Modelo De Optimización Del Consumo Energético

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Modelo De Optimización Del Consumo Energético TESIS MODELO DE OPTIMIZACIÓN DEL CONSUMO ENERGÉTICO EN TRENES MEDIANTE EL DISEÑO GEOMÉTRICO VERTICAL SINUSOIDAL Y SU IMPACTO EN EL COSTE DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA INFRAESTRUCTURA PRESENTADA POR JUAN DIEGO PINEDA JARAMILLO INGENIERO CIVIL MÁSTER EN INGENIERÍA - INFRAESTRUCTURA Y SISTEMAS DE TRANSPORTE DIRIGIDA POR RICARDO INSA FRANCO DR. INGENIERO DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS REALIZADA PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR POR LA UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA E INFRAESTRUCTURA DE LOS TRANSPORTES UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA VALENCIA, MAYO DE 2 017 “¡Actúa en vez de suplicar! ¡Sacrifícate sin esperanza de gloria ni recompensa! Si quieres conocer los milagros, hazlos tú antes. Sólo así podrá cumplirse tu peculiar destino.” Ludwig van Beethoven. “El coraje, la audacia, la rebelión, serán elementos esenciales de nuestra poesía”. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Modelo de optimización del consumo energético en trenes mediante el diseño geométrico vertical sinusoidal y su impacto en el coste de la construcción de la infraestructura PRÓLOGO Al acabar esta tesis, y al comenzar a escribir estas líneas, me doy cuenta de todas las personas que de una u otra forma me inspiraron y ayudaron en la realización de esta tesis Doctoral. A ellos les dedico esta tesis. Quisiera comenzar agradeciéndole a Dios por la fortaleza y la disciplina con la que he podido lograr los objetivos propuestos en mi vida. Y agradecer a mi familia, las personas más importantes en mi vida: Daniela, mis padres, mis hermanos y mis abuelos, pues sin el apoyo de ellos no sería quién soy hoy. Especialmente a mi abuelo, que Dios lo tenga en su gloria. Gracias por todo… Ricardo Insa, la persona a la que le debo la realización de esta tesis, director y responsable del grupo de investigación GIIF de la UPV, no tengo palabras para expresarle mi agradecimiento. Sus prácticos conocimientos sobre ferrocarriles y su espectacular forma de ser, han sido una fuente de inspiración. A Pablo Salvador, más que un compañero, un amigo. Gracias por todo tu apoyo en el difícil sendero de la realización de mi tesis, y gracias por todos los momentos compartidos en Valencia. A los profesores Sebastián J. Argente y Josep R. Medina, pues su amabilidad y sus conocimientos sobre ferrocarriles y redes neuronales artificiales me ayudaron a desarrollar esta tesis. Destaco al profesor Iván Sarmiento, magnífico profesor y mejor persona aún, quien ha sido más que un guía orientándome a lo largo de mi vida académica e investigativa. También le hago una mención especial al profesor Pedro Botero, quien comparte mi cariño por los ferrocarriles y me ha ayudado en más de una ocasión. No puede faltar una mención con cariño a mis compañeros en la UPV: los Pablos Martínez y Valls, Natxo, Carla, Rosa, Rafa, Jorge y Mapi. El tiempo pasado con ustedes en trabajo y ocio fue espectacular durante mi vida en la hermosa España. i Modelo de optimización del consumo energético en trenes mediante el diseño geométrico vertical sinusoidal y su impacto en el coste de la construcción de la infraestructura Para terminar, quisiera mencionar que la realización de esta tesis fue posible gracias al convenio de colaboración firmado entre la Universitat Politècnica de València y Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana y a la financiación obtenida por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, a través del proyecto “Estrategias para el diseño y la explotación energéticamente eficiente de infraestructuras ferroviarias y tranviarias” (Ref. TRA2011-26602). ii Modelo de optimización del consumo energético en trenes mediante el diseño geométrico vertical sinusoidal y su impacto en el coste de la construcción de la infraestructura iii Modelo de optimización del consumo energético en trenes mediante el diseño geométrico vertical sinusoidal y su impacto en el coste de la construcción de la infraestructura ABSTRACT Railways are generally much more efficient than road transport in terms of energy consumption for both freight and passengers. Despite this, it is still necessary to reduce their energy consumption in order to improve their competitiveness and contribute to a global sustainability. This thesis presents the training of an artificial neural network using energy consumption data measured in the underground network of Valencia (Spain), with the objective of estimating the energy consumption of the systems. The section studied was line 5 of MetroValencia between Marítim-Serrería and Alameda stations. After calibration and validation of the artificial neural network using part of the consumption data gathered, the results obtained show that the neural network can predict power consumption with high accuracy (just an error of 2.42%). The advantages of this method lie in its adjustment speed and simulation, and, specially, in the fact that the artificial neural network may function as a virtual laboratory where it is possible to test hypothetical scenarios