DOCSLIB.ORG

Bile Canaliculi Can Be Seen Between the Hepatocytes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bile Canaliculi Can Be Seen Between the Hepatocytes DIGESTIVE GLANDS II Mr. Babatunde D.E Liver ❖ Is the second largest organ in the body. ❖ Is composed of a single type of parenchymal cell, the hepatocyte. Hepatocyte ❖ Possess a myriad of both endocrine and exocrine functions. Figure 16—18. Ultrastructure of a hepatocyte. RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum; SER, smooth endoplasmic reticulum. x10,000. Glisson’s Capsule ❖ Is composed of thin connective tissue that subdivides the liver into lobes and lobules. Blood Supply ❖ Of the liver is derived from two sources: abdominal aorta, via the hepatic artery; portal vein, which brings nutrient-laden blood from the alimentary tract and the spleen. Porta Hepatis ❖ Is the region where the hepatic artery and the portal vein enter and the hepatic ducts leave the liver. Drainage ❖ Of blood is via the hepatic vein. ❖ Hepatic vein is formed by the union of numerous sublobular veins. ❖ Sublobular veins collect blood from the central vein of each classical liver lobule. Bile ❖ Leaves the liver via the hepatic ducts. ❖ Is delivered to the gallbladder. Liver Lobules ❖ There are three types of liver lobules: classical (hexagonal in histologic section); portal lobule (triangular in histological section); liver acinus of Rappaport (liver acinus; diamond shaped in histologic section). CENTRAL VEIN PORTAL CANAL Classical Lobule ❖ Is based on the pig’s liver, where connective tissue elements clearly delineate it. ❖ Portal area (portal canal; triad) is present at each corner of the lobule. ❖ Portal area contains branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct, and lymph vessel. Figure 16—12. Three- dimensional aspect of the normal liver. In the upper center is the central vein; in the lower center, the portal vein. Note the bile canaliculus, liver plates, Hering’s canal, Kupffer cells, sinusoid, fat-storing cell, and sinusoid endothelial cells. (Courtesy of M Muto.) Figure 16—11. Schematic drawing of the structure of the liver. The liver lobule in the center is surrounded by the portal space (dilated here for clarity). Arteries, veins, and bile ducts occupy the portal spaces. Nerves, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are also present but are (again, for clarity) not shown in this illustration. In the lobule, note the radial disposition of the plates formed by hepatocytes; the sinusoidal capillaries separate the plates. The bile canaliculi can be seen between the hepatocytes. The sublobular (intercalated) veins drain blood from the lobules. (Redrawn and reproduced, with permission, from Bourne G: An Introduction to Functional Histology. Churchill, 1953.) Figure 16—13. Photomicrograph of the liver. A: A central (centrolobular) vein. Note the liver plates that anastomose freely, limiting the space occupied by the sinusoids. PT stain. Medium magnification. B: A portal space with its characteristic small artery, vein, lymph vessel, and bile duct surrounded by connective tissue. PT stain. Medium magnification. C: Collagen III reticular fibers in the lobule, forming a scaffold for the hepatic tissue. Silver impregnation. Medium magnification. Plates of Hepatocytes ❖ Compose the bulk of the lobule. ❖ Are arranged in a radial fashion, radiating from the region of a central vein. ❖ Blood flows from the periphery of the lobule toward the central vein. Figure 16—13. Photomicrograph of the liver. A: A central (centrolobular) vein. Note the liver plates that anastomose freely, limiting the space occupied by the sinusoids. PT stain. Medium magnification. Bile Canaliculi ❖ Are slender intercellular spaces between neighboring hepatocytes. ❖ Convey bile to canals of Herring. ❖ Canals of Herring deliver bile ducts in the portal area at the periphery of the classical lobule. ❖ Flow of bile and blood occurs in opposite directions. Figure 16—18. Ultrastructure of a hepatocyte. RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum; SER, smooth endoplasmic reticulum. x10,000. Figure 16—19. Electron micrograph of a bile canaliculus in rat liver. Note the microvilli in its lumen and the junctional complexes (arrows) that seal off this space from the remaining extracellular space. x54,000. (Courtesy of SL Wissig.) Figure 16—20. The confluence of bile canaliculi and bile ductules, which are lined by cuboidal epithelium. The ductules merge with bile ducts in the portal spaces. Sinusoids ❖ Are endothelial-lined spaces between neighboring plates of hepatocytes. ❖ Receive blood from the vessels in the portal area and deliver it to the central vein. Figure 16—12. Three- dimensional aspect of the normal liver. In the upper center is the central vein; in the lower center, the portal vein. Note the bile canaliculus, liver plates, Hering’s canal, Kupffer cells, sinusoid, fat-storing cell, and sinusoid endothelial cells. (Courtesy of M Muto.) Endothelial Cells ❖ Lining sinusoids have large fenestrations and also display discontinuous between neighboring cells. Figure 16—14. Scanning electron micrograph of the endothelial lining of a sinusoidal capillary in rat liver, showing the grouped fenestrations in its wall. At the borders, edges of cut hepatocytes are present, with their villi protruding into spaces of Disse. x6500. (Courtesy of E Wisse.) Kupffer Cells ❖ Are also present within the endothelial lining. ❖ Are phagocytic cells that are derived from monocytes. Figure 16—15. Liver section showing sinusoid capillaries with their endothelial cells close to the hepatocytes. The thin slit between the hepatocytes and the endothelium is the space of Disse. Kupffer cells can be seen inside the sinusoid. PT stain. High magnification. Space of Disse ❖ Is visualized by electron microscopy as a subendothelial space between the liver cells and the lining cells of the sinusoids. contains ❖ Stellate-shaped fat storing cells (which preferentially store vitamin A). ❖ Reticular fibers (which maintain the architecture of the sinusoids). ❖ Nonmyelinated nerve fibers. ❖ Short, blunt microvilli of hepatocytes. Functions ❖ In the exchange of material between the bloodstream and the hepatocytes (which do not contact the bloodstream) Basal Lamina ❖ Is not present in this space Figure 16—18. Ultrastructure of a hepatocyte. RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum; SER, smooth endoplasmic reticulum. x10,000. Portal Lobule ❖ Is based on the liver’s exocrine function. In many exocrine glands, the duct is in the center of a lobule. ❖ Is a triangular region whose three apices are neighboring central veins, selected in such a fashion that the triangle thus constructed will have a portal area in its center. CENTRAL VEIN PORTAL CANAL The portal lobule has a portal canal in a central position and central veins at the edges of the cross-sectioned lobule Liver Acinus (of Rappaport) ❖ Is another interpretation of lobulation in the liver. ❖ Is based on blood flow. ❖ Is a diamond-shaped structure, envisioned as the amalgamation of two equilateral triangular areas derived from two adjoining classical lobules, where the bases of the two triangles parallel each other. ❖ Apices include the central vein of the first classical lobule, the two adjoining portal area that are shared by the two neighboring classical lobules, and the central vein of the second classical lobule. CENTRAL VEIN PORTAL CANAL The liver acinus has distributing vessels in the center and central veins at each pole of the cross-sectioned structure CENTRAL VEIN Zonation ❖ Blood enters the sinusoids from vessels located in the interface between the two neighboring classical lobules (the bases of the equilateral triangles) PORTAL CANAL Hepatocytes ❖ In the vicinity of this interface are the first to be “exposed” to the entering blood ❖ Nearer the central vein are the last to be “exposed” Three Zones ❖ Exist within each liver acinus of Rapport first in the immediate vicinity of the blood supply, third in the area of the central vein, and second in between these two areas Hepatocytes ❖ Are large, polyhedral cells that stain light pink with hematoxylin and eosin. ❖ Usually possess one (or two), centrally placed (occasionally enlarged polyploid) round nucleus. ❖ Frequently more than two nuclei may be present in a single cell. ❖ Bile canaliculi are evident between neighboring hepatocytes. Electron Micrographs of Liver Cells ❖ Demonstrate that these cells are rich in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticular and mitochondria and possess several Golgi regions. ❖ Demonstrate that both lysosomes and peroxisomes are well represented. ❖ Lipid droplets and glycogen are also abundant. Figure 16—23. Protein synthesis and carbohydrate storage in the liver. Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen, usually associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). When glucose is needed, glycogen is degraded. ❖ Proteins produced by hepatocytes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which explains why hepatocyte lesions or starvation lead to a decrease in the amounts of albumin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin in a patient’s blood. The impairment of protein synthesis leads to several complications, since most of these proteins are carriers, important for the blood’s osmotic pressure and for coagulation. Figure 16—24. Mechanism of secretion of bile acids. About 90% of bile acids are derived from the intestinal epithelium and transported to the liver. The remaining 10% are synthesized in the liver by the conjugation of cholic acid with the amino acids glycine and taurine. This process occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Figure 16—25. The secretion of bilirubin. The water- insoluble form of bilirubin is derived Bilirubin from the metabolism glucuronide of hemoglobin in macrophages.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Liver • Gallbladder
    NORMAL BODY Microscopic Anatomy! Accessory Glands of the GI Tract,! lecture 2! ! • Liver • Gallbladder John Klingensmith [email protected] Objectives! By the end of this lecture, students will be able to: ! • trace the flow of blood and bile within the liver • describe the structure of the liver in regard to its functions • indicate the major cell types of the liver and their functions • distinguish the microanatomy of exocrine and endocrine function by the hepatocytes • explain the functional organization of the gallbladder at the cellular level (Lecture plan: overview of structure and function, then increasing resolution of microanatomy and cellular function) Liver and Gallbladder Liver October is “Liver Awareness Month” -- http://www.liverfoundation.org Liver • Encapsulated by CT sheath and mesothelium • Lobes largely composed of hepatocytes in parenchyma • Receives blood from small intestine and general circulation Major functions of the liver • Production and secretion of digestive fluids to small intestine (exocrine) • Production of plasma proteins and lipoproteins (endocrine) • Storage and control of blood glucose • Detoxification of absorbed compounds • Source of embyronic hematopoiesis The liver lobule • Functional unit of the parenchyma • Delimited by CT septa, invisible in humans (pig is shown) • Surrounds the central vein • Bordered by portal tracts Central vein, muralia and sinusoids Parenchyma: Muralia and sinusoids • Hepatocyte basolateral membrane faces sinusoidal lumen • Bile canaliculi occur between adjacent hepatocytes • Cords anastomose Vascularization of the liver • Receives veinous blood from small intestine via portal vein • Receives freshly oxygenated blood from hepatic artery • Discharges blood into vena cava via hepatic vein Blood flow in the liver lobes • flows in via the portal vein and hepatic artery • oozes through the liver lobules to central veins • flows out via the hepatic vein Portal Tract! (aka portal triad) • Portal venule • Hepatic arteriole • Bile duct • Lymph vessel • Nerves • Connective tissue Central vein! (a.k.a.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Bile Canalicular Abnormalities in the Early Phase of a Mouse
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository Bile canalicular abnormalities in the early phase of a mouse Title model of sclerosing cholangitis. Miyao, Masashi; Ozeki, Munetaka; Abiru, Hitoshi; Manabe, Author(s) Sho; Kotani, Hirokazu; Tsuruyama, Tatsuaki; Tamaki, Keiji Citation Digestive and liver disease (2013), 45(3): 216-225 Issue Date 2013-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/173350 © 2012 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Right Elsevier Ltd. Type Journal Article Textversion author Kyoto University 1 Bile canalicular abnormalities in the early phase of a mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis Masashi Miyao1M.D.; Munetaka Ozeki1Ph.D.; Hitoshi Abiru1B.S.; Sho Manabe1B.S.; Hirokazu Kotani1M.D.; Tatsuaki Tsuruyama2 M.D. and Keiji Tamaki1 M.D. 1Department of Forensic Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine 2Center for Anatomical Studies, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Corresponding author: Keiji Tamaki. Telephone: +81 75 753 4474. Fax: +81 75 761 9591. E-mail: [email protected]. Department of Forensic Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Word count: 3484 words (excluding abstract, references, figures). 2 Abstract Background: The bile canaliculus is the smallest and first biliary channel and is formed by two or three adjacent hepatocytes. Previous studies of chronic cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis have focused on the bile ductules. However, little is known about the pathological alterations in bile canaliculi in the early phase of cholangiopathies.
