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3.-Unifying-Italy.Pdf

3.-Unifying-Italy.Pdf

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Flag of , 1833 Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION Instruction 3 Stirrings of Nationalism After a failed against Austrian rule in northern Objectives Italy, many rebels, fearing retribution, begged for funds to As you teach this section, keep students pay for safe passage to Spain. Giuseppe Mazzini (mat SEE focused on the following objectives to help nee), still a boy, described his reaction to the situation: them answer the Section Focus Question “ He (a rebel) held out a white handkerchief, merely say- and master core content. ing, ‘For the refugees of Italy.’ My mother . . . dropped 3 some money into the handkerchief. . . . That day was the ■ List the key obstacles to Italian unity. first in which a confused idea presented itself to my mind ■ Understand what roles Count Camillo . . . an idea that we could and therefore ought to Cavour and played struggle for the of our country. . . .” in the struggle for Italy. —Giuseppe Mazzini, Life and Writings Focus Question How did influential leaders help to create ■ Describe the challenges that faced the Giuseppe Mazzini, a unified Italy? new nation of Italy. around 1865

Unifying Italy Prepare to Read Objectives Although the people of the Italian peninsula spoke the same lan- Build Background Knowledge L3 • List the key obstacles to Italian unity. guage, they had not experienced political unity since Roman Ask students to recall the issues facing • Understand what roles Count Camillo Cavour times. By the early 1800s, though, Italian patriots—including the German states during unification. and Giuseppe Garibaldi played in the struggle Mazzini, who would become a revolutionary—were determined to Ask them to predict what kinds of issues for Italy. build a new, united Italy. As in Germany, unification was brought nationalist leaders in Italy would face as • Describe the challenges that faced the new about by the efforts of a strong state and furthered by a shrewd, they tried to unify their country. nation of Italy. ruthless politician—Count Camillo Cavour (kah VOOR). Terms, People, and Places L3 Set a Purpose Camillo Cavour Obstacles to Italian Unity ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection Giuseppe Garibaldi For centuries, Italy had been a battleground for ambitious foreign

aloud or play the audio. anarchist and local princes. Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led peo- emigration ple to identify with local regions. The people of Florence consid- AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Stirrings of Nationalism ered themselves Tuscans, those of Venice Venetians, those of Naples Neapolitans, and so on. But as in Germany, the invasions Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence As you Ask What event is Mazzini describ- of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity. read, create a timeline showing the sequence of ing? (An Italian rebel was begging for The Congress of Vienna, however, ignored the nationalists who events from 1831 to 1871 that led to Italian money so that he could escape after a unification. hoped to end centuries of foreign rule and achieve unity. To Prince failed revolt against Austria.) Why was Metternich of Austria, the idea of a unified Italy was laughable. At Vienna, Austria took control of much of northern Italy, while Haps- this significant to him? (He saw this 1831 as a turning point when he realized Mazzini founds burg monarchs ruled various other Italian states. In the south, a that the Italians should be free from . French Bourbon ruler was put in charge of Naples and Sicily. foreign rule.) In response, nationalists organized secret patriotic and 1830 1850 1870 focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus Italy. Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across Question and write it on the board. the region. Each time, Austria sent in troops to crush the rebels. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 3 Assessment answers.) Vocabulary Builder ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section. Terms, People, and Places. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 26; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 ■ Have students read this High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence section using the Guided Questioning constitute, p. 701 vt. to set up; establish strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, You need eleven players to constitute a soccer team. have them fill in the timeline with events that led to Italy’s unification. successor, p. 702 n. a person who succeeds another to an office or rank The senator decided not to run for reelection, and he campaigned for his Reading and Note Taking Study assistant to become his successor. Guide, p. 200

