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291 © Cambridge University Press Cambridge Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73597-1 - Language Management Bernard Spolsky Index More information Index Aasen, Ivar, 190 Andorra Abbasid caliphs, 45 language law, 166 Acade`mia Valenciana de la Llengua, 237 answering services, 85 Acade´mie franc¸aise, 235, 236 Arabic Accademia del Crusca, 235 Algeria, 166 accommodation, speech, 11, 250 in Asia, 46 Act of Union, 215 colloquial used for chat, 87 Adalah, 190 colloquial varieties and vernacular, 100 admission criteria, 111, 112 diglossia, 47 language proficiency, 112 and Islam, 31, 45, 46 Que´bec, 113 in Israel, 77, 106, 148, 190, 226; medium Sweden, 113 of instruction, 218; newspapers, 77; advertising signs, 68 language choice, 63, 72 Judeo-Arabic, 23 Afghanistan, 141, 143 lingua franca, 45 Africa linguistic tradition, 45 bilingual nations, 152 Modern Standard, 100 African languages, 41, 57, 84, 103, 177 national, 32 Afrikaans, 8, 57, 84, 117, 194, 195, 256 North African, 38 agencies official, 45, 149; official in summary, 259 Palestine, 187 agency, 70 Pakistan education, 46 manager, 13 Palestinian, 27 air–ground radio telephony, 63 purism, 45 airliner crash, 54 Qur’anic, 47 Akademio de Esperanto, 238 sacred, 45 A˚ land signs in Israel, 173 linguistic autonomy, 155 spread, 45, 177, 183 Albania teaching, 47, 90, 106, 143, 196 language laws, 166 Tunisian, 18 Algeria United Nations, 210 language laws, 166 vernaculars, 47 Alliance franc¸aise, 107 Arabic Language Academy American Bible Society, 42 Israel, 167 American Council of Learned Societies, 138 Arabicization, 152, 177 American Samoa, 111 in North Africa, 104 Americanization, 197 Arago´n, 237 Amish, 52 Aramaic language loyalty, 37, 197 imperial language, 33 local schools, 96 in Jewish law, 34 Anderson, Chris New Testament, 38 The long tail concept, 66 translation of sacred text, 35 291 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73597-1 - Language Management Bernard Spolsky Index More information 292 Index Archbishop of Canterbury, 146 Basque, 153 Armenian autonomy, 159 bible, 39 European Union, 222 varieties, 121 in France, 176 Army Specialized Training Program, 137, under Franco, 146 138, 139 nationalists, 75 Asian constitutions normalization, 159 minority rights, 151 press, 84 assimilationist ideology, 28 radio, 82 Asturia, 237 schools, 92 audiences, 51 television, 81 Audio-Lingual Method, 140 Battle of Poitiers, 45 Australia Belarus, 168 aboriginal media, 78 Belgian Congo ethnic schools, 196 missionaries, 41 foreign language teaching, 105 Belgium immigrants, 29, 43, 55 Dutch, 100 indigenous language interpreters, 121 Dutch spelling reform, 168 local government, 169 language gap, 90 minority radio, 81 language laws, 166 Australian dictation test, 229 territorial solution, 155 Australian Language and Literacy Policy, 197 bells, church, 79 authority, 144 Ben Yehuda, Eliezer, 185, 258 defined, 15 family policy, 23 devolution, 146 benefits of a language ethic of, 52 social and economic, 4 in family, 16 Berber, 177 of Jewish law, 34 Berlin, Isaiah in management, 4 liberty, 15 in military domain, 130 Bhojpurı¯, 73 parents, 16 bible of religion, 32 Afrikaans translation, 194 in school domain, 94, 114 Dutch translation, 43 supranational domain, 206 eastern translations, 39 in workplace, 63 Fijian translation, 41 Avesta, 47 Latin translation (Vulgate), 38 Maori translation, 41 Babel Navajo translation, 42 as punishment, 182 Protestant translations, 39, 42 Bahasa Indonesia, 178, 193, 194 Septuagint translation, 36 Bahasa Melayu, 11, 56, 70 Tongan translation, 40 Baldauf, Richard translation, 31 agency, 13 translation and literacy, 79 language planning, 10 bilingual education, 137, 201 nation-state level, 144 controversies, 101 Balfour Declaration, 187 Navajo, 42 Baltic states, 151, 162, 163, 229, 233, 256 not defined, 99 Bamba, 22 opposition, 104, 198 Banaras Bilingual Education Act, 110, 197 school advertising, 73 bilingual parents, 17 Bangladesh, 157 bilingual speech communities, 147 language activism, 194 bilingualism Basic English, 61 attitudes, 16 Basotho Bismarck, 153 children’s socialization, 16 blasphemy, 44 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73597-1 - Language Management Bernard Spolsky Index More information Index 293 Blommaert, Jan restoration and normalization, 159 nation-state, 10 schools, 109 speech resources, 1 in Valencia, 160 on Tanzania, 10 Catalan Broadcasting Corporation, 84 Bokma¨l, 148 Catalonia Bolivia, 111 autonomy, 159 Bo`rd na Ga`idhlig, 192 Caterpillar Fundamental English, 61 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 165 Caterpillar Technical English, 61 Breton, 176, 238 cell phones, 85 radio, 81 Center for Advanced Study of Language, 141 television, 81 Central Council for the Establishment of Brigade of