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Die Fritsch-Krise Im Frühjahr 1938. Neun Dokumente Aus Dem Nachlaß Des Generalobersten
Dokumentation Horst Mühleisen Die Fritsch-Krise im Frühjahr 1938. Neun Dokumente aus dem Nachlaß des Generalobersten I. Die Bedeutung der Dokumente Es gibt Skandale, die lange fortwirken und auch die Forschung immer noch be- schäftigen. Zu diesen gehört jener, der mit dem Namen des Generalfeldmarschalls Werner von Blomberg, des Reichskriegsministers und Oberbefehlshabers der Wehr- macht, sowie des Generalobersten Werner Freiherrn von Fritsch, des Oberbefehls- habers des Heeres, verbunden ist. Der Anlaß für Blombergs Entlassung am 4. Februar 1938 war seine Heirat mit einer Frau, deren Vorleben als kompromittiert galt. Fritsch aber war der Homose- xualität, des Vergehens nach § 175 Strafgesetzbuch, beschuldigt worden. Auch er erhielt am selben Tage, dem 4. Februar, seinen Abschied. Um die gegen Fritsch er- hobenen Vorwürfe aufzuklären, ermittelte sowohl die Geheime Staatspolizei als auch das Reichskriegsgericht. Dies waren die Tatsachen, die im Frühjahr 1938 indessen nur wenigen Perso- nen verlaßlich bekannt waren. Der Öffentlichkeit war mitgeteilt worden, die Ver- abschiedung von Blomberg und Fritsch sei aus gesundheitlichen Gründen erfolgt. Wenige Jahre nach Kriegsende, 1949, veröffentlichte Johann Adolf Graf Kiel- mansegg, Fritschs Neffe, eine Darstellung über den Prozeß des Reichskriegsge- richts gegen den Generalobersten1. Die persönlichen Zeugnisse, die der ehemali- ge Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres hinterlassen hat, waren indessen spärlich, da Fritsch keine umfangreiche Korrespondenz führte. Ferner standen Kielmansegg die Prozeßakten nicht zur Verfügung, da sie verbrannt waren. Fotokopien der Ak- ten und Verhandlungsstenogramme, die in nicht sehr zahlreicher Ausfertigung vorlagen, ebenso wie die Handakten des Verteidigers, des Grafen Rüdiger von der Goltz, wurden durch Bombenangriffe vernichtet2. Ob die Protokolle, die Reichs- kriegsgerichtsrat Dr. Karl Sack während des Prozesses führte, tatsächlich nach Kriegsende in die Hände der amerikanischen Besatzungsmacht gefallen sind3, ist ungewiß; bis heute sind sie nicht wieder aufgetaucht. -
INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6"X 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing theUMI World’s Information since 1938 300 North Z eeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8820321 Operational art and the German command system in World War I Meyer, Bradley John, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1088 by Meyer, Bradley John. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 OPERATIONAL ART AND THE GERMAN COMMAND SYSTEM IN WORLD WAR I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Bradley J. -
Order of Battle, Mid-September 1940 Army Group a Commander-In-Chief
Operation “Seelöwe” (Sea Lion) Order of Battle, mid-September 1940 Army Group A Commander-in-Chief: Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt Chief of the General Staff: General der Infanterie Georg von Sodenstern Operations Officer (Ia): Oberst Günther Blumentritt 16th Army Commander-in-Chief: Generaloberst Ernst Busch Chief of the General Staff: Generalleutnant Walter Model Operations Officer (Ia): Oberst Hans Boeckh-Behrens Luftwaffe Commander (Koluft) 16th Army: Oberst Dr. med. dent. Walter Gnamm Division Command z.b.V. 454: Charakter als Generalleutnant Rudolf Krantz (This staff served as the 16th Army’s Heimatstab or Home Staff Unit, which managed the assembly and loading of all troops, equipment and supplies; provided command and logistical support for all forces still on the Continent; and the reception and further transport of wounded and prisoners of war as well as damaged equipment. General der Infanterie Albrecht Schubert’s XXIII Army Corps served as the 16th Army’s Befehlsstelle Festland or Mainland