to reduce the train energy consumption. Once fully trained, the artificial neural network was used to model several scenarios of hypothetical vertical track layouts between two stations of a metro system, testing the energy consumption and infrastructure investment costs of the track layouts considered. The results show the fact that a symmetrical sinusoidal vertical layout is much more efficient than a flat layout, in terms of energy consumption, with reductions up to 18.41%, and the return period of the extra investment is 9.66 years for an example presented. Therefore, this thesis provides a useful tool to develop optimum vertical layouts in terms of energy consumption and, in addition, to determine a set of actions to reduce the energy consumption of a metro network. iv Modelo de optimización del consumo energético en trenes mediante el diseño geométrico vertical sinusoidal y su impacto en el coste de la construcción de la infraestructura v Modelo de optimización del consumo energético en trenes mediante el diseño geométrico vertical sinusoidal y su impacto en el coste de la construcción de la infraestructura RESUMEN Los ferrocarriles son generalmente mucho más eficientes que el transporte carretero en términos de eficiencia energética para transporte de mercancías y pasajeros. Sin embargo, aún existe la necesidad de reducir su consumo energético para mejorar su competitividad y contribuir a un mundo más sostenible. Esta tesis presenta el entrenamiento de una red neuronal artificial usando información del consumo medido en la red de metro de Valencia (España), con el objetivo de estimar el consumo energético de los sistemas. El tramo estudiado fue la línea 5 de la red de Metro de Valencia entre las estaciones Marítim-Serrería y Alameda. Después de la calibración y la validación de la red neuronal artificial usando parte de los datos de consumo recogidos, los resultados obtenidos muestran que la red neuronal puede predecir el consumo energético con alta precisión (solo un error del 2.42%). Las ventajas de este método yacen en su velocidad de ajuste y simulación, y, especialmente, en el hecho de que la red neuronal artificial puede funcionar como un laboratorio virtual donde es posible evaluar escenarios hipotéticos para reducir el consumo energético del tren. Una vez completamente entrenada, la red neuronal artificial se utilizó para modelar varios escenarios de trazados verticales hipotéticos entre dos estaciones de un sistema metro evaluando el consumo energético y los costes de inversión en infraestructura de los trazados verticales considerados. Los resultados muestran el hecho de que un trazado vertical sinusoidal simétrico es mucho más eficiente que un trazado plano, en términos de consumo energético, con reducciones hasta del 18.41%, y el período de retorno de la inversión extra es de 9.66 años para un ejemplo presentado. De este modo, esta tesis proporciona una útil herramienta para desarrollar trazados verticales óptimos en términos de consumo energético y, además, para determinar acciones que reduzcan el consumo energético de una red de metro. vi Modelo de optimización del consumo energético en trenes mediante el diseño geométrico vertical sinusoidal y su impacto en el coste de la construcción de la infraestructura vii Modelo de optimización del consumo energético en trenes mediante el diseño geométrico vertical sinusoidal y su impacto en el coste de la construcción de la infraestructura RESUM Els ferrocarrils són generalment molt més eficients que el transport viari en termes d’eficiència energètica per tal de transportar mercaderies i passatgers. No obstant, encara existeix la necessitat de reduir el seu consum energètic per tal de millorar la seua competitivitat i contribuir a abastar un món més sostenible. Aquesta tesis presenta l’entrenament d’una xarxa neuronal artificial utilitzant informació del consum mesurat a la xarxa de metro de València (Espanya), amb l’objectiu d’estimar el consum energètic dels sistemes. El tram estudiat fou la línia 5 de la xarxa de Metro de València entre les estacions de Marítim-Serrería i Alameda. Després de la calibració i la validació de la xarxa neuronal artificial utilitzant part de les dades de consum recollides, els resultats obtinguts mostren que la xarxa neuronal pot predir el consum energètic amb una alta precisió (només un error del 2.42%). Els avantatges d’aquest mètode recauen en la seua velocitat d’ajust i simulació i, especialment, en el fet que la xarxa neuronal artificial pot funcionar com a laboratori virtual on es possible avaluar escenaris hipotètics per reduir el consum energètic del tren. Una volta completament entrenada, la xarxa neuronal artificial s’utilitzà per a modelitzar diferents escenaris de traçats verticals hipotètics entre dos estacions d’un sistema de metro avaluant el consum energètic i els costos d’inversió en infraestructura dels traçats verticals considerats. Els resultats mostren el fet que un traçat vertical sinusoïdal simètric es molt més eficient que un traçat pla, en termes de consum energètic, amb reduccions fins al 18.41% i el període de retorn de la inversió extra es de 9.66 anys per a un exemple presentat.
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