THE HAND of GOD in SOCAIRE Revista Mexicana De Astronomía Y Astrofísica, Vol

Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica ISSN: 0185-1101 [email protected] Instituto de Astronomía México

Moyano, Ricardo THE HAND OF GOD IN SOCAIRE Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, vol. 47, noviembre, 2016, pp. 51-57 Instituto de Astronomía Distrito Federal, México

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How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja ar a ato h giutrladlvsoksys- livestock and agricultural the So- of A.D.), 5,000 part (1470-1536 was beyond times caire Incan go and the During that mountains masl. heights high is rain, reaching region of volcanoes, The lack by 2011). characterized (Moyano, every passage solstice solar December zenithal Tropic Socaire, the the allows of from Capricorn, position of south kilometers geographical 16 The approximately 1). (Figure al otenCie(23 3,274 Chile Salar, Atacama northern the of lo- masl, southeast community the to Indian cated Antai Likan or Atacameña “huma and division”; five and four three, “two, south” Words: (ushnu); and Key center “north of midnight”; concepts and ca Andean “noon the male”; including Socaireños’ John-W and with worldview Saint for “female basis and left”; a and 3rd), so “right gives (May Christmas-Summer it Cross Holy 4th), importantly: March), More (December Cathol and the Barbara February C and (between Saint Lausa, pla 24-26th), Carnival (Tumisa, 24th), as (October horizon channels such (August visible irrigation activities Bartholomew the of annual in cleansing regulates hand 1st), system (May human This left a (PAH-Triad). of Mountains) projection the as eut a elne oclua,gorpia,ciai,pyhlgcladas and psychological tha mountains” climatic, to offering geographical, of line), “system cultural, (straight a propose to We linked data. ethno-archaeological be can results h tcm nincmuiyo oar,nrhr hl (23 Chile m northern of Socaire, analysis of spatio-temporal community a Indian from Atacama obtained the results preliminary present We entorno. humanización del y cinco; y cuatro tres, dos, eince ot u;vsbeyn iil,dnr elscnetsadnsd eto( centro de andinos conceptos los de dentro hem visible, izquierda; no e y derecha visible abajo; sur; acá y y arriba, norte categor´ıas f de medianoche; las los y comprende incluye sistema Además, que este 24). Socaire, (junio febrero en invierno Bartolom´ (entre de Carnaval San Juan-solsticio 25), católicas como San (diciembre fiestas y Chiliq verano y de Lausa, 24-26), Navidad-solsticio Tumisa, 4), (octubre ciembre la (cerros canales como de visible anuales limpia actividades horizonte 1), las habr´ıa el regulado sistema en Este PAH). proyectada (Triada izquierda mano una mayllku ruo´gc.Pooeo n“itm ecnioalscro”qeicuelos incluye que cerros” los a convido de “sistema un arqueológico. Proponemos geográfica, a climática, información psicológica cultural, y relacionar nl ouia tcmãd oar,nred hl (23 Chile de norte Socaire, atacameña de dir comunidad las de la análisis espacio-temporal del en preliminares resultados los presentan Se eMxA(ei eConferencias) de (Serie RevMexAA ito ia,UA ([email protected]). Históricas, UNAM 1 Snig eScie Msn 942-3 san is 1954:22-23) (Mostny Socaire” de “Santiago ototrlFlo,Isiuod Investigaciones de Instituto Fellow, Postdoctoral o mallku archaeoastronomy mayllku .INTRODUCTION 1. mnan uea neto y ancestro) o (montaña tutelar or mallku ◦ 52”/67 35’28”S/ H ADO O NSOCAIRE IN GOD OF HAND THE muti odo netr,and ancestor), or lord (mountain , 47 15 (2016) 51–57 , ◦ 52’36”W) iad Moyano Ricardo ABSTRACT RESUMEN pacha epcoytep) ersnaoprl proyección de la por representado tiempo), y (espacio i pyhlgcltnec oprev enn in meaning perceive to psychological tendency Apophe- the (psychological image), to nia (implicit Pareidolia related of is phenomena cultures environment human Andean the possi- in of the llama perception raises a the research, of that Recent bility motif Way. the Cuzco Milky and of the puma city the in the of shape in zenithal the found with and are topographic Examples in elements. forms animal and man activities. mining and tourism from subsist- Today, mainly inhabitants, ing 224). 300 approximately 69, halves has 1992:28, two Socaire (Hidalgo, sectors, center seven one of and composed organiza- system radial tion a had it 1980, (Núñez, Until 1991). e htsple the supplied that tem ◦ 52”,67 35’28”S, twscmo o nenpol oietf hu- identify to people Andean for common was It 1 ◦ pacha 52”,67 35’28”S, to´ mc rvnet e rbj etno- trabajo del stronómica proveniente ◦ saeadtm) hc sunderstood is which time), and (space 23”,324msm). 