6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89627-6 - The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914- 1918 Jonathan E. Gumz Index More information

Index

Adams, John Clinton, 147 Imperial requests for access to food Adler, Friedrich, 179 from Serbia, 16, 142, 174, 176, 178, 185, Agriculture 191 Financial repercussions of incentive- International law, 48, 136 based harvest collection, 170 Labor shortages, 99–100 Harvest collection and hostages, Military law, 105, 112–15, 117, 122, 124, 166 126–7, 130, 135–6 Incentive-based harvest collection, 161, Oversight of Military General 163–8 Government of Serbia, 5 Organization of, 160–8 Role in Imperial politics during the Requisition of harvest, 165 War, 15, 81, 96 Albania, 5, 10, 62, 157, 158, 208 Schools, 75 Allmayer-Beck, Johann Christoph, 12 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 153 Aly, Go¨ tz, 84, 191, 247 Use of food from Serbia for the army, American Red Cross 145, 186–9 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 157–9 Arz von Straussenberg, Artur, 220–1 Anderle, Josef Military law, 135 Agriculture, 164 Audoin-Rouzeau, Ste´phane, 9, 28, 65, Angelow, Ju¨ rgen, 3 242 Apathy, Eugen von, 132 Austrian Interior Ministry Appel, Michael Edler von, 43, 46, 52, 59 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 154 Army High Command (AOK), 28, 31 Austrian Ministry of Agriculture, 178 63, 96, 98, 103, 107, 120, 133, 137–9, 145, 149, 160–1, 165, 190, 192, 197, 204, 221, Babic´, Otmar, 163 235 Balkan wars, 5, 35, 195, 206 Beliefs regarding food situation in the Barczy, Istva´n, 180 Empire, 175 Barnard, Otto, 158 Directives on Serb ofﬁcers as prisoners Barth, Gustav, 178 of war, 82 Battle of Mount C˘er, 44

267

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89627-6 - The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914- 1918 Jonathan E. Gumz Index More information

268 Index

Baumann, Eduard, 217, 220, 222, 226 Komitadjis in Bulgarian-occupied Complaints about restrictions on legal Serbia, 210–11 severity, 136–7 Occupation of Serbia, 7, 197 Becker, Annette, 9, 28, 65, 242 Suppression of Toplicˇa Uprising of Belgium, 149, 154 1917, 198 Invasion of, 20, 28, 58, 60 Bund der deutschen Sta¨dte O¨ sterreichs, Occupation of, 65, 101 180 Belgrade, 5, 22, 34, 93, 98, 170, 172, 181, 183, 239 Bureaucratic-absolutism, 3 Food prices compared to Vienna, 171, Habsburg Army, 5, 7–8, 10, 12, 15 174 234 Food shortages, 143, 146, 149, 152–3, Military General Government of 156–8 Serbia, 89–90 Internment, 97 Buriań von Rajecz, Istvań Freiherr von, Komitadjis, 225 150 Local administration, 95 Reluctance to allow starvation in Military law, 132, 139 Serbia, 155–6 Policing network, 90 Population, 6 Chickering, Roger, 19 Rations, 176 Clausewitz, Carl von, 17 Rumors about the Toplicˇa Uprising of Colonialism 1917, 201 Comparisons to war and occupation in Schools, 77–8 Europe, 10, 20, 28, 30, 243–4 Ties to Komitadjis in Croatia, 35 Connelly, Matthew, 238 Bell, David A., 240, 245 Conrad von Ho¨ tzendorf, Franz, 13, 31, 97, Berchthold, Leopold, 4, 116 186, 217, 235, 244 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 240 Dismissal of, 133 Bohemia, 14, 64, 116, 139, 171, 241 Food situation in the Empire, 182 Bo¨hme, Eduard, 244 Food situation in Serbia, 25, 149, 185, Bolfras, Artur Freiherr von, 36, 97, 115 239 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 46, 63, 73, 124, 139, Imperial politics, 5 224, 244, 246 Imperial values, 71 Request for access to food from Serbia, Intelligentsia in Serbia, 83 182–3 Invasion of Serbia in 1914, 47 Unrest in 1914, 34–43 Military law, 114–15, 130 Unrest in 1918, 227–8 Reluctance to allow starvation in Boyer, John W., 16, 68 Serbia, 151, 192 British Red Cross, 163 Schools in Serbia, 75–6 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 147 Serb subversion in Bosnia- Brolly, Teodor, 181 Herzegovina, 36 Brosch von Aerenau, Alexander, 46 Social Darwinism, 12, 28 Brusilov Offensive, 1, 6, 96, 195 War aims regarding Serbia, 63, 71 Budapest, 171, 179–80, 189 Croatia, 35–6, 96, 175, 227 Bulgaria, 4–6, 151, 155, 196, 199, 207 Czernin von und zu Chudenitz, Ottokar Executions of Komitadjis, 136 Graf, 134, 199 Killing of Kosta Vojnovicín Bulgarian Efforts to save the Empire, 238 zone of occupation, 223 International system and, 239–41

