DOCSLIB.ORG

Finding Aid for the James Howard Meredith Collection (MUM00293)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Finding Aid for the James Howard Meredith Collection (MUM00293) University of Mississippi eGrove Archives & Special Collections: Finding Aids Library November 2020 Finding Aid for the James Howard Meredith Collection (MUM00293) Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/finding_aids Recommended Citation James Howard Meredith, Archives and Special Collections, J.D. Williams Library, The University of Mississippi This Finding Aid is brought to you for free and open access by the Library at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Archives & Special Collections: Finding Aids by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Finding Aid for the James Howard Meredith Collection (MUM00293) Questions? Contact us! The James Howard Meredith Collection is open for research. Finding Aid for the James Howard Meredith Collection Table of Contents Descriptive Summary Administrative Information Subject Terms Biographical Note Scope and Content Note User Information Related Material Separated Material Arrangement Container List Descriptive Summary Title: James Howard Meredith Collection Dates: 1950-1997 (bulk 1960-1990) Collector: Meredith, James, 1933- Physical Extent: 146 boxes (75 linear feet) Repository: University of Mississippi. Department of Archives and Special Collections. University, MS 38677, USA Identification: MUM00293 Language of Material: English Abstract: Materials documenting the family, educational, and professional life of James Meredith, the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi. Includes a variety of materials relating to Meredith's enrollment process at Ole Miss and his time as a student there, as well as materials from his military service, family, later civil rights activities, and professional endeavors. Administrative Information Processing Information Collection processed by Jennifer Ford, S. E. Sarthou, Andrew Gladman, and Brian O'Flynn, 1998. The Institute of Museum and Library Services supported the digital encoding of this finding aid through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries. Encoding by ByteManagers, 23 December 2005. Finding aid updated by Jason Kovari, 2010 and by Abigail Norris, March 2020. Alternative Formats The integration related correspondence (boxes 3-6) have been digitized and available as part of the Integration of the University of Mississippi digital collection. These items are limited to J.D. Williams Library computers for copyright reasons. Subject Terms Meredith, James, 1933- University of Mississippi -- History African Americans - Civil rights Civil rights - Mississippi -- Oxford -- History College integration -- Mississippi -- Oxford -- History Political activists Riots - Mississippi - Oxford Segregation in education National Association for the Advancement of Colored People March against Fear (1966) Biographical Note James Howard Meredith was born on 25 June 1933, in Kosciusko, Mississippi, and raised on his family's eighty- four-acre farm in Attala County. After graduation from St. Petersburg (Florida) High School in 1951, he served in the U.S. Air Force from 1951 to 1960, including a three-year tour of duty at Tackikawa Airforce Base in Japan. He returned to his home state determined to become the first African American to attend The University of Mississippi. He attended Jackson State College from 1960 to 1961, and applied for admission to The University of Mississippi in January 1961. The state took several measures to prevent his admission. In February, the University sent Meredith a telegram denying his admission. When Meredith's responses to this telegram went unanswered, he filed suit with the assistance of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense Fund. After a protracted court battle, the United States Supreme Court ruled on 10 September 1962, that Meredith was to be admitted to the University. Governor Ross Barnett tried to prevent Meredith's enrollment by assuming the position of registrar and blocking his admission. On 30 September 1962, when a deal was reached between Governor Barnett and U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy to allow Meredith to enroll, a riot broke out on campus. A mob of angry whites confronted U. S. marshals stationed on campus to protect Meredith. The crowd assaulted the marshals with bricks and bullets outside the Lyceum, the university's administration building, until the arrival of federal troops quelled the violence in the early morning hours. Two bystanders died in the confrontation, 206 marshals and soldiers were wounded, and two hundred individuals were arrested. James Meredith was finally allowed to register for courses in October 1962. Messages of support for Meredith arrived from all over the world, including from Rosa Parks, Josephine Baker, and Langston Hughes. However, Meredith was ostracized by most of his fellow students at the University and needed twenty-four-hour protection from marshals. As a result, he described himself as "the most segregated Negro in America." The broadside "Rebel Resistance" was created by students, in collaboration with the Citizens' Council, to urge students to avoid any association with Meredith. Federal troops remained on campus for over a year to ensure his safety. In spite of these challenges, Meredith graduated with a bachelor's degree in August 1963. He went on to earn his LL.B in 1968 from Columbia University Law School. A civil rights activist, businessman, politician, and author, Meredith has dedicated his life to supporting individual rights. Aside from being the first African American to attend The University of Mississippi, Meredith is noted for