Appendix A – Perceptual Maps

1) A Perceptual Map of Dutch-Speaking Areas

(Rensink 1955:22; taken from Preston 1989a:5) 126 2) Three Examples of Grootaers’ Perceptual Maps of Japan i) The determination of regions in which the perceptions of differences are shared in a small area of Japan [descriptions taken from Preston 1989a):

(cf. Grootaers 1959:359)

127 ii) The inner and outer boundaries of a region (10) in which respondents share perceptions of dialect differences in a small area of Japan:

(Grootaers 1959:364)

128 iii) The boundaries of regions which respondents in a small area of Japan feel use unintelligibly different

(Grootaers 1959: 379)

129 3) Doncaster and District Development Council’s caricature of Londoners’ per- ceptions of the North

(taken from Preston 1989a:15)

130 Appendix B: Summary of Respondents’ Biographical Data

University Northerners/ of Reading/ ’Midlanders’/ YMCA Southerners/ Reading/ Classification National Grown up in Now living in Uncertain Trust M/F Age (county only) (county only) Occupation (cf. 5.1.) R1 UR F 20 (varying) Student S R2 UR F 46 Middlesex Berkshire Student S R3 UR F 18 Lancashire Devon Student CU R4 UR F 24 Berkshire Berkshire Student S R5 UR M 18 Leicestershire Berkshire Student S R6 UR F 21 Berkshire Berkshire Student S R7 UR F 34 Hampshire Hampshire Student S R8 YMCA M 38 Berkshire Berkshire Consultant S R9 YMCA F 24 Cleveland Berkshire Unemployed CU R11 YMCA M 26 Berkshire Berkshire General Builder S R12 YMCA M 25 Bedfordshire Berkshire Unemployed S R13 NT F 25 (varying) London Freelance Writer S R14 NT F 38 South Glamorgan Avon Occupational Therapist S R15 NT F 31 West Yorkshire West Yorkshire Solicitor N R16 NT F 45 Devon Hampshire Tour Leader S R17 NT F 51 Kirkcudbrightshire Surrey Local Government N Officer R18 NT F 55 Middlesex Hertfordshire Social Worker S R19 NT M 32 West Glamorgan West Solicitor CU R20 NT M 37 Essex Cambridgeshire Computer Programmer S R21 NT M 44 Durham Tyne & Wear Local Government N Officer R22 NT M 56 Hertfordshire Cardiff Civil Engineering S Consultant R23 NT M 57 Derby Middlesex Engineer CU R24 NT M 56 London London Local Government S Official R25 NT F 19 North Yorkshire North Yorkshire Full-Time NT Volunteer N R26 NT F 19 Durham Durham Part-Time Sales N Assistant R27 NT F 19 Leicestershire Leicestershire Student M R28 NT F 28 Leicestershire/ London Physiotherapist N South Yorkshire R29 NT F 28 Hertfordshire North Yorkshire Nurse/Student Midwife CU R30 NT F 26 Kent North Yorkshire Registered CU Nurse/Student Midwife R31 NT F 25 South Yorkshire South Yorkshire Operating Department N Practitioner R32 NT F 25 London Cambridgeshire Retail Manager S R33 NT F 25 Norfolk Norfolk Customer Accounts M Advisor R34 NT F 25 Norfolk Kent Occupational Health M Nurse R35 NT F 24 Tyne & Wear North Yorkshire Town and Country N Planning Officer R36 NT F 22 Hertfordshire Buckinghamshire Graduate S R37 NT F 22 Cambridgeshire Nottingham Staff Nurse M R38 NT F 22 Berkshire London --- S R39 NT F 22 Northampton London Radiographer S R40 NT F 38 (varying) Devon Family Centre Deputy CU Manager R41 NT F 36 Surrey Surrey Civil Servant S R42 NT F 35 (varying) West Yorkshire Bank Employee N R43 NT F 34 Merseyside Hertfordshire PR Manager CU

