Mexican workers from U.S. see also Mendez I and II 267–71 Menominee Indians 353–5, 367–8 confiscates U.S. property without Merriam Report 242, 349, 383, 390 compensation 265–6 MexicanAmerican Legal Defense and pressures Texas to open public Education Fund (MALDEF) 296 accommodations to Mexicans Mexican-Americans 279–281, 303, 385 see also Hispanics U.S. army stationed at border of 264 as object of federal policies 264–271, see also Hart CellerAct; Immigration 291–304 Act of 1917; Mexican Cession legally white Michigan 59, 321, 329, 341, 388 for jury duty see Hernandez v. migration to North of blackAmericans Texas 191 for school desegregation see Keyes MilitaryArea 1 337 v. School District … Denver Miller, Justice Samuel 108–9, 112, 122, Mexican patriotism fostered among 131, 157–8 267 Minnesota 128, 240–41, 353, 392

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miscegenation, laws against see Murray, Pauli 287 anti-miscegenation laws Muscat 215 Mississippi (state of) 10, 12, 39–40, 48–49, 51, 54–6, 80–81, 84, 89, NAACP 128, 192, 197, 200, 204, 209, 91–3, 127, 129, 131, 135, 137, 224, 226, 278, 283, 285, 287–8, 161, 167, 175, 185–6, 198, 205, 314–6, 319, 321–2, 326, 331, 337, 222–3, 226, 308–309, 312, 316, 344, 346, 348 321, 334, 359, 383, 386–8, 399 Nashville Convention of 1850 66–7 Missouri 28–9, 70, 72–5, 87, 91, 199, National Conference of Christians and 308 Jews/National Conference for Missouri Compromise (1820) 10–11, Community and Justice 224 70, 72, 75, 115, 376 National Congress ofAmerican Indians mob-dominated trials see criminal due process 354–5 mob violence 373, 394 National Indian Forest Resources by abolitionists, to free slaves/each ManagementAct (1990) 358 other 76–9, 394 National Lawyers’Guild 287 against abolitionists 69, 394 National Railway Union 335, 388 against Chinese immigrants 142, NationalityAct (1940) 240, 268, 273 145–6, 179, 394 NativeAmerican Graves Protection and against Indians 49–51, 80–81, 104 RepatriationAct (1990) 358, 392 against white Republicans in the NativeAmericans seeAmerican Indians South 91, 112, 224, 376 NaturalizationAct see 1870 betweenAnglos and NaturalizationAct and 1906 Mexican-Americans 255, 257 NaturalizationAct black against white 2, 289, 394 naturalization see citizenship, eligibility in “bloody Kansas” 71 to naturalize for interracial 171, 209 Nazi Germany 282 white against black 1, 3, 87, 91–94, Nebraska 159, 211, 220, 353–5, 392 112, 119–23, 125–6, 128–30, Negro Seamen’s Laws 12–13, 31–32, 141, 168–70, 184–7, 191–3, 67–68, 86, 374, 396 196, 202, 204, 208, 224–5, 233, Nelson, Justice 75, 102 325, 332–3, 335, 376–8, 380, Nevada 128, 136, 241 397 Newmyer, Kent 16–7 see also lynchings New Mexico 210–11, 241, 244, 256, mobilized dominant national coalition 261–4, 278, 295, 300–301, 353, see Mark Graber; Robert Dahl 362, 384, 391 Monroe, Georgia 333 Anglo-Mexican balance, compared to Monroe, Military Governor John 246 Arizona 250–51, 261–3 Montana 165, 210, 240–41, 362 attainment of statehood 261–3 Moody, Justice William 139–40, 190, bilingualism in statutes and local 194 offices 262 Mooresville, North Carolina 199 census classes all non-Pueblo Morgan, Margaret 60–62 Mexicans in, as white 261 Murphy, Justice Frank 307, 310, English mandatory in schools and 329–330 state-level offices 262 see also Roosevelt, Franklin D., Pueblo in, 245–251, 254 Administration of see also Pueblo Indians

