DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nation of Islam and the Politics of Black Nationalism, 1930-1975

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Nation of Islam and the Politics of Black Nationalism, 1930-1975 “Those Who Say Don’t Know and Those Who Know Don’t Say”: The Nation of Islam and the Politics of Black Nationalism, 1930-1975 by Garrett A. Felber A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (American Culture) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Matthew J. Countryman, Chair Associate Professor Sherie M. Randolph Associate Professor Heather A. Thompson Professor Penny M. Von Eschen, Cornell University Associate Professor Stephen M. Ward Prisoners pray under surveillance at Folsom Prison, 1963 Garrett A. Felber [email protected] ORCID id: 1350-2020-5504-2003 © Garrett A. Felber 2017 For my mother, Lynette. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project started many years ago through the gracious mentorship of Manning Marable. Outside of my parents and my partner, I have never experienced such a resolute belief in my potential. I feel great sorrow that I cannot share the final product of this work with him, but his commitment to black history as a political praxis speak though this dissertation and continue to impact my thinking and doing every day. I am also honored to have been part of a tremendous intellectual community at the Malcolm X Project, many of whom continue to be my closest friends and colleagues: Zaheer Ali, Maytha Alhassen, Elizabeth Hinton, Megan Marcelin, Liz Mazucci, Russell Rickford, and Jasmin Young. And to the rest of my IRAAS family – Sharon Harris, Shawn Mendoza, and Courtney Teague – I am so grateful. Finally, I owe so much to Leith Mullings, who has continued the warm mentorship and friendship of her late husband. At the University of Michigan, this project was developed with the help of a wonderful cohort without whom I could not have survived graduate school: Lloyd Barba, Jenny Kwak, Jasmine Kramer, Katie Lennard, and Eric Shih. I am so proud of all of you, and grateful for your impact on my thinking and for sharing in the lighter moments that got us through the days. I am thankful for the tremendous support of our current- and past directors of graduate studies: Stephen Berrey and Kristin Hass. Thank you Marlene Moore for being an advocate, an ally, and always making everything as simple as possible. Thank you to the faculty who offered encouragement along the way: Sandra Gunning, Martha Jones, Susan Juster, Mary Kelley, Matt iii Lassiter, Gina Morantz-Sanchez, and Rebecca Scott. My dissertation writing was helped along in its early stages by the Sweetland Dissertation Writing Institute, and Paul Barron in particular. I cannot thank the members of my committee enough. Matthew Countryman chaired my committee, supported my student organizing, and embodied the meaning of engaged pedagogy. I am indebted to the ways he shaped my research and political organizing, but also all the smaller moments of support. His advice at the outset of prelims – “remember to go swimming” – remains the best graduate school survival template I have received. Sherie Randolph and Stephen Ward: you are like the big sister and brother I never had. You have always been in my corner, and you remain my favorite teaching tandem. Sherie, despite your instance that “you are not my friend,” I am happy to call myself yours. Stephen (and your beautiful family, Sekai and Chaney), you have never wavered in your belief of me and this project. Whether it is talking Malcolm, early ’90s Hip hop, or fantasy basketball, you have always been a phone call away, and it means the world to me. Thank you to Penny Von Eschen, whom I have known since before this project began and who has stuck with me throughout all its various incarnations. And thank you to Heather Ann Thompson, for joining my committee in its latter stages and not missing a beat in mentoring and helping to develop this project. I have also been fortunate to receive gracious support throughout my young career from those beyond Michigan, in particular from Dan Berger, Farah Jasmine Griffin, Elizabeth Hinton, Robin Kelley, Julilly Kohler-Hausmann, Barbara Ransby, Russell Rickford, and Ula Taylor. At Kalamazoo College before that, many thanks are due to James Lewis, Charlene Boyer Lewis, and Andy Mozina. As Robin Kelley notes, “social movements generate new knowledge, new theories, new questions.”1 Many of the questions this dissertation raises grew out of organizing the United 1 Robin Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), 8. iv Coalition for Racial Justice (UCRJ) at the University of Michigan in 2013-2014. Thank you to those who labored all those long hours to address the desperate need for racial justice at the University and helped to broaden the conversation on campus beyond myopic “diversity.” A partial list includes: Cass Adair, Chloe Brown, Tatiana Cruz, Becky Christensen, Scott De Orio, Jennifer Alzate Gonzalez, Dan Green, Sophie