Index 269

Dalmatia, 34, 36, 43, 114–15 Request for access to food from Serbia, Dangelmaier, Emil, 111–12, 128 142 Dankl, Viktor von, 115 Gerlach, Christian, 191 Davis, Belinda, 145, 191 Germany, 145, 191 Dea´k, Istvań, 12 Army, 229 Dimitrijevic´, Mita, 209, 212–14 Army and international law, 18 Disease, 5, 62, 147, 159 Army and use of starvation in South- west Africa, 192 Egger, Karl, 1, 148 Army withdrawal to the Hindenburg Eksteins, Modris, 23 Line, 99 Elias, Norbert, 245 German assistance in the suppression Eugen, Archduke of Austria, 115 of the Toplic˘a Uprising of 1917, 198 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 151 Occupation of the Baltics, 65, 160 Feldgericht, 126, See also Military law Third Reich and comparison to Examination of evidence in, 129, Habsburg occupation practices, 191, 131–2 224–47 Foreign Ministry, 105 Third Supreme Command, 187, 242 Request for access to food from Serbia, Geyer, Michael, 20, 29, 60–1, 144, 229 186 Giesl, von Gieslingen, 33 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 149–50, 155 Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund, 81, 134, Foucault, Michel, 27, 93, 233 172, 175 Fraenkel, Ernst, 108 Goranj Milanovac France, 11, 60 Military law, 120 Crisis of 1917, 241–2 Graf, Daniel, 66 Ideology of the leveé en masse, 17 Graz, 129 Military, 107 Military law, 125 Occupation of, 66 Great Britain Franco–Prussian War, 17 Policy toward Habsburg Empire, 241 Frank, Liborius, 46–9, 51–2, 59–60, 239 Green Cadres, 227 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria Greene, Warwick, 159 (Thronfolger), 3–4, 24, 34, 36–7, 69, Grgjic´, Stjepan, 41 237, 241 Officers sympathetic to Franz Ferdi- Habsburg Army nand, 13, 32, 70 Atrocities in Serbia in 1914, 53–8 Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria, 34, 98, Fear of civilians in Serbia in 1914, 51 112, 123, 128, 133, 210 Fear of Komitadjis in 1914, 42–3 Frevert, Ute, 31 Hierarchical vision of war, 191 Freytag, Hans, 96–7 Imperial bureaucracy, 13–15, 64 Friedrich, Archduke of Austria, 75, Imperial civil society, 12, 15–16, 30–3, 181 70, 105, 110, 145, 190–2, 232–3, 235 Schools, 75 Imperial politics, 14–16, 64 Imperial values, 64, 71 Gellately, Robert, 85 Memory of 1848, 31–2 Generaldirektion der Allerho¨chsten Officer corps, 12, 31, 46, 161–2, 187, Privaten und Familienfond 245–6