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New Orleans 1, 22, 131, 252 322, 325–6, 328–9, 350–51, 386, race riot (anti-black) 112, 192 389, 399 residential segregation law 199, 201, battle over grandfather clause 202–6, 229 313, 386 NewYork 4–6, 53, 66, 72–4, 94, 102–3, Oklahoma City 3, 199 162–3, 173, 177, 183, 185, 252–3, Omaha 159, 209, 249 292–3, 297, 302, 324 Oman 215 see alsoVotingRightsAct of 1965 Open HousingAct of 1968 2 NewYork City race riot (anti-black) 87, Operation Wetback 270–71 192 Orange County, California see Mendez I NewYork Times 78–9, 132–5, 284 and Mendez II NewYork Tribune 65 Oregon 9, 88, 210, 337, 353–4, 367, 392 Nieman, Donald 122 Oyama family 343–344 Nixon, Lawrence 224–5 Nixon, President Richard Pacific empire 152–4 Administration of see alsoAmerican Samoa, Filipinos; footdragging on desegregation Guam; Hawaii; Philippines 371–2 PageAct (1875) 99–100, 106–8, 115–6, HEW 297–299 141–2, 176 Justice Department of 298 Page, Congressman Horace 99–100 promoted bilingual education Papy, Mariano D. 252 297–299 Parker, Ely 102 urged Congress to enact repeal of patronage jobs for blackAmericans tribal termination Resolution 190, 233 355–6 peaceable assembly, right of 113, 307 Noel, Linda 263 Pearl Harbor attack 337, 393 Nogueroa, Eugenio 280 Peckham, Justice Rufus 190 Non-DetentionAct (1971) 242 Pennsylvania 5–6, 13, 52–3, 56–63, 65, Noonan, John 20 72, 77, 128, 375, 380 Norfolk,Virginia 199, 207 peonage, 230 North Carolina 91–2 120, 129, 191, prosecutions of 140, 195–6, 233, 311, 329–30, 380 199, 203, 329, 341 Fuller Court cases on 130, 139–141, Northern style race riot 191–2 186–7, 192–3, 231, 378, 380 Stone Court cases on 311, 329–30, Obama, President Barack 371 387 OCIAA 280–81, 385 White Court cases on 189, 192–8, Office of Civil Rights 290 207–8, 231, 232, 380 Office of [the Coordinator of] Personal Liberty Laws 13, 58–9, 62, 65 Inter-AmericanAffairs see Philippines 152–4, 216, 244, 262, 273, OCIAA 297, 305, 346 Office of Economic Opportunity 281 Constitution 220, 323, 340 Ohio 39, 59, 63, 66, 73, 82, 190, 192, jury trial absent 274 207–8 see also Filipinos Oklahoma 3, 129, 162–4, 199–200, Pierce, President Franklin 53, 71, 77, 83 202–6, 209, 238, 240–42, 265, Pitney, Justice Mahlon 190, 208, 218, 283–4, 288–9, 308, 312–3, 318–9, 236

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Polk, President 53 presidential vetoes poll taxes 136, 202, 241, 371 of civil rights laws (byAndrew Ponca Indians 354–5 Johnson) 88–90, 176–8 PopeAlexanderVI 33 of repeal of voting rights enforcement Population laws 142, 171, 397 1860: black, slave and non-slave 85 of restrictions onAsian immigration 1860: white 85 143, 154, 171, 175, 179, 181, 1870 & 1880: Cuban in U.S. 252 215, 265, 310, 345, 377, 382, 1965: non-Anglophone 297 395 growth greater in antebellum free President’s Committee on Civil Rights (northern) states and territory 66, 333, 335, 353, 389 83–4 Prigg, Edward 60–62 increase of whites hurt Indians 38–9 primary, whites only see white primary Mexican-born in U.S. 253–4, 256–7, laws 260 Privileges or Immunities Clause 113–4, Pueblo in Mexican Cession 245 122 Puerto Rican (blacks) 244, (mainland professional school, desegregation of vs. island) 275 see graduate/professional school US-bornAsian (by 1920) 218 desegregation see also New Mexico, Progressive Party 190–91, 204, 224 Anglo-Mexican balance; Santa Progressivism 189, 191, 241 Barbara Prohibition 273 Populist Party 224, 254 prosecution (federal) of Southern police Portsmouth,Virginia 199 310, 330, 334–6 Portugal 19, 25, 52 see also executive branch Post office closure to anti-slavery tracts prosecutions; Shipp II trial see executive branch closed prostitutes 99–100, 108, 142 post-office public accommodation, access to Powell, Justice Lewis 3–4 for blacks (all races/nationalities) 2, power balance between slave states and 93, 115, 120, 125–7, 178, 184, free states 1820–1860 see 289, 376–7 population growth greater in for Hispanics 279–281, 385 antebellum free (northern) states Public Law 77–503 337 and territory Public Law No. 103–344 358 Prejudice and Property: An Historic Public Law 280 353–4 Brief Against Racial Covenants Pueblo Indians 33 All-Pueblo Council 251 President (U.S.) citizens in Mexico 245, 383–4 1894 amendment to ScottAct Isleta Pueblo 359 (Chinese) 144 lose special status as exempt from diplomatic intervention on behalf of “Indian” legislation 248–251, Chinese 144 383–84 Gentleman’sAgreement (Japan) Pueblo LandsAct of 1924 251 155 Santa Clara Pueblos 239, 359 see also Emancipation Proclamation; special legal status of 245–51, executive branch; Burlingame 300–302, 383–4 treaty; and names of individual see also U.S. v. Joseph; U.S. v. presidents Ritchie

