Helmut Walser Smith, Ph.D. Celia S. Applegate, Ph.D. David G

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Helmut Walser Smith, Ph.D. Celia S. Applegate, Ph.D. David G Germany and the Question of Slavery, 1750-1850 By Christopher David Mapes Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August 31, 2018 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Helmut Walser Smith, Ph.D. Celia S. Applegate, Ph.D. David G. Blackbourn, Ph.D. Alexander Joskowicz, Ph.D. Copyright © 2018 by Christopher Mapes All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a great deal to many generous people. First and foremost, I owe a substantial debt to my advisor Dr. Helmut Walser-Smith, the Chairman of my committee, for his mentorship, close reading of my work, and tireless effort. My committee members, Celia Applegate, David Blackbourn, and Ari Joskowicz, have all given me the support and guidance necessary to complete the project. Their intellectual rigor, commitment to scholarship, and devotion to the craft of history provide an endless source of inspiration. Their willingness to serve on my committee and to donate their time has been invaluable to the development of this project. This work would never have been completed without the financial support of the Vanderbilt University’s History Department, the German-American Fulbright Kommission, and the Herzog Ernst Scholarship program provided by the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung. Their generous funding has allowed me the time to delve into the archives and produce this work. I also am indebted to the archival staff and fellow researchers at archives in Berlin, including the Geheimes Staatsarchiv, the Bundesarchiv, the Evangelisches Zentralarchiv, the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin, as well as the Archiv der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, the Perhes Sammlung Gotha, and the city archives of Hanover, Hamburg, and Bremen. They provided me with invaluable information, suggested new directions, and helped me navigate through the sometimes illegible finding aids. George Williamson made my first weeks in Berlin more efficient and pleasant, and the company of Daniel Riches and Darius Ivoska served as exemplars of dedication and discipline. Lastly, my family deserves the most credit for helping me finish this project. They have donated much of their time and provided me with the necessary drive to finish. My dear wife Brandy, who has been incredibly supportive and understanding, has not only permitted me to iii work through nights and weekends alone, but also abandoned her job, stability, and life in the United States to join me for a trip to an unfamiliar place. She has provided me with the love and support necessary for such an undertaking. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION: Where do Germans fit in the History of Atlantic Slavery? ............................. 1 I: Discovering New World Slavery ............................................................................................... 22 Northern Europe and the “Golden Age of Islamic Piracy” (1600-1760) ...................................... 26 Germans Witness New World Slavery in the Americas, 1770-1800 ............................................ 39 Cameralism and the Culture of Central European Antislavery (1750-1780) ................................ 56 Ethnology, Naturalists, Race and the University Culture of Antislavery 1770-1800 ................... 63 Christian Slavery Returns ca. 1800 ............................................................................................... 77 II: Germany’s North African Slavery Problem: The Barbareskenfrage at the Congress of Vienna ....................................................................................................................................................... 81 Overseas Ambitions and Economic Recuperation ........................................................................ 85 Delegates Confront the Sklavenfrage and Barbareskenfrage in Vienna ....................................... 99 Germans Remain Captivated by Christian Slavery after Vienna ................................................ 119 III: Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Action against Slavery and Post-Vienna Christian Enslavement 1816-1830 .................................................................................................................................... 124 Post-Vienna Economic Recovery and Agricultural Disaster ...................................................... 127 The Barbary Problem at the Bundesversammlung ...................................................................... 142 Humboldt’s International Naval Force Against Slavery ............................................................. 146 Heinrich Pütter’s Mission to the Mediterranean ......................................................................... 155 Prussia’s Debt Crisis and the Failures from Karlsbad to Verona ................................................ 