Hunt, Lisa Jong, Frank Kelderman, Nora Krinitsky, Jim McAsey, Austin McCoy, Ozi Uduma, and Robin Zheng. To the faculty that supported our organizing – Matthew Countryman, Tiya Miles, and Stephen Ward in particular – thank you. Austin McCoy has been there every step of the way, since my first semester at Michigan when I wrangled my way into a game of pickup basketball. Austin, I am honored to have shared so many years of history, music, exercising, organizing, writing, basketball, and carrot cake (all of my favorite things) with you. It is rare to meet someone who has so much in common and also complements your weaknesses with strengths. You have always been that for me, pushing me and supporting me, and I look forward to a lifetime of collaboration, friendship, and struggle together. In the last several years, I have had the pleasure of writing from Portland, Oregon, and I am grateful for the friendship and warmth of my new Pacific Northwest colleagues: Reiko Hillyer at Lewis and Clark College, Anoop Mirpuri at Portland State University, and Mark Burford and Margo Minardi at Reed College. A special thanks to Reiko and Elizabeth LaCarney at Columbia River Correctional Institution (CRCI) for advocating for me and setting the groundwork for what would become Liberation Literacy and the Freedom Library. To all my brothers and sisters at Liberation Literacy, who were dedicated to putting in the work to making the program the special space that it is, you continue to inspire me and I am so grateful. v So much of the labor of a dissertation by the many librarians and archivists who helped to gather these disparate materials together often goes unrecognized. I have tried to maintain a list over the years and apologize if I have missed anyone: Jennifer Allison at the Harvard Law School Library; Okezie Amalaha at the Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History; Brooke Black at the Huntington Library; Shelley Barber and Adrienne Pruitt at the John J. Burns Library at Boston College; Robyn Carlton at the Appellate Division Law Library in Rochester, New York; Donnelyn Curtis at the University of Nevada at Reno; Sigrid Cornell and Alexa Pearce at the University of Michigan; Graham Duncan at South Caroliniana Library; Jennifer Fauxsmith at the Massachusetts Archives; Jim Folts at the New York State Archives; Susan Gilroy at the Harvard College Library; Julie Herrada at the Labadie Collection; Karen Jania at the Bentley Historical Library; Jessica M. Herrick at the California State Archives; Christina Jones at the National Archives at College Park; Norwood Kerr at the Alabama Department of Archives and History; Nan Mehan and Tim Noakes at Stanford’s Special Collections; Derek Mosely and Kayin Shabazz at Clark Atlanta University; David Null at the University of Wisconsin; Kathi Neal and Rebecca Darby-Williams at the University of California - Berkeley; and Bill Offhaus at the University Archives at the University of Buffalo. Thank you to J. Herman Blake, Ned Block, Richard Fallenbaum, Ernest Green, Charles Keil, Lucy Komisar, Gay Plair, and Michael Winston, student activists who invited Malcolm X to their campuses in the 1960s and were willing to share their recollections fifty years later with me. Many thanks to Richard Griffin and Tony Bouza, who also offered their reminiscences. Finally, I owe so much to my friends and family. To Ernie, Phil, and Zach, who have been always been there for me. To my other mothers, Ngina Munge and Robin Norman, one can never have too much love. To my Forsch family - Christine, Kiefer, Nick, and Randy - for vi welcoming me with open arms and holding me tightly ever since. To my mother, Lynette, and father, Steven, for raising me right. My father gave me his sense of humor, without which graduate school would have be an onerous and bleak endeavor. My mother has read as many drafts of this dissertation as I have written, offering invaluable insight all along the way. She was the first in her family to graduate from college; she earned her PhD, inspired me to teach, and showed me what it is to be a true lover of books. Margaux, you are the most beautiful, kind, supportive, thoughtful human on this earth. I share with you the dreams of a better, more just world, and in our dreaming I find myself transformed. They haven’t yet made words for you. But all who have had the pleasure of meeting you know what I mean. I look forward to the rest of our lives together. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication…………..……….………………………..……….……………...........ii Acknowledgements…………..……….………………………..……….…………iii List of Figures…………………..……….………………………..……….……….ix List of Abbreviations…………………..……….………………………..…………x
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Engaged Surrender