Command, which reported to the staff of Generalleutnant Krantz. The corps maintained traffic control units and loading staffs at Calais, Dunkirk, Ostend, Antwerp and Rotterdam.) FIRST WAVE XIII Army Corps: General der Panzertruppe Heinric h-Gottfried von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel (First-wave landings on English coast between Folkestone and New Romney) – Luftwaffe II./Flak-Regiment 14 attached to corps • 17th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Herbert Loch • 35th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Hans Wolfgang Reinhard VII Army -
1940 Commandés À Plusieurs Chantiers Navals Néerlandais, Seuls Quatre Exemplaires (T-61 À T-64) Doivent Être Poursuivis, Les Autres Seront Annulés
Appendice 1 Ordre de bataille de l’Armée Rouge sur le front au 1er juin 1943 (forces principales) (pour les deux Fronts Baltes – les indications pour les autres Fronts ne sont entièrement valables qu’à partir du 1er juillet) 1er Front de la Baltique (M.M. Popov) Du sud de Parnu (Estonie) au sud de Võru (Estonie). – 1ère Armée (A.V. Kourkine) – 4e Armée (N.I. Gusev) – 7e Armée (A.N. Krutikov) – 42e Armée (V.I. Morozov) – 12e Corps Blindé (V.V. Butkov) – 15e Corps Blindé (F.N. Rudkin) Aviation subordonnée : 13e Armée Aérienne (S.D. Rybalchenko) 2e Front de la Baltique (K.A. Meretskov) Du sud de Pskov (Russie) au nord de Vitebsk (Biélorussie). – 27e Armée (N.E. Berzarine) – 34e Armée (A.I. Lopatine) – 39e Armée (A.I. Zigin) – 55e Armée (V.P. Smiridov) – 13e Corps Blindé (B.S. Bakharov) – 14e Corps Blindé (I.F. Kirichenko) – 101e Brigade Blindée lourde Aviation subordonnée : 14e Armée Aérienne (I.P. Zhuravlev) 1er Front de Biélorussie (A.I. Eremenko) De Vitebsk (Biélorussie) à Orsha (Biélorussie) – 20e Armée (P.A. Kourouchkine) – 1ère Armée de la Garde (I.M. Chistiakov) – 3e Armée de la Garde (I.G. Zakharkine) – 63e Armée (V.I. Kuznetsov) – 18e Corps Blindé (A.S. Burdeiny) Aviation subordonnée : 2e Armée Aérienne (N.F. Naumenko) 2e Front de Biélorussie (I.S. Koniev) D’Orsha (Biélorussie) à Gomel (Biélorussie). – 2e Armée de la Garde (L.A. Govorov) – 29e Armée (I.M. Managrov) – 15e Armée (I.I. Fediouninski) – 54e Armée (S.V. Roginski) – 3e Armée de Choc (M.A. Purkayev) – 7e Corps Blindé (A.G. -
Operation Sealion: 24 September, 1940
OPERATION SEALION: 24 SEPTEMBER, 1940. STRATEGIC OVERVIEW Herr Hitler has decided, in light of the illogical Britischer refusal to come to peace terms, to proceed with the invasion of England. Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Runstedt has been appointed as Commander-in-Chief (CIC) of Heeresgruppe A , which is to land on the south-east coast of England, establish a bridgehead, capture at least two workable ports and airfields, eliminate all military opposition, and advance as far as the Second Operational Objective shown on the map below. The Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine will lend their support to the Army’s efforts… STRATEGIC MAP This is the overall picture of the general invasion area of Heeresgruppe A , consisting of 9 Armee & 16 Armee : In addition, you will be given more detailed maps (Ordnance Survey (OS) Series, 1 square = 1 kilometre) which are used to plan your deployments and attacks in more detail. ORDER OF BATTLE (see separate sheet for detailed orbats – all army units are elite , some are fanatics ): • 16.Armee — Generaloberst Ernst Busch (Demarcation Area East = Folkestone to Hastings) First Wave • XIII.Armee-Korps — General Heinrich-Gottfried von VietinghoffgenanntScheel . o 17.Infanterie-Division o 35.Infanterie-Division o Luftwaffe II./Flak-Regiment 14 • VII.Armee-Korps — Generaloberst Eugen Ritter von Schobert o 1.Gebirgs-Division o 7.Infanterie-Division o Luftwaffe I./Flak-Regiment 26 • Independent tank units: o Amphibious Tank Battalion A o Amphibious Tank Battalion B o Tank Detachment 100 (3 flammpanzer companies) o 4 StugIII panzerjaeger batteries o 4 Panzerjaeger I AT companies (1 per Division) o 1st Battalion Bau-Lehr-Regiment z.b.V. -