131 R44 NT F 33 Cumbria Cumbria Assistant Buyer N R45 NT F 31 Shropshire Shropshire --- M R46 NT F 33 Nottinghamshire Kent Accountant CU R47 NT F 42 Monmouthshire Social Services CU Manager R48 NT F 40 Merseyside Merseyside NHS Manager N R49 NT F 48 London West Sussex Staff Nurse S R50 NT F 59 Northumberland Northumberland Retired Teacher N R51 NT F 57 Cheshire Cheshire Retired Chemistry M Teacher R52 NT F 55 London Hertfordshire Ceramic Artist S R53 NT F 51 London Avon Medical Laboratory S Scientist R54 NT F 54 Cleveland Cleveland Retired Primary Teacher N R55 NT F 57 Yorkshire Cleveland Retired Teacher N R56 NT M 19 Durham Durham Student N R57 NT M 29 Hertfordshire Bedfordshire Trainee Accountant S R58 NT M 27 North Yorkshire North Yorkshire NHS Management N Trainee R59 NT M 26 Lincolnshire Lincolnshire Solicitor M R60 NT M 24 West Yorkshire West Yorkshire Student N R61 NT M 23 Shropshire Cambridgeshire Student M R62 NT M 39 Staffordshire (varying) Pharmacist M R63 NT M 39 Inverness-shire Yorkshire Nurse N R64 NT M 37 Middlesex Wiltshire Site Service Engineer S R65 NT M 33 Avon Avon Milkman S R66 NT M 33 Somerset Somerset Insurance S R67 NT M 33 Merseyside Merseyside Civil Servant N R68 NT M 32 Durham West Yorkshire Solicitor/Civil Servant N R69 NT M 31 Middlesex Middlesex Printer S R70 NT M 30 Berkshire Nottinghamshire Analyst S R72 NT M 43 Pembrokeshire Pembrokeshire Process Shift S Supervisor R73 NT M 48 East Yorkshire East Yorkshire Caretaker N R74 NT M 44 Essex Suffolk Office Manager S R75 NT M 53 Essex Essex Mechanic S R76 NT M 40 (varying) Oxfordshire Careers Advisor S R77 NT M 58 Worcestershire Somerset Community Worker S R78 NT M 53 West Yorkshire East Yorkshire Full Time NT Volunteer N R79 NT M 53 Worcestershire Worcestershire Building Surveyor M R80 NT M 52 Derbyshire Derbyshire Semi-Retired M Schoolteacher R81 NT M 51 Suffolk Northamptonshire Health Service M Administrative Officer R82 NT M 65 Buckinghamshire Lancashire Electrical Engineer CU (Retired) R83 NT M 62 Lancashire Merseyside Retired Systems N Analyst R84 NT M 61 Essex Hampshire Retired S R85 NT M 60 Cheshire Cheshire Analytical Chemist M R86 NT M 63 Middlesex Essex Retired S Teacher/Lecturer

· Bold Print = members of the ‘EE group’ · R10’s and R71’s questionnaire had to be ignored as large parts were left blank.

132 Appendix C – Transcripts of Voice Samples

#1: EE speaker: We did half expect it, so it wasn't a shock, but it's not very nice to see like 20, 30 men come in and basi- cally take over what is our business and has been for the last 30 years.

#2: EE speaker: The robin. I bet you've seen plenty of these in the last month. They first flew onto Christmas cards in Victorian times, but of course this year they even made it onto the stamps. And I bet a few of them made it into your gardens as well, where they're very obvious, because their especially trusting nature makes them so when they're hungry in the wintertime.

#3: speaker: anyway…it was a long while before this doctor come up. It was only, like, the young one, see, weekend one. But anyway, the sister, she was getting a bit worried. She said he don't seem to be coming, so she had a look, and she said, well if it was my decision she wouldn't let me home…and er…anyhow I more or less pleaded with her, I said well they're coming here in a little while, I said, if you'd've told me before, I said, I would have made arrangements and cancelled it…anyway…she was still worried so she went and she found this young doctor. He come along…still laying there, you know, on my bed, sort of thing, sur- rounded. Eventually he comes ten to twelve…and he has a look and…he's, like, with the nurse there, he wasn't with the sister, but anyway he said, well, he said, you don't seem to be weeping now…he said, I don't think it'll weep any more, he said…erm…he said, well, if I let you go home, he said, he said, they'll have to be dressed twice a day…he said, and he said…twice a day, he said, while it's…comes away a bit wet, he said, and once a day, he said, when it's dry, sort of thing.

#4: RP speaker: But the second occasion was much worse, er it was a hell of a mess, erm with upturned gear, er all the cupboards opened and the stuff pulled out, erm even in the kitchen, where the stuff is very bor- ing…erm…and everything that had any value at all seemed to me to have been taken…and very carefully, which contrasted with the mess…the hi-fi had all its cabling neatly tacked down, running around the skirting boards. It'd been pulled up incredibly neatly. So not only did they take the gear but also all the cabling as well.

#5: EE speaker: No. As I've explained before, I don't remotely think of my act as anything other than something I draw from within myself to make people laugh. If social observation which is about politics emerges ... I mean, it sounds like I'm denying it, but it's only because, I have to tell you, you are all asking the same question in a way, over and over, ... is ... you know, "Are you trying to be a politician?" I'm not. If you don't think I'm funny, don't watch it!

#6: Birmingham accent: I was on the lookout for things from sales, and I saw a rather nice pair of mode Italian real leather shoes, and I just went to a rather indifferent assistant in the shop, paid my eighteen pounds by cheque I think it was, and took the shoes away in a rather natty box, and I've worn them about twice since.