    one Engaged Surrender In 1991, when I ventured onto the grounds of Masjid Ummah, a mosque in Southern California, I was not new to African American Sunni Islam.1 In college, I had attempted to understand the “evolution” of the Muslim movement by examining the Nation of Islam’s journal Muhammad Speaks from the early 1960s through its transformation into the Muslim Journal, a Sunni Muslim weekly. What began my love of and fascination with the African American Sunni Muslim community is what I now see as an important but naive observation. In 1986, while riding on a bus in Chester, Pennsylvania, in ninety-nine degree weather, I observed a woman walking on the side- walk and wearing dark brown, polyester hijab and veil.2 She had two young children in tow, a boy and a girl, each with the proper, gendered head coverings: a skull cap for the boy and a scarf for the girl. I thought to myself, “Why would a woman in America choose not to be a femi- nist?” Or “Why would a woman in America choose not to have choices?” With respect to the first question, in the feminist literature of the 1970s, the psychological, symbolic, and neo-Marxist approaches to the study of gender asked why women are universally oppressed.3 The as- sumption of course is that in every society women are considered infe- 1 2/Engaged Surrender rior, an assumption that has been challenged in what is often described as “third wave feminism.”4 At the time I asked these questions, in the mid- and late 1980s, I was unfamiliar with the works of, for example, Chandra Mohanty, bell hooks, and Moraga and Anzaldua, who around the same time were articulating the importance of race, class, and nation in terms of women’s experiences with gender.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Anarchism, Pedro Riberio
    TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................2 2. The Principles of Anarchism, Lucy Parsons....................................................................3 3. Anarchism and the Black Revolution, Lorenzo Komboa’Ervin......................................10 4. Beyond Nationalism, But not Without it, Ashanti Alston...............................................72 5. Anarchy Can’t Fight Alone, Kuwasi Balagoon...............................................................76 6. Anarchism’s Future in Africa, Sam Mbah......................................................................80 7. Domingo Passos: The Brazilian Bakunin.......................................................................86 8. Where Do We Go From Here, Michael Kimble..............................................................89 9. Senzala or Quilombo: Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism, Pedro Riberio...........................................................................................................................91 10. Interview: Afro-Colombian Anarchist David López Rodríguez, Lisa Manzanilla & Bran- don King........................................................................................................................96 11. 1996: Ballot or the Bullet: The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Electoral Process in the U.S. and its relation to Black political power today, Greg Jackson......................100 12. The Incomprehensible
    [Show full text]
  • The Crusader Monthll,J Nelijsletter
    THE CRUSADER MONTHLL,J NELIJSLETTER ROBERT F. WILLIAMS, EDITOR -IN EXILE- VoL . ~ - No. 9 MAY 1968 Afro-Americans & Slick John Kennedy Government of the United States is no government T~E of the Afro-Americans at all. The slick John Ken- nedy gang is operating one of the greatest sham govern- ment in the entire world. Afro-Americans and fair minded Od > ~- O THE wN«< /l~USL . lF Yov~Re EyER IN NE60, CALL ME AT whites must be gullible indeed to believe that the racist, KKK dominated so-called U.S. Government is concerned with the welfare and human rights of colored people. The colored people of the USA must bring themselves to realize that taken integration is a slick manuever to check the restlessness of an oppressed people fast becoming infect ed with the germ of total resistance policy developing among all of the oppressed peoples of the world. Token integration means nothing to the masses. Even an idiot should be able to see that so-called Token integration is no more than window dressing designed to lull the poor downtrodden Afro-American to sleep and to make the out side world think that the racist, savage USA is a fountainhead of social justice and democracy. The Afro-American in the USA is facing his greatest crisis since chattel slavery. All forms of violence and underhanded methods o.f extermination are being stepped up against our people. Contrary to what the "big daddies" and their "good nigras" would have us believe about all of the phoney progress they claim the race is making, the True status of the Afro-Ameri- can is s#eadily on the down turn.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Condition
