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Amtes Rosenberg“ System (Stuttgart 1970) 46 Archäologie und Bodendenkmalpflege in der Rheinprovinz 1920–1945 47 Anmerkungen Künste und Medizinalwesen. Acta Borussica N. F. R. 2: Preus- Gunter Schöbel sen als Kulturstaat (Berlin 2010). 1 H. Mommsen, Beamtentum im Dritten Reich (Stuttgart 8 Zit. nach Nagel (Anm. 2) 32. 1966). – R. Bollmus, Das Amt Rosenberg und seine Gegner. Stu- 9 Ebd. 75–77. dien zum Machtkampf im nationalsozialistischen Herrschafts- 10 Der ungewöhnliche Ministeriumsaufbau erregte den Wider- Die Einflussnahme des „Amtes Rosenberg“ system (Stuttgart 1970). – M. H. Kater, Das „Ahnenerbe“ der SS spruch des Staatssekretärs Wilhelm Stuckart, der deswegen 1935–1945. Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reichs auch bald darauf in das Reichsinnenministerium wechselte; 3 auf die Rheinprovinz (Stuttgart 1974). – R. G. Reuth, Goebbels. Eine Biographie dazu ebd. 76 f. (München 2004). – S. Flachowsky, Von der Notgemeinschaft 11 Zur Finanzlage des Ministeriums ebd. 90–100. zum Reichsforschungsrat. Wissenschaftspolitik im Kontext von 12 Die Aufnahme erfolgte am 1.3.1934, Heß hatte sich persön- Autarkie, Aufrüstung und Krieg (Stuttgart 2008). lich für von Staa eingesetzt; dies nach einem Dokument in den 2 Dazu nun: A. C. Nagel, Hitlers Bildungsreformer. Das Personalunterlagen von Staas, Bundesarchiv (BArch), Berlin, Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbil- PK L 377. – Zu dessen Tätigkeit vor 1933: Nagel (Anm. 2) 37–39. dung 1934–1945 (Frankfurt am Main 2012). – Vgl. auch: U. Pe- 13 Brief von Heß an Reichsschatzmeister Franz Xaver Schwarz dersen, Bernhard Rust. Ein nationalsozialistischer Bildungspoli- vom 9.4.1934, BArch, Berlin, PK G 401. Der Forschungsstand von Reinhard Bollmus tiker vor dem Hintergrund seiner Zeit (Braunschweig 1994). 14 Nagel (Anm. 2) 119 f. 1970 bis 2012 3 Goebbels Sicht auf Rust fand früh Eingang bei Helmut Hei- 15 Graf von Baudissin war unter Verdacht geraten, die von ihm ber, Walter Frank und sein „Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des indizierten Werke moderner Malerei unter der Hand verkauft zu Zu den Zielen des „Beauftragten des Führers für die neuen Deutschlands“ (Stuttgart 1966) 641 f. haben. Dazu R. Möller, „Entartete Kunst in Soest“. Ausstellung Überwachung der gesamten geistigen und weltan- 4 Den Anfang zu einer Neubewertung des Rust’schen Ministe- im Wilhelm-Morgner-Haus der Stadt Soest vom 21. April bis 23. schaulichen Schulung und Erziehung der NSDAP“ riums machte N. Hammerstein, Die Deutsche Forschungsge- Mai 2003. Soester Zeitschr. 115, 2003, 114–125 hier 117. („Amt Rosenberg“) zählten ab 1934 die Neuausrich- meinschaft in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich. 16 Wiederholt mahnte der Amtschef die Bergung der Quadriga Wissenschaftspolitik in Republik und Diktatur 1920–1945 an. Dies wurde abgelehnt und die kunsthistorisch wertvolle tung der deutschen Vorgeschichtsforschung sowie (München 1999). Plastik im Bombenkrieg vollständig zerstört. Dazu Nagel der Aufbau eines Reichsinstituts für deutsche Vorge- 5 Das Folgende nach Nagel (Anm. 2) 40–49. (Anm. 2) 121 mit Anm. 231. schichte. 6 Allgemein dazu: K. G. A. Jeserich/H. Pohl/G.