3.274 52’36”W, eoiso aoe ee n down”; and here, “above, of tegories imr aot ) oeh (mayo cosecha 1), (agosto siembra aot 4,SnaBárbara (di- Santa 24), (agosto e vsbeadnnvsbe,along non-visible”, and “visible ; cinsdlcloalsmontañas las a culto del ecciones nldscnet uhas such concepts includes t crtasadfsiiiso Saint of festivities and rituals ic ◦ ocpo de conceptos az) at rz(ao3) (mayo Cruz Santa marzo), y 23”,324ms) These masl). 3,274 52’36”W, tn Ags s) harvesting 1st), (August nting Qhapaq uti osi ietosat directions worship ountain naetsd acosmovisión la de undamentos rnmclifrainfrom information tronomical iius pr n Miñiques and Ipira hiliques, ne osie(ue24th). (June solstice inter sie(eebr25th), (December lstice r ah;mediod´ıa macho; y bra e,IiayMiñiques) y Ipira ues, Nan ˜ ushnu ceque ie landscape”. nized and ;división en ); sepermite Este ab Peine Tambo ´ (l´ınea recta), ceque 51 Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja asgs.Cmlmnigwt h 180 (zenithal the 13 with February Complementing and passages). 30 October ob- on astronomical servations allowed Cuzco, in building turhuasi observations. two from zenithal observations nus to solar related suggests Zuidema primarily is tem iiisi uislrclna’ tutr (Zuidema, fes- structure principal 2011). calendar’s the luni-solar for a organizers in beings tivities as trib- well and as hierarchies ute established political and relationships, Sun) kinship the in of centered (Temple were Coricancha (directions) the lines These In- times). landscape on can Suyus the four of in (World Tawantinsuyu palaces) the during and hills springs, (stones, 52 orsod oadarmbsdo 1o 2lnsor lines 42 or It 41 on System. based Ceque ceques diagram the a of to existence corresponds life the about social know about ideas of 2011). sets 2009, and (Iwaniszewski, processes so- and connections, cial conceptualization social of correlates and phenomena. systems representation their astronomical analyzes understand It to peo- come which Cul- by ple mechanisms world. studies the Astronomy reflect- of tural experience conceptions them social spatio-temporal For of ing part constitutes surroundings. sky their the to significance tural 2008). (Bustamante, triad PAH called manifesta- tion), (sacred Hierophany and stimuli), random h srnmclsgicneo the of significance astronomical The rmrveigtehsoyo uc,Pr,we Peru, Cuzco, of history the reviewing From cul- give socaireños the do, cultures other As pla,goo,adhl)ta ihteSun- the with that hole) and gnomon, (pillar, htognzd328 organized that , huacas rsce places sacred or i.1 a fGnrlLocation. General of Map 1. Fig. ◦ ceques opposition ush- sys- MOYANO soitdwt ecpin ftelnsaeadsky. and landscape the explanations of perceptions phenomena with associated psychological and re- ethno-astronomical search (2008-2009) pleading, water (Moyano, social, Socaire 2011). of the organization in ritual and reflected political, be integrated should calendar an luni-solar 3) natural cal- certain of dates; with presence endrical coincide which the markers, cultural by horizon or luni-solar identifiable a is 2) calendar rivers; and rocks mountains, a ok nwih ahfml eoe responsi- commu- becomes of family system each or which, “minga” In the work. of nal water part of is “sound 1986:152). This (Barthel, the mountains” the invoke from the comes to and that clarion) horn), of of (bull symbol (sort “so- a “clarin” “putu” the As the use men. they this, status both the captain) For “cap- (woman or a itana” and 26th, “capitán” 2). (captain) the a caireños” (Figure choose and weekend 24th nearest October between ther flnspoetdfo n rmr etr opo- to centers more ( or elements one landscape sacred from tentially projected lines of )asse of system a 1) end- passages) (anti-zenithal and 2011:164). cycle beginning (1980:320-321, agricultural the the Sun 26, of the April of ing and position 18 the August know could on one shadow, a of hsppricue eal ftecrmn of ceremony the of details includes paper This h lasn firgto hneshpesei- happens channels irrigation of cleansing The rmteepit fve emgtasm that: assume might we view of points these From .TEWTRCEREMONY WATER THE 2. ceques sietfibeb h existence the by identifiable is ceque huacas ytmand system uhas such ) Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja n loo otemutis codn to According be- mountains. master the the Görlitz (1978:79-80), de to Mariscotti alcohol and children the females, represent 1986:156-157). ones, adult (Barthel, white represent and small red the represent and and feathers pink black age males, of i.e. adult representative categories, are gender feathers decorated and The member is group. each the bottle symbolize of that Each feathers of mountain flamingo topography. with a direction a local to offers the the alcohol) Socaire (algarrobo of in of “aloja” horizon, family of Each bottle the when in volcano. morning the Chiliques rises in that sun early (those begins the “cantales” ritual The called assistant, sing). his and ter 1992). Hidalgo, 1986; (Barthel, sys- steps