270 Index

Habsburg Army (cont.) Hranilovic´, Oskar von Regulations for repressive measures, Imperial politics, 81 33 On the Komitadjis, 21, 37, 47 Repressive measures and atrocities in Hull, Isabel, 11, 17, 20, 243 Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1914, 39–43 Hungarian Honved Ministry, 189 Repressive measures in Syrmia in 1914, Hungary, 101, 165 39 Food for Austrian half of the Empire, Restraint of violence, 22, 51, 53, 59 6, 150 Social Darwinism, 12–13 Internment camps, 41, 103 Special access to food from Serbia, Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 143, 153 186–9 Units’ independent attempts to International law, 18 purchase food in Serbia, 185 Belligerent qualiﬁcations, 17 Habsburg Empire Geneva Convention, 48 Cities request food from Serbia, 180–1 Habsburg Army, 33, 45, 47–50, 52, 59 Collapse of, 234–5 Hague Conventions, 17–18, 45, 48–9, 59, Crisis of state over food, 185–6 65, 106, 108, 116–17, 136–7 Currency weakness, 168–70 Restraint of violence in Serbia, 136 Demands for exploitation of occupied International system, 108, 141, 235, 237–8 countries, 175–6, 179 Destruction of in World War I, 241–3 Image of Serbia with regard to food, Habsburg Empire and, 235–8 173, 189–90 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 155–6, 192 Instability in 1918 and its impact on Internment, 89, 98, 96–103, 195, 202 MGG/S, 228 Policies for Imperial territory under Ja´rmy, Andor, 198–9, 202–4, 217 occupation, 59 Jaross, Wilhelm von, 163 Response to Serb food crisis of 1915–16, Jelavich, Charles, 73 146–7, 149–56 Josef, Archduke of Austria, 57 Haindl, Waltraud, 13 Josephinism, 72 Hanisch, Ernst, 109 Jovanovic´, Dragolub, 7 Hautmann, Hans, 108 Ju¨ nger, Ernst, 187 Healy, Maureen, 9, 16, 107, 144, 180 Jungerth, Michael, 102 Hermann, David, 3 Herold, Otto, 218, 222 k.k. Amt fu¨r Volkserna¨hrung, 142, 176–7, Herwig, Holger, 6 191 Hindenburg, Paul von, 187, 242 Kanik, Franz, 171–2 Hoen, Maximilian von, 173 Karagjorgjevic´, Peter (King of Ho¨ fer, Anton, 150–1, 176 Serbia), 62 Ho¨ fer, Franz, 99–100, 175, 185 Karl, Emperor of Austria, 138, 188 Hohenlohe-Schillingsfu¨ rst, Konrad Efforts to save the Empire, 134 Prinz zu, 154 International system and, 238–9 Holquist, Peter, 8, 144 Retrenchment of legal severity, 133–4 Hoover, Herbert Katholische Frauenverein fu¨r Niedero¨s- Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 159 terreich Horne, John, 19, 27, 58, 60, 241 Request for access to food from Serbia, Hortstein, Lothar von, 57 184