163 Prussia’s Christian Slavery Problem Ends .................................................................................. 176 IV:Germans Describe New Ideas of Slavery in Brazil, 1815-1850 ............................................ 187 Why Germans in Brazil? ............................................................................................................. 194 Rio de Janeiro as the “Epicenter of World Trade” ...................................................................... 201 Germans Encounter Brazilian Slavery ........................................................................................ 208 Travel Narratives’ Impact on German Ideas about Slavery. ....................................................... 248 Epilogue: “What does Prussia have to do with Slavery?”: ......................................................... 254 The ‘Final’ Abolition of Slavery in Prussia and a New Slavery Problem .................................. 254 The Problem of International Pressures ...................................................................................... 255 Christian Charity and Oheim Tom’s Success .............................................................................. 258 Slavery, American Relations, and a New Slavery Problem ........................................................ 263 v References ................................................................................................................................... 268 vi INTRODUCTION Where do Germans fit in the History of Atlantic Slavery? On May 17, 1681, Frederick I of Prussia sent a letter of patent to the Dutch naval commander Benjamin Raule granting him privileges to establish and operate an African company off the coast of modern day Ghana.1 The Brandenburg African Company (BAC), later renamed the Brandenburg African-American Company (BAAC), intended to engage in the slave trade following the Dutch example.2 While Raule outfit the Prussian navy for the slave trade, another cosmopolitan noble, Otto Friedrich von der Gröben, established a series of slave forts along the Gold Coast starting with Groß Friedrichsburg in 1683.3 For nearly four decades Prussians exchanged manufactured goods and agricultural products from Northern Europe for precious metals, ivory, and slaves at these contact points. Even though slaves sold in the West Indies offered the highest potential for profit, Raule knew that Brandenburg lacked the colonial presence in the New World necessary to compete with other powers. He therefore suggested the operation of slave markets rather than attempt to break into the already well-established, plantation-based, system of New World slavery. Under his guidance, Prussia created markets at St. Thomas and other nearby islands, which rapidly developed into some of the busiest in the West Indies. Piracy, 1 Peter Feddersen Stuhr, Die Geschichte der See- und Kolonialmacht des Großen Kurfürsten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg in der Ostsee, auf der Küste von Guinea und auf den Inseln Arguim und St. Thomas, aus archivalischen Quellen dargestellt (Berlin: A.W. Hayn, 1839), 30-31. 2 While the sources for this history were collected during the 1980s, modern historians did not devote attention to the subject until the last two decades. Adam Jones, trans. and ed., Brandenburg Sources for West African History: 1680- 1700 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1986); Andrea Weindl, “Die Kurbrandenburger im ‘atlantischen System’ 1650-1720,” Arbeitspapiere zur Lateinamerikaforschung 2, no. 3 (2001); Ulrich van der Heyden, Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika (Berlin: Selignow, 2001); Andrea Weindl, “The Slave Trade of Northern Germany from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries,” in Extending the Frontiers Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, eds. David Eltis and David Richardson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 250-271; Sven Klosa, Die Brandenburgische-Africanische Compagnie in Emden: Eine Handelscompagnie des ausgehenden 17. Jahrhunderts zwischen Protektionismus und unternehmerischer Freiheit (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2011). 3 Gröben documents his efforts in a travelogue that became popular with advocates for a German overseas empire during the Kaiserreich. See Otto Friedrich von der Gröben, Orientalische Reise-Beschreibung des brandenburgischen adelichen Pilgers Otto Friedrich von der Gröben: Nebst der brandenburgischen Schifffahrt nach Guinea und der Verrichtung zu Morea, unter ihrem
Recommended publications
  • 9781501756030 Revised Cover 3.30.21.Pdf