A War of Reputation and Pride
A War of reputation and pride - An examination of the memoirs of German generals after the Second World War. HIS 4090 Peter Jørgen Sager Fosse Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo Spring 2019 1 “For the great enemy of truth is very often not the lie -- deliberate, contrived and dishonest -- but the myth -- persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic.” – John F. Kennedy, 19621 1John F. Kennedy, Yale University Commencement Address, https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkyalecommencement.htm, [01.05.2019]. 2 Acknowledgments This master would not have been written without the help and support of my mother, father, friends and my better half, thank you all for your support. I would like to thank the University Library of Oslo and the British Library in London for providing me with abundant books and articles. I also want to give huge thanks to the Military Archive in Freiburg and their employees, who helped me find the relevant materials for this master. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor at the University of Oslo, Professor Kim Christian Priemel, who has guided me through the entire writing process from Autumn 2017. Peter Jørgen Sager Fosse, Oslo, 01.05.2019 3 Contents: Introduction………………………………………………………………………...………... 7 Chapter 1, Theory and background………………………………………………..………17 1.1 German Military Tactics…………………………………………………..………. 17 1.1.1 Blitzkrieg, Kesselschlacht and Schwerpunkt…………………………………..……. 17 1.1.2 Examples from early campaigns……………………………………………..……… 20 1.2 The German attack on the USSR (1941)……………………………..…………… 24 1.2.1 ‘Vernichtungskrieg’, war of annihilation………………………………...………….. 24 1.2.2 Operation Barbarossa………………………………………………..……………… 28 1.2.3 Operation Typhoon…………………………………………………..………………. 35 1.2.4 The strategic situation, December 1941…………………………….………………. -
The Betrayal Belgium and Germany 1931
1 The Betrayal Belgium and Germany 1931 On Sunday 1 November 1931 Hans Thilo Schmidt, a forty-three-year- old executive at the German Defence Ministry Cipher Office in Berlin, took a step from which there was no turning back. He booked into the Grand Hotel in Verviers, a small Belgium town on the border with Germany, for his first meeting with a French Secret Service agent. Schmidt had been contemplating making this move for months. During June 1931 he had paid a visit to the French Embassy in Berlin to find out who he should contact in Paris if he wanted to sell some secret documents to the French government.1 Three weeks later he had followed up the advice given by the Em- bassy staff and had written a letter to the French Deuxième Bureau, the umbrella organisation which on France’s behalf carried out many of the task performed in Britain by MI 5 and MI 6.2 In his letter he ex- plained that he had access to documents which might be of interest to France, and he specifically mentioned that he was in a position to hand over the manuals for a coding machine which had been used in Germany since June 1930. If the Deuxième Bureau was interested he was happy to meet up with its representative in Belgium or Holland, he wrote. It was in response to this letter that the meeting in Verviers had been arranged, and the scene was set for Schmidt’s first act of treachery. In normal circumstances Schmidt would probably never have considered becoming a traitor. -
Kiev 1941: Hitler's Battle for Supremacy in the East