leading the 1966 "March Against Fear" from Memphis to Jackson in protest of the physical violence that African Americans faced while exercising their right to vote. When Meredith was shot on the second day of the march, civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King, Jr., stepped in to complete the march. Meredith campaigned on behalf of a number of black politicians in several states, and in 1972 ran unsuccessfully for a congressional seat. In 1989, he joined the staff of North Carolina's arch-conservative Senator Jesse Helms. In 1996, he led the "Black Man's March to the Library." He is the author of numerous publications, including Three Years in Mississippi, which describes his experience integrating The University of Mississippi, and Mississippi: A Volume of Eleven Books. Scope and Content Note The James H. Meredith Collection documents the family, educational, and professional life of James Meredith, the first African American student to attend The University of Mississippi. The collection is housed in 146 archival boxes and is approximately 86 linear feet in extent. It spans the years from 1950 through 1997 but focuses primarily on the years from 1960 through 1990. Items within each series have been arranged chronologically. Within each year the materials have been divided into subject categories. The earlier years have item-level description; later years have box/folder listings with significant items noted. For the most part the Meredith Collection arrived without a systematic arrangement imposed by its creator, but Meredith did maintain folders on various subjects. The materials in each of these folders have been maintained as a unit even though they usually span several years. These files are identified as "Meredith Subject Files" in the inventory. Each subject file has been placed in the overall collection's chronological arrangement based on the date of the last item in the folder. The date span of items in the folder has been noted in the inventory. Series 1, Papers 1952-1961, contains business and professional papers, family records, and personal papers covering Meredith's life from 1952 to 1961, including his military service and studies at Jackson State College. Series 2 and 3, spanning the period 1962 to 1969, contain extensive documentation of Meredith's battle to enroll at The University of Mississippi in 1962, including his correspondence with the NAACP and all of the positive and negative letters he received from around the world during his ordeal. It also covers his later civil rights activities, including the James Meredith Educational Fund and the 1966 "March Against Fear" from Memphis to Jackson. In addition, it contains material related to family matters, his attendance at Columbia Law School, speaking engagements, and publication of Three Years in Mississippi. Series 4 and 5, covering the 1970s, contain correspondence and printed material covering Meredith's political activism on behalf of various candidates, his campaigns for Congress and Hinds County Tax Assessor, and various business ventures. Series 6 contains the records of Outlook magazine, a publication created by Meredith Enterprises, including copies of the magazine, drafts, financial documents, subscription records, layouts, research, and general correspondence. These records date from the 1970s. Series 7 documents Meredith's interests in Africa and Pan-African affairs from 1965 to 1989, including extensive correspondence with business people, diplomats, and activists in several countries, particularly Nigeria. Series 8 and 9, spanning the 1980s, consist of correspondence and printed material regarding Meredith's public engagements, writings, academic endeavors such as the Meredith Educational Institution, family relationships, legal affairs, conferences, business ventures, political activism, and his tenure with Senator Jesse Helms. Also included are Meredith's subject files on race,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COVID-19 Vaccine News & Info
    September 27, 2021 COVID-19 Vaccine News & Infoi TIMELY UPDATES • New York State launched an outreach and implementation plan to ensure the availability and accessibility of booster doses statewide on Monday, September 27, 2021. The plan also includes a new dedicated website: NY.gov/Boosters • The director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Friday, September 24, 2021 reversed a recommendation by an agency advisory panel that did not endorse booster shots of the Pfizer-BioNTech Covid vaccine for frontline and essential workers. Occupational risk of exposure will now be part of the consideration for the administration of boosters, which is consistent with the FDA determination. See: CDC Statement CDC recommends: o people 65 years and older and residents in long-term care settings should receive a booster shot of Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine at least 6 months after their Pfizer-BioNTech primary series, o people aged 50–64 years with underlying medical conditions should receive a booster shot of Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine at least 6 months after their Pfizer-BioNTech primary series, o people aged 18–49 years with underlying medical conditions may receive a booster shot of Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine at least 6 months after their Pfizer-BioNTech primary series, based on their individual benefits and risks, and o people aged 18-64 years who are at increased risk for COVID-19 exposure and transmission because of occupational or institutional setting may receive a booster shot of Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine at least 6 months after their Pfizer-BioNTech primary series, based on their individual benefits and risks.