    Winter 2008-09 The Human Condition and Our Time Here on Earth Winter 2008-09 Volume 7, Issue 2 The College of Liberal Arts at The University of Texas at Austin publishes Life and Letters for its community of scholars, alumni and friends. Editor Christian Clarke Cásarez Life&Letters Associate Editor Jennifer McAndrew Art Director 2 Dave Holston Message from the Dean Children and Family Psychology and Pro Bene Meritis Mental Health Donna Coffelt Evolution and Ancestry 13 29 Bringing Up Baby: 21 Song of Solomon: Designers 3 Researchers Delve into The Aging of America A Life Full of Joy Anne-Charlotte Patterson the Psychological World and Philosophy Michele Myette TB Today: Anthropologist of Children Discovers Oldest Case of In Treatment: The Birth of Re-emerging Disease Psychotherapy in America 31 Sociologist Investigates David Oshinsky’s America Staff Writers United States’ Hight Infant Psychology as Commodity Tracy Mueller ‘Beautiful’ Bones: Lucy Mortality Rate the Famous Fossil Why It’s Time for Scientists Should the Mississippi Jessica Sinn to Market for the Masses Files Have Been Reopened? Salem: Scientists Unearth Love and Relationships Intern Earliest Child Skeleton Humanities 16 33 Scott Fulford 5 The Language of Love: 23 Dr. Denton Cooley Deep Roots? New DNA From Diaries to Online English Takes the Stage Takes Innovation Contributing Writers Tests May Reveal Your Chats, Writing about Your as Presidential Priority to Heart Vive Griffith Ancestry, But Researchers Relationship May Help it Last Pam Losefsky Urge Caution When Behind
    [Show full text]
  • SITTON, CLAUDE. Claude Fox Sitton Papers, Circa 1958-2004
    SITTON, CLAUDE. Claude Fox Sitton papers, circa 1958-2004 Emory University Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library Atlanta, GA 30322 404-727-6887 [email protected] Descriptive Summary Creator: Sitton, Claude. Title: Claude Fox Sitton papers, circa 1958-2004 Call Number: Manuscript Collection No. 633 Extent: 16.75 linear ft. (18 boxes) Abstract: Papers of Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Claude Sitton, including correspondence, columns and other articles written by him, his speeches, subject files, and his scrapbooks of clippings. Language: Materials entirely in English. Administrative Information Restrictions on Access Unrestricted access. Terms Governing Use and Reproduction All requests subject to limitations noted in departmental policies on reproduction. Separated Material Emory University also holds portions of the personal library of Claude Sitton, many volumes of which were annotated by Sitton. These materials may be located in the Emory University online catalog by searching for: Sitton, Claude, former owner. Source Gift, 1983, with subsequent additions. Citation [after identification of item(s)], Claude Fox Sitton papers, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University. Processing Processed by VJHC, October 1984 . Emory Libraries provides copies of its finding aids for use only in research and private study. Copies supplied may not be copied for others or otherwise distributed without prior consent of the holding repository. Claude Fox Sitton papers, 1958-1990 Manuscript Collection No. 633 This finding aid may include language that is offensive or harmful. Please refer to the Rose Library's harmful language statement for more information about why such language may appear and ongoing efforts to remediate racist, ableist, sexist, homophobic, euphemistic and other oppressive language.
    [Show full text]
  • Finding and Using African American Newspapers
    Finding and Using African American Newspapers Timothy N. Pinnick [email protected] http://blackcoalminerheritage.net/ INTRODUCTION African American researchers will find black newspapers an extremely valuable part of their search strategy. Although mainstream newspapers should always be consulted, African American newspapers will provide nuggets of information that can be found nowhere else. Although the first African American newspaper was established in 1827, it is in the post Civil War period that the black press experienced tremendous growth. Hundreds of newspapers appeared to quench the thirst for knowledge in the newly freed slaves, and to provide an accurate and positive image of the race. Clint C. Wilson took the incomplete manuscript of the foremost historian of the African American press, Armistead Pride and produced A History of the Black Press in 1997. It is a great source of information on black newspapers. Another worthwhile source can be found online at the public television website of PBS. They produced the documentary film, “The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords” in 1999, and their website is rich in reference material. http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/index.html VALUE OF BLACK NEWSPAPERS Aside from the most obvious benefit of locating obituaries, researchers can discover: an exact or nearly exact event date (birth, death, or marriage) of an ancestor, therefore enhancing the odds of a successful outcome when the eventual request for the vital record is made. Remember, some places will only search a short span of years in their index, and charge you whether they find the record or not. additional information on the event that will not be found on the vital record.
