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Integration of Regenerative Braking Systems Into Dod Tactical Vehicles, and Their Potential to Provide a Short-Term Power Source

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Integration of Regenerative Braking Systems Into Dod Tactical Vehicles, and Their Potential to Provide a Short-Term Power Source Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations 1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items 2018-12 INTEGRATION OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEMS INTO DOD TACTICAL VEHICLES, AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE A SHORT-TERM POWER SOURCE Barrion, Tyrone A.; Zempel, Dianna Monterey, CA; Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/61309 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS INTEGRATION OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEMS INTO DOD TACTICAL VEHICLES, AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE A SHORT-TERM POWER SOURCE by Dianna Zempel and Tyrone A. Barrion December 2018 Thesis Advisor: Nicholas Dew Co-Advisor: Gurminder Singh Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Form Approved OMB REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) December 2018 Master's thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS INTEGRATION OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEMS INTO DOD TACTICAL VEHICLES, AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE A SHORT-TERM POWER SOURCE 6. AUTHOR(S) Dianna Zempel and Tyrone A. Barrion 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND 10. SPONSORING / ADDRESS(ES) MONITORING AGENCY N/A REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This paper analyzes the introduction of regenerative braking systems into DoD tactical vehicles, with a focus on Marine Corps logistics vehicles. The analysis addresses a regenerative braking system’s ability to provide a short-term energy source for ancillary systems as well as assisting in the vehicle’s propulsion to save fuel. Different means of incorporating regenerative braking systems are evaluated to determine the most efficient and effective alternatives (e.g., regenerative braking integrated into the drive-train and in-wheel regenerative braking systems). Other means of improving fuel efficiency and powering on-board systems are also evaluated, to include idle-reduction technology, improved batteries, and addition of solar panels. Each system is assessed for its potential to provide power for other on-board systems, such as C2 assets, as well as fuel savings. The potential payback period is assessed using cost-benefit analysis. Research on regenerative braking systems is reviewed as well as issues driving the integration of energy-saving systems and factors affecting the acquisition and integration of these technologies. This study helps decision-makers to make informed decisions about the potential use of regenerative braking systems in tactical logistics vehicles. While regenerative braking systems do provide an alternate power source of auxiliary power systems, they were found to not be a viable alternative at this point. Idle-reduction systems should be pursued. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF regenerative braking, hybrid vehicles, logistic vehicles, energy fuel PAGES 133 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. INTEGRATION OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEMS INTO DOD TACTICAL VEHICLES, AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE A SHORT-TERM POWER SOURCE Dianna Zempel Major, United States Marine Corps BS, U.S. Naval Academy, 2008 Tyrone A. Barrion Major, United States Marine Corps BS, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, 2006 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2018 Approved by: Nicholas Dew Advisor Gurminder Singh Co-Advisor Chad W. Seagren Academic Associate, Graduate School of Business and Public Policy iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the introduction of regenerative braking systems into DoD tactical vehicles, with a focus on Marine Corps logistics vehicles. The analysis addresses a regenerative braking system’s ability to provide a short-term energy source for ancillary systems as well as assisting in the vehicle’s propulsion to save fuel. Different means of incorporating regenerative braking systems are evaluated to determine the most efficient and effective alternatives (e.g., regenerative braking integrated into the drive-train and in-wheel regenerative braking systems). Other means of improving fuel efficiency and powering on-board systems are also evaluated, to include idle-reduction technology, improved batteries, and addition of solar panels. Each system is assessed for its potential to provide power for other on-board systems, such as C2 assets, as well as fuel savings. The potential payback period is assessed using cost-benefit analysis. Research on regenerative braking systems is reviewed as well as issues driving the integration of energy-saving systems and factors affecting the acquisition and integration of these technologies. This study helps decision-makers to make informed decisions about the potential use of regenerative braking systems in tactical logistics vehicles. While regenerative braking systems do provide an alternate power source of auxiliary power systems, they were found to not be a viable alternative at this point. Idle-reduction systems should be pursued. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 A. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................1 B. OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY ...............................................................2 C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .......................................................................3 D. SCOPE OF STUDY ...................................................................................3 E. ORGANIZATION OF STUDY ................................................................4 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................5 A. ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS .........................................................5 1. Solar Power Application................................................................6 B. OVERVIEW OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING ...................................6 1. Current Uses ...................................................................................7 2. Feasibility of Retrofitting ..............................................................8 3. Challenges of Retrofitting ...........................................................10 C. CURRENT PLATFORMS / HYBRID VEHICLES .............................11 1. Toyota Prius .................................................................................12 2. Chevrolet Volt ..............................................................................13 3. Tesla ..............................................................................................14 D. ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (BATTERIES) ................................14 1. Characteristics..............................................................................15 2. Lead Acid ......................................................................................16 3. Nickel Metal-Hydride (Ni-MH) ..................................................17 4. Lithium Ion (Li-ion) Batteries ....................................................18 5. Capacitors .....................................................................................20 E. BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS .............................................21 F. FULLY BURDENED COST OF FUEL (FBCF) ..................................23 1. Sourcing Fuel in an Austere Environment ................................25 2. Powering Auxiliary Systems .......................................................27 3. Idle-Reduction Considerations ...................................................28 G. USMC [LOGISTIC] TACTICAL VEHICLES.....................................30 1. Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement .....................................31 2. Logistic Vehicle System Replacement ........................................32 3. Future Generation Tactical Vehicles—The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) ..............................................................33
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