Index 271

Keegan, John, 9 Kommission zur Erhebung milita¨rischer Kerchnawe, Hugo, 97, 161, 185 Pﬂichtverletzungen, 57–8, 135 Agriculture, 163 Korwin-Dzbanski, Stanislaus, 128 Assessment of conditions in MGG/S Kosovo, 4, 62, 125, 207, 210 in summer of 1918, 228 Kowarzyk, Wendelin, 218 Beliefs regarding food situation in the Kragujevac, 147 Empire, 175 Internment, 97–8 Memory of 1848, 70 Komitadjis, 225–6 Military law, 119, 133 Military law, 121–2 On Imperial politics, 69–70 Policing network, 92 Promotion of Serbia’s image as a place Kraljevo, 147 of abundance, 174 Krama´rˇ, Karel, 64, 81 Toplic˘a Uprising of 1917, 201 Treason trial of, 116 Kerensky, Alexander, 242 Kramer, Alan, 19, 22, 27, 29, 58, 239 King, Jeremy, 234 Krebs, Norbert, 174–5 Kisch, Egon Erwin, 54 Kriegsproduktenaktiengesellschaft, 178 Knezic´, Rudolf, 85 Krobatin, Alexander Ritter von, 36, 1542, Knox, MacGregor, 246 181 Koerber, Ernst von, 15, 182–3 Military law, 114 Kohlruss, Hans, 200 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 155 Komitadjis, 3, 136–8, 193 Kroener, Bernhard, 246 Atrocities, 196 Krohn, Jakob, 118 Attacks on those who cooperated with Kronenbitter, Gu¨ nther, 4, 12–13 the MGG/S, 221–2 Krupp-Berndorfer Metallfabrik Attempt to organize the territory Request for access to food from Serbia, 184 under their control during the Krus˘evac, 136 Toplicˇa Uprising, 209 Corruption, 102 Ideology and aims during the occupa- Komitadjis, 195–6, 220, 224–7 tion, 206–9 Local administration, 95 In Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1914, 37, 42–3 Military law, 129–31 In Serbia in 1914, 45–7, 49–50, 54–5, Policing network, 86 57–9 Toplic˘a Uprising of 1917, 198, 203 Internal rivalries, 207, 212–14 Internal rivalries and MGG/S aware- Laqueur, Walter, 194 ness of, 214, 217 le Beau, Aurel, 39, 50 MGG/S equates with robbers, 224 Lelewer, Georg, 111 Origins, 195 leve´e en masse, 34, 37–8, 58, 104, 173, 191, Punishment of Serbs who cooperated 193–4, 201, 219, 229 with the MGG/S, 210–12 Decline in MGG/S belief in, 228 Serb civil war in 1918, 221–7, 230 Diminished possibility of in the Spread of activity throughout MGG/S assessment of the MGG/S, 215–17 in 1918, 225–6 National resistance narratives, 230 Threats against those who tried to Toplic˘a Uprising of 1917, 200, 205 surrender during the Toplic˘a Liulevicius, Vejas, 28, 65, 91, 243 Uprising, 210 Lohr, Eric, 4–5, 66 Toplicˇa Uprising of 1917, 197–205 Lo¨ wenfeld-Russ, Hans, 190

272 Index

Lower, Wendy, 243 Soldiers as teachers, 77–8 Ludendorff, Erich, 18, 187, 242 Strategic implications of Jagdkom- mandos, 219 Macedonia, 4–5, 195 Structure, 5–6 Majesta¨tsbeleidigung, 133 Use of Jagdkommandos against Cases in Serbia. 124. See Military law Komitadjis, 217–19, 222–4 Manuela, Erez, 242 Military law. See Feldgericht, Majesta¨ts- Maria Theresa, 32, 109 beleidigung, Milita¨rstrafgesetz, Mayer, Arno, 13 Milita¨rstrafprozebordnung, Stand- Messerschmidt, Manfred, 17 recht Milita¨rstrafgesetz, 105, 109–11, 120, Habsburg Army claims for the 122, 124, 127, 129, 133, See also Military impartiality of, 110, 112–13, 116–20, law 126–7, 129–130 Milita¨rstrafprozebordnung, 105, 110–12, Habsurg Army demands for an 127–8, 130–2, See also Military law extension of, 110, 112, 113–16 Military General Government of Serbia Imperial politicians’ anger at, 133–4 Atrocities in the Toplic˘a Uprising of Restrictions on legal severity in Serbia, 1917, 203 135–8 Concerns about image of the occupa- Trials of Serbs under, 109, 122, 124, 126, tion, 91–2 130, 132, 139 Corruption, 95, 101–2 Milosz, Czeslaw, 248 Fear of the Toplic˘a Uprising, Mitrovic´, Andrej, 7–8, 143, 230 198–200 Mitrovic˘a, 228 Feeling of weakness, 197, 203–4 Komitadjis, 219 Food crisis of 1915–16, 153, 156 Military law, 129 Image of efficiency in the Habsburg Toplic˘a Uprising of 1917, 198, 200–3 Empire, 174–5 Montenegro, 5, 228 Imperial values, 73 Komitadjis, 221 Imperial values undermined by mass internments, 101–2 Novi Pazar, 77, 228 Internment, 101–3 Komitadjis, 216 Labor shortage, 98–101 Toplic˘a Uprising of 1917, 198 Mutiny in Kragujevac, 228 New view of the Serb population and Obrenovic´, Milan (King of Serbia), 3, 79 implications for fight against the O¨ sterreichische Zentral Einkaufsgesell- Komitadjis, 220–1 schaft, 178 Politics in Serbia, 68 Rejection of requests for food from Palanka the Empire, 181 Corruption, 95 Repressive measures against the Komitadjis, 225–6 Toplic˘a Uprising of 1917, 201–3 Military law, 121 Repressive measures in response to Policing network, 88 Komitadji attacks, 196 Parastatal organizations, 144–5, 176–7 Restraint of violence, 217, 229 Pec˘anac, Kosta, 205, 207–9, 212–14, 221 Schools, 73–8 Pedersen, Susan, 242 Shortage of occupation forces, 94 Penfield, Frederic C., 159