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Taos Pueblo 356, 392 readmission to Congress of seceded territory of 247–8, 250–251 states 89, 91, 93 voting rights Reagan, President Ronald 306, 358 restored by federal court (1948) Reconstruction 250, 384 see also particular state names; taken away by Congress see readmission to Congress Congress, Pueblo, takes away Congressional rules for 90–91 vote death of, see also citizenship, acquisition in reasons for 85, 112–4, 117, New Mexico 120–130, 166–70 timing of 94–6, 106, 112–5, 117–8, Pueblo ReliefAct (1933) 350, 390 127–8, 168, 170–71, 174, Puerto Rican Legal Defense and 376–7, 396–7 Education Fund (PRLDEF) 294, ReconstructionActs (1867–1868) 297 90–93, 178 Puerto Ricans 271–6 requires FourteenthAmendment discrimination against 253 ratification 88–90, 115, 376 living on U.S. mainland 221–2, 272, requires ThirteenthAmendment 275 ratification 88–9, 115, 376, 396 military draft of 275 “redemption” 91–2, 94, 376 see also Hispanics Reed, Justice Stanley 307 Puerto Rico re-entry by Chinese into the United blacks in see population, Puerto States 143–7, 150–2, 173, 179–81, Rican 211–4, 260, 377, 381–2 Chinese in 272 regional basis of oppression of racial cultural autonomy of 273–5 minorities 11–12, 160, 162, Elective GovernorsAct (1947) 275 171–2, 331, 395–6 FifthAmendment application in see also Federalist #10 273–5 Rehnquist, Justice/Chief Justice form of government of 272–5 William 3–4 jury trial absent 273–5 Rendition Clause of Constitution see population loss see population, Fugitive Slave Clause Republican party (GOP) Puerto Rican abandons civil rights 95–96, 106, Public Law 81–600 275 128–9, 202 Supreme Court 273–5 Convention of 1912 191, 204 Pulitzer Prize167 destroyed in postbellum South by violence 224 Quon Quon Poy 220 electoral success (1860) 70; (1872) 93; (1876) 94, 118; (1880) 119 race riot in Supreme Court composition 120, see mob violence 190 racial Darwinism 130, 160–61, 169, 250 manipulated Supreme Court 107 racially restrictive (housing) covenants opposed to Dred Scott decision 201, 288, 291, 312–4, 333, 381, 71–75, 83, 86 387 platforms 70 Radical Republicans 98, 101 anti-Chinese (1876) 100, (1876) “Raisin in the Sun” 314 141; (1880) 179–80

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presidents protect voting rights prosecutes Southern police for torture (1875–84) see executive branch, 329–330 prosecutions protect blacks in pushes ICC to desegregate 320–21, the South; executive branch 388 stationed thousands of marshals shifts U.S. Indian policy away from in South to protect voters assimilation to respect tribal see also Hoar-Lodge bill; names of sovereignty (ends DawesAct) Republican presidents and 242, 306, 316, 349–52, 355, 383, their administrations; 390–91 secession; Reconstruction, Roosevelt, President Franklin D. (FDR) death of, timing of; Waite advocated immigration/ Court naturalization rights forAsians res judicata 363 306 residual de jure segregation 2–3, 341 appoints economic liberals to Court see also busing 304, 307–8 Revolutionary War see War for appoints racial liberals to Justice Independence Department 304, 325 Reynolds, J.A. 195–7, 231–2 deports Mexicans with their Rhoads, Charles J. 349 U.S.-born children 266, 303 Richmond County, Georgia 139, 186, reduced anti-Hispanic discrimination 198, 318, 386–7 280–81, 303 Richmond,Virginia 3, 138, 199, 201, retained racial hierarchy in US. Civil 229, 232, 341, 372 Service 324, 331 right to bear arms see Second timid on employment desegregation Amendment 304, 322, 331 right to testify against whites timid on military desegregation 304, blacks 9, 11, 88, 110 322, 331 Chinese 98 timid on securing voting rights for Indians 41, 49, 80 Southern blacks 304 Rio Grande 253 Roosevelt, Theodore 204 riots see mob violence civil rights activism 129–30, 171, Ripley, William 161 175, 187, 191, 193–7 Rivers, Ed 195–7, 231–2 endorses racially non-discriminatory Roanoke,Virginia 199 immigration (1905) 154, 171, Rockefeller Foundation 242 181–2, 233 Rockefeller, Nelson 280 Gentleman’sAgreement of (to limit Rodriguez, Raymond 266 Japanese immigration) 154–5, Rodriguez, Gregory 256 171, 182 Romo,Adolfo 277–8 imperial ambitions of 233 Roosevelt, Eleanor 334–5 judicial appointments of 190 Roosevelt (FDR),Administration of Justice Department of, advocates for see also executive branch Indian Treaty rights 164–5, 171 Civil Rights unit of 310, 329–330 negative views on Indians 162 defends relocation and incarceration Progressive candidate in 1912 204 of Japanese-Americans 339 pro-labor judicial picks 190 prosecutes imposing coerced labor/ prosecutes peonage and racist peonage 311, 330–31 violence 129–30, 139–41, 171, prosecutes lynchings 332, 335 175, 186–7, 193–7, 233

