Nationalism In Europe
ITALIAN UNIFICATION Focus Question
How did the rise of nationalism in nineteenth century Europe lead the unification of Italy? Unification
After the Congress of Vienna, most of Italy was under foreign rule
Austria (direct rule): Venetia/Lombardy/Parma/Tuscany
Spanish Bourbon Family: Kingdom of Two Sicilies Italian Peninsula 1815
Key Players
Two prominent men both advocated for nationalism, Giuseppe Mazzini and Count Camillo Cavour wished to see a unified Italy but under different circumstances. Mazzini
Wanted Italy to be a republic Cavour
Wanted a unified Italy led by the Kingdom of Sardinia (Risorgimento- newspaper to notify the public about nationalism) By 1848, Sardinia was seen as a leader for unification and to fight foreign rule. Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia in 1849, was a supporter of Cavour and nationalism. The First Steps
Emmanuel II made Cavour Prime Minister of Sardinia in 1852.
Cavour instituted building projects, land reform and tariff policies. There was economic growth. Made allies with England and France against Austria to publicize the demand for Italian unification. Italy began starting nationalist revolts throughout the North. Austria tried to stop them. By 1860, through treaty and plebiscites, many Italian regions joined with Sardinia. This demonstrated the road to nationalism in Italy had begun. Italy 1860
Unification Completed
In Southern Italy, the nationalist movement was growing under Giuseppe Garibaldi. He wanted to unify all of Italy. Formed the “Red Shirts” to drive the Bourbons out of Sicily. Handed over conquered land to Cavour. 1861, a parliament for all Italy except Rome and Venetia met in Turin. Proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel as king. 1866, Italy acquires Venetia after a war with Austria
1870, Italy acquires Rome after French troops leave. Italy 1870
Problems With Unification
1. Pope was angry at losing control of Rome and Papal States
2. Antagonism between North and South
3. Only a few males had the vote.