    , , Edited by Christine D. Worobec For a list of books in the series, visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. From Victory to Peace Russian Diplomacy aer Napoleon • Elise Kimerling Wirtschaer Copyright © by Cornell University e text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives . International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/./. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, East State Street, Ithaca, New York . Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. First published by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wirtschaer, Elise Kimerling, author. Title: From victory to peace: Russian diplomacy aer Napoleon / by Elise Kimerling Wirtschaer. Description: Ithaca [New York]: Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, . | Series: NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identiers: LCCN (print) | LCCN (ebook) | ISBN (paperback) | ISBN (pdf) | ISBN (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Russia—Foreign relations—–. | Russia—History— Alexander I, –. | Europe—Foreign relations—–. | Russia—Foreign relations—Europe. | Europe—Foreign relations—Russia. Classication: LCC DK.W (print) | LCC DK (ebook) | DDC ./—dc LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ Cover image adapted by Valerie Wirtschaer. is book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Slavery in Virginia
    The Basic Afro-American Reprint Library IMKIllfN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY Of CALIFORNIA^/ A HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN VIRGINIA BY JAMES CURTIS BALLAGH Associate in History, Johns Hopkins University BALTIMORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 1902 JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION JOHNSON REPRINT COMPANY LTD. 1 1 1 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003 Berkeley Square House, London, W. 1 #31 ]/, J y THE BASIC AFRO-AMERICAN REPRINT LIBRARY Books on the history, culture, and social environment of Afro-Americans Selected by Clarence L. Holte COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS. First reprinting, 1968, Johnson Reprint Corporation Printed in the United States of America //* TO THE MEMORY OF MY AUNTS SUSAN CATHERINE WITHROW AND PHOEBE CAROLINE PATTERSON CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE vii CHAPTER I. SLAVE TRADE AND SLAVE POPULATION. - Slavery as a Stage in Social Progress 1 Origin and Progress of the Modern Slave Trade 3 Importation of the Subjects of Slavery 6 Restrictive Duties and Petitions to the Crown 11 Prohibition Attempted and Realized 19 -Slave Population and the Domestic Slave Trade 24 CHAPTER II. DEVELOPMENT OF SLAVERY. Legal Status of the Slave. Origin of Status , 27 Status of the Early Negroes and Indians 28 Relation of Servitude to Slavery 31 Subjects and Principles of Enslavement 45 Mulattoes, Mestizos and Persons of Color 56 Incidents of Slavery; Rights and Duties , 62 Penal Legislation concerning Slaves 82 Social Status of the Slave. Regulation by Custom 96 Personality of the Slave and Customary Rights 97 Maintenance, Guardianship, Education and Liberty 102 Negro Preachers 110 CHAPTER III. MANUMISSION, EMANCIPATION AND THE FREE MAN. Withdrawal of Restrictions to Liberty 116 Public and Private Manumission 119 Suits for Freedom 123 - Transportation of Freedmen 125 Anti-Slavery Sentiment 127 Plans for Emancipation < 130 Slavery Polemics and Apologetics 142 Status of the Free Negro 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 V PREFACE.
    [Show full text]
  • Aqui Se Verá, Se Dispuserem a Refletir Sobre O Que Somos, Seremos E Deixamos De Ser
    PRESIDENTA DA REPÚBLICA Dilma Rousseff MINISTRO DA CULTURA Juca Ferreira FUNDAÇÃO BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL PRESIDENTE DA FBN Renato Lessa DIRETORA EXECUTIVA Myriam Lewin CHEFE DE GABINETE Ângela Fatorelli COORDENADORIA GERAL DE PLANEJAMENTO E ADMINISTRAÇÃO Tania Pacheco CENTRO DE COOPERAÇÃO E DIFUSÃO Moema Salgado CENTRO DE PESQUISA E EDITORAÇÃO Marcus Venicio Toledo Ribeiro CCP – CENTRO DE PROCESSAMENTO E PRESERVAÇÃO Liana Gomes Amadeo CCSL – CENTRO DE COLEÇÕES E SERVIÇOS AOS LEITORES Maria José da Silva Fernandes apoio: realização: rio de janeiro 450 anos UMA HISTÓRIA DO FUTURO BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL ficha técnica CURADORIA CENTRO DE CONSERVAÇÃO E Marco Lucchesi ENCADERNAÇÃO – CCE Gilvânia Lima COORDENAÇÃO GERAL Suely Dias REPRODUÇÕES FOTOGRÁFICAS Laboratório de Digitalização | Otávio COORDENAÇÃO DE PRODUÇÃO Alexandre Oliveira Verônica Lessa PROJETO EXPOGRÁFICO PESQUISA Leila Scaf Iuri Lapa Lia Jordão PROJETO GRÁFICO Rafaela Bettamio Tecnopop ACERVOS | CENTRO DE COLEÇÕES PRODUÇÃO Letra e Imagem E SERVIÇOS AOS LEITORES ILUMINAÇÃO COORDENADORIA DE ACERVO ESPECIAL Atelier da Luz Divisão de Cartografia Ivo Fernandes Lattuca Junior COORDENAÇÃO DE MONTAGEM Maria Dulce de Faria Lucas Rodrigues Divisão de Iconografia CENOTÉCNICA Diana dos Santos Ramos Buritis Design Luciana de Fátima Muniz Mônica Carneiro Alves PINTURA ARTÍSTICA Sônia Alice Monteiro Caldas Elisio Filho e Paulo Santos Tatiane Paiva Cova Divisão de Manuscritos MOLDURAS Eliane Perez Metara Arte e Molduras Maria de Fátima da Silva Morado Vera Lúcia Miranda Faillace AMPLIAÇÕES FOTOGRÁFICAS Fine Art Photo Print Divisão de Música e Arquivo Sonoro Elizete Higino LOGÍSTICA Sérgio Duayer Hosken Equipe Coordenadoria de Promoção Divisão de Obras Raras e Difusão Cultural | Januária Teive, Paula Ana Virgínia Teixeira da Paz Pinheiro Machado e Paulo Jorge José Henrique Monteiro Equipe CGPA/DMA Leila Marzullo de Almeida Maria do Rosário de F.