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prosecutions (to protect blacks) Secretary of War 49, 51, 337 thwarted by Fuller Court 130, Section 2 of FourteenthAmendment see 140–41, 171, 175, 187, 193–6 FourteenthAmendment rose from vice-presidency 371, 378, Section 2146 156 394 Section 5519 125, 145, 179, 184 Roper, Donald 15, 17 Segregation 333 Rossiter, Clinton 394–5 of armed forces 88, 275, 331, 333–5, Rudko, Frances 17–8, 20 389 Ruiz,Vicki 266–7 of neighborhoods 190, 199–201, 207, Russian Empire 215 232, 237, 287–8, 333, 336, Ryan, Carson 349 380–81, 385, 387 of public accommodations 178, 199, SaintAugustine Florida 252 209, 264, 279–81, 289, 292, Saint Louis, Missouri 72, 199 324–5, 333, 389 Salvatierra, Jesus 278–9 of schools for blackAmericans 1–2, Samoa 152–3, 233, 244, 345 5–6, 93, 115–6, 131–2, 178, 198, SanAntonio Texas 254 223–4, 232, 264, 277, 283–90, San Bernardino, California 280–1 295, 315–6, 319, 325–9, 333, San Diego, California 288 336, 341, 346–9, 369–70, 373, San Francisco 296 386–7, 389, 399 Sanford, John 74 of schools for Chinese-Americans see also Dred Scott v. Sanford 154, 222–3, 232, 276–7, 286–7 Sanford, Justice Edward Terry 218, 236 of schools for Hispanics 256–7, 261, Santa Barbara California 257 264, 276–9, 281–91, 295–6, 299, Sauvinet, Charles 113–4, 116, 178 302, 305, 315, 319, 346–9, 399 Scattergood, J. Henry 349 of schools for Japanese 154–5, 171, Schmidt, Benno 131, 189, 196, 205, 208 276–7, 286–7 Schmitt, Jeffrey 76 of transportation/travel 110, 139, 178, ScottAct see Chinese ExclusionAct of 188, 198–9, 207–9, 232, 237, 1888 320–22, 333–6, 388–9 Scott, Dred 71–5 of U.S. Civil Service 190, 233, 331, Scott, General Winfield 49 333–5, 380 Screws, Sheriff 310 see also commerce clause; Seaton, Fred 355 secession 85, 115, 376 desegregation; Gentleman’s makes possible Civil RightsActs of Agreement; ICC; racially Reconstruction era 85, 115, 376, restrictive (housing) 396–7 covenants; separate but equal makes possible Thirteenth, Seminole 49, 81, 161 Fourteenth, Fifteenth Senate Joint Resolution 102 (1978) 356, Amendments 85, 115, 376, 392 396–7 Senechal, Roberta 192 SecondAmendment 113 separate but equal Secretary of Commerce and Labor accepted by Court for transportation/ 150–52, 181, 183, 212–214, 350 interstate travel (1890) 131, 139, Secretary of Labor 266, 381–2 167, 198; (1896, Plessy) 139, Secretary of the Treasury 150, 180 167, 186, 198; (1913, 1920) 232

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accepted by ICC as reasonable in domestic travel (if strictly equal) (late in D.C. 10, 69, 83 1880s) 198, 320 import into a state 53–56, 83 defended by Justice Clifford 131, 167 international in strategy of Nathan Margold 315–6, banned by Britain (1807) 19 347 banned by Congress in 1794 re: loosened/accepted by Court for export or international public education (1899) 139, transport 10 198, 232, 386–7 banned by Congress in 1808 as to rejected by district court (1946) import 10 283–6 banned by France (1817) 19 rejected by Supreme Court in 1873 banned by Portugal (1818) 19 110, 116, 167, 178, 198, 376, 388 banned by Spain (1820) 19 rejected by Supreme Court as rule for cases 19, 21–30, 32, 52–53 public education 1, 322, 326–9, slavery 347, 386 banned in Northwest Territory 10 rejected by Supreme Court for all cases 13–32, 52–63, 67–70, 71–79 government-run facilities 1 compromises in U.S. Constitution 10 rejected by TrumanAdministration Congress permits in D.C. 13 322, 326, 334, 336 elected branches’treatment of see tightened by Court for higher elected branches on slavery education 317, 325, 369, 386–7, ended in most Northern states by 399 1789 10 tightened by Court in intrastate travel ended in D.C. 69 case (1914) 200, 321–2 ended in New Jersey 10 see also D.C. school segregation; ended in NewYork 10 desegregation; segregation ended in Pennsylvania 10 Sergeant, John 43, 45 issue in new territories 5, 10, 66, 71, SeventhAmendment 77, 113–4 75, 83, 86, 376 Seward, William 98 omitted from Constitution 10 sexual orientation 398 originally indentured servitude sham trials see criminal due process; (1619) 6 Moore v. Dempsey (1923) permitted in newer Southern states 10 Shapiro, Martin 373–4 see also Missouri Compromise Shipp II trial 130, 193, 218, 230 Smith, Gerrit 55 Sikeston, Missouri 332 Smith, Jean Edward 17–18 Silverite Republicans 128 Smithsonian Institute 358 Sioux Indians 156–7, 356, 363–4, 370 social humiliation 284 Sioux treaty of 1868 156–8 SouthAmerica 34, 104, SixthAmendment 234 SouthAsia 215, 221, 345, 382 slave ownership percentage 84 see also India slave population (1860) 85 South (U.S.) slave revolts 9, 12, Congress, members of, brag openly slave trade in 1890s of keeping blacks from condemned by Justice Story 5 voting 169–70 Congressionally declared disfranchises blackAmericans 129, punishments of 19 202