Kiev 1941 In just four weeks in the summer of 1941 the German Wehrmacht wrought unprecedented destruction on four Soviet armies, conquering central Ukraine and killing or capturing three-quarters of a million men. This was the battle of Kiev – one of the largest and most decisive battles of World War II and, for Hitler and Stalin, a battle of crucial importance. For the first time, David Stahel charts the battle’s dramatic course and after- math, uncovering the irreplaceable losses suffered by Germany’s ‘panzer groups’ despite their battlefield gains, and the implications of these losses for the German war effort. He illuminates the inner workings of the German army as well as the experiences of ordinary soldiers, showing that with the Russian winter looming and Soviet resistance still unbroken, victory came at huge cost and confirmed the turning point in Germany’s war in the east. David Stahel is an independent researcher based in Berlin. His previous publications include Operation Barbarossa and Germany’s Defeat in the East (Cambridge, 2009). Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 210.212.129.125 on Sat Dec 22 18:00:30 WET 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139034449 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 Kiev 1941 Hitler’s Battle for Supremacy in the East David Stahel Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 210.212.129.125 on Sat Dec 22 18:00:30 WET 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139034449 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107014596 c David Stahel 2012 This publication is in copyright. -
Panzer Leader
PANZER LEADER by Heinz Guderian First published in 1952 FOREWORD by CAPTAIN B. H. LIDDELL HART In this book a man who has made history—on a great scale—gives us his own story of how he shaped it by means of a new idea, and how it led to an end he had not foreseen. Guderian had a tremendous impact on the course of events in our time. Without him, it is probable that Hitler would have met early frustration in his offensive efforts when he embarked on war. For in 1939-40 Germany's forces in general were not sufficient to overcome any major Power. Her opening run of victory in the Second World War was only made possible by the panzer forces that Guderian had created and trained, and by his auda¬cious leading of those forces in disregard of his superiors' caution as well as Hitler's fears. Guderian's break-through at Sedan and lightning drive to the Channel coast virtually decided the issue of the Battle of France. A year later, the drive he led into the East came close to producing the complete collapse of Russia's armies, but this time renewed hesitancy on top imposed a delay that spun out the campaign until winter intervened, and gave the Russians a breathing-space for recovery. Stalin was able to raise fresh armies and develop new arms factories to replace those that had been captured. Russia's strength went on increasing, while Germany was never again as strong as in that first campaign. Hitler's 1942 effort, though dangerous, was a more limited one than in the previous year. -
Der Zweite Weltkrieg / Band 08
Der Zweite Weltkrieg / Band 08 Luftkrieg Europa-bezogen Vorwort und Themen dieses Buches Vorwort zum Luftkrieg Europa bezogen Der Verlauf des Luftkrieges in fünf Phasen Zusatzthemen zum Luftkrieg Navigation und Abwurf der Bomben Flugabwehrkanonen und Jäger in Deutschland Luftwaffen der am Krieg in Europa beteiligten Länder Vorwort und Themen dieses Buches Der Zweite Weltkrieg von 1939 bis 1945 war der zweite global geführte Krieg sämtlicher Grossmächte des 20. Jahrhunderts und stellt den grössten militärischen Konflikt in der Geschichte der Menschheit dar. Er begann in Europa mit dem deutschen Überfall auf Polen am 1. September 1939. In Ostasien befand sich das mit Deutschland verbündete Japan seit 1938 in einem Grenzkrieg mit der Sowjetunion und seit 1937 im Pazifikkrieg mit China. Im Kriegsverlauf bildeten sich zwei militärische Allianzen, die als Achsenmächte und Alliierte bezeichnet werden. Direkt oder indirekt waren über 60 Staaten an diesem Krieg beteiligt, mehr als 110 Millionen Menschen standen unter Waffen. Der Krieg kostete über 60 Millionen Menschen das Leben und erfasste den ganzen Erdball. Der