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Mazzini Establishes Young Italy In the 1830s, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy. The goal of this secret was Vocabulary Builder Teach “to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation.” In 1849, constitute—(KAHN stuh toot) v. to set up; Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary in , but French establish forces soon toppled it. Like many other nationalists, Mazzini spent much Obstacles to Italian Unity of his life in exile, plotting and dreaming of a united Italy. Instruct L3 Nationalism Takes Root “Ideas grow quickly,” Mazzini once said, ■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder “when watered by the blood of martyrs.” Although revolution had failed, Have students read the Vocabulary nationalist agitation had planted seeds for future harvests. Builder terms and definitions. Ask To nationalists like Mazzini, a united Italy made sense not only because students to predict how the word of geography, but also because of a common language and history. National- constitute might be used in the ists reminded Italians of the glories of ancient Rome and the medieval context of Italian unification. papacy. To others, unity made practical economic sense. It would end trade barriers among the Italian states and stimulate industry. ■ Teach Ask What was the geographi- cal and political situation in Italy What forces hindered Italian unity? in the early 1800s? (Italy was a patch- work of separate states, many under for- The Struggle for Italy eign control. Most Italians identified After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento (ree sawr jee MEN toh), or primarily with their regions. However, Italian nationalist movement, passed to the , which Napoleon’s invasions had sparked a included , Nice, and Savoy as well as the island of Sardinia. Its desire for national unity.) What argu- constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped to join other states ments did nationalists like Mazzini to his own, thereby increasing his power. offer in support of national unity? (Italy was a single geographic unit and Cavour Becomes Prime Minister In 1852, Victor Emmanuel made its people had a shared language and Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister. Cavour came from a noble history.) family but favored liberal goals. He was a flexible, practical, crafty politi- cian, willing to use almost any means to achieve his goals. Like Bismarck ■ Analyzing the Visuals Refer stu- in Prussia, Cavour was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik. dents to the image at the bottom of this Once in office, Cavour moved first to reform Sardinia’s economy. He page, of people celebrating the newly improved agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by created Republic of Venice. Ask How supporting . Cavour’s long-term goal, however, was to end Aus- are the people in this scene showing trian power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. pride in their country? (by waving flags, celebrating their independence) How do scenes like these inspire nationalists? (They show that they have the support of the people.)

Independent Practice Opposing Austrian Rule Biography To help students understand In March 1848, nationalists in Venice the role artists played in Italian national- took over the city’s arsenal and declared the establishment of the ism, have students read the biography Republic of Venice (left). Their success and complete the work- was short lived, however, as the sheet. republic was soon disbanded and Venice again fell under the rule of Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 29

Austria in 1849. The image above is a draft of a speech written by Camillo Cavour in 1861. Monitor Progress As students complete their timelines, cir- culate to make sure they are recording the correct sequence of events leading to Italian unification. For a completed ver- sion of the timeline, see Note Taking Transparencies, 153

Solutions for All Learners

L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers

To help students track the work of different Italian Use the following resources to help students acquire leaders, have them create a two-column chart, basic skills. Answer labeled Leader and Contribution. Have them include Adapted Reading and Note Taking the names Giuseppe Mazzini, Victor Emmanuel, Count Study Guide Due to warfare and foreign rule, many people

Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. As they read, have ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 200 thought of themselves not as Italians, but as them note the way that each person contributed to ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 201 belonging to their region or city. Also, powerful the uniting of Italy. foreign rulers quickly crushed revolts.

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The Struggle for Italy L3 Intrigue With France In 1855, Sardinia, led by Cavour, joined Britain and France against Russia in the . Sardinia did not win ter- Instruct ritory, but it did have a voice at the conference. Sardinia also gained the attention of Napoleon III. ■ Introduce: Key Terms Ask students In 1858, Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon, who promised to find the name Camillo Cavour (in to aid Sardinia in case it faced a war with Austria. A year later, the blue) in the text and identify who he shrewd Cavour provoked that war. With help from France, Sardinia was. Ask students to think about how defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy. Meanwhile, nationalist groups Cavour was different from and similar overthrew Austrian-backed rulers in several other northern Italian to Otto von Bismarck as they read. states. These states then joined with Sardinia. ■ Teach Refer students to the Info- Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts” Next, attention shifted to the Kingdom of graphic on the next page. Ask students the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. There, Giuseppe Garibaldi (gah ree to trace the steps nationalists followed BAHL dee), a longtime nationalist and an ally of Mazzini, was ready for to unify Italy. Ask How did Cavour action. Like Mazzini, Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian republic. He further nationalist aims? (He did not hesitate, however, to accept aid from the monarchist Cavour. By reformed Sardinia’s economy, then 1860, Garibaldi had recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers. joined with Britain and France in the Cavour provided weapons and allowed two ships to take Garibaldi and Crimean War, which gave Sardinia a his “Red Shirts” south to Sicily. With surprising speed, Garibaldi’s forces part in the peace talks and gained the won control of Sicily, crossed to the mainland, and marched trium- attention of Napoleon III. Cavour made phantly north to Naples. an alliance with Napoleon in case of Unity at Last Garibaldi’s success alarmed Cavour, who feared that the war with Austria, then he provoked that nationalist hero would set up his own republic in the south. To prevent war. Sardinia won the war, and other this, Cavour urged Victor Emmanuel to send Sardinian troops to deal northern states also revolted against with Garibaldi. Instead, the Sardinians overran the and Austria and then joined Sardinia.) linked up with Garibaldi and his forces in Naples. ■ Quick Activity Display Color Trans- In a patriotic move, Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor parency 133: Right Leg in the Boot Emmanuel. Shortly afterward, southern Italy voted to approve the move, at Last. Use the lesson suggested in and in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy. the transparency book to guide a dis- Vocabulary Builder Two areas remained outside the new Italian nation: Rome and Vene- cussion on how the political cartoon successor—(suk SES ur) n. a person who tia. Cavour died in 1861, but his successors completed his dream. Italy succeeds another to an office or rank formed an alliance with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War and won the illustrates the importance of province of Venetia. Then, during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Garibaldi’s role in unification. France was forced to withdraw its troops from Rome. For the first time Color Transparency, 133 since the fall of the Roman empire, Italy was a united land.