Gurkhas, 132 Hebrew in the Jewish Community of Bristol City Council Palestine, 78 translation services, 171 Charter of the French Language, 230, see also British and Foreign Bible Society, 42 Loi 101 British colonies children’s socialization civil rights, 151 various cultures, 16 official languages, 152 China British Council, 107, 245 English teaching, 108 Brussels, 155 Putonghua official, 166 signs, 67 translation services, 172 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 42 Chinese, 58 character simplification, 238 Caldas, Stephen examination system, 98 bilingual family study, 20 as foreign language, 107 call centers, 57 in Malaysia, 56 Calvet, Louis-Jean script reform, 238 assimilationist ideology, 28 Chinese immigrant families conflict in family, 14 Australia, 29 levels of management, 181 New Zealand, 18 Senegal language shift, 22 in US, 22 war of languages, 182, 183 Chinese varieties Cameroon, 151 mutual intelligibility, 1 radio and television, 82 Chiswick, Barry Canada economic value of proficiency, 55 bilingual policy, 133, 158 Christianity devolution, 218 language management, 38 ethnic press, 78 translation, 35 immigrants, 56 citizenship language laws, 166 criteria, 229 language qualifications, 55 language tests, 229 minority radio, 81 civil rights, 117 Canadian Army access, 215 bilingual policy, 133 interpreters in court, 118 Cantonese, 24, 58 understanding legal charges, 150 Hong Kong, 57 US, 128 cantons, 154 cochlear implant, 8 cargo ships, 62 cockpit confusion, 54 Castilian, 153 code talkers, 136 Catalan, 153 code-switching, 21, 22, 86 European Union, 222 in family, 24 in France, 176 Colle`ge militaire royal, 135 under Franco, 146 colonial education, 94, 100 language academy, 237 colonialism, 5, 39, 41 radio, 82 language policies, 111 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73597-1 - Language Management Bernard Spolsky Index More information 294 Index colonies Hindi language associations, 193 language management, 207 Dead Sea Scrolls, 37 language policies, 183 Deaf, 125 Committee for Geographical Names in changing situation, 8 Australasia, 243 Deaf Link, 125 Committee for the Reform of the Chinese Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Written Language, 238 Peoples, 220 Commonwealth of Nations, 207 Defense Language Institute, 140, 141 communication failure, 181 democracies communication problems, 148, 250 minorities, 147 communities demographic variables local vs gobal processes, 10 in family domain, 21 community school, 96 Denmark computerized translation, 248 language laws, 148, 166 Congo, 41 Department of Defense, 138, 141, congregants, 50 142, 244 Congress of Vienna, 215 outsourcing language services, 248 constitution desegregation authority, 145 US Supreme Court decision, 112 language clauses, 149 devolution, 145, 146, 159, 161, 173, 206 language provisions, 148 diglossia, 47, 100 linguistic minorities, 150 doctor–patient communication, 115 controlled language, 61, 62 domain, 249 Cooper, Robert characteristics, 3 agency, 13 communicative function, 3 marketplace study, 54 family, 3 Richelieu and the Academy, 153 Fishman’s definition, 3 Coptic, 38 government, 3 replaced by Arabic, 45 internal vs external forces, 6, 19, 181 copy editors, 244 location, 3 Cornish, 238 school, 3 Cornish language activism, 192 typical topic, 3 corporate language, 59 workplace, 3 corpus planning, 103, 167 Dublin co-territorial vernacular, 38 multilingual city, 8 Council of Europe, 108, 162 Dutch, 51, 148, 239 foreign language policy, 107 in Belgium, 100, 155, 216 language teaching policy, 213 Indonesia, 178, 194 Council of Trent, 39 language of Garden of Eden, 182 court interpreters spelling reform, 168 training and certification, 120 Dutch advertising, 74 Court Interpreters Act US, 119 courts East Timor, 207 authority, 145 eastern orthodox church Croatia, 165 linguistic pluralism, 39 cultivation, 103, 146 ecology, 53 for school use, 103 ecological model, 1 customers, 64 economic incentives, 54 Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, 191 Ecuador, 183 Czech Republic, 164 Education Review Office, 95 Czechoslovakia, 152, 164 Eggington, William language planning failures, 10 Danish, 1, 148, 154, 166, 175, 191 El Instituto Cervantes, 245 activism, 191 electronic media Das Gupta, Jyotirindra minority access, 86 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73597-1 - Language Management Bernard Spolsky Index More information Index 295 employers varieties, 70; variety to teach, 107 language managers, 53 working language at sea, 62 endangered language centers, 203 English First, 198 English English language learners, 102 in advertisements, 74 English law courts air–ground communication, 63 shift to English, 118 among Amish, 96 English Only Asian business, 58 activism, 197; English Only common
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