-Ch. von Un- 17 Vgl. Beitrag E. Buttler in diesem Band. Die „Deutsche Vorgeschichtsforschung im Dritten 18 ruh (Hrsg.), Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte 4. Das Reich als Nagel (Anm. 2) 199–202. Reich“ forderte nach den bereits 1932 in den Natio- Republik und in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (Stuttgart 19 Vgl. Beitrag Schöbel in diesem Band. nalsozialistischen Monatsheften durch Hans Reinerth 1985) 112–137. 20 Hierzu sachkundig: D. Mahsarski, Herbert Jankuhn (1905– vorgelegten Plänen (Abb. 1) eine reichsweite Koordi- 7 Dazu B. vom Brocke, Kultusministerien und Wissenschafts- 1990). Ein deutscher Prähistoriker zwischen nationalsozialis- verwaltung in Deutschland und Österreich: Systembrüche und tischer Ideologie und wissenschaftlicher Objektivität (Rahden/ nation der wesentlichen Säulen der archäologischen Kontinuitäten 1918/19 – 1933/38 – 1945/46. In: R. vom Westf. 2011). Wissenschaft: der Lehre und Forschung an den Uni- Bruch/B. Kaderas (Hrsg.), Wissenschaften und Wissenschafts- 21 Vgl. Beitrag Fehr in diesem Band. versitäten, des Denkmalschutzes in den Ländern politik. Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Brüchen und und der Arbeit in den Museen und Schulen. Ein im Kontinuitäten im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart Grundsatz moderner Plan, der jedoch die bestehenden 2002) 193–214 hier 201–203. – Zur Geschichte des preußischen Kulturhoheiten nicht respektierte, von der ethnischen großen Altertumsverbände möglichst schnell erfolgen, Abb. 1 Die Thesen Kultusministeriums liegen inzwischen mehrere, von der Berlin- Abbildungsnachweis Deutung der archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften bevor andere dem „Amt Rosenberg“ im Machtappa- Hans Reinerths zur Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften herausgege- Vorgeschichts- bene Bände vor. Vgl. hier nur: W. Neugebauer (Hrsg.), Das 1 zeitgenössische Postkarte ausging und unter dem Blickwinkel einer völkisch- rat der NSDAP zuvorkommen konnten, beispielswei- forschung in den preußische Kultusministerium als Staatsbehörde und gesell- 2–3 Bildarchiv Foto Marburg ideologischen Deutung stand. Die Auseinanderset- se Reichsminister Darré und Reichsführer SS (RFSS) © Nationalsozialis- schaftliche Agentur (1817–1934) 2.1. Das Kultusministerium 4 aus: W. Buttler, Merkheft zum Schutz der Bodenalter- zungen in der Rheinprovinz begannen dabei nicht erst Himmler mit ihren eigenen politischen und kulturel- tischen Monatshef- auf seinen Wirkungsfeldern Schule, Wissenschaft, Kirchen, tümer (o. O., o. J.) Titelblatt. 1933 und es ging weniger um einen grundsätzlich me- len Bestrebungen, bei denen eine Legitimation durch ten vom 27. Juni 1932. thodisch unterschiedlichen Wissenschaftsansatz der die Wissenschaften zunehmend wichtiger wurde.2 Opponenten als vielmehr um eine organisatorische Die von Alfred Rosenberg bereits 1928 initiierte Na- Klärung der Zuständigkeiten und Machtmittel mit Hil- tionalsozialistische Gesellschaft für deutsche Kultur, fe der Politik. Es war im Prinzip ein Kampf um Inte- später Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur (KfdK),3 der ressen, Geld, Stellen und Status im NS-Staat wie dies Gustaf Kossinna (Abb. 2) schon im Gründungsjahr an- etwa zuletzt Anja Heuss, Christina Hebben, Judith gehörte, hatte nach der „Machtergreifung“ eine gün- Schachtmann