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Copyrighted Material Index AAE see African American agentive, 96, 107–8 aspirations, 53 English “aks,” 82, 87 asymmetrical bilingualism, 148 see aboriginals, 89, 104 Alabama, 173, 185 also multilingualism; power academic language, 2, 93 Alatis, James E., 214 Atlantic Canada, 204 Acadian French, 161 Albanian, 162 attention to speech, 121–2 see also accents, 16, 28, 35, 174, 176 see Al‐Wer, E., 107, 211 style also dialect Alzheimer’s disease, 77 attitudes and ideologies, 171–87 Disney films, 181 amelioration (semantics), 66 see also language diversity accommodation, 94 see also American Civil War, 42 investigations of attitudes, interlocutors American Midwest, 73–4 172–6 acrolect, 165, 166 see also mesolect American Revolution (1776–83), language beliefs (myths, actuation problem, 67 30, 38 ideologies), 177–80 Adams, Michael, 91 American Speech, 50 maps, 172–3 address forms see forms of address Amsterdam, 107 reading and responding, 180–1 adjacency pair, 136 Angles, 28 audience design, 122–4 see also adolescence, 76–7, 80, 204 Anglicans, 39 style shift African American English (AAE), Annual Review of Anthropology, auditors, degrees of closeness, 18, 38, 42, 44, 72, 82, 83, 186 122–3 86–9, 91–3, 117, 139, 173, anthropology, 176 see also Austin, J.L., 135 174, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, ethnography Australia, 31, 34, 181 206 see also ethnicity anti‐languages, 183 Austria, 153 derogatory names, 88,COPYRIGHTED 91 Apache, 137 MATERIALauthenticity, 160 African slaves, 82, 86, 88 Appalachia, 28, 42 autism, 58 after perfect, 36 apparent time hypothesis, 64–5, age, 75–7 see also schools; time 192 baby boomers, 75 age grading, 69, 192 applied linguistics, 4, 5 Bahasa Indonesia, 197 apparent time hypothesis, 65 Arabic, 107, 149, 175 Bailey, Benjamin H., 139 lifespan changes, 69–70, 75–7 argot, 129 see also slang Bailey, Guy, 69 style, 75, 76 Arvanitika, 172 Bajan, 164 see also Barbados What Is Sociolinguistics?, Second Edition. Gerard Van Herk. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/vanherk2e bindex.indd 261 09/07/2017 10:02:59 AM 262 INDEX Bakhtin, Mikhail, 127–8, 131 Bulgarian, 162 Cheshire, Jenny, 107 Bakht, Maryam, 138 “burnouts,” schools, 20, 126, 204 Chiac, 152 Ballymacarrett, 68 Bush, George W., 126 Chicago, 175 Bangladesh, 31 Butler, Judith, 108 Chicano English, 85, 106, 173 see Barbados, 41, 83, 163–4 see also also Latino English Bajan Cajun, 32, 68, 78, 172 see also childbirth, 140–1 basilect, 61, 165, 166 see also Louisiana children, 75–6 see also schools creoles; mesolect California, 44, 106, 173, 176 Childs, Becky, 32, 83, 125 Basque, 197, 198 Cameron, David, 43 China, 15, 31, 102 BATH, 34, 76 Cameron, Deborah, 109–11, Chinatown enclaves, 20, 83 Bauer, Laurie, 177 116, 125 Chinese immigrants, 20, 83 Baugh, John, 86, 95, 176 Cameron, Samantha, 43 Chinook Jargon, 163 BBC regional newsreaders, 16 Canada, 17, 27, 33, 82, 148, 162, CHOICE, 34 Beattie, James, 4 167, 174, 208, 210 see also Chomsky, Noam, 12 Beauvoir, Simone de, 97 individual regions, provinces, Choy, Wayson, 83 Belfast, 68 and cities churches, 195 Belgium, 82, 148 Canadian Raising, 33 civil rights movements, United Bell, Allan, 122–4, 133 Canadian Vowel Shift (CVS), States, 86 Bengali, 107 66, 67 Clarke, Sandra, 37, 211 Beothuk, 201 Cane Walk, Guyana, 60 class, 51–63 see also middle Bernstein, Basil, 60, 204–5 Cantonese, 15 see also China classes; status; working Biber, Douglas, 133 Cape Breton Island, 32 classes Bilingual Education Acts, 208–10 Cardiff, 124, 179 determination, 52–4 Bilingualism see multilingualism careful‐casual style continuum, gender, 106–7 “bitch,” 115 121–2 see also attention to region pyramid, 59 Black American English see speech; style Clinton, Hillary, 126 African American English Caribbean creoles, 33, 163 Clonard, 68 Boas, Franz, 177 caste, 55 see also class; social closings, 137 see also openings; “bogans,” 60 mobility; status turn‐taking Bokmal, 150 casual style, attention to speech, CLOTH, 34, 82 Bolivia, 140 121–2 Clyne, Michael, 152, 191 Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul, 44, 59, Catalan, 197 Coates, Jennifer, 116 185 Catholics, 82 Cobarrubias, Juan, 196–7 borrowed prestige, 53, 62 see also Caxton, William, 56 Cockney, 31, 40, 59 see also prestige CBC, 16 Estuary English borrowings, 37, 153, 158–62 CDA see critical discourse analysis code‐mixing see code‐switching Bosnian, 15 Cedergren, Henrietta, 69–71 codes, 136 Bourdieu, Pierre, 180 census data, 192 code‐switching, 146, 151–4, 158, Bourhis, Richard, 179 center of gravity, 110 162, 209 see also embedded Brazil, 111 Chamber of Commerce, language language; free morpheme Brenston, Jackie, 4 planning, 195 constraint; matrix language; Britain, David, 39 Chambers, Jack, 10, 49, 53, 76, 105 metaphorical code‐switching; British