• ,:. *:•• iSii :!; ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University OF SARDIS Cornell University The Corning Museum of Glass Sponsored by the American Schools of Oriental Research General Editors George M. A. Hanfmann Jane Ayer Scott Monograph 7 Volumes in This Series Reports 1. A Survey of Sardis and the Major Monuments outside the City Walls, by George M. A. Hanfmann and Jane C. Waldbaum (1975) 2. Sculpture from Sardis: The Finds through 1975, by George M. A. Hanfmann and Nancy H. Ramage (1978) Monographs 1. Byzantine Coins, by George E. Bates (1971) 2. Ancient Literary Sources on Sardis, by John G. Pedley (1972) 3. Neue epichorische Schriftzeugnisse aus Sardis, by Roberto Gusmani (1975) 4. Byzantine and Turkish Sardis, by Clive Foss (1976) 5. Lydian Houses and Architectural Terracottas, by Andrew Ramage (1978) 6. Ancient and Byzantine Glass from Sardis, by Axel von Saldern (1980), published jointly as A Corning Museum of Glass Monograph 7. Greek, Roman, and Islamic Coins from Sardis, by T. V. Buttrey, Ann Johnston, Kenneth M. MacKenzie, and Michael L. Bates (1981) GREEK, ROMAN, T. V. Buttrey Ann Johnston AND ISLAMIC Kenneth M. MacKenzie COINS FROM SARDIS Michael L. Bates with a contribution by J. A. Charles Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 1981 Publication of this volume has been made possible by grants from the Loeb Classical Library Foundation Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, the University of Michigan Publication Program, Division of Research Programs, National Endow­ ment for the Humanities Jubilee Fund of the Numismatic Department of Bank Leu Ltd. to Further Numismatic Publication, Zurich Copyright ® 1981 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Greek, Roman, and Islamic coins from Sardis. (Monograph / Archaeological Exploration of Sardis; 7) Bibliography: p. xxv 1. Coins, Greek—Turkey—Sardis. 2. Coins, Roman— Turkey—Sardis. 3. Coins, Islamic—Turkey—Sardis. 4. Sardis (Turkey) 5. Turkey—Antiquities. I. Buttrey, Theodore V. II. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis (1958- ) III. Series: Monograph (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis (1958- )); 7. CJ619.S27G73 737.4 81-6774 ISBN 0-674-36305-1 AACR2 In Memoriam GEORGE C. MILES 1904-1975 CONTENTS Editors' Preface ix Authors' Preface xii Numismatic Site Find Procedures xiv Technical Abbreviations xviii Sector Abbreviations and Site Plan xix Notes on Some Archaeological Contexts xx Bibliography and Abbreviations xxv I THE GREEK COINS 1 Ann Johnston The Pattern of Finds 1 The Greek Imperials 5 Die-Sharing in Asia Minor 6 The Denomination System of Greek Imperial Bronze 6 Types and Titles at Sardis 7 Artemis and Kore 7 Zeus Lydios 10 Neocorates 11 Agonistic Types 12 Catalogue 15 Countermarks 72 Notes to Greek Catalogue 73 THE ROMAN COINS 90 T V. Buttrey with a contribution by J. A. Charles Roman Republic 91 Roman Empire 92 The Finds and Local Currency of Sardis: The Fourth and Fifth Centuries A.D. 95 Issues and Mints, 294-491 119 Hoards 123 Bronze Minimi 124 Metallurgical Examination of Fifth Century Minimi 124 J. A. Charles Catalogue 128 III BYZANTINE, MEDIEVAL, AND MODERN COINS AND TOKENS 204 T V. Buttrey The Byzantine Coins 204 Catalogue 211 Notes to Byzantine Catalogue 221 Lead 222 Catalogue 223 The Medieval and Modern Coins 224 Catalogue 225 IV THE ISLAMIC COINS 227 Kenneth M. MacKenzie and Michael L. Bates Coins of the Anatolian Beyliks 227 Coins of the Ottoman Sultans 229 Arabic Rulers and Dynasties 231 The Mints 232 Arabic Legends and Words 235 Catalogue 236 Illustrations 275 EDITORS' PREFACE The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis be­ general consultant, solving many problems in the gan its work in 1958 as a joint effort of Harvard ten years the study has been in progress. He has and Cornell Universities under the general spon­ treated the Byzantine coins found between 1969 sorship of the American Schools of Oriental and 1972 and provides a comprehensive overview Research; The Corning Museum of Glass joined in of Byzantine coins at Sardis that includes the work 1960. This, the seventh Monograph and ninth of H. W. Bell in Sardis XI (1916) on the coins Volume in the Sardis series of final publications, is found by the first Sardis expedition as well as the devoted to the ancient coins, Lydian, Greek, and data published by George E. Bates. Complement­ Roman, found between 1958 and 1972 and the ing the Byzantine finds are the western issues Islamic coins found between 1958 and 1978. Link­ found in material excavated at Sardis between ing these major bodies of numismatic evidence is a 1958 and 1971. chapter on Byzantine coins found since the pub­ George C. Miles began the study of the lication of George E. Bates' Sardis Ml (1971), Islamic coins in 1970. Undisputed master of which enlarges the pictures he drew of the Byzan­ research in Islamic coinages and kindred