    [Show full text]
  • Raymond Ostby Arsenault
    RAYMOND OSTBY ARSENAULT 200 Snell House 767 36th Ave., N. Florida Studies Program St. Petersburg, Fl. 33704 University of South Florida Tel.:(727)526-9784 (home) St. Petersburg, Fl. 33701 E-Mail:[email protected] Office:(727)873-4555 FAX (727) 873-4878 PERSONAL INFORMATION Born January 6, 1948; Hyannis, Massachusetts Married to Kathleen Hardee Arsenault (retired University library dean) Two daughters: Amelia (34), Anne (30) EDUCATION B.A. Princeton University 1969 (History)(Magna Cum Laude) M.A. Brandeis University 1974 (American History) Ph.D. Brandeis University 1981 (American History) TEACHING AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES Princeton University, Undergraduate Research Assistant (1967-69) Chatham (MA.) High School, Mathematics Teacher (1970-71) Brandeis University, Department of History, Instructor (1974- 75), Teaching Fellow (1975-76) University of Minnesota, Departments of History and American Studies, Instructor (1976-79), Assistant Professor (1979-1980); Associate Director of the Fulbright Commission Summer Institute in American Studies (1980-1987) University of South Florida, Department of History, Assistant Professor (1980-83), Associate Professor (1983-90), Professor (1990-99), John Hope Franklin Professor of Southern History (1999- ); Director of the University Honors Program USF, St. Petersburg (1995-2005), Associate Director (2005- 06);Florida Studies Graduate Program, Co-Director(2003-07), Director of Graduate Studies, (2007-11) University of Chicago, Visiting Professor of History (Winter 2007, Spring 2007) Florida State
    [Show full text]
  • Muhammad, Sultan 1
    Muhammad, Sultan 1 Sultan Muhammad Oral History Interview Thursday, February 28, 2019 Interviewer: This is an interview with Sultan Muhammad as part of the Chicago History Museum Muslim Oral History Project. The interview is being conducted on Thursday, February 28, 2019 at 3:02 pm at the Chicago History Museum. Sultan Muhammad is being interviewed by Mona Askar of the Chicago History Museum’s Studs Terkel Center for Oral History. Could you please state and spell your first and last name? Sultan Muhammad: My name is Sultan Muhammad. S-u-l-t-a-n Last name, Muhammad M-u-h-a-m-m-a-d Int: When and where were you born? SM: I was born here in Chicago in 1973. In the month of January 28th. Int: Could you please tell us about your parents, what they do for a living. Do you have any siblings? SM: My father, may blessings be on him, passed in 1990. He was also born here in Chicago. He is a grandson of the Honorable Elijah Muhammad. He grew up in the Nation of Islam, working for his father, Jabir Herbert Muhammad who was the fight manager for Muhammad Ali and business manager of the Nation of Islam. Sultan Muhammad, my father, was also a pilot. He was the youngest black pilot in America at the time. Later he became an imam under Imam Warith Deen Mohammed after 1975. My mother, Jamima was born in Detroit. She is the daughter of Dorothy Rashana Hussain and Mustafa Hussain. Robert was his name before accepting Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting History Bibliography Audio/Visual Collection
    Documenting History Bibliography Paired with Douglas Blackmon’s, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and journalist, collegiate course Documenting History— this listing of library resources includes primary reference, historical timelines and narratives, personal secondary perspectives and anthologies of comparative literature, and some criticism of specific strategies and techniques for archival and historical research. A historical exploration of the black press and the Atlanta black publications, during the 20th century, and a special inclusion of the significant contributions from the African American, Pan African and diasporic communities documenting and reflecting the black experience. The compiled reference resources also focus on forced and convict labor in southern states, especially Georgia in the 20th century. Institutional disenfranchisements such as mass incarceration, political division, and civil and economic inequalities, and injustices, are included. Resources include call numbers, for patrons to easily inquire and obtain resources. Auburn Avenue Research Library maintains non-circulating policies of its collection; however, patrons are able to utilize materials in-house. Suggested search terms and keywords are provided to further guide patron’s research amongst Auburn Avenue Research Library and the Atlanta- Fulton Public Library catalog and digital libraries. The below Boolean Operators (AND, OR, also NOT) are simple words used to maximize search results. Forrest R. Evans Librarian II, Reference and Research [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • The Gay Marriage Backlash and Its Spillover Effects: Lessons from a (Slightly) Blue State