    [Show full text]
  • ED443120.Pdf
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 443 120 CS 216 938 AUTHOR Schultz, Lucille M. TITLE The Young Composers: Composition's Beginnings in Nineteenth-Century Schools. Studies in Writing and Rhetoric. INSTITUTION Conference on Coll. Composition and Communication, Urbana, IL. ISBN ISBN-0-8093-2236-6 PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 231p. AVAILABLE FROM Southern Illinois University Press, P.O. Box 3697, Carbondale, IL 62902-3697 ($14.95). Web site: www.siu.edu/-siupress. PUB TYPE Books (010) Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Context; *Educational History; Elementary Secondary Education; Higher Education; *Rhetoric; Student Centered Curriculum; *Writing Instruction; Writing Strategies IDENTIFIERS *Nineteenth Century; Nineteenth Century Rhetoric; Pestalozzi (Johann Heinrich) ABSTRACT This book, the first full-length history of school-based writing instruction, demonstrates that writing instruction in 19th-century American schools was more important than has previously been assumed in the overall history of writing instruction. Drawing on primary materials that have not been considered in previous histories of writing instruction (little-known textbooks and student writing that includes prize-winning essays, journal entries, letters, and articles written for school newspapers), the book shows that in 19th-century American schools the voices of the British rhetoricians that dominated college writing instruction were attenuated by the voice of the Swiss education reformer Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. It was partly through the influence of Pestalozzi's thought that writing instruction for children in schools became child-centered, not just a replica or imitation of writing instruction in the colleges. These 19th-century schools prefigured some contemporary composition practices: free writing, peer editing, and the use of illustrations as writing prompts.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Social Issues with Film
    Teaching Social Issues with Film Teaching Social Issues with Film William Benedict Russell III University of Central Florida INFORMATION AGE PUBLISHING, INC. Charlotte, NC • www.infoagepub.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Russell, William B. Teaching social issues with film / William Benedict Russell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60752-116-7 (pbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-60752-117-4 (hardcover) 1. Social sciences--Study and teaching (Secondary)--Audio-visual aids. 2. Social sciences--Study and teaching (Secondary)--Research. 3. Motion pictures in education. I. Title. H62.2.R86 2009 361.0071’2--dc22 2009024393 Copyright © 2009 Information Age Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface and Overview .......................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ............................................................................. xvii 1 Teaching with Film ................................................................................ 1 The Russell Model for Using Film ..................................................... 2 2 Legal Issues ............................................................................................ 7 3 Teaching Social Issues with Film
    [Show full text]
  • SITTON, CLAUDE. Claude Fox Sitton Papers, Circa 1958-2004
    SITTON, CLAUDE. Claude Fox Sitton papers, circa 1958-2004 Emory University Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library Atlanta, GA 30322 404-727-6887 [email protected] Descriptive Summary Creator: Sitton, Claude. Title: Claude Fox Sitton papers, circa 1958-2004 Call Number: Manuscript Collection No. 633 Extent: 16.75 linear ft. (18 boxes) Abstract: Papers of Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Claude Sitton, including correspondence, columns and other articles written by him, his speeches, subject files, and his scrapbooks of clippings. Language: Materials entirely in English. Administrative Information Restrictions on Access Unrestricted access. Terms Governing Use and Reproduction All requests subject to limitations noted in departmental policies on reproduction. Separated Material Emory University also holds portions of the personal library of Claude Sitton, many volumes of which were annotated by Sitton. These materials may be located in the Emory University online catalog by searching for: Sitton, Claude, former owner. Source Gift, 1983, with subsequent additions. Citation [after identification of item(s)], Claude Fox Sitton papers, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University. Processing Processed by VJHC, October 1984 . Emory Libraries provides copies of its finding aids for use only in research and private study. Copies supplied may not be copied for others or otherwise distributed without prior consent of the holding repository. Claude Fox Sitton papers, 1958-1990 Manuscript Collection No. 633 This finding aid may include language that is offensive or harmful. Please refer to the Rose Library's harmful language statement for more information about why such language may appear and ongoing efforts to remediate racist, ableist, sexist, homophobic, euphemistic and other oppressive language.