Index 273

Policing network 91 Commander in 1914 invasion of Serbia, Aims, 80 50 Denunciations, 84–6 Demands for Hajduk Law, 137 False denunciations, 102 Demands for legalized forced labor, 135 Focus on coffeehouses, 87–8 Denunciations, 85 Focus on intelligentsia, 86–7 Internment, 97–9, 101–2 Focus on politics, 82–4 Komitadjis, 195, 220, 223 Methods, 80–2 Labor shortages, 98–9, 101 Mood of population, 91 On imperial values, 71 Pope Benedict XV, 134 On politics in Serbia, 68 Potiorek, Oskar, 4, 35, 39–40, 42–3, On schools, 76 48, 51 Toplic˘a Uprising of 1917, 199, 202–3, Beliefs regarding Serbs in the Empire, 216 35–6 Rockefeller Foundation, 147 Plans for August 1914 invasion of Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 159 Serbia, 44 Roda-Roda, 147 Pozsony Ronge, Maximilian, 81 Food shortages, 181, 183 Russia, 242 Pragmatic Sanction, 236 Occupation practices, 66–7 Pribram, Karl, 169 Ryan, Edward, 159 Prijepolje Corruption, 188 S˘abac, 44 Princip, Gavrilo, 34 Atrocities in August 1914 Habsburg Prisoners of war, 62, 197, 221 invasion, 58 As laborers in occupied Serbia, 99–100, Corruption in, 94 135, 161, 165 Local administration, 95 Prusin, Alexander, 66 Military law, 120, 123 Policing network, 86 Rathenau, Walter, 191, 241 Safranek, Ludwig, 81, 83, 213, 228, 234 Rations Internment, 103 In Serbia and the Empire, 176, 190 Salis von Seewische, Johannes Freiherr, 1, Rechtstaat, 23, 39, 107–8, 111, 126, 128, 83, 96, 118, 234 139–41 Labor shortages, 161 Redlich, Josef, 139–40, 240 Military law, 116 On the Rechtstaat, 140 On imperial values, 71 Reichsorganisation der Hausfrauen On schools, 74 O¨ sterreichs Politics in Serbia, 68, 78, 156 Purchasing agent in Serbia, 183 Reluctance to allow starvation in Reiss, R. A., 51, 54–5, 57–8 Serbia, 149–50 Remak, Joachim, 3 Salis-Soglio, Paul, 197–8 Rendulic´, Lothar, 244 Sanborn, Joshua, 20, 28, 31, 66–7, 244 Rhemen von Barensfeld, Adolf, 73, 105, Sarkotic´ von Lovcen, Stefan Freiherr, 195, 231 228 Agriculture, 166–8 Schager, Albin, 128 Appointment as Military General Scheck, Raffael, 243 Governor of Serbia, 96–7 Schemua, Blasius, 13