    Tulsa Law Review Volume 40 Issue 3 The Legislative Backlash to Advances in Rights for Same-Sex Couples Spring 2005 The Gay Marriage Backlash and Its Spillover Effects: Lessons from a (Slightly) Blue State John G. Culhane Stacey L. Sobel Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation John G. Culhane, & Stacey L. Sobel, The Gay Marriage Backlash and Its Spillover Effects: Lessons from a (Slightly) Blue State, 40 Tulsa L. Rev. 443 (2013). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol40/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Law Review by an authorized editor of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Culhane and Sobel: The Gay Marriage Backlash and Its Spillover Effects: Lessons from THE GAY MARRIAGE BACKLASH AND ITS SPILLOVER EFFECTS: LESSONS FROM A (SLIGHTLY) "BLUE STATE" John G. Culhane* and Stacey L. Sobel** I. INTRODUCTION Backlash, indeed! The stories streaming in from across the country can scarcely be believed. In Alabama, a legislator introduced a bill that would have banished any mention of homosexuality from all public libraries-even at the university level.' In Virginia, the legislature's enthusiasm for joining the chorus of states that have amended their constitutions to ban gay marriage was eclipsed by a legislator's suggestion that the state's license plates be pressed into service as political slogans, and made to read: "Traditional Marriage.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Studies District • 2019
    UNIVERSITY INTERSCHOLASTIC LEAGUE Social Studies District • 2019 DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE INSTRUCTED TO DO SO! UNIVERSITY INTERSCHOLASTIC LEAGUE SOCIAL STUDIES CONTEST DISTRICT SPRING 2019 Part I: General Knowledge US Civil Rights: Fulfilling a Nation’s Promise (1 point each) 1. A few weeks before the 1960 election, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested while leading a protest in Atlanta, Georgia. _____ phoned his wife to express his concern, and helped secure her husband's release. A. Lyndon B. Johnson C. John F. Kennedy B. Richard M. Nixon D. Dwight D. Eisenhower 2. The EEOC is a government agency established by the _____ to “ensure equality of opportunity by vigorously enforcing federal legislation prohibiting discrimination in employment.” A. Equal Rights Amendment C. Fair Housing Act B. Civil Rights Act of 1964 D. Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 • Developed the 1964 Freedom Summer Project • Helped create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party • Co-Director of Council of Federated Organizations • Developed the Algebra Project in 1982 3. All of the items listed above refer to which of the following individuals? A. Ella Baker C. Fannie Lou Hamer B. Robert Moses D. Amzie Moore 4. _____ was born August 17, 1887 in Jamaica. He gained notoriety as a charismatic black leader in Harlem who organized the first important American black nationalist movement. A. Jesse Jackson C. Malcolm X B. W.E.B. DuBois D. Marcus Garvey UIL Social Studies 1 DISTRICT • First black television producer in U.S. • Emmy, Tony, and Grammy award winner • Friend of MLK who raised thousands for CORE and SCLC projects • First platinum selling artist 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Jacob Boehme's Theosophical Vision of Islam
    Kom, 2016, vol. V (1) : 1–20 UDC: 14 Беме Ј. 28-1:141.332 DOI: 10.5937/kom1601001P Original scientific paper A Wild Tree toward the North – Jacob Boehme’s Theosophical Vision of Islam Roland Pietsch Ukrainian Free University, Munich, Germany Jacob Boehme, who was given by his friends the respectful title “Philoso- phus Teutonicus”, is one of the greatest theosophers and mystics at the be- ginning of the seventeenth century, whose influence extends to the present day. He was born in 1757 in the village Alt-Seidenberg near Görlitz, in a Protestant family of peasant background. Boehme spent most of his life in Görlitz, as a member of the Cobbler’s Guild. His first mystical experience was in 1600, when he contemplated the Byss and the Abyss. Published in 1612, “Aurora: the Day-Spring (Morgenröte im Aufgang)” was Boehme’s first attempt to describe his great theosophical vision. It immediately incurred the public condemnation of Görlitz’s Protestant Church. He was forbidden to write further. Boehme kept silent for six years and then published “A Description of the Three Principles of the Divine Essence (Beschreibung der drei Prinzipien göttlichen Wesens)” in 1619 and many other works. A large commentary of Genesis, “Mysterium Magnum” came out in 1623, fol- lowed by “The Way to Christ (Der Weg zu Christo)” in 1624. In the same year Jacob Boehme died on November 20th in Görlitz. According to his own self-conception, Boehme’s doctrine of divine wisdom (Theo-Sophia) is a divine science which was revealed to him in its entirety (see Pietsch: 1999, 205-228).
    [Show full text]