    [Show full text]
  • 20.201 Mechanisms of Drug Action the Liver and Metabolism
    3/20/2007 Page 1 20.201 Mechanisms of Drug Action The Liver and Metabolism September 30, 2005 3/20/2007 Page 2 Distribution of Chemicals to Liver • Chemicals entering blood are distributed in the general circulation via the aorta • Chemicals enter various organs • Focus now on liver Epiglottis Mouth Grinds food and mixes it Flap that closes with saliva; where digestion windpipe during begins. • Liver anatomy swallowing. Salivary Glands ~ Largest organ and gland (1.5 kg) Trachea Make saliva, Windpipe (not part of start digestion of starch. ~ Structure: lobes (2 large - R and L; 2 small digestive system) Esophagus - caudate, quadrate) Hepatic Vein* Passes food from mouth to Vein that carries blood stomach by a process known ~ Blood supply: portal blood flow, 80%; away from liver. as peristalsis (contractions by walls of digestive tract that hepatic artery, 20%; outflow into vena cava Liver* move food forward). Stores food and makes ~ Bile duct/gall bladder: bile secreted into bile chemical changes in it. Stomach Holds and mixes food; duct/gall bladder; then into duodenum Gallbladder* glands in lining of upper two thirds produce Sheltered by the liver, digestive juice, which acts It stores bile. • Liver function on protein; lower third Duodenum serves as pump. ~ major metabolic organ in body First part of small intestine; bile from liver breaks up fat Pancreas ~ significant route of xenobiotic excretion and juice from pancreas digests Make enzymes that break all food types. down all types of food. ~ exocrine gland: albumin, clotting factors Portal Vein Carries blood from entire Small Intestine (prothrombin, fibrinogen, factors 7,9,10) digestive tract to liver.
    [Show full text]
  • Motility of Bile Canaliculi in the Living Animal: Implications for Bile Flow Norihito Watanabe, Nobuhiro Tsukada, Charles R
    Motility of Bile Canaliculi in the Living Animal: Implications for Bile Flow Norihito Watanabe, Nobuhiro Tsukada, Charles R. Smith, and M. James Phillips Research Institute and Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8 Abstract. Modem fluorescence microscopic techniques direction towards the portal bile ducts. Contractions were used to image the bile canalicular, system in the were not seen in the network of canaliculi on the sur- intact rat liver, in vivo. By combining the use of sodi- face of the liver. Cytochalasin B administration resulted um fluorescein secretion into bile, with digitally en- in reduced canalicular motility, progressive dilation of hanced fluorescence microscopy and time-lapse video, zone 1 canaliculi, and impairment of bile flow. Cana- it was possible to capture and record the canalicular licular dilations invariably involved the branch points motility events that accompany the secretion of bile in of the canalicular network. The findings add substan- life. Active bile canalicular contractions were found tively to previous in vitro studies using couplets, and predominantly in zone 1 (periportal) hepatocytes of suggest that canalicular contractions contribute physio- the liver. The contractile movements were repetitive, logically to bile flow in the liver. forceful, and appeared unidirectional moving bile in a TIN, myosin and associated proteins involved in con- tile collapses of canaliculi resulting from secretory pressure tractile movements have been found in smooth muscle with rupture of canaliculi (9, 11, 30, 35). In this report, we and nonmuscle cells (1, 16, 18, 24, 42, 43, 56, 61, have taken advantage of the biliary secretion of sodium 65).