    [Show full text]
  • “Unthinkable” a History of Policing in New York City Public Schools & the Path Toward Police-Free Schools
    “Unthinkable” A History of Policing in New York City Public Schools & the Path toward Police-Free Schools Despite being named “unthinkable” by officials in Today, there are 5,322 School Safety Agents and 189 the 1950s, for more than two decades the New York uniformed police officers budgeted for the NYPD’s City Police Department (NYPD) has controlled School Safety Division. Over the last decade advocates policing inside the City’s public schools. Much has have pointed out that our School Safety Division is been written about the 1998 transfer of school safety larger than the police departments of Washington DC, authority from the school system to police under Dallas, Boston, or Las Vegas, and outnumbers the former Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, but very little about Department of Education’s staffing of school guidance what accelerated that process or the landscape that counselors and social workers.3 preceded it. These are not the only police in schools. Most police This report provides a condensed political history of activity in schools is carried out by police officers policing and schooling in New York City, and offers a outside of the control of the School Safety Division. For frame for using this history to move forward a future example, in 2018, 74% of all school-based arrests were of police-free schools. This overview collects popular conducted by additional police in and around our reporting since the early 1900s, chronicling the schools – either a Detective from the Detective Bureau shifting of school safety – referring at times to police or a Patrol Officer.4 officers assigned to targeted schools, and at other times to “security aides” employed by the Board of This report also documents the ballooning budget Education (BOE).
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 St. Gaudens Medal Winners
    2009 St. Gaudens Medal Winners Name: School: Ahmed, Shah Frank Sinatra School of the Arts Al-Uqdah, Tariq Brooklyn Academy High School Andrea Wilson World Academy for Total Community Health Appiah,Kofi Bronx Leadership Academy High School Armijos, Joyce Fannie Lou Hamer Freedom High School Bal, Mercan Richmond Hill High School Bartley, Fabian Canarsie High School Batista, Carolina Bushwick Leaders' High School Benitez, Edwin Fort Hamilton High School Castillo, Victor Marble Hill School for International Studies Chen, Helen Brooklyn Technical High School Cole, Shemika School for International Studies Cook, Nahjee Bedford-Stuyvesant Preparatory High School Correa, Miriam CSI High School for International Studies Cortes, Christian High School of Fashion Industries Cota, Chelsea NYC Museum School Craigen, Crystal HS for Law Enforcement & Public Safety Crosdale, Venisha Samuel J. Tilden Cutler, Suzannah NYC Lab School Escalante, Stephanie Martin Van Buren High School Eubanks, Amanda The High School for Arts, Imagination & Inquiry Evans, William Science Skills Center High School Fannieka Dawkins The Bronx High School for the Visual Arts Francis, Ariel Frederick Douglass Academy VII High School Francis, Tricia Brooklyn Preparatory High School Fuchs, Marie Benjamin N. Cardozo High School Fulwood, Terrell ACORN Community High School Gachette, Vanessa Secondary School for Law Gallo,Massimiliano City-As-School Garcia, Angel High School of Telecommunication Arts & Tech Go, Brian Townsend Harris High School Gomez, Blanca BREC: Art & Music Academy Gonzalez, Joanna Independence High School 2009 St. Gaudens Medal Winners Continued Name: School: Gonzalez, Richard Cascades High School Guity, Kady Bronx Community High School Guzman, Genesis High School for Law & Public Service Herrera, Christian Long Island City High School Jane, Kim Edward R.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Studies District • 2019
    UNIVERSITY INTERSCHOLASTIC LEAGUE Social Studies District • 2019 DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE INSTRUCTED TO DO SO! UNIVERSITY INTERSCHOLASTIC LEAGUE SOCIAL STUDIES CONTEST DISTRICT SPRING 2019 Part I: General Knowledge US Civil Rights: Fulfilling a Nation’s Promise (1 point each) 1. A few weeks before the 1960 election, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested while leading a protest in Atlanta, Georgia. _____ phoned his wife to express his concern, and helped secure her husband's release. A. Lyndon B. Johnson C. John F. Kennedy B. Richard M. Nixon D. Dwight D. Eisenhower 2. The EEOC is a government agency established by the _____ to “ensure equality of opportunity by vigorously enforcing federal legislation prohibiting discrimination in employment.” A. Equal Rights Amendment C. Fair Housing Act B. Civil Rights Act of 1964 D. Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 • Developed the 1964 Freedom Summer Project • Helped create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party • Co-Director of Council of Federated Organizations • Developed the Algebra Project in 1982 3. All of the items listed above refer to which of the following individuals? A. Ella Baker C. Fannie Lou Hamer B. Robert Moses D. Amzie Moore 4. _____ was born August 17, 1887 in Jamaica. He gained notoriety as a charismatic black leader in Harlem who organized the first important American black nationalist movement. A. Jesse Jackson C. Malcolm X B. W.E.B. DuBois D. Marcus Garvey UIL Social Studies 1 DISTRICT • First black television producer in U.S. • Emmy, Tony, and Grammy award winner • Friend of MLK who raised thousands for CORE and SCLC projects • First platinum selling artist 5.
