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Home , Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian Peninsula, Piedmont, Sardinia, Young Italy

#5 How did to a united ? --1815

• Italy had been divided up • Controlled by ruling families of , & • Secretive group of revolutionaries formed in S. Italy – inspired by French Rev. 1848

• Nationalistic feelings were intensifying– throughout the 8 Italian city-states • Revolts were led by – returned from exile • Leader of the “” movement – dedicated to securing “for Italy Unity, Independence & ” These Revolts Failed • Looked to Kingdom of to rule a unified Italy – agreed they would rather have a unified Italy with a monarch than a lot of foreign powers ruling over separate states • “Risorgimento” Count Cavour & King Victor Emmanuel II • Wanted to unify Italy – make - Sardinia the model for unification • Began public works, building projects, political reform • Next step -- get Austria out of the Italian • Outbreak of -- France & Britain on one side, on the other • Piedmont-Sardinia saw a chance to earn some respect and make a name for itself • They were victorious and Sardinia was able to attend the conference. As a result of this, Piedmont- Sardinia gained the support of III. • Italian Nationalist • Invaded S. Italy with his followers, the Red Shirts • Also supported King Victor Emmanuel – Piedmont Sardinia was only nation capable of defeating Austria

• Aided by Sardinia – Cavour gave firearms to Garibaldi • Guerrilla warfare (hit & run tactics)

Unified Italy

• Constitutional monarchy was established – Under King Victor Emmanuel • – new • went into “exile” Garibaldi And Victor Emmanuel "Right Leg in the Boot at Last"

Problems of Unification • Inexperience in self- • Tradition of regional independence • Large part of population was illiterate • Lots of debt • Had to build an infrastructure • Severe economic & cultural divisions • (S – poor, N – more industrialized) • Centralized state, but weak Independence

• Lots of people left for the U.S. during this time •Unified ~1870