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dominates as source of antebellum Stone Court 309 Supreme Justices see Supreme onAsians 319, 348 Court, dominance of by on blacks 309–314, 321–4, 336, Southerners 387–8 elections in, during postbellum Stone, Justice/Chief Justice Harlan 218, decades 202 308, 321 see also Southern Democrats Story, Justice Joseph 4–5, 45, 53, South Carolina 9, 12–3, 48, 66, 68, 70, 55–57, 61–64, 69, 375, 379 85, 89, 91–2, 94, 120–21, 129, leadership on Supreme Court of 132–5, 140, 166, 185–6, 199, 334, 52–64, 375, 379 354–5, 374 views on NativeAmericans 52, 79, SoutheastAsia 215 375 Southern boycott of Reconstruction views on slavery 5, 15, 20, 52–53, elections 90–91 55–57, 61–64, 69 Southern California 319 views on slave trade 5, 15, 20, 52 Anglo vs. Hispanic vigilante violence strict scrutiny test 366 in 257 for anti-black discrimination 285, Hispanic class pattern in 256–7 307, 319–320, 324, 348 migration patterns into 253 for anti-Japanese discrimination 2, see also LosAngeles; Santa Barbara 307, 319–320, 323–4, 340–1, Southern Democrats 160, 167, 191, 348 203, 206, 332 for anti-miscegenation laws 2, see also South; Dixiecrats 319–320, 348 sovereign immunity 352, 359, 363, 391 for governmental affirmative action Soviet Union 382 3, 341, 372 Spain 19, 22–3, 25, 33, 52–3, 239, Student Nonviolent Coordinating 243–4, 252, 255, 272, 299, 375 Committee (SNCC) 299 SpanishAmerican War 152, 244, 394 Suffrage see voting rights;Voting Spanish Empire 243, 245 RightsAct of 1965 spouses, treatment of in immigration/ Sunday school, black children naturalization laws 106, 144, 182, murdered in 289 213–4, 216–7, 345 Supremacy Clause 42, 73, 172, 400 Springfield Illinois race riot 192–3 Supreme Court (U.S.) Springfield, Ohio race riot 192 see also names of chief justices; ICC; state action doctrine 110–12, 125–6, jury access; voting rights 141, 167–8, 178, 185–6, 313–4, able to protect rights in absence of 373, 376, 397 mobilized national majority state inaction theory see state neglect 174–5 theory banned poll taxes in state elections state laws checked see Supreme Court (1966) 371 state neglect theory 111, 113, 126–7, bends to Congress’s will by limiting, 168, 377 then overturning In re Heff 165, statehood attainment 70–1, 82, 245–9, 172, 183–4, 237–240, 250, 373, 252, 254, 260–63, 273, 277, 300 378–9, 382 Statesboro, Georgia race riot 192 checks administrators more easily Stevenson, Governor Coke 280–81 than Congress 109, 116, 149, Stewart, Senator William 136 172–175, 214, 219, 231, 318, Stimson, Secretary of War Henry 337 370, 373–374, 381–3, 390, 400

