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Mahmud Embarak Omran Dec. 2006

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Mahmud Embarak Omran Dec. 2006 The Graduate College A research paper handed by: Mahmud Embarak Omran to fulfillment of the requirements of MA degree in English language Dec. 2006 Acknowledgements The researcher highly expresses his gratitude to his advisors: Professors: Mustafa S. Mustafa, Ibrahim M. Al-Faki and Amna Badri Graduate College, Nile Valley University, Sudan, and to Dr. Hussien R. Mahmoud, and go to all those who have, knowingly or otherwise, help to shape and materialize the notions and concepts, that have gone into this treatise: His thanks are due to The Nile Valley University Staff. Special and faithful thanks go to; Mr. Idris M. Etterkawi for his amiability, civility and acumen that has an eminent role to give the computerized shape to this work. He is also grateful to Dr. Saleh Ben Sassi and Mr. Mohammad Enwaijy and all the staff of Omar Al-Mukhtar University in Libya, in particular: Miss Iman Mansour and Mr. Jumma Abdul-Aliem. Finally, his thanks and appreciation go to The University of Gar Yonis; Faculty of Education in Baida, that has qualified him to be able to do such a work, and Mr. John Swales; The University of Aston in Birmingham, Language Studies Unit, England, who has encouraged him. Unlimited love and faithful appreciation to Mrs. M. Embarak for being patient during preparing this treatise. The Researcher i A Brief Abstract On the strength of this thesis the researcher has dealt with some aspects and concepts that have an important role in the field of studying the reality and identity of English Language, commencing with a historical tracing in order to clarify the background of English Language, and touching on with the influences the invaders had acted on this language through the ages they had lived and settled in Britain. Also, there would be a brief hint on the effects those invaders had left among the speakers of this language Likewise, the attempts of some linguists to develop this language through trying to keep it strong and powerful ,are touched on through their studies. As it will be seen the effects of the political ,regional and cultural factors have acted some variations among the speakers of this language appeared through accents and some other aspects of the language such as spelling and structure. However, this language has withstood and established a strong base leading to be a universal language. So that, clarifying the differences between standard English and some other forms are to be represented. This point is supported by some obvious examples and models of the variations used commonly among the speakers of this language. Therefore, some extensions of variations used in the language either inside or outside British Isles or among the speakers of this language in different areas ,where it has been spoken as the first or the second language, are dealt with. As the mentioned variables are found in day-to-day usage of this language , the need for modern and significant routes and modes to be taught with arise and to inform the foreign learners with them, these variables must be dealt with and simplified as an attempt to give them a chance for