    [Show full text]
  • NYC Schools That Are Identified As Being in Improvement Status
    School Accountability Status For The 2007-08 School Year Based On Assessment Results For The 2006-07 School Year New York City Schools Schools that are identified as being in improvement status County/District/School 2007-08 School Year Status Subject County: NYC CENTRAL OFFICE N Y C Alternative Hs District BRONX REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL In Corrective Action Secondary-Level English Language Arts Secondary-Level Mathematics CASCADE HS FOR TEACHING AND LEAR In Corrective Action Secondary-Level English Language Arts CROTONA ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL In Need of Improvement - Secondary-Level Mathematics Year 2 EDWARD A REYNOLDS WEST SIDE HS In Need of Improvement - Secondary-Level English Language Arts Year 2 Secondary-Level Mathematics HS 560M-CITY-AS-SCHOOL Requiring Academic Secondary-Level English Language Arts Progress - Year 2 LIBERTY HIGH SCH ACAD-NEWCOMERS In Need of Improvement - Secondary-Level English Language Arts Year 1 Secondary-Level Mathematics LOWER EAST SIDE PREP SCHOOL In Need of Improvement - Secondary-Level English Language Arts Year 1 PULSE HIGH SCHOOL In Need of Improvement - Secondary-Level English Language Arts Year 1 Secondary-Level Mathematics QUEENS ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL In Need of Improvement - Secondary-Level Mathematics Year 1 SATELLITE ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL Restructuring - Year 1 Secondary-Level English Language Arts County: MANHATTAN Charter Schools JOHN V LINDSAY WILDCAT ACAD CHART In Need of Improvement - Secondary-Level English Language Arts Year 2 Secondary-Level Mathematics New York City Geographic District # 1 MARTE
    [Show full text]
  • 15 Lc 106 0245 H. R
    15 LC 106 0245 House Resolution 678 By: Representative Brooks of the 55th A RESOLUTION 1 Commending Claude Sitton upon being inducted into the Georgia Journalism Hall of Fame; 2 and for other purposes. 3 WHEREAS, Claude Sitton grew up on a farm in Rockdale County, Georgia, during the 4 1930s, working side-by-side with African American sharecroppers; and as a teen, he loved 5 politics so much that he would skip school to go watch the state legislature; and 6 WHEREAS, Mr. Sitton later set the standard for reporting on the civil rights movement; his 7 stories in the New York Times were reliable, scrupulously fair, and detail-driven; his reports 8 offered no quarter to the white supremacists who didn't want their discrimination and 9 violence exposed, but they didn't romanticize the struggle for equal rights; and 10 WHEREAS, Newsweek praised him in 1964 as "the best daily newspaperman on the 11 Southern scene"; Hank Klibanoff, journalism professor at Emory University, said that Mr. 12 Sitton "got where no one else was. It was hustle, and a determination to see it with his own 13 eyes"; and 14 WHEREAS, shortly after becoming the chief Southern correspondent for the Times in 1958, 15 he was thrust into the recurring racial upheavals in Little Rock, Arkansas; over the next six 16 years, he reported on the flash points and shifting fault lines of the civil rights struggle; and 17 WHEREAS, Mr. Sitton had a large impact on the reporting of the civil rights movement, the 18 federal government's response, and the movement itself; and 19 WHEREAS, compared with other reporters, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • War Crimes Prosecution Watch
    WAR CRIMES PROSECUTION FREDERICK K. COX ATCH INTERNATIONAL LAW CENTER W EDITOR IN CHIEF Margaux Day Michael P. Scharf and Brianne M. Draffin, Advisors Volume 3 - Issue 18 MANAGING EDITOR April 28, 2008 Niki Dasarathy War Crimes Prosecution Watch is a bi-weekly e-newsletter that compiles official documents and articles from major news sources detailing and analyzing salient issues pertaining to the investigation and prosecution of war crimes throughout the world. To subscribe, please email [email protected] and type "subscribe" in the subject line. Contents Court of Bosnia & Herzegovina, War Crimes Chamber Court of BiH: Verdict handed down in the Mirko Pekez and Others case Court of BiH: Verdict handed down in the Dušan Fuštar case BIRN Justice Report: Lazarevic et al: Appointment of new Defense attorneys BIRN Justice Report: Mejakic et al: Another