a and stone coca 5) of made; wood, tem are “meren- as feathers flamingo such of and offerings southwest leaves, the an burnt the symbolizes 4) where to that dadero”, Grande”; “covero”, rock “Cerro called m to area 1.5 “meren- next x of volcano, 1 east Chiliques a the to 3) known located dadero”; rock Grande”, vertical 4.3 “Cerro a x 2) as (5.5 a rocks “merendadero”; 1) in of called circle of: source m) a consists by water surrounded CCS the surface The km flat from 6 Ravine. m located Nacimiento 200 is the and It Socaire (CCS). from Socaire of center monial (Barthel, own they lands the to of 1986:151). section a for ble nte“eeddr” h cnae”oe food offer “cantales” the “merendadero”, the In mas- a by performed are activities ritual The cere- the in place takes water for pleading The H ADO O NSCIE53 SOCAIRE IN GOD OF HAND THE i.2 aedro Socaire. of Calendar 2. Fig. h yhclrltosi mn onan a lo- (as 4) mountains channels; among irrigation relationship so- of mythical land, sections the among and of relationship division rainfall the cial 3) the shrines); concentrates other volcano visual Chiliques the (this of symbolizes that existence volcano; rock the sacred a 2) and moun- providers; lines local water of in importance as September) the tains 1) of of: month because (lunar Cuzco, Citua the and of Socaire ceremony proposed in activities (1989:464-466), ritual between Zuidema analogies Later, Socaire. adak n osberda raiainsys- organization radial ( possible tem a and landmarks times. im- Prehispanic minor in the shrines dif- or these this activity of for volcanic portance reason be The could in ference 2012). Lastarria Uribe, 1983; and and Reinhard, the Talus Moyano 2001; (Beorchia, in as group southern well Hecar the as and group, Potor Socaire, northern Overo, of mountains Lascar, invoked the excepting of many in (1470-1536 sites A.D.) archaeological ceremonial of istence (east-north-west- movement daily south). sun’s the are directions bolize Both the of group. part with mountain it, southern to the a contrary in and east Lausa. the direction for counter-clockwise with always starts always order hierarchical beginning with This same group, the do northern will Lit- assistant the His with always 3). mountains, (Figure inque southern the with gins ih 18)sget h xsec fnatural of existence the suggests (1983) Tichy ex- the is proposal our of aspect important An ceques talatur eae osltcsadeunxsin equinoxes and solstices to related ) Knawr o up n sym- and jump) for word (Kunza Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja 54 ain fwtrsucs,acsosadsca order social and 2011:99). ancestors (Moyano, sources), water of cations n epersosbefrtewtr ncs fvisi- of case In of water. the each agri- for months the responsible people in six ent present differ- by with also (October-March/April-September) formed them is and calendar duality noon cultural counter- to This associated contrast, to is In female. to relates and related group direction, male. clockwise mountain is and northern and midnight the direction of clockwise concepts division the a mountain This southern to the east. group of the hierarchy the to Litinque determines the close to oriented location, directions volcano determined right be and could left center, by one and each neighbors per- Varas, (Celina horizon 2008). communication the sonal in a hand tradition, human local left to according represent, To- Miñiques. they and gether Ipira, volcanoes: or- Chiliques, visible hierarchically Lausa, and Tumisa, direction them night, eastern of and the day by all dered right, invisible; divisions and left and basic down, generated visible and It cen- up more as places. group such or a specific one as offer- to from understood of ters projected be lines system can imaginary a It of local as mountains. the described to is in ing This elements specific landscape. with chan- ceremony, irrigation nels of cleansing ac- the agricultural particularly between tivities, relationship close a suggest h oar’ iiinit avs ihthree with halves, into division Socaire’s The results archaeo-astronomical and Ethnographical .TEHN FGOD OF HAND THE 3. i.3 onanSse fSocaire. of System Mountain 3. Fig. MOYANO s“lc”(ily 94,an 1994), (Tilley, “place” the as and Sun the horizon. of the movement of division daily four-fold the of tation ebrsltc.Aohraaoyi httesinging De- the of the that dancing on is and noon analogy at Another the hill) solstice. by (large cember gnomon represented a (anti-zenith) of as zenith shadow basic female, the and the male as includes right, well and This left between October. division in cleans- ceremony channel the ing to referred hills, of representation 2012). Uribe, and (Moyano volcano in Chiliques evidence archaeological the of existence the substrate, of Prehispanic because possible a propose from we 1950’s Bolivia, the Saint in of the introduced was Although summit feast Bartholomew masl). northern (5,770 the volcano with the Chiliques when coincides Bartholomew), event (Saint solar 24th August sun- the of calculated the rise and is significant, the horizon re- More for near volcano. 