#7: RP speaker: The question why seventies' culture seems particularly politically incorrect to us now, or to a lot of us now, erm, touches on something very important about this which is that … you can argue, and I think I would, that most humour is reactionary. Errm, it's right wing, it's offensive, it picks on stereotypes.

133 Appendix D – A few Examples of Respondents’ Maps

1) R36 – 22-year-old graduate from Milton Keynes

134 2) R59 – 26-year-old solicitor from Cleethorpes

135 3) R21 – 44-year-old local government officer from Wallsend

136 Appendix E: Summary of Labels ("@" indicates the respective area as outlined by the respondent; numbers in brackets refer to table 5)

1) Labels designating geographical areas

number of Total number of Total Label occur- (per area) Label occur- (per area) rences rences Northern 18 Nottinghamshire 1 North 1 Staffordshire 1 Northern accent 2 Lincolnshire 7 Northern dialects 1 (22) Brummie 42 North East 5 Brummie (yam yam) 1 (43) North West 1 28 Birmingham (Brummie) 2 (19) Northumbrian 2 2 Birmingham 17 62 65 5 Geordie accent 1 Coventry 2 Geordie (Newcastle) 1 (67) Midlands 23 Newcastle (Geordie) 2 69 Stupid Midland 1 (24) Newcastle and Durham 1 Middle England 1 Macam (@Newcastle/Cleveland) 1 Middle England (Central) 1 Sunderland (Makems) 1 Middle England (Southwestern) 1 Durham 2 North Midlands 2 Cleveland 1 West Midlands 5 Tyneside 2 East Midlands 2 Teeside 1 South Midland 1 37 Wearside 1 Central (East & West) 3 Cumbrian 11 Inbetweenish (@Lincs–Cheshire) 1 Lake District 1 12 Worcester(shire) 5 Yorkshire 40 Bristol(ian) 10 particularly Yorkshire 1 (41) Bristol + Swindon 1 North Yorkshire 3 Bristol + Avon 1 West Yorkshire 4 South Country (@Bristol) 1 13 South Yorkshire 6 East Anglia(n) 22 (22) Broad Yorkshire 3 57 Norfolk 18 Sheffield 1 Norfolk /East Anglian dialect 1 Leeds 3 Norfolk Yokel 1 (20) Leeds (Yorkshire) 1 Norwich 3 Tyke (@Leeds) 2 Suffolk 7 Lancashire / Yorkshire 2 Broadland (@East Anglia) 1 North Country (@Yorks + Lancs) 1 East Counties (@East Anglia) 1 Lancashire 19 East (@East Anglia) 1 Lancastrian 3 (22) Folk (@East Anglia) 1 North Country (@Lancashire) 1 23 Rural (@East Anglia) 1 57 Manchester 3 Southern 18 Mancunian 6 Southern accent 1 Mancunian (very minor accent) 1 Southern dialect 1 Manchester / Lancashire 1 11 Southern English 1 Hull 1 Very Southern 1 Hull / Humberside 1 South 1 East Riding (@Humberside) 1 The South ‘posh’ 1 Liverpool 13 Southerners Paath, Graas, etc. 1 25 Liverpudlian 14 Cockney 40 Liverpudlian () 5 (32) Cockney accent/dialect 1 (41) Scouse 41 East London (Cockney) 1 Posh Scouse 1 (43) East London dialect 1 Scacher (@probably Scouse) 1 75 East End 1 44 Cheshire 1 Derbyshire 1 p.t.o Nottinghamshire/Derby 1 137 number of Total number of Total Label occur- (per area) Label occur- (per area) rences rences London 20 Jocks (Scots) 2 London or R.P. 1 Actual Scottish 1 London most dialects (imported) 1 (22) Course Scottish 1 North London 1 Common Scottish 1 South London 2 Posh Scottish 1 London / South East 2 27 Broad Scots 1 2 Refined Scots 1 Essex 11 Rest of Scotland 1 67 Home Counties 12 Highlands 13 Home Counties(Queen’s speech) 1 Highland Scots 2 Hertfordshire 1 Scottish Highlands 3 (18) Oxford/Bucks/Berks Lowland Scots 3 (not Oxford English which is Lowlands 3 Acquired Pronunciation) 1 15 Scottish Lowlands 3 South East 7 Southern Scots 1 Kentish 1 East Scots 1 Kent 3 East Scottish 1 Rural Kent 1 5 Scottish East Coast 1 Surrey 1 Scottish West Coast 1 Sussex 2 South East Scottish 1 Rural Sussex 1 West Scots 1 South Coast 2 Glasgow/Glaswegian 39 South coast is slured [sic] Edinburgh 4 but extended 1 not Scottish, reasonably Isle of Wightish 1 Southern (@Edinburgh) 1 South West 7 Aberdeen 4 South West Dialect 1 8 Caledonian Valley 1 Wiltshire 3 Grampian 1 Hampshire 1 Gallovidian 1 Rural Hampshire 1 Fyffeshire 1 Hampshire & Dorset 1 Westmorland 1 Dorset 3 Borders 5 West Country 38 Hebridean 1 West Country accent 1 Islands 1 West Country ('Ere, my lover!) 1 (40) Western Isles 3 West Country (Somerset) 1 Gaelic 7 Rural (@West Country) 1 Welsh 60 Somerset 7 Welsh accent 1 Somerset ‘ooah’ 1 2 Devonian 4 Welsh border 1 Devon 4 58 Welsh excluding Cardiff 1 (65) Cornish 22 Wales 5 Cornish dialect 1 North Wales 5 3 (26) North Walean 4 Devon Cornwall 6 South Wales 6 Posh Country South Walean English 2 (@Devon and Cornwall) 1 Southern Welsh dialect 1 Devon/Cornish 1 West Wales 1 Keltic (very like Britannie) 1 35 West Walean English 2 English 4 Valley (=Wales) 2 Manx 2 Welsh speaking 2 Isle of Mannish 1 2 Welsh native 1 Scottish 47 prefer Welsh language 1 Scottish accent 1 Cardiff(ian) 5 Scottish dialect 3 (51) Scots 5 Scotland 2