    [Show full text]
  • Undercurrents of German Influence in Maryland,” a Word of Explanation Is Necessary
    UNDERCURRENTS OF 1 GERMAN INFLUENCE IN MARYLAND he Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland celebrates tonight the twenty fifth anniversary of its foundation. It is but nat­ Tural to pause a moment and reflect upon what has been done before passing on to renewed endeavor. What has the Society been able to accomplish in the first quarter century of its existence? The answer can readily be given. The Society has rescued from oblivion the names and records of noble pioneers in American history, it has searched for and discovered the traces, south of Mason and Dixon’s line, of that sturdy Teutonic stock, which has contributed to the people of the United States more than one quarter of their blood and no less to their economic and cultural develop­ ment. To speak more specifically, the Society has shown that the eco­ nomic foundation and commercial prosperity of the city of Baltimore was dependent, vastly and indispensably, upon German settlers, many of whom trekked from Pennsylvania, others came from over the sea, and were founders of families prominent in the annals of the city. The Society has called attention to the German pioneers of Western Maryland, in the Counties Frederick, Allegany, and Washington. Hagerstown, once the westernmost settlement, perpetuates the name of the original settler, Jonathan Hager, who held a seat in the Colonial Assembly of provincial Maryland. As in Pennsylvania so in Western Maryland the German stock before the Revolutionary War founded the agricultural prosperity of the Commonwealth of Maryland. The Society has searched archives and church records, made available historical materials, and its reports and publications are to be found in every library that makes any pretensions to storing adequately the sources of American history.
    [Show full text]
  • Romantik 08 2019
    Journal for the Study of Romanticisms (2019), Volume 08, DOI 10.14220/jsor.2019.8.issue-1 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 © 2019, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen Journal for the Study of Romanticisms (2019), Volume 08, DOI 10.14220/jsor.2019.8.issue-1 Romantik Journal for the Study of Romanticisms Editors Cian Duffy(Lund University), Karina Lykke Grand (Aarhus University), Thor J. Mednick (University of Toledo), Lis Møller (Aarhus University), ElisabethOx- feldt (UniversityofOslo), Ilona Pikkanen (Tampere University and the Finnish Literature Society), Robert W. Rix (University of Copenhagen), and AnnaLena Sandberg (University of Copenhagen) Advisory Board Charles Armstrong (UniversityofBergen), Jacob Bøggild (University of Southern Denmark, Odense), David Fairer (University of Leeds), Karin Hoff (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen),Stephan Michael Schröder (University of Cologne), David Jackson (University of Leeds),Christoph Bode (LMU München), CarmenCasaliggi (Cardiff Metropolitan University), Gunilla Hermansson (University of Gothernburg), Knut Ljøgodt (Nordic Institute of Art, Oslo), and Paula Henrikson (Uppsala University) Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 © 2019, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen Journal for the Study of Romanticisms (2019), Volume 08, DOI 10.14220/jsor.2019.8.issue-1 Romantik Journal for the Study of Romanticisms Volume 08|2019 V&Runipress Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 © 2019, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen Journal for the Study of Romanticisms (2019), Volume 08, DOI 10.14220/jsor.2019.8.issue-1 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 © 2019, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Amazonasbilder 1868
    Amazonasbilder 1868 Produktion und Zirkulation von Tropenfotografien aus dem kaiserlichen Brasilien Textband Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Frank Stephan Kohl aus Altenkirchen 2012 Vom Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie als Dissertation angenommen am 29. 08. 2012 Tag der Disputation: 14. 12. 2012 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Karl Braun Prof. Dr. Mark Münzel [2] Für Nelly, die ich im letzten Moment in Marburg getroffen habe, und mit der ich Brasilien kennen und lieben gelernt habe [3] [4] Inhaltsverzeichnis Textband Danksagung ........................................................................................................................... 9 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................... 11 Kommerzielle Amazonasfotografien ........................................................................................ 11 1 Erkenntnissinteresse, Fragestellung, Untersuchungsgegenstand .............................. 14 1.1 Der Iconic Turn und neue Impulse für die historische Fotoforschung .............................. 14 1.2 Amazonasfotografien ........................................................................................................ 16 1.3 Akteure, Autoren und fotografische Praktiken ................................................................... 18 1.4 Produktion
    [Show full text]
  • The Hamburg Rathaus Seat of the Hamburg State Parliament and the Hamburg State Administration