What steps did Camillo Cavour take to promote Italian Independent Practice unity? Web Code nap-2232 will take students to an interactive timeline. Have students complete the interactivity and then Challenges Facing the New Nation answer the questions in the text. Italy faced a host of problems. Like the German empire that Bismarck cemented together out of many states, Italy had no tradition of unity. Monitor Progress Few Italians felt ties to the new nation. Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve critical national issues. Refer students to the visuals in the Info- graphic on the next page. To help stu- Divisions The greatest regional differences were between the north dents review the section so far, have them and the south. The north was richer and had more cities than the south. explain the significance of each of the For centuries, northern Italian cities had flourished as centers of busi- nationalists pictured. (Mazzini inspired ness and culture. The south, on the other hand, was rural and poor. Its more people to demand liberation; population was booming, but illiterate peasants could extract only a mea- Garibaldi led troops in battle; Cavour ger existence from the exhausted farmland. organized the state.) Hostility between Italy and the Roman further divided the nation. bitterly resented the seizure of the Papal

History Background

The Red Cross In 1859, during the war for Italian reverse of the colors on the Swiss flag, in tribute to independence, a Swiss banker named Jean-Henri Dunant. At the group’s suggestion, 16 nations met in Dunant witnessed the aftermath of the Battle at , the following year, where they Answer Solferino and saw thousands of wounded soldiers lying adopted the first Geneva Convention. It established a unattended. Horrified at the suffering, he organized set of rules to care for those hurt in war and was the He used Realpolitik policies to strengthen volunteers to assist the fallen. In 1863, he helped found beginning of international humanitarian law. Today, the

Sardinia’s economy and form important alli- the Red Cross to aid victims of war. The group adopted Red Cross and its sister organization, the Red Crescent, ances. He also partially supported Garibaldi’s the symbol of a red cross on a white background, the operate in more than 180 countries. efforts in the southern states.

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Challenges Facing the New Nation L3 Instruct The Italian peninsula had been divided into small independent states since ■ Introduce: Key Terms Ask students the fall of the Roman empire in 476. Political unification seemed impossible. to find the key terms anarchists and However, rebellion, nationalism, and unity slowly took hold with the help of emigration (in blue) in the text and four individuals: a revolutionary, a statesman, a soldier, and a king. explain their meanings. Ask students 2 Camillo Cavour In 1859, prime minister to predict how Italy’s leaders would 1 Giuseppe Mazzini Camillo Cavour provokes a deal with these challenges. Giuseppe Mazzini, founder war with Austria after secret ■ negotiations with Napoleon III, Teach Using the Numbered Heads of Young Italy, helps set up strategy (TE, p. T23), have the class a revolutionary republic in who promised aid to Sardinia. Rome in 1849. French discuss and list the challenges that troops soon topple it. 3 Nationalist Revolts faced the newly unified Italy. Then ask Italian nationalists overthrow How did Italians deal with growing Austrian-backed rulers tensions? (They protested through a in several northern states. variety of means. Socialists organized strikes, anarchists used violence, and many people left Italy.) How did the 2 deal with Italy’s prob- lems? (It slowly extended suffrage and made some social reforms. It also dis- 3 tracted people by attempting to build an empire in Ethiopia.) Do you think the empire-building strategy was effective? Why or why not? (Sample: 1 No, because Italians continued to 5 emigrate.) ■ 4 Giuseppe Garibaldi Quick Activity Have students study In 1860, Cavour provides weapons to this section and develop a three-question Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invades Sicily quiz that can be answered by the infor- with 1,000 Red Shirt volunteers (below). mation in the section. Then have stu- Garibaldi then captures Naples. dents exchange their questions with a partner and answer them.

