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For Non- Commercial Use Only AKTUALNOŚCI PRACA POGLĄDOWA Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie medycyny w 2008 r. Nobel Prize for Medicine 2008 dr n. med. Piotr Rapiejko1,2, dr n. med. Agnieszka Lipiec2 1. Zakład Profilaktyki Zagrożeń Środowiskowych i Alergologii Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego Kierownik Zakładu: prof. dr hab. n. med. Bolesław Samoliński 2. Klinika Otolaryngologii Wojskowego Instytutu Medycznego w Warszawie Kierownik Kliniki: prof. dr hab. n. med. Dariusz Jurkiewicz Streszczenie: Nagrodę Nobla w dziedzinie medycyny i fizjologii otrzymał w 2008 roku Harald zur Hausen za odkrycie wirusa brodawczaka ludzkiego wywołującego raka szyjki macicy oraz Françoise Barré-Sinoussi i Luc Montagnier za odkrycie ludzkiego wirusa zespołu nabytego braku odporności (HIV). Abstract: The Nobel committee has awarded the Prize for Physiology or Medicine in this year to Harald zur Hausen for his discovery of human papilloma viruses (HPV) causing cervical cancer and to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of human immunodeficiencyFor virus (HIV). non- Słowa kluczowe: Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie medycyny, 2008, wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego, HPV, wirus zespołu nabytego braku odporności, HIV Key words: Nobelcommercial Prize for Medicine, 2008, human papilloma viruses, HPV, usehuman immunodeficiency only virus, HIV agroda Nobla to wyróżnienie przyznawane za zur Hausen za odkrycie wirusa brodawczaka ludzkie- wybitne osiągnięcia naukowe, literackie lub go wywołującego raka szyjki macicy oraz Françoise N zasługi dla społeczeństw i całej ludzkości. Fun- Barré-Sinoussi i Luc Montagnier za odkrycie ludzkie- datorem nagrody był szwedzki przemysłowiec i wyna- go wirusa zespołu nabytego braku odporności (HIV). lazca dynamitu – Alfred Nobel. Pierwsza uroczystość wręczenia Nagród Nobla Wirus HPV a rak szyjki macicy miała miejsce w Sztokholmie w 1901 r. Pokojową Harald zur Hausen z Niemieckiego Centrum Nagrodę Nobla otrzymali wtedy Jean Henri Dunant, Badań Nowotworów przez większość swojego zawo- założyciel Czerwonego Krzyża, i Frédéric Passy. dowego życia koncentrował się na badaniach związku Każdy z laureatów otrzymuje oprócz dyplomu infekcji wirusowych z nowotworami. Już w 1973 r. honorowego także złoty medal i 10 milionów koron, opublikował pracę pt.: „Virus and cancer. The con- aby mógł kontynuować swoje badania naukowe bez cept of the masked causative agent” [1]. W 1975 r. konieczności zabiegania o fundusze. opublikował pracę pt.: „Human papilloma viruses and Nagrodę Nobla w dziedzinie medycyny i fizjo- cancer” [2], a w 1976 r. pracę pt.: „Biochemical ap- logii w 2008 roku otrzymało troje naukowców: Harald proaches to detection of Epstein-Barr virus in human Alergoprofil 2008, Vol. 4, Nr 3, 68-71 68 Pracę nadesłano: 2008-10-13 Zaakceptowano do druku: 2008-10-15 „Copyright by Medical Education”© Medical Education. For private and non-commercial use only. Downloaded from https://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/alergoprofil: 26.09.2021; 19:55,16 AKTUALNOŚCI PRACA POGLĄDOWA tumors” [3] oraz, wspólnie z Gissmannem, pracę pt: W 1983 r. był kierownikiem grupy badawczej, która “Human papilloma virus DNA: physical mapping and po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowała wirus będący przy- genetic heterogeneity” [4]. czyną AIDS. Ponadto Luc Montagnier jest założycie- Badania zur Hausena były na tyle nowatorskie, lem Światowej Fundacji na rzecz Badań i Prewencji że trudno było mu uzyskać fundusze na ich rozwinię- AIDS (ang. World Foundation for AIDS Research and cie. W 1977 r. zur Hausen został dyrektorem Insty- Prevention). tutu Wirusologii we Freiburgu i w tym samym roku jego zespół wyizolował wirusa HPV z kłykcin narzą- W środowisku naukowym przez wiele lat dów płciowych. W kolejnych badaniach jego zespół toczył się spór, komu faktycznie powinna przypaść wykazał obecność wirusa HPV 16 w połowie próbek palma pierwszeństwa w wyizolowaniu wirusa HIV komórek pobranych za pomocą biopsji z tkanki nowo- – Montagnierowi i Barré-Sinoussi z Instytutu Pasteu- tworowej raka szyjki macicy [5]. ra w Paryżu czy też zespołowi pod kierownictwem Badania Haralda zur Hausena doprowadziły do Roberta Gallo z amerykańskiego Narodowego Insty- opracowania szczepionki, która daje szansę na zmniej- tutu Zdrowia (NIH). Oba zespoły przez pewien czas szenie liczby przypadków raka szyjki macicy [6]. współpracowały ze sobą, wymieniając się szalkami Wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) należy zawierającymi preparaty badawcze. do rodziny Papillomawirusów. Część wirusów z tej rodziny może być przyczyną łagodnych zmian, np. Poniżej prezentujemy pełną listę laureatów kłykcin kończystych, inne mogą powodować po- Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie medycyny wstawanie nowotworów złośliwych, np. raka szyjki lub fizjologii: macicy. ● 2008 – Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Si- Szacuje się, że do 2010 r. blisko 60% dorosłej noussi, Luc Montagnier populacji zostanie zainfekowane wirusem brodawcza- ● 2007 – Mario R. Capecchi, sir Martin J. Evans, ka. Wirus HPV jest najczęstszym wirusem przenoszo- Oliver Smithies nym drogą kontaktów seksualnych, współczesnymi ● 2006 – Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello metodami