Zweite Weltkrieg bestand in Europa aus Blitzkriegen, Eroberungsfeldzügen gegen die deutschen Nachbarländer mit Eingliederung besetzter Gebiete, der Einsetzung von Marionettenregierungen, Flächenbombardements sowie im letzten Jahr dem Einsatz von Atomwaffen in Japan; er verlief in drei Hauptphasen. Mittelbar starben Millionen Menschen durch Holocaust (Shoa), Porajmos und weitere Massenmorde, durch Zwangsarbeit und zahllose Kriegsverbrechen. Das vorliegende Buch ist ein Zusammenzug von vorhandenen Daten und Dokumente und der Versuch diese in einen chronologischen Ablauf zu bringen. Die Quellen sind jeweils zu Beginn eines Themas aufgeführt. Keiner dachte nach dem 1. Weltkrieg, dass ein solches furchtbares Ereignis noch übertroffen werden könnte. -
Prussian Apocalypse: the Fall of Danzig 1945 Free Ebook
FREEPRUSSIAN APOCALYPSE: THE FALL OF DANZIG 1945 EBOOK Egbert Kieser,Tony Le Tissier | 256 pages | 19 Jul 2012 | Pen & Sword Books Ltd | 9781848846746 | English | South Yorkshire, United Kingdom Prussian Apocalypse: The Fall of Danzig, - Egbert Kieser - Google книги Harrowing collection of first-hand accounts of the conquest of Prussia and Danzig by Russian forces in the winter and spring ofas related largely by civilians though the boundary between Prussian Apocalypse : The Fall of Danzig, Egbert Kieser. Egbert Kiesers graphic account of the Red Armys assault on East Prussia in is one of the classic histories of the destruction of Hitlers Germany, and it has never before been available in English. Using extensive, firsthand, unforgettable eyewitness testimony, he documents in riveting detail the catastrophe that overtook German civilians and soldiers as they fled from the Soviet onslaught and their world collapsed around them. Tony Le Tissier, in this fluent and vivid translation of the original German text, brings to bear all his expert knowledge of the military defeat of the German armies in the East and the enormity of the human disaster that went Prussian Apocalypse: The Fall of Danzig 1945 it. Egbert Kieser was born in in Bad Salzungen, Thringen and studied philosophy and the history of art at Heidelberg University. He worked as a freelance journalist, writer and editor. The Eastern Front. Precipitate Flight. The Last Trains. The Fall of Elbing. The German 4th Armys Breakout. Over the Ice of the Frisches Haff. The Sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff. The Sinking of the General von Steuben. Westwards over the Vistula. -
Die Entwicklung Des Nationalsozialistischen
Eingereicht von Horst Pichler Angefertigt am Institut für Kanonistik, Europäische Rechtsgeschichte und Religionsrecht Erstbeurteiler / -beurteilerin Univ.Prof. DDr. Herbert Kalb Die Entwicklung des Zweitbeurteiler/ -beurteilerin Univ.-Prof. Dr. Alois Birklbauer nationalsozialistischen Mitbetreuung Mag. Dr. Andreas Hölzl Militärstrafrechts von 1933 bis 1945 Oktober 2018 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften im Doktoratsstudium der Rechtswissenschaften JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITÄT LINZ Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz, Österreich www.jku.at DVR 0093696 EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG Ich erkläre an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt bzw. die wörtlich oder sinngemäß entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist mit dem elektronisch übermittelten Textdokument identisch. Wien, 22. Oktober 2018 Unterschrift 22. Oktober 2018 Horst Pichler 2/226 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................ 5 I. Einleitung ...................................................................................................................................... 9 II. Die Entwicklung des Militärstrafrechts bis zur Machtübernahme ................................................. 13 A. Grundzüge der Entwicklung des Militärstrafrechts in Deutschland bis