hearing closed to the public Court of BiH: Indictment confirmed in the Predrag Bastah and Others case Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia VOA Khmer Source: Opposition Renews Call for Speedy Tribunal Aljazeera: Khmer Rouge leader seeks bail AP: French lawyer for Khmer Rouge challenges Cambodia Court AFP: Cambodian genocide tribunal denies financial mismanagement International Criminal Court Darfur, Sudan Sudan Tribune: Plane carrying Darfur war crimes suspect forced to make emergency landing Human Rights Watch: Justice for Darfur Campaign Launched Reuters: Global court could indict more over Sudan's Darfur Democratic Republic of the Congo (ICC) ICC Press Release: Setting-up
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction Report
    RECONSTRUCTION IN AMERICA RECONSTRUCTION 122 Commerce Street Montgomery, Alabama 36104 334.269.1803 eji.org RECONSTRUCTION IN AMERICA Racial Violence after the Civil War, 1865-1876 © 2020 by Equal Justice Initiative. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, or distributed in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without express prior written permission of Equal Justice Initiative. RECONSTRUCTION IN AMERICA Racial Violence after the Civil War, 1865-1876 The Memorial at the EJI Legacy Pavilion in Montgomery, Alabama. (Mickey Welsh/Montgomery Advertiser) 5 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 THE DANGER OF FREEDOM 56 Political Violence 58 Economic Intimidation 63 JOURNEY TO FREEDOM 8 Enforcing the Racial Social Order 68 Emancipation and Citizenship Organized Terror and Community Massacres 73 Inequality After Enslavement 11 Accusations of Crime 76 Emancipation by Proclamation—Then by Law 14 Arbitrary and Random Violence 78 FREEDOM TO FEAR 22 RECONSTRUCTION’S END 82 A Terrifying and Deadly Backlash Reconstruction vs. Southern Redemption 84 Black Political Mobilization and White Backlash 28 Judicial and Political Abandonment 86 Fighting for Education 32 Redemption Wins 89 Resisting Economic Exploitation 34 A Vanishing Hope 93 DOCUMENTING RECONSTRUCTION 42 A TRUTH THAT NEEDS TELLING 96 VIOLENCE Known and Unknown Horrors Notes 106 Acknowledgments 119 34 Documented Mass Lynchings During the Reconstruction Era 48 Racial Terror and Reconstruction: A State Snapshot 52 7 INTRODUCTION Thousands more were assaulted, raped, or in- jured in racial terror attacks between 1865 and 1876. The rate of documented racial terror lynchings during Reconstruction is nearly three In 1865, after two and a half centuries of brutal white mobs and individuals who were shielded It was during Reconstruction that a times greater than during the era we reported enslavement, Black Americans had great hope from arrest and prosecution.
    [Show full text]
  • Newspaper Distribution List
    Newspaper Distribution List The following is a list of the key newspaper distribution points covering our Integrated Media Pro and Mass Media Visibility distribution package. Abbeville Herald Little Elm Journal Abbeville Meridional Little Falls Evening Times Aberdeen Times Littleton Courier Abilene Reflector Chronicle Littleton Observer Abilene Reporter News Livermore Independent Abingdon Argus-Sentinel Livingston County Daily Press & Argus Abington Mariner Livingston Parish News Ackley World Journal Livonia Observer Action Detroit Llano County Journal Acton Beacon Llano News Ada Herald Lock Haven Express Adair News Locust Weekly Post Adair Progress Lodi News Sentinel Adams County Free Press Logan Banner Adams County Record Logan Daily News Addison County Independent Logan Herald Journal Adelante Valle Logan Herald-Observer Adirondack Daily Enterprise Logan Republican Adrian Daily Telegram London Sentinel Echo Adrian Journal Lone Peak Lookout Advance of Bucks County Lone Tree Reporter Advance Yeoman Long Island Business News Advertiser News Long Island Press African American News and Issues Long Prairie Leader Afton Star Enterprise Longmont Daily Times Call Ahora News Reno Longview News Journal Ahwatukee Foothills News Lonoke Democrat Aiken Standard Loomis News Aim Jefferson Lorain Morning Journal Aim Sussex County Los Alamos Monitor Ajo Copper News Los Altos Town Crier Akron Beacon Journal Los Angeles Business Journal Akron Bugle Los Angeles Downtown News Akron News Reporter Los Angeles Loyolan Page | 1 Al Dia de Dallas Los Angeles Times
    [Show full text]