    [Show full text]
  • 26 April 2010 TE Prepublication Page 1 Nomina Generalia General Terms
    26 April 2010 TE PrePublication Page 1 Nomina generalia General terms E1.0.0.0.0.0.1 Modus reproductionis Reproductive mode E1.0.0.0.0.0.2 Reproductio sexualis Sexual reproduction E1.0.0.0.0.0.3 Viviparitas Viviparity E1.0.0.0.0.0.4 Heterogamia Heterogamy E1.0.0.0.0.0.5 Endogamia Endogamy E1.0.0.0.0.0.6 Sequentia reproductionis Reproductive sequence E1.0.0.0.0.0.7 Ovulatio Ovulation E1.0.0.0.0.0.8 Erectio Erection E1.0.0.0.0.0.9 Coitus Coitus; Sexual intercourse E1.0.0.0.0.0.10 Ejaculatio1 Ejaculation E1.0.0.0.0.0.11 Emissio Emission E1.0.0.0.0.0.12 Ejaculatio vera Ejaculation proper E1.0.0.0.0.0.13 Semen Semen; Ejaculate E1.0.0.0.0.0.14 Inseminatio Insemination E1.0.0.0.0.0.15 Fertilisatio Fertilization E1.0.0.0.0.0.16 Fecundatio Fecundation; Impregnation E1.0.0.0.0.0.17 Superfecundatio Superfecundation E1.0.0.0.0.0.18 Superimpregnatio Superimpregnation E1.0.0.0.0.0.19 Superfetatio Superfetation E1.0.0.0.0.0.20 Ontogenesis Ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.21 Ontogenesis praenatalis Prenatal ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.22 Tempus praenatale; Tempus gestationis Prenatal period; Gestation period E1.0.0.0.0.0.23 Vita praenatalis Prenatal life E1.0.0.0.0.0.24 Vita intrauterina Intra-uterine life E1.0.0.0.0.0.25 Embryogenesis2 Embryogenesis; Embryogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.26 Fetogenesis3 Fetogenesis E1.0.0.0.0.0.27 Tempus natale Birth period E1.0.0.0.0.0.28 Ontogenesis postnatalis Postnatal ontogeny E1.0.0.0.0.0.29 Vita postnatalis Postnatal life E1.0.1.0.0.0.1 Mensurae embryonicae et fetales4 Embryonic and fetal measurements E1.0.1.0.0.0.2 Aetas a fecundatione5 Fertilization
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive Glands
    Digestive glands Department of Histology and Embryology of Jilin university ----Jiang Wenhua 1.general description of digestive glands Small digestive glands oesophageal glands gastric glands pyloric glands intestinal glands large digestive glands salivary glands pancreas liver Function: excretion digestive juice incretion 2 salivary glands 2.1.The General Structure of Salivary Glands being composed of acinus and duct striated ducts mucous acinus intercalated ducts serous acinus serous demilune Schematic drawing of the structure of Salivary Glands 2.1.1 acinus (1) serous acinus (2) mucous acinus (3) mixed acinus serous acinus • Serous cells are usually pyramidal in shape, with a broad base and a narrow apical surface .They exhibit characteristics of protein-secreting cells. Adjacent secretory cells are joined together and usually form a spherical mass of cells called acinus, with a lumen in the center . striated ducts mucous acinus intercalated ducts serous acinus serous demilune Schematic drawing of the structure of Salivary Glands mucous cells Mucous cells are usually cuboidal to columnar in shape; their nuclei are oval and pressed toward the bases of the cells. They exhibit the characteristics of mucus-secreting cells , containing glycoproteins important for the moistening and lubricating functions of the saliva. striated ducts mucous acinus intercalated ducts serous acinus serous demilune Schematic drawing of the structure of Salivary Glands The cytoplasm stains lighter in an H and E preparation.large mucigen granules are present
    [Show full text]
  • The Biliary System, Second Edition the Biliary System
    WAN G • ET AL G • ET WAN Colloquium Lectures on Series ISSN: 2154-560X Integrated Systems Physiology From Molecule to Function to Disease LIFE SCIENCES Series Editors: D. Neil Granger, LSU Health Sciences, Shreveport Joey Granger, University of Mississippi Medical Center The Biliary System, Second Edition The Biliary System David Q.-H. Wang, Saint Louis University, USA THE BILIAR Brent A. Neuschwander-Tetri, Saint Louis University, USA Piero Portincasa, Saint Louis University and University of Bari Medical School, Italy Second Edition The biliary system is a complex network of microscopic and macroscopic structures involved in the formation of bile, an aqueous fluid in which a considerable amount of otherwise immiscible cholesterol is transported by other Y SYSTEM Y lipids such as bile acids and phospholipids. This book summarizes current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, as well as the physical-chemistry of biliary lipids, with an emphasis on biliary lipid metabolism that is regulated by nuclear receptors in the hepatobiliary system. By