Nationalism In Europe ITALIAN UNIFICATION Focus Question How did the rise of nationalism in nineteenth century Europe lead the unification of Italy? Unification After the Congress of Vienna, most of Italy was under foreign rule Austria (direct rule): Venetia/Lombardy/Parma/Tuscany Spanish Bourbon Family: Kingdom of Two Sicilies Italian Peninsula 1815 Key Players Two prominent men both advocated for nationalism, Giuseppe Mazzini and Count Camillo Cavour wished to see a unified Italy but under different circumstances. Mazzini Wanted Italy to be a republic Cavour Wanted a unified Italy led by the Kingdom of Sardinia (Risorgimento- newspaper to notify the public about nationalism) By 1848, Sardinia was seen as a leader for unification and to fight foreign rule. Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia in 1849, was a supporter of Cavour and nationalism. The First Steps Emmanuel II made Cavour Prime Minister of Sardinia in 1852. Cavour instituted building projects, land reform and tariff policies. There was economic growth. Made allies with England and France against Austria to publicize the demand for Italian unification. Italy began starting nationalist revolts throughout the North. Austria tried to stop them. By 1860, through treaty and plebiscites, many Italian regions joined with Sardinia. This demonstrated the road to nationalism in Italy had begun. Italy 1860 Unification Completed In Southern Italy, the nationalist movement was growing under Giuseppe Garibaldi. He wanted to unify all of Italy. Formed the “Red Shirts” to drive the Bourbons out of Sicily. Handed over conquered land to Cavour. 1861, a parliament for all Italy except Rome and Venetia met in Turin. Proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel as king. 1866, Italy acquires Venetia after a war with Austria 1870, Italy acquires Rome after French troops leave. Italy 1870 Problems With Unification 1. Pope was angry at losing control of Rome and Papal States 2. Antagonism between North and South 3. Only a few males had the vote. .