materials, tine period. and a keen student of Turkey since his teaching We take this opportunity to express our pro­ days at Robert College, Miles generously let us found gratitude to the government of the Republic draw on his expertise and contributed to our of Turkey for the privilege of working at Sardis. preliminary publications. Despite many strong The Department of Antiquities and Museums, claims on his time, he accepted the task of the formerly under the Ministry of Culture, and the final publication and studied the originals at Sardis Directors General, their officers and representa­ in 1971 with his characteristic speed and vigor. He tives, have been unfailing in their help. We owe a was at work on the catalogue when death took special debt of thanks to the successive directors him in October 1975. A scholar of supreme integ­ and staff of the Archaeological Museum in Manisa, rity and vast knowledge, a man of sturdy good especially to its present director, Kubilay Nayir. A sense and stout loyalty, he inspired us and many few specimens of intrinsic value are at that mu­ others to try to live up to his example and to do seum, while all others are currently stored in the justice to our evidence for Turkish Sardis. The depots of the Expedition camp at Sardis. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis and the The Sardis Expedition is privileged to have authors gratefully dedicate this volume to his four distinguished collaborators for this volume. memory. Theodore V. Buttrey and Ann Johnston worked at It was a stroke of good fortune that the study Sardis in 1971 and 1973 to prepare the Greek and of Islamic coins left orphaned by George Miles Roman coins for publication. Buttrey has acted as was adopted by Michael L. Bates and Kenneth M. Editors' Preface x MacKenzie, who have performed a difficult task Greek, Roman, and Medieval sections. Finally, we with exemplary care. The catalogue was prepared are very grateful to Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. by MacKenzie, who made the majority of attribu­ who became field director in 1976 and who has tions, using Miles' notes and photographs. Bates been extremely helpful and generous in expediting acted as consultant, reviewed the catalogue at a final checking in the field and the cleaning and preliminary stage, and wrote the introduction. The photography of most of the Islamic coins. drawings in the catalogue and the Arabic callig­ Both the excavation and research programs raphy are MacKenzie's. Through their joint effort have been made possible by grants and contribu­ the information for the Turkish period is avail­ tions extending over two decades from the able, and the role of coinage at Sardis can be Bollingen Foundation (1959-1965), the Old Domin­ followed from the seventh century B.C. into the ion Foundation (1966-1968), the Loeb Classical Li­ late nineteenth century A.D. brary Foundation (1965-1970), the Wenner-Gren For methodological and economic reasons it Foundation for Anthropological Research (1967), was not feasible to include any findspots in the the Charles E. Merrill Trust (1973), the Ford Foun­ present volume. However, some contexts of par­ dation (1968-1972), and the Billy Rose Foundation ticular interest for historical and numismatic re­ (from 1970). Donations were received through the search are briefly listed in "Notes on Some American Schools of Oriental Research, and Cor­ Archaeological Contexts," infra. Concordances nell University contributed university funds from which will enable scholars to know the context of 1957 through 1968. Much of the Harvard contri­ each recorded find have been prepared by bution came from the group of Supporters of K. Patricia Erhart, Stuart Fullerton, and Kenneth Sardis, established in 1957, which includes both M. MacKenzie and will be made available on individuals and foundations. We owe the continuity inquiry to the Sardis Research Office, Fogg Art of our work to their enthusiasm and generosity, Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. and particularly to the advice and support of 02138. James R. Cherry, Landon T. Clay, Catharine S. Much assistance has been rendered the authors Detweiler, John B. Elliott, Mrs. George C. Keiser, and editors, and heartfelt thanks goes to many not Thomas B. Lemann, Nanette B. Rodney, Norbert listed below. The care with which Electra D. Yorsz Schimmel, Richard Sherwood, and Edwin Weisl, did the first editorial review and listed corrections Jr. enabled us to keep track of ten years of revisions The excavation of the sectors which yielded without disaster. Benedicte Gilman brought the the coin finds was aided by a grant in Turkish efforts of all others to fruition by editing the final currency made by the Department of State to the text, arranging plates and tables, and doing all President and Fellows of Harvard College for the necessary to see the book through the press.