learning English language easily and fluently. ii An Arabic Brief Abstract لقد تعرض الباحث يف هذه الدراسة هلوية اللغة اﻹجنليزية واستهﻻﻻت تكوهنا وظهورها كلغة هلا كيان مرموق بني اللغات اﻷخرى ، حيثثث ن هثثذه اللغثثة و تكثثع وليثثد ﻻ ثثر واحثثد وﻻ ةثثًت امتيثثة واحثثد بثث وثثا ت مكوااتثثا ﻻثث ﻻ ثثور توالثث ةيهثثا التثثداﻻيات الثقاةية واﻻوتماﻻية والسياسية واجلغراةية اليت كان هلا اﻷثر الكبري يف تشكي اللغة اﻹجنليزية متأثراً بآثار الغزا الذيع استوطتوا وزا ً خمتلفة مع بريطاايا يف كيااات اوتماﻻية وسياسية متفرد ك متها ﻻع اﻵخر ، حبيث وود مناطاً خمتلفة مع اللغة ختتلف مع متطقة إىل خرى . و يكثع للثإ إبابيثاً يف كث اﻷحثوال حيثث د لى للثإ إىل تعثدد اللهظثات وظهثور مثا يعثري بلغثة لليثة و إ ليميثة هلثا متحدثوها متشبثني بآرائهم و ةكارهم لاولني بك السب اشر منطية لغتهم يف لاولة ملواوهة املتاةسات اﻷخرى .ﻻلى سبي املثثال ﻻتدما بد الغزو مع القار اﻷوربية ووص الغزا إىل اﻷرض ال يطااية ، كااث صثول هثاﻻ الغثزا ختتلثف حسث اﻻاثاه و املتطقثة الثثيت وصثثلوا متهثثا ز ةثثالغزا مثثع حتثثال وربثثا رثثدثوا بلغثثة تتفثثرد ﻻثثع ولاثثإ الثثذيع وصثثلوا مثثع وسثثطها و وتو ثثا . وحثثاول هثثاﻻ الغثثزا ةثرض لغثتهم وثقاةثاتم ﻻلثى السث لكان اﻷصثليني الثذيع و تكثع لثديهم القث والكاةيثثة ملواوهثة هثثاﻻ الغثثزا اﻷ ويثا . واتيظثثة املتاةسثثة القوية بني هاﻻ الواةديع إىل بريطاايا ظهثرت اللغثة كيلثين مثع صثول ﻻتيتيثة وةراسثية وإوريقيثة و إسثكتدااةية ﻻاالث هلثا وثذورها حىت ﻻ راا هذا مبا يعري يف اللغة اﻹجنليزية بتعددية مظاهر اللغة مع هلظة وكلمات وتركيبات هلا واةر اﻷثر والووود ذه اللغة . اسثثتمر ال ثثراث الثقثثايف واﻻوتمثثاﻻس والسياسثثس ةثثًت طويلثثة حثثىت يكثثع السثث لكان اﻷصثثليون مثثع التغلثث ﻻلثثى الغثثزا وإبعثثادهم ﻻثثع بﻻدهم ، إﻻل إهنم و يستطيعوا التيلص مع آثارهم يف اللغة والثقاةة اليت هس الوﻻا الثذي يظهثر مثﻻح بوضثوح ، ومثع و وبعثد ن ظهثرت بريطاايثا كقثو صثتاﻻية وﻻسثكرية اسثتطاﻻ اشثر افولهثا يف العديثد مثع بقثاث العثاو لاولثةً اشثر اللغثة اﻹجنليزيثة بثني سث لكان املتاطق املستعمر ، ووص اﻷمر إىل متح العديد مع س لكان تلإ الس لكان اجلتسية ال يطااية كدﻻم وترسيخ للغة اﻹجنليزية . وبالفع ااتشرت اللغة اﻹجنليزية ب ور واسثعة بثني الكثثري مثع املسثتعمريع و دى للثإ إىل ظهثور وتعثدد هلظثات وديثد ومﻻمثح و تكثع يف م اللغة اﻹجنليزية مع ب ، اتيظة ميول سياسية وﻻر ية وإ ليمية و يسه التيلص متها و التغل ﻻليها .وملا ظهرت حركات التحرر يف العثثاو واسثثتقل الثثدول املسثثتعمر بعثثدت مواطتيهثثا الثثذيع ملثثون اجلتسثثية ال يطاايثثة إىل بريطاايثثا وبالتثثا صثثبحوا مثثع سثثكان بريطاايثثا ومواطتيهثثا و دى للثثإ إىل تكثثون كيااثثات وديثثد داخثث احتتمثث ال يطثثال ورثثدثوا اللغثثة اﻹجنليزيثثة مبﻻمثثح وديثثد و تكثثع معهود لدى متحدثيها اﻷصليني مع ب . واتيظةً للمعطيات السابقة تعددت اللهظات بني متحدثس اللغة اﻹجنليزية ، ب وص ﻷمر إىل ووود لغات لليثة )Dialects( ختتلثف مثثع متطقثثة إىل خثثرى وهثثذا مثثا دةثث الباحثثث للًتكيثثز ﻻلثثى هثثذه اﻻختﻻةثثات سثثوا ٌ كااثث باللهظثثة و يف الًتاكيثث واملظثثاهر التحوية اﻷخرى ، وت عرض هلا لاوﻻً ح ر وذورها ومسبباتا وآثارها بثني متحثدثس هثذه اللغثة وكيفيثة التعامث معهثا والسثب املتاحثة للمتعلم اﻷوتيب هلذه اللغة لكس يتكيف م هذه اللغة ، وكذلإ تعثرض الباحثث لرصثد السثب الثيت يكثع هثذا املثتعلم مثع التحثد ا وةهم مع خياطبه ا ، كما ن ﻻملية استمﻻك هذه اللغة صبح تتطور وتساير التطثور العلمثس والتغثري الثقثايف ، لثذا لثزم اﻷمثر التعرض لسب تعلم واستمﻻك اللغة اﻹجنليزية سوا ٌ ﻻلى املقاﻻد الدراسية و اتيظةً مليالطة ه اللغة . كمثثا ن الثثدور الثثذي تلعبثثه اللغثثة اﻹجنليزيثثة كوسثثيلة ات ثثال وتفثثاهم بثثني الشثثعو واﻷةث ثراد و ضثثحى يتتثثامى ويثثزداد كلمثثا ااداد ﻻثثدد متحدثس هذه اللغة اتيظةً للسب املتاحة واملتوةر ب ور ويد وا ت ادية لتعللمها واشرها بني العديد مع ةراد احتتمعثات امليتلفثة ، حيث ن هذا اﻻاتشثار كسث اللغثة اﻹجنليزيثة مكااثة مرمو ثة وصثل ثا ﻷن تكثون لغثةً ﻻامليثة تسثتيدم بشثك واسث يف ﻻثاﻻت العلم وال تاﻻة والتظار واﻻت ال والتياط مدﻻمة برصيد ثقايف ودﻻم سياسس كبرييع . Contents iii Acknowledgement ……………………………………………..