Columbia, 148 changes from above, 67 nonce borrowings; situational broadening (semantics), 66 changes from below, 67 code‐switching brokers, 20 see also community of Charity, Anne, 207–8 contact, 162 practice; social networks Charney, Switzerland, 3 CofP see community of practice Brown, Roger, 138 Charter of the French Language, coining, 198 Bucholtz, Mary, 125, 138, 145, 199 colonization, 28, 81, 189, 193 204, 213 “chavs,” 60 Columbus, Ohio, 14 bindex.indd 262 09/07/2017 10:02:59 AM INDEX 263 communicative competence, 135, Cummins, Jim, 208, 210 Discourse (capital D), 179 136, 212 see also interactions; CURE, 34 discourse analysis, 134–8 see also performance; sociolinguistic Cutler, Cecilia, 92–3 interactions competence discourse markers, 137 see also communities of choice, 25 “Daffy Duck,” 68 interactions community of practice (CofP), 17, Damon, Matt, 48 discrete, 22 see also gradient 20–1, 86 Danish, 43 “discussion” questions in the book, 7, competence, 12 see also communi- D’Arcy, Alexandra, 80, 105 9, 25, 48–9, 63, 80, 94, 115, 119, cative competence; sociolin- de Beauvoir, Simone, 97 132–3, 144–5, 156, 169–70, guistic competence decision trees, 155 184–5, 202, 214–15, 219 consonants, vowels, 65 decreolization, 165–6 see also Disney films, 181 constitutions, 196 creoles distinctions within communities, consultant, 21 deep interruptions, gender, 99 51–63 see also age; class; contact, 158–70 see also creoles; demography, EV factors, 188 ethnicity; gender; status pidgin Demotiki, 150 divergence, 122–3 see also continuum, 165 Denmark, 43 interlocutors contrastive analysis, 208 dense, 19 see also multiplex; social domain‐based code‐switching see convergence, 122–3 see also networks situational code‐switching interlocutors department store study by Labov, domains, 149, 191 see also conversation analysis, 136 see also 61–2 language shift interactions; turn‐taking derogatory names, 84, 88, 91 dominance model, 100–1 see also co‐occurrence restrictions, 142 descriptive, 13 see also prescriptive difference model copula deletion, 86, 89 “despicable,” language change, 68 Dominican Republic, 38 Cornish, 190 Detroit, 20, 39, 86, 174, 185, 204 dragging, 125 see also gender corpus (plural corpora), 131 Devonish, Hubert, 168–9 Drake, 42 corpus linguistics, 131 see also dialect, 14–16, 27–38, 41 see also DRESS, 34, 71, 131 speaker agency accents; non‐standard forms; dual‐language programs, 209 corpus planning, 197–8 see also variety Dublin, 106 language planning dialect atlas, 45–6 Dubois, Sylvie, 68, 78 Coulmas, Florian, 10, 76, 193, 196 dialect gaps, 88 “dude,” 113 Coupland, Nikolas, 10, 77, 123, 124 dialect geography, 45–6 Dumbo, 181 covert prestige, 43, 58–9, 173 see dialect leveling, 28, 30, 158 see also Dutch, 159, 161, 188 also prestige; street credibility contact creak, 106 dialectology, 45–6, 117 see also East Anglia, 28 Cree, 162–3 sociolinguistics eastern Europeans, 83, 137 creole continuum, 165 see also dictionary makers, 56–7, 178, 195 eavesdroppers, degrees of acrolect; basilect; mesolect; difference model, 100–1 see also closeness, 122–4 pidgin dominance model “ebonics,” 88 creoles, 6, 86–7, 150, 163–6 see diglossia, 149–51 see also Eckert, Penelope, 20, 26, 76, also contact; pidgin multilingualism 104–5, 115, 126, 127, 133, critical discourse analysis (CDA), direct indexing, 102 see also 138, 204, 215 180 indirect indexing education see also schools Croatian, 15 directive function, 136 see also language planning, 195–7 crossing, 91–2, 95 see also expressive function; phatic languages of education, 208–10 ethnicity; style function; referential function; status, 56–7 crossover effect, 53 see also speech act university education, 56–7, hypercorrection; linguistic discourse, 134 see also ethnogra- 107, 211 insecurity phy of communication; Edwards, John, 20, 86, 157 Crystal, David, 189 interactions Eight Mile Road, Detroit, 39 bindex.indd 263 09/07/2017 10:02:59 AM 264 INDEX elaborated code, 60, 205–6 see also Europe, 28, 37, 206, 208 see “Franglais,” 152 restricted code; standard individual countries/languages free morpheme constraint, 153 see language EV see ethnolinguistic vitality also code‐switching elaboration (language planning), “exercises” in the book, 7–9, 23–4, free variation, 3–4 see also 198 46–8, 62, 79, 93, 113–14, structured variation elderly, 77 118–19, 132, 143–4, 155, French, 69–70, 72, 139–41, 151, Elizabeth II, queen of England, 71 168–9, 184, 201, 213–4, 219 159, 160, 162, 167, 181, 182, Elizabeth I, queen of England, 57 exoagamy, 149 188, 192, 194, 198, 208, Ellegard, Alvar, 72 expanding circle, 31 see also inner 211–12 emails, 132, 142 circle; outer circle frequent flyers, jargon, 129 embedding problem, 67 expressive function, 136 see also empiricist, definition, 12 directive function; phatic Gaelic, 28
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