    Hun bixêr hatin Mirë se erdhët Te aven Baxtale Welcome Bienvenue Willkommen THE HAMBURG RATHAUS SEAT OF THE HAMBURG STATE PARLIAMENT AND THE HAMBURG STATE ADMINISTRATION Kalender Englisch Umschlag U1-U4.indd 1 06.06.17 20:56 The Hamburg Rathaus Kalender Englisch Umschlag U1-U4.indd 2 06.06.17 20:57 The Hamburg Rathaus Seat of the state parliament and state administration Welcome to Hamburg! We hope that you will Hygieia and the dragon symbolize the conque- state parliament and the Hamburg state ad- settle in well and that Hamburg will become ring of the Hamburg cholera epidemic of 1892. minstration. your second home. With this brochure, we’d In Hamburg, the state parliament is called the like to introduce you to the Hamburg Rathaus, Bürgerschaft and the state administration is the city hall. It is the seat of Hamburg’s state called the Senat. parliament and administration. Perhaps it It is at the Rathaus where issues important is comparable to similar buildings in your to you are debated and resolutions made – countries, in which the state administration housing and health issues, education issues, or state parliament have their seats. and economic issues, for example. The Rathaus is in the middle of the city, and Please take the time to accompany us through was built more than 100 years ago, between the Hamburg Rathaus on the following pages, 1884 and 1897. With its richly decorated and learn about the work and the responsibili- commons.wikimedia.org/Brüning (gr.); Rademacher Jens Photos: façade, its width of 111 meters, its 112-meter ties of the Senat and the Bürgerschaft.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamburg Hamburg Presents
    International Police Association InternationalP oliceA ssociation RegionRegionIPA Hamburg Hamburg presents: HamburgHamburg -- a a short short break break Tabel of contents 1. General Information ................................................................1 2. Hamburg history in brief..........................................................2 3. The rivers of Hamburg ............................................................8 4. Attractions ...............................................................................9 4.1 The port.................................................................................9 4.2 The Airport (Hamburg Airport .............................................10 4.3 Finkenwerder / Airbus Airport..............................................10 4.4 The Town Hall .....................................................................10 4.5 The stock exchange............................................................10 4.6 The TV Tower / Heinrich Hertz Tower..................................11 4.7 The St. Pauli Landungsbrücken with the (old) Elbtunnel.....11 4.8 The Congress Center Hamburg (CCH)...............................11 4.9 HafenCity and Speicherstadt ..............................................12 4.10 The Elbphilharmonie .........................................................12 4.11 The miniature wonderland.................................................12 4.12 The planetarium ................................................................13 5. The main churches of Hamburg............................................13
    [Show full text]
  • 251 Chapter IX Revolution And
    251 Chapter IX Revolution and Law (1789 – 1856) The Collapse of the European States System The French Revolution of 1789 did not initialise the process leading to the collapse of the European states system but accelerated it. In the course of the revolution, demands became articulate that the ruled were not to be classed as subjects to rulers but ought to be recognised as citizens of states and members of nations and that, more fundamentally, the continuity of states was not a value in its own right but ought to be measured in terms of their usefulness for the making and the welfare of nations. The transformations of groups of subjects into nations of citizens took off in the political theory of the 1760s. Whereas Justus Lipsius and Thomas Hobbes1 had described the “state of nature” as a condition of human existence that might occur close to or even within their present time, during the later eighteenth century, theorists of politics and international relations started to position that condition further back in the past, thereby assuming that a long period of time had elapsed between the end of the “state of nature” and the making of states and societies, at least in some parts of the world. Moreover, these theorists regularly fused the theory of the hypothetical contract for the establishment of government, which had been assumed since the fourteenth century, with the theory of the social contract, which had only rarely been postulated before.2 In the view of later eighteenth-century theorists, the combination of both types of contract was to establish the nation as a society of citizens.3 Supporters of this novel theory of the combined government and social contract not merely considered human beings as capable of moving out from the “state of nature” into states, but also gave to humans the discretional mandate to first form their own nations as what came to be termed “civil societies”, before states could come into existence.4 Within states perceived in accordance with these theoretical suppositions, nationals remained bearers of sovereignty.