guiding readers through the various aspects of anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of all “players” involved in bile formation, this book is intended to be a manageable, easy-to-study compendium of recent EDITION SECOND , progresses in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. The authors clearly explain the molecular and cellular pathways that regulate hepatic lipid metabolism, and present color figures, tables, and flowcharts that explain the fundamental mechanisms of lipid synthesis and secretion, bile formation, the enterohepatic circulation, and intestinal absorption of biliary components. Moreover, the consequences of the complex events involving lipid metabolism in the hepatobiliary system are reviewed, with a focus on the translational value of current basic research in health and disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Ahmad CHARANEK the Bile Canaliculus Revisited
    ANNÉE 2015 THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Européenne de Bretagne pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Biologie et Sciences de la Santé École doctorale Vie-Agro-Santé présentée par Ahmad CHARANEK Préparée dans l’Unité de Recherche INSERM UMR 991 «Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer» (Pharmacie) Thèse soutenue à Rennes The Bile Canaliculus le 10 Juin 2015 devant le jury composé de : Revisited: Pr Chantal HOUSSET Professeur des Universités Morphological And Université de Paris 6 / rapporteur Pr Marc PALLARDY Functional Professeur des Universités Université de Paris 11 / rapporteur Alterations Induced Pr Pierre BRISSOT Professeur des Universités By Cholestatic Université de Rennes 1 / examinateur Dr Richard WEAVER Drugs In HepaRG Scientific Director INSTITUT DE RECHERCHES INTERNATIONALES SERVIER / examinateur Cells Dr Christiane GUGUEN-GUILLOUZO Directeur de Recherches Emérite Inserm Université de Rennes 1 / examinateur Pr André GUILLOUZO Professeur des Universités Université de Rennes 1 / directeur de thèse 1 The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have little. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 2 Acknowledgment Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Pr. André Guillouzo, for his constant guidance, continuous encouragement, and patience along the thesis preparation. I am grateful to the trust he gave me, and the moral support he provided. I highly appreciate his confidence in my ambitious goals, and his enormous efforts to provide me with all the required facilities. I am so thankful for his priceless advices that will pave the road for my future career.
    [Show full text]
  • Expression and Compartmentalization of Integral Plasma Membrane Proteins by Hepatocytes and Their Progenitors in the Rat Pancreas
    Expression and compartmentalization of integral plasma membrane proteins by hepatocytes and their progenitors in the rat pancreas JAMES R. BARTLES1'*, M. SAMBASIVA RAO2, LIQIN ZHANG1, BARBARA E. FAYOS1, CHERYL L. NEHME1 and JANARDAN K. REDDY2 Departments oflCell, Molecular and Structural Biology and 2Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA * Author for correspondence Summary A combination of Western blotting, Northern blotting analogy to their respective localizations on hepato- and immunofluorescence was used to examine the cytes in liver, rat hepatic lectin-1 was concentrated expression and compartmentalization of plasma on those surfaces exposed to the pancreatic matrix at membrane proteins by those hepatocyte-like cells the periphery of the hepatocyte clusters (the basal that arise in the pancreases of rats subjected to surface equivalent), whereas HA 321 was concen- sequential dietary copper depletion and repletion. trated on those surfaces exposed to adjacent hepato- The pancreatic hepatocytes were found to: (1) ex- cytes within the clusters. The hepatocyte plasma press several integral membrane proteins known to membrane proteins were found to be expressed in be concentrated within the apical, lateral or basolat- the pancreas at different times during the copper eral domains of the plasma membranes of hepato- depletion/repletion protocol: for example, rat hep- cytes in liver; and (2) compartmentalize the mem- atic lectin-1 and the bulk of the HA 4 were expressed brane proteins to equivalent plasma membrane relatively late in the protocol, only after large domains, despite the organization of these cells into numbers of pancreatic hepatocytes had appeared; clusters instead of highly vascularized plates.
    [Show full text]