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checks executive branch effort to take patterns compared to elected over criminal trials of Indians branches of policy on racial see Ex Parte Crow Dog minorities 1–5, 31–32, 50–51, checks immigration authorities re: 81–83, 107–117, 118–20, Asians see Chinese, protection 129–130, 166–188, 194–206, by Supreme Court from 208–209, 214, 230–42, administrative abuse; Japanese, 300–303, 304–7, 334–6, Supreme Court treatment in 368–400 immigration/deportation cases peonage cases of see peonage, all checks state-level governments more subheadings racial minorities, treatment of see easily than federal 109, 117, under name of chief justice 172–175, 214, 220, 231, 370, followed by “Court” (e.g. 373–374, 390, 393, 400 Warren Court) declared unconstitutional (a few) twentieth century leadership role of discriminatory federal laws 1–5, 189–209, 223–226, against minorities see Wong 231–237, 243, 288–289, 291, Wing v. U.S., In re Heff, Bolling 292–5, 302, 304–329, 336, 346, v. Sharp 369–370, 371–373, 379–382, denied birthright citizenship to 383, 385–390, 398, 399 off-reservation Indians see Elk v. suspect classification see strict scrutiny Wilkins Sutherland, Justice 218, 235–6 dominance of by Southerners before Swayne, Justice 103 Civil War 12, 82 Sweatt, Heman 283–4, 326–8 employee civil rights, weakened by Swing,Army General 270 (1989) 372, 395, 400 Swinney, Everette 168 follows Congress’s modern Indian policy 393 Taft, Chief Justice William H. granted/retracted equal civil rights to see also Taft Court Pueblo Indians in Mexican Taft, President William H. 170, 191, 197 Cession 247–50 see also TaftAdministration granted jury access to Hispanics see condemned lynching (without Hernandez v. Texas prosecuting it) 197–8 Hispanics, treatment of, by 291–303, judicial picks favor economic 370, 375, 385, 396, 398 conservatives 190 labor union desegregation cases of TaftAdministration 171 322–4 Anti-Asian 214 see also Steele v. Louisville and prosecutes peonage 196–7, 233 Nashville Railroad waffled on voting rights enforcement limits Congressional restrictions of 203–4, 209, 233 jurisdiction forAsian resident Taft Court 190 alien cases (1903; 1896), on rights ofAsians 216–223, 231–7 requiring due process 148, on rights of blacks 222–37 150–2, 180–82, 212–3, 381–2 Takahashi, Tarao 288, 344 lynching cases of see Riggins v. U.S., Taney, Chief Justice Roger Shipp I and Shipp II in Dred Scott 52, 62, 73–75 original jurisdiction criminal trial of in Groves v. Slaughter 55 see Shipp II trial see also Taney Court

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Index 457

Taney Court 52–83, 375–6, 378, 379, Thind, Bhagat S. 221 380, 396, 397, 399 ThirteenthAmendment 89, 110–1, 115, on free blacks 5, 14, 71–75, 101, 115 139–41, 177, 194, 197–8, 230–32, on Indians 52, 79–80, 82, 375–6 234, 396 on slaves/slavery 52–63, 67–75, Congressional proposal 89 375–376, 378, 379, 380, 396, protects aliens against “hard labor” 397 penalty under Justice Story’s leadership see WongWing v. U.S. 52–63, 375, 379, 380, 396 state ratification of 88–9 Tassels, George (Corn) 42–3 Thirty-Ninth Congress 90 Taylor, President Zachary 246 Thomas-RogersAct see Indian Welfare Teller, Senator Henry 160–61 Act Tempe,Arizona 277–8 Tennessee 10, 18–9, 29, 39, 48, 80, 84, Thompson, Justice Smith 23, 29, 44–5, 87–8, 91, 126, 129, 332–3 62 Tenth Circuit Court ofAppeals 359 Tilden, Samuel 94 territories (possessions) of the United Timechart 1865–1910 of Interbranch States see Pacific empire; Puerto Comparison on Racial Minorities Rico Policy 176–188 testimonial rights (against whites) 9, 11, Tlingit Indians 364–5 41, 48–9, 65, 80, 87–8, 98, 110, To Secure these Rights 333, 389 178 tobacco tax 103, 115–6, 177, 179, 182 Texas 71, 91–2, 94, 135, 186–7, 199, see also Congress, treaty-abrogation 201, 244–5, 251–6, 260, 263–5, power of 269, 271, 278, 310, 312, 354, Todd, Justice Thomas 22, 25 385–7 TollesonArizona 288–9 braceros program in 279–81, 303, trade relations, inter-American 280, 385 385 Trail of Tears 49 Constitution of 1836 of 253 Transcontinental Treaty see Treaty of desegregation ordered in 288–9, Adams-Onis (1819) 326–328, 385, 388–9 treaty abrogation by legislation see see also Sweatt v. Painter Congress, treaty-abrogation power executions by Texas Rangers (of of Hispanics) 264 Treaty of 1911 with Japan see 1911 Hispanic jury access in 243, 291–2, Treaty with Japan 294, 302, 385 Treaty ofAdams-Onis (1819) 244 Hispanic population of 253–4 Treaty of Berlin (1899) 152 segregation of Hispanics in 256, 264, Treaty of Cusseta 49 276, 278–81, 288–91, 295, 303, Treaty of Gadsden (1853) 244–5 385 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Tejano voting rights in, both 239–40, 244–7, 249, 258–60 permitted and denied 255–6, Treaty of New Echota 79–81, 104 301–2, 384–5, Treaty of Paris (1899) 152 white primary laws of 224–5, 232, trial by jury, lacking for fugitive slaves 312–4, 381, 384–6 11, 13, 58–61, 77–8 see also citizenship, Texans trials dominated by mob atmosphere see Texas Rangers 264 criminal due process Texas State University 327–8 TrumanAdministration 325