138 2) Other labels ("Æ" indicates that the respective label has already been included in the geographical list)

number of Total number of Total Label occur- (per Label occur- (per rences category) rences category) Affluent English Actual Scottish Æ (@Southeast & East Anglia) 1 Course Scottish Æ Posh Scouse Æ Broad Yorkshire Æ Posh Scottish Æ Devon/Cornwall Posh Country (very distinct from e.g. Kent) Æ (@Devon and Cornwall) Æ more country, but not as much as The South ‘posh’ Æ the west country (@East Anglia) 1 very middle class (@South) 1 5 not Scottish, reasonably Southern London or R.P. Æ (@Edinburgh) 1 Received English (@Berkshire) 1 Glaswegian - quite strong Æ Home Counties Scottish, but there is a difference (Queen’s speech) Æ between Glasgow and Edinburgh Æ Queen’s English (@Oxfordshire) 1 Wales, very different even between Queen’s English (Broad) 1 counties and even between towns 10m apart Queen’s English (Smoother) 1 Æ 15 (@South Coast) 1 London most dialects (imported) Æ BBC English 1 lots of lovely speech patterns that aren't 'native' to Britain 1 Refined Scots Æ 9 even within London dialects vary 1 Geordie Æ very different dialects(@Glasgow, Scouse Æ Edinburgh and Aberdeen) 1 4 Brummie Æ Both (@Scottish and Geordie) 1 Cockney Æ Inbetweenish (@Lincs–Cheshire) 1 2 Sloney (@probably Sloane) 1 Mixed 1 Jocks (Scots) 1 6 Mixture of accents Country yokel 1 (@mainly central south) 1 Norfolk yokel Æ No distinct accent 1 3 Macam (@Newcastle/Cleveland) Æ most of Scotland is difficult to Sunderland (Makems) Æ understand by the English anyway 1 1 Tyke (@Leeds) Æ 5 Fast/Short Words (@Edinburgh) 1 Country accents 2 Fast (@Liverpool) 1 country / South east 1 Shortened Slang (@Leeds) 1 Common Country Slured [sic] (@Birmingham) 1 (@Somerset & Avon) 1 South coast is slured Common Scottish Æ but extended Æ 5 South Country (@Bristol) Æ Somerset ‘ooah’ Æ Folk (@East Anglia) Æ Southerners Paath, Graas [sic], etc. Æ Rural (@East Anglia) Æ West Country ('Ere, my lover!) Æ Rural (@West Country) Æ Brummie (yam yam) Æ 4 Rural Kent Æ prefer Welsh language Æ 1 Rural Sussex Æ Stupid Midland Æ 1 Rural Hampshire Æ 11 ? 3 Very Southern Æ Don't know this area very Scottish / Gaelic 1 (@Lincs and Norfolk) 1 2 Some Gaelic / Scottish 1 Onerish (???) 1 1 particularly Yorkshire Æ Broad Scots Æ very broad Scottish Æ

139 Appendix F: The Geographical Spread of EE (as Perceived by Members of the ‘EE group’)

R18 – a ‘typical’ map: R13 – a ‘minimalist’ map:

R16 and … R20 – two ‘extreme’ versions:

140 Appendix G: Ratings of Public Figures

141 Appendix H: Detailed Ratings of Voice Samples

142 143 144 145 146 147 148