und Thomas Widera, Martijn Eickhoff, stige Ausgangsposition und warb mit der Idee eines Uta Halle, Jean Pierre Legendre und Otto H. Urban eigenen Reichsinstituts. Diese war von der Kossinna- aufzeigen konnten.1 Schule (der Gesellschaft für Deutsche Vorgeschich- Zur Umsetzung eines zentralen Reichsinstitutes be- te, GDV) erstmals 1925 – aber vorher schon von der durfte es der Mithilfe von Hochschullehrern und ein- Virchow-Schule (der Deutschen Anthropologischen flussreicher Organisationen, aber auch der Vereine, Gesellschaft, DGAEU, 1919) – öffentlich vertreten wor- der NSDAP und ihrer Gliederungen. Daher musste den, war also keine Erfindung des Rosenbergflügels.4 eine grundlegende Gleichschaltung im Bereich der Die Bemühungen des „Amtes Rosenberg“ unter sei- 48 Archäologie und Bodendenkmalpflege in der Rheinprovinz 1920–1945 Gunter Schöbel | Die Einflussnahme des „Amtes Rosenberg“ auf die Rheinprovinz 49 nem Beauftragten für die Vorgeschichte, Hans Rei- Bernhard Rust an der Spitze und die Verlautbarungen nerth (Abb. 3), ab 1934 Einfluss auf Forschung, Lehre, Adolf Hitlers zum Reichsinstitut erbrachten bei den Denkmalpflege, Museen und Verbände auszuüben, Organisationsfragen keine entscheidenden Wen- scheiterten früh – so Reinhard Bollmus. Dies wurde dungen. Die Mitteilung Martin Bormanns vom 4. Juli bei der Lehre spätestens 1939 anlässlich der Ausei- 1940, dass der Reichsinstitutsplan bis zum Ende des nandersetzungen über die Salzburger Wissenschafts- Krieges ruhen soll, beendete die erfolglosen Versuche wochen der SS-Organisation „Ahnenerbe“ deutlich.5 Rosenbergs, Zugriff auf die Vor- und Frühgeschichte Die Bestrebungen in Richtung der Vereine, Museen in Deutschland zu erhalten, endgültig.7 Das Ende der und Denkmalämter waren aber nach neuestem For- Gleichschaltungsversuche auch im Rheinland durch schungsstand bereits 1935 oder früher durch die Ge- das „Amt Rosenberg“ wurde durch die Einleitung von geninitiativen des Archäologischen Instituts des Deut- Ermittlungen gegen den Beauftragten des Amtes Hans schen Reiches (AIDR), der Römisch-Germanischen Reinerth ab 1937 öffentlich. Die Ermittlungen führten Kommission (RGK), der SS – wie etwa Uta Halle zu Verhandlungen vor dem Obersten Parteigericht zeigen konnten – stark begrenzt worden.6 Der von unter Parteirichter Walter Buch und endeten am 27. Hanns-Joachim Apffelstaedt und Josef Terboven in der Februar 1945 mit dem Parteiausschluss Reinerths. Rheinprovinz initiierte Zusammenschluss von Nord- Dies zeigt, dass die Bemühungen des „Beauftragten deutschem sowie Süd- und Westdeutschem Alter- des Beauftragten“ in den Fußstapfen Gustaf Kossinnas tumsverband 1936 bildete diesbezüglich eine nach au- und auch Rudolf Virchows wegen massiver Diskredi- ßen sichtbare Zeitmarke. Im Westen und insbesondere tierungsversuche „der Gegner“ nicht fruchteten und im Rheinland waren die politischen Entscheidungen mächtigere Gruppierungen und bessere Netzwerke gegen die Gruppe Reinerth hinter den Kulissen jedoch innerhalb der Archäologie im NS-Staat die Oberhand Abb. 4 Mitteilung bereits im November 1933 gefallen. Das immer wie- behielten.8 von Stabsleiter der um Vermittlung angerufene Reichsministerium für Stabsleiter Gerhard Utikal zitiert am 23. März 1945 Utikal, „Amt
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