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condemned state bans on voting by Tydings-McDuffieAct (1934) 305 tribal Indians 353, 391 Tyler, President John 53–4 cracks down on lynchings 332–3, 335, 389 UCLA 282 desegregated the U.S. military and undocumented immigration see civil service 333–4, 390 immigration, unlawful Justice Department of, asks Court to Uniform MilitiaAct (1792) 8; (1795) 48 overrule Plessy 321–2, 334, 336, University of Michigan Law School 341 388 University of Oklahoma see McLaurin Justice Department of, convinced v. Oklahoma Court to desegregate higher University of Texas see Sweatt v. education 324, 326, 334, 336 Painter Justice Department of, convinced Court to rule racially restrictive U.S. Border Patrol 269–71 covenants unenforceable 333, U.S. Immigration Commission 272 336, 387 U.S. Marshals 48, 76, 372, 374 Justice Department of, convinced U.S. nationals 153, 272, 299, 345–6 Court to strike down see also Filipinos; Pacific empire; anti-Japanese law of California Puerto Ricans 344 Utah 241 Justice Department of, pushes ICC to Ute Indians 360–61 desegregate travel 321, 334, 336, 388–9 vagrancy laws 195, 258, 330 prosecutes Southern police for torture Van Buren, President Martin 53 334–6 Van Devanter, Justice Willis 190, 194, tribal termination, moved toward 306, 208, 236 391 Van Zandt, John 67, 69–70 see also Truman, President Harry Vermont9, 45, 59 Truman, President Harry 275, 375 vetoes by presidents see presidential advocated immigration/ vetoes naturalization rights forAsians Vesey, Denmark, revolt of (1822) 12, 15 306, 345–6, 394 Vice-Presidency, connection to civil asked Congress to desegregate rights activism of 1, 335, 336, 371, interstate travel 322, 334, 336 378, 386, 394 civil rights leadership role 304, Vinson, Chief Justice 286, 319, 321 332–6, 369, 371, 386, 389–90, Vinson Court 285, 309, 312, 314, 394, 398 318–9, 321, 324 civil rights plank of, caused Dixiecrat violence see mob violence bolt from party 333–5, 390 Virginia 1–2, 6, 9, 12–4, 16, 22, 49, 57, rose from vice-presidency 335–6, 66, 71, 76–7, 83–4, 87–8, 91–2, 369, 371, 386, 394 123–4, 129, 132, 138–9, 184, 187, see also TrumanAdministration 199, 201, 203–4, 320–21, 371, 388 Tulsa 209 Virginia Constitution of 1901–1902 Tun, Tang 211–2 138–9, 187 Ture, Kwame see Stokeley Carmichael Vitoria, Francisco de Turner, Nat 9, 12 guidelines of, for treatment of Indians Tushnet, Mark vii, 189, 316 followed by British and Dutch Twenty-FourthAmendment 371 33–4

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Index 459

theory of, on Indian rights 33 see also Congress, Pueblo, takes voting rights away voting rights of American Indian seeAmerican literacy tests for see literacy tests for Indians, voting rights denied to voting blacks VotingRightsAct of 1965 2, 292–294, antebellum years (post-1830) 6, 9 302–3, 385, 398 D.C. and federal territory 90, 117, amendments of 1970, 1975, and 1992 177 for language minorities 294, disenfranchisement in the South 302–3, 385 128–30, 132–9, 166, 168–70, Section 4(e) 292, 302–3 185–7; 202–7, 209, 254, 380, VotingRights EnforcementAct of 1870 397 see EnforcementAct of (May 31), eighteenth century 6, 9 1870 enforcement laws repealed (1894) 114, 128, 166–7, 175, 185, Waite, Chief Justice Morrison 116, 202–3, 206, 378, 397 120–1, 131, 144–6, 184, 376 mid-20th century (1920s–1965) Waite Court 113–4, 116–7, 396–7 2, 202–07, 232, 304, 307, on rights ofAsians 108–9, 117, 312–4, 331–33, 371, 381, 136–7, 143–6, 163, 172–4, 179, 386–9 211, 230, 311–2, 377–8, 397 postbellum years (Reconstruction) on rights of blacks 130–31, 167–8, see voting rights, blacks, 189, 379, 397 Reconstruction rules for 1873–1876 113–4, 116–117 Reconstruction rules for 90–92, 1877–1888 119–127, 193 115, 376 on rights of Indians 117, 172, 174, restrictions permitted by framers of 377, 397 FifteenthAmendment 136, see also Elk v.Wilkins; Ex Parte 241 Crow Dog Waite Court decisions on 120–123, War for Independence 6, 8, 10, 31, 394 168 War on Poverty 355, 357 White court decisions on 189, see also Johnson, President Lyndon 202–208 B. see also EnforcementAct of (May War RelocationAuthority (WRA) 31) 1870; Fifteenth 337–8 Amendment; grandfather Warley, William 200 clauses; Hoar-Lodge Bill; Warren, Charles 167 mob violence, white against Warren Court 1–3, 243, 292, 319–20, black;VotingRightsAct of 348, 369, 389 1965; white primaries Warren, Governor/Chief Justice Earl 52, Chinese-American, denial of 136 285–6, 292, 344–9, 365, 370 English literacy requirement/waiver Washburn, Senator William 128 240, 262–4, 275 Washburn, Wilcomb E. 356, 358 see alsoVotingRightsAct of Washington [state] 165, 210, 219, 221, 1965 with subheadings 241, 337 thereof Washington, Booker T. 195 Hispanic 255, 258–62, 275, 292–4, Washington, George, 39–40 302, 384–5, 398 plan to buy Indian land of 35