4 Independent Practice Have students write an editorial about 5 Victor Emmanuel II In a patriotic move, Garibaldi turns over Naples and Sicily to the problems faced by Italy either before Victor Emmanuel, who is crowned king. In 1870, Italians con- or after unification. quer Rome, which becomes the capital city of a unified Italy. Monitor Progress Thinking Critically Check Reading and Note Taking Study 1. Map Skills What route did guide entries for understanding. Garibaldi’s expedition take? 2. Draw Conclusions Why was Italian unification difficult to achieve? For: Interactive timeline Web Code: nap-2232

Connect to Our World

Connections to Today Currently, the nation of acres and is surrounded by the city of Rome. The other Italy covers all of the Italian peninsula except for two independent state, San Marino, is near Italy’s Adriatic Answers areas: Vatican City and San Marino. They are now two coast. This republic was able to maintain its autonomy Thinking Critically of the smallest independent states in Europe. When for nearly a thousand years because of its strong for- 1. He went south from to , then Italy was unified in 1870, the lost control of the tresses and its location in the mountains. It played a farther south to Sicily, then east and eventually Papal States. However, in 1929, Italy recognized the role in Italian unification, providing asylum to north to Naples. independence of Vatican City, ruled by the Pope as the Garibaldi and other revolutionaries. Unified Italy 2. Sample: Each state had different goals, and center of the Roman Catholic Church. This area, which signed a treaty with San Marino in 1862, recognizing many attempts at unification were thwarted by includes St. Peter’s Basilica, covers only about 108 its independence. foreign interference.

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States and of Rome. The government granted the papacy limited Assess and Reteach and control over church properties. Popes, however, saw themselves as

“prisoners” and urged Italian Catholics—almost all Italians—not to Assess Progress L3 cooperate with their new government. ■ Have students complete the Turmoil Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional monarchy Section Assessment. with a two-house legislature. The king appointed members to the upper ■ Administer the Section Quiz. house, which could veto bills passed by the lower house. Although the Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 23 lower house consisted of elected representatives, only a small number of men had the right to vote. ■ To further assess student under- In the late 1800s, unrest increased as radicals on standing, use the left struggled against a conservative government. Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 92 Socialists organized strikes while anarchists, people who want to abolish all government, turned to sabo- Reteach tage and violence. Slowly, the government extended suffrage to more men and passed laws to improve If students need more instruction, have social conditions. Still, the turmoil continued. To them read the section summary. distract attention from troubles at home, the gov- Reading and Note Taking ernment set out to win an overseas empire L3 Study Guide, p. 201 in Ethiopia. Economic Progress Despite its problems, Italy did L1 L2 Adapted Reading and develop economically, especially after 1900. Although the Note Taking Study Guide, p. 201 nation lacked important natural resources such as coal, industries did sprout up in northern regions. Industrialization, of Spanish Reading and L2 course, brought urbanization as peasants flocked to the cities to find Note Taking Study Guide, p. 201 Italian Emigration jobs in factories. As in other countries, reformers campaigned to improve Emigrants crowd the port of Naples education and working conditions. (above). Why did Italians immigrate to other Extend L4 countries in the early 1900s? The population explosion of this period created tensions. One impor- Have students research one of the figures tant safety valve for many people was emigration, or movement away mentioned in this section (Sample: from their homeland. Many Italians left for the United States, Canada, and Latin American nations. By 1914, the country was signifi- Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi) and cantly better off than it had been in 1861. But, it was hardly prepared for write a short biography about their subject. the great war that broke out in that year. What problems did Italians experience after unification?

Answers Progress Monitoring Online Caption to avoid the social unrest and get away For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice from population increases 3 Web Code: naa-2233 The government faced opposition, regional Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History divisions, and disputes with the Catholic 1. For each term, person, or place listed at 3. Summarize (a) What obstacles to Quick Write: Decide on an Church, while the people experienced limited the beginning of the section, write a unity did Italian nationalists face? Organizational Strategy Using clear suffrage, social unrest, urbanization, and rapid sentence explaining its significance. (b) What conditions favored unity? organization to present a logical argument population growth. 4. Analyze Information (a) What was is a good way to keep the reader’s atten- the source of conflict between tion in a persuasive essay. Choose an issue 2. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Garibaldi and Cavour? (b) How was from the section about which you could Use your completed timeline to answer the conflict resolved? make an argument. Then write an outline the Focus Question: How did influential 5. Express Problems Clearly What showing how you would organize a per- leaders help to create a unified Italy? challenges did Italians face after suasive essay. unification?

3. (a) fragmentation into multiple states, conservative government; the nation also Section 3 Assessment regional loyalty, foreign interference had to deal with social unrest, urbaniza-

1. Sentences should reflect an understanding (b) a common language, a common tion, and rapid population growth of each term, person, or place listed at the history, and nationalist opposition to ● Writing About History beginning of the section. Napoleon’s invasions Responses should be in outline form and 2. Camillo Cavour applied Realpolitik to 4. (a) Cavour feared that Garibaldi would present a clear, organized argument about make alliances with other nations and set up a rival nation in the south. an issue covered in this section. increase Sardinia’s power and territory. (b) Garibaldi turned over his conquered Mazzini inspired nationalists. Giuseppe territories to Victor Emmanuel II. For additional assessment, have students Garibaldi recruited his Red Shirts to fight 5. regional differences, disputes between the access Progress Monitoring Online at for unification. Church and the state, and opposition to a Web Code naa-2233.

704 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

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