wykrywa się u 99,7% kobiet chorujących na ● 2005 – Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren raka szyjki macicy. ● 2004 – Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck For non- ● 2003 – Paul C. Lauterbur, sir Peter Mansfield Wirus HIV ● 2002 – Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John Françoise Barré-Sinoussi z Instytutu Pasteura E. Sulston w 1983 roku wraz z grupą badawczą Luca Montagnie- ● 2001 – Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, sir Paul ra zidentyfikowała wirus HIV jako czynnik wywołu- Nurse jący AIDS. Badajcommercialąc próbkę węzła chłonnego młodego ● 2000 use – Arvid Carlsson, only Paul Greengard, Eric R. pacjenta chorego na tę chorobę, badacze wykryli czą- Kandel steczki słynnego wirusa [7]. Początkowo nazywano ● 1999 – Günter Blobel go dwojako: LAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus, ● 1998 – Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, wirus związany z limfoadenopatią) lub HTLV-III Ferid Murad (human T lymphotropic virus type III). W 1986 r. Mię- ● 1997 – Stanley B. Prusiner dzynarodowy Komitet Taksonomii Wirusów wprowa- ● 1996 – Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel dził wspólną nazwę HIV (human immunodeficiency ● 1995 – Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein- virus, ludzki wirus upośledzenia odporności). Odkry- Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus cie wirusa pozwoliło na opracowanie testów wykry- ● 1994 – Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell wających zakażenie i leków hamujących progresję ● 1993 – Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp HIV. W 1996 r. Barré-Sinoussi otrzymała nominację ● 1992 – Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs profesorską i objęła w Instytucie Pasteura kierowni- ● 1991 – Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann ctwo grupy badawczej zajmującej się biologią retro- ● 1990 – Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas wirusów. ● 1989 – J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus Luc Montagnier, francuski wirusolog ze Świa- ● 1988 – sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, towej Fundacji na rzecz Badań i Prewencji AIDS, jest George H. Hitchings współodkrywcą wirusa HIV. Od 1985 r. jest kierowni- ● 1987 – Susumu Tonegawa kiem oddziału wirusologii w Instytucie Pasteura, a od ● 1986 – Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini 1990 r. kieruje też oddziałem AIDS i retrowirusów. ● 1985 – Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein Alergoprofil P. Rapiejko, A. Lipiec: Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie medycyny w 2008 r. 2008, Vol. 4, Nr 3, 68-71 69 © Medical Education. For private and non-commercial use only. Downloaded from https://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/alergoprofil: 26.09.2021; 19:55,16 AKTUALNOŚCI PRACA POGLĄDOWA ● 1984 – Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César ● 1953 – Hans Krebs, Fritz Lipmann Milstein ● 1952 – Selman A. Waksman ● 1983 – Barbara McClintock ● 1951 – Max Theiler ● 1982 – Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, ● 1950 – Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, John R. Vane Philip S. Hench ● 1981 – Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten ● 1949 – Walter Hess, Egas Moniz N. Wiesel ● 1948 – Paul Müller ● 1980 – Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George ● 1947 – Carl Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay D. Snell ● 1946 – Hermann J. Muller ● 1979 – Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield ● 1945 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain, ● 1978 – Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Sir Howard Florey O. Smith ● 1944 – Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S. Gasser ● 1977 – Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, ● 1943 – Henrik Dam, Edward A. Doisy Rosalyn Yalow ● 1942 – nie przyznano ● 1976 – Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gaj- ● 1941 – nie przyznano dusek ● 1940 – nie przyznano ● 1975 – David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, ● 1939 – Gerhard Domagk Howard M. Temin ● 1938 – Corneille Heymans ● 1974 – Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George ● 1937 – Albert Szent-Györgyi E. Palade ● 1936 – sir Henry Dale, Otto Loewi ● 1973 – Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas ● 1935 – Hans Spemann Tinbergen ● 1934 – George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, ● 1972 – Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter William P. Murphy ● 1971 – Earl W. Sutherland, jr. ● 1933 – Thomas H. Morgan ● 1970 – Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius ● 1932 – sir Charles Sherrington, Edgar Adrian Axelrod ● 1931 – Otto Warburg ● 1969 – Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salva- ● 1930 – Karl Landsteiner dorFor E. Luria non- ● 1929 – Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick ● 1968 – Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Hopkins Marshall W. Nirenberg ● 1928 – Charles Nicolle ● 1967 – Ragnar Granit, Haldan K. Hartline, George ● 1927 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg Wald ● 1926 – Johannes Fibiger ● 1966 – commercialPeyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins ● 1925 use – nie przyznano only
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