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460 The U.S. Supreme Court and racial minorities

solidified treaty-making practice with Wiecek, William 123, 167 Indians 39 Wilkins, David 79 Indian policy of 40 Williams,Attorney General George Washington, Justice Bushrod 15, 20, 22 168 Wayne, Justice 62 Williams, Police Officer 310, 334 Webb, Ulysses 276 Wilmington, North Carolina, mob Webster, Daniel 35, 54, 56, 67 violence in 191 Wechsler, Solicitor General Herbert Wilmot Proviso 66, 82 332 Wilson, Stephen 268 Western Hemisphere 265, 268–9, 271 Wilson, President Woodrow 153, 191, Westerners 196–7, 209, 265 onAsians 98–99, 105, 141–2, 218, on peonage 196–7, 380 394 on voting rights 204, 233, 380 on Indians 160, 162, 184, 354, segregates the civil service 190, 204, and Southern Democrat political 233, 380 alliance 160 vetoesAsiatic Barred Zone bill WestVirginia 84, 87, 91, 123, 132, 204 (1915) andAct (1917) 215, 265, Wheeler-HowardAct of 1934 see Indian 302, 382 ReorganizationAct wins 1912 election 191, 197, 204 Whigs 55, 67, 70 Winston-Salem, North Carolina 199 Whiskey Rebellion 394 Wirin,A.L. 287–9 White Court 189–214 Wirt, William 42–3, 45, 68 causes of civil rights shift of 189–94, Wisconsin 59, 66, 72–3, 75, 77–8, 240, 208 353–4, 367, 392 leadership on civil rights, compared women 29, 99–100, 106, 108–9, 155, to other branches 197–8, 202, 176, 191, 240, 398 204–5, 209, 380–81, 386–7 Women’s Movement 191, 398 onAsians 210–14, 218, 231, 381, 383 Won,Yee, 213–4, 216 on blacks 194–209, 229, 231–2, 308, Wong KimArk 150–1, 172, 174, 181, 380–81, 386 210, 378, 396 on Indians 238–242, 381, 399 Woodard, Isaac 333 see also Justice/Chief Justice Edward Woods, Justice William 159, 182 White World War I 209, 216 White, Justice/Chief Justice Edward enlistment ofAmerican Indians, 189–90, 192, 194, 200, 204–5, Filipinos, Puerto Ricans in, 216, 231, 236, 382 240 opinion for Guinn v. U.S. 204–5 shapes policy toward Mexico/ promoted to Chief Justice 189 Mexican-Americans 264–5 White League 119–20 telegram from Germany to Mexico white primaries 224–5, 255, 313–4, during 265 335, 381, 384, 386–8 World War II 2, 100, 153, 268, 280, white supremacy 133, 161 305–6, 308, 330–33, 335–41, see alsoAmerican Indians;Asians; 343–4, 353, 393, 397–9 blackAmericans; voting rights; Wounded Knee, battle of 105, 175 jury access; Ku Klux Klan; mob Worcester, Samuel 45, 48 violence; White League Wright, Cleo 332 whiteness 8, 154, 221, 246, 261, 268, writ of error 43, 45, 61, 68, 78, 108, 140, 272, 291–2, 294–5, 382–3 194, 235

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Index 461

writ of habeas corpus 53, 65, 77–8, 92, writ of mandamus 63, 82, 138, 187, 315, 94, 108, 121, 140, 149, 150–52, 325 156, 181, 187, 194, 212, 230–31, Wyoming 162–3, 240 234–6 suspension of 92 Yasui, Minoru 342

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