……………….………… i A Brief Abstract ……………………………………….……………..………………………. ii An Arabic Brief Abstract ……………………………………..……………………… iii Contents ……………………………………….……………..…………………………………….. iv Symbols used in this work ……………………………………..…………………… xi CHAPTER ONE 1 1. Introduction ……………………………………….……………………………………. 1.1. The Background of the English Language ……………..…… 1 1.2. The Statement and the query of the problem ……………..… 1 1.3. The aims of the study …………………………….…………………………… 3 1.4. The hypothesis of the study …………………………….………………… 3 1.5. The significance of the theme …………………………….……………… 3 1.6. The limits of the study …………………………….…………………………… 3 1.7. The methodology of the research …………………………….………… 5 CHAPTER TWO 6 2. Literature View …………………………………………………….…………… 2.1. How English language is influenced by the invasion 10 2.1.1. Latin influence …………………………………………………….………………………. 10 2.1.2. Scandinavian influence ………………………………………………….…………… 11 2.1.3. French influence …………………………………...……………………..……………… 12 2.1.4. Greek influence …………………………………………………..………………………. 13 2.2. The aspects of the mixed nature of English vocabulary 13 iv 2.3. Vocabulary change …………………………………………………………………… 14 2.3.1. Inner resources ……………………………………………..…………………………….. 14 2.3.2. Quotation ………………………………………………………….…………………………. 15 2.3.3. Semantic transmutation ……………………………………………………………… 16 2.4. The historical aspects of English language spelling 17 2.4.1. English Spelling Improvement ……………….….……………………………… 17 2.4.1.1. Affixes …………………………………………………..…………………………………. 19 2.4.1.2 Prefixes …………………………………………………………………………………….. 19 2.4.1.3. Suffixes …………………………………………………………………………………….. 20 2.5. Prefixes …………………………………………………………………………………………. 20 2.6. Suffixes ………………………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.7. some other difficulties in spelling selection ……………………… 25 2.7.1. Similar words …………………………………………………………………………….. 25 2.8. Rules and spelling …………………………………….…………………..…………. 27 2.8.1. Grammar …………………………………………………………………..…………………. 27 2.8.2. Spelling and pronunciation ……………………………………………………… 29 2.8.3. Designed spelling ………………………………..…………………………………..… 32 2.9. The Historical identity of the seven ages of English 32 language ………………………………………….…………………………………………. 2.9.1. Pre-English (… – C AD 450) …………………………………………………… 32 2.9.2. Early Old English (450 – C 850) ……………………………………………… 33 2.9.3. Later Old English (C 850 – 1100) …………………………………………… 33 2.9.4. Middle English (C 1100 – 1450) ……………………………………………… 33 2.9.5. Early Modern English (1450 – 1750) ……………………………………… 33 2.9.6. Modern English (C 1750 – 1950) ………………………………….………… 34 v 2.9.7. Late Modern English (1950 – ….) …………………………..……………… 34 2.10. English language particular problems of bilinguals 35 2.10.1. Aspects of language situation in Wales ………………………………… 36 2.10.2. Standard English ………………………………………………..……………..………
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