    [Show full text]
  • S Gemütlichkeit 9 August 2013 “Like” Us at Facebook.Com/Gemut.Com Some of the Best Turkish Döner Kebabs (€9)
    w Dear GEMüTLICHKEIT Subscriber The Travel Letter for Germany, Austria & Switzerland Trip Notes Our goal always is to provide fresh information but for some rea- BREMEN son I haven’t found the opportunity he 1,200-year-old Free Han- pendence), which together have until now to comment on a trip we seatic City of Bremen, on the been designated a UNESCO World made nine months ago. T Weser River, is the second- Heritage Site. Near the entrance We explored some new terri- largest city in North Germany. To- to the Ratskeller restaurant and tory—Brandenburg, Celle, Kronach, gether with its port, Bremerhaven wine cellar below the town hall, Memmelsdorf—and returned to (60 kilometers, 37 miles to the north), is the famous bronze statue of the some old favs. it comprises its own city-state, like Bremen Town Musicians, from Germany’s two the Grimms’ fairy tale of the same For four nights in Kandersteg, by Sharon Hudgins other city-states, name—a donkey, dog, cat, and Switzerland, we rented Blumlisalp- Hamburg and Berlin. rooster standing one atop the other. blick, a second floor (our third) (Rub the donkey’s hooves to make apartment near the rail station. As Badly damaged in World War II, we were six (including two kids, Bremen has bounced back as a lively your wish come true.) The Tour- seven and nine) the three bed- modern center of science, education, ist Office offers guided tours year rooms and two bathrooms were and culture, with many attractions round, several times daily, of the a necessity.
    [Show full text]
  • Isa 1:1-2:1 1:1 the Vision Concerning Judah and Jerusalem That Isaiah Son of Amoz Saw During the Reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, Kings of Judah
    Isa 1:1-2:1 1:1 The vision concerning Judah and Jerusalem that Isaiah son of Amoz saw during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. 2 Hear, O heavens! Listen, O earth! For the LORD has spoken: "I reared children and brought them up, but they have rebelled against me. 3 The ox knows his master, the donkey his owner's manger, but Israel does not know, my people do not understand." This vision concerns Judah and Jerusalem which by no means says it has nothing to do with us today. First of all, Jerusalem is an earthly city as well as a heavenly one according to Galatians 4, therefore, all who come to believe upon Jesus are graphted into the natural olive tree. Though Isaiah’s primary audience was the tribe of Judah, his message still applied to all 12 tribes and us today. Isaiah, or Yeshayahu is said to be the son of Amoz which some translate Amos., however, these are two different people. The Jews believed Amoz to be the brother or son of King Amaziah from Judah. This would make Isaiah of royal birth. Verse 2 tells the heavens and the earth to hear and listen. This means that even the principalities, the created angels are told to hear this message. That makes me want to listen up even more. When God speaks we should give full attention and that sets the stage for our attitude as we begin this study. These aren’t words of Isaiah, but of the Lord Himself who created the heavens and the earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Albert Bernhardt Faust
    Albert Bernhardt Faust April 20, 1870 — February 8, 1951 Albert Bernhardt Faust, Emeritus Professor of German, died on February 8, 1951, after more than 45 years of association with Cornell University. He was born on April 20, 1870 in Baltimore, Md., where he attended the German Zions School, and where he graduated from Johns Hopkins University in 1889. There, too, he received his Ph. D. degree with a dissertation on Charles Sealsfield. This was his earliest contribution to the study of German- American relations, a field in which he was later to attain a place of great distinction. After a few years’ work at German Universities he became Instructor in German at his alma mater in 1894. Two years later he was appointed Associate Professor at Wesleyan University and, in 1903 Assistant Professor at the University of Wisconsin. He was called to Cornell University in 1904, where he remained until his retirement in 1938 as Assistant Professor and, later, Professor of German. Under his energetic leadership the Department became one of the prominent centers of Germanic studies in America. His life-long membership in several learned societies—the American Historical Association, the Modern Language Association of America, the German Goethe Society, the Steuben Society, the American Dialect Society—suggests the range of his interests: they were historical, literary, and philological. It was as the author of The German Element in the United States that Albert Faust established his solid reputation as a cultural historian: when that work appeared in 1909 it was almost at once recognized as the first comprehensive survey of a subject which, until then, had been regarded as little more than a matter of local, though sometimes zealous, investigation.
    [Show full text]