274 Index

Schmitt, Carl, 240, 246 Stuart, Edward, 15–58 On jus publicum Europaeum, 16, 61, 229 Stu¨ rgkh, Josef Graf von, 116 On partisan war, 237 Stu¨ rgkh, Karl Graf von, 4, 115, 140 Schroeder, Paul, 3, 141, 156 Food situation in the Empire, 150, 179 On the international system, 22, 236 Resistance to Army demands, 64, 114 Schwarz, Anton, 35 Role in expansion of Army power, Scorlich, Jenny, 183 15, 110 Seeckt, Hans von, 189 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 154 Seidler, Ernst von, 134 Syrmia, 27, 34, 43 Serbia. See also Habsburg Empire, Szećheńyi, Ludwig Graf von, 156 Response to Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 149 Taylor, A. J. P., 236 1915 invasion, 4 Thalloćzy, Lajos, 48 Army strategy in 1914, 36–7, 45, 48 Thun, Leo, 116 Civil war in 1918, 230 Tisza, Istvań, 71 Defeat of Habsburg Army in August Reluctance to allow starvation in 1914, 44 Serbia, 154–5 Food crisis of 1915–16, 147–50 Resistance to Army demands, 64, 114 Population of, 6 Todorova, Maria, 244 Radical Party, 24, 62, 79, 82, 94–5, 118, Toplic˘a Uprising, 194 226 Total war Resolution of food crisis of 1915–16, 159 Concept of, 18–19 Retreat of 1915–16, 4, 62 Trieste Strength of the Dinar during the Access to food from Serbia, 180 occupation, 168–9 Tyrol Ties to Serbs in the Empire, 35 Military law, 115, 139 Wealth of peasants due to sale of agriculutral goods, 168–9 U¨ beregger, Oswald, 108 Shedel, James, 123, 140 Unitas Smith, Leonard V., 107, 242 Request for access to food from Serbia, Smola, Fritz, 43 183–4 Snjaric´, Lukas, 38, 42 Unowsky, Daniel, 123 Sondhaus, Lawrence, 12 Urbanitsch, Peter, 123 St. Quentin, Graf Bigot de, 70 Uz˘ice, 44–72 Standrecht, 105–6, 109–10, 112–15, 120–1, Komitadjis, 225 123–6, 133 Military law, 120 AOK alterations to, 113, 122, 139 Policing network, 86, 96 Sternat, Theoderich, 135 Stevenson, David, 23 Valjevac, Fritz, 140 Stipetic´, Wilhelm, 81, 234 Vienna, 9, 68, 180, 4 Denunciations, 84–5 Army symbolism and streets, 32 On Serb intelligentsia, 86 Food from the MGG/S, 189 Policing network, 81–2, 91 Food shortages, 6, 16, 144, 154, 171, 175–6 Stojanc˘evic´, Vladimir, 7 Military law, 114 Stojic˘evic´, Aleksandar, 48 War Exhibition of 1917, 173 Stourzh, Gerald, 14 Vojnovic´, Kosta, 205–7, 214, 221

Index 275

Wallisch, Friedrich, 120, 174 Wolff, Larry, 244 War Ministry Wurm, Wenzel, 63 Serb food crisis of 1915–16, 153–4 Wehrmacht, 60, 243–6 Zagreb Weiskirchner, Richard, 180 Food shortages, 181 Wieser, Friedrich, 227 Zahra, Tara, 235 Wiesner, Friedrich, 153, 156 Zanantoni, Eduard, 21, 49 Reluctance to allow starvation in Zentralen, 142, 144, 178 Serbia, 149–50 Zeynek, Theodor von, 187–8 Wilson, Woodrow, 242 Zimmerer, Ju¨rgen, 243 Winter, Jay, 234 Zita, Empress of Austria, 134