4), Ipira landmark the (Figure between possible SCC) solstice, a to summer of north existence m the 90 vealed (+/- 2008 ber orientation. ancestor’s the changed This masl). r eeeyfcstePlrvlao(196 volcano Pular mod- the the XVI faces Today early cemetery cemetery. Indian the ern the old in an for built on reference century was of which point church; the Socaire’s considered masl), Miñiques be (5,927 of should shrine the mountains, ble nScieteie fcne ol eunderstood be could center of idea the Socaire In epooeta h eeoilcne sascaled a is center ceremonial the that propose We Decem- in made observations solar eye Naked talatur osiue tefarepresen- a itself constitutes xsmundi axis ◦ fvision of (6,239 ) Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja angop(ingt,adbc otenorthern the to back (noon). and group moun- mountain (midnight), southern the group to tain direction clockwise that hierarchy a a determined in follows direction, be volcano would Litinque right the by and non-visible. and left visible the night, Specifically, and day right, down, and landscape. and left above the between to divisions outward basic creates centers This lines more projected or as one represented from is “convidos”, of lines (Moyano, horizon) horizon) (Ipira (Lausa 2011). December June in days in mea- long days time and a short as from understood triad) be surement (PAH could Socaire This in 5). (Figure landscape humanized the of of evidence perception clearest the constitutes Lausa, five) Tumisa, in by (division Miñiques mountains formed and representa- Ipira hand Chiliques, human the left Consequently, a of tion (five). complete diagram line (anti-zenith) solstice the zenith with and along (four); days projection short and long (three); called lines temutis.Ti soito trbtdt a possibly to System, attributed association Orientation landscape This Mountain the of mountains). elements (the of and cleansing channels, the irrigation particularly activities, agricultural (two); midnight and noon by represented Hanan is It 2011). eut ugs togrltosi between relationship strong a suggest Results five. and four three, two, in is division The (above), ceques Kay .CONCLUSIONS 4. nteAda ol (Zuidema, world Andean the in hr) and (here), Hurin H ADO O NSCIE55 SOCAIRE IN GOD OF HAND THE i.4 h atr oio fSocaire. of horizon eastern The 4. Fig. (down) ceques pacha or hlqe ocn.As,i ak h tr flonger solstice. of winter start the of the after summit marks days it northern Also, day) the volcano. of Bartholomew Chiliques direction (Saint the with 24th aligns the August interesting, on Most volcano. sunrise Ipira the near and the potential horizon between So- a solstices, December of dead. for existence landmarker the the and suggest ancestors observations lar to and left Pular connected cemetery a the ideas triad). for of for (PAH point reference projection horizon the the the constitutes in with extended associated hand is Church. Socaire’s it the of Also orientation of point the been ntecs fM˜iusvlao twudhave would it Miñiques volcano, of case the In i.5 etHn oio Representation. Horizon Hand Left 5. Fig. Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja rsin f“wligi-h-ol”(ily 1994): (Tilley, “dwelling-in-the-world” ex- of as pressions 2011:96-97), (Moyano, landscape of categories system. environment, calendar the a as of to such thanks rhythms reproduction, with social synchronization and as well space as of generation representation collective ( time a is system mayku f“ovd”o offering), or “convido” of adcp ne h tn-aeoisof local ethno-categories the the of under appropriations landscape symbolic and physical of ceques. Bo- 42 of or highlands the 41 in with Paria de livia Soras of case this and R´ıo the (2005), Del Peine was to both According integrating directions. system Socaire dual a by pleted ldd1 onan nec ieto Gee 1996). missing in- (Grebe, The direction who each in Lau- Socaire) mountains of by 15 cluded specialist delivered (ritual information Tejerina on reano (lines based directions 40 vision), or 30 of to close were there that lieve r ru)rltdt h ubrof number the north- to the related for 12 group) and ern group southern the for (15 tions days. 41 100, and 17, 50 39, 23(+2), in- 30(+2), 38, that 23, system of sub-periods a intocorporated in divided judges), (water was Live- and October-March distributor) year the (water The April-September of halves, two John-Marking 21st-24th). Saint (Jun Cross stock and Holy 3rd), phase, 1st), 4th), (May Moon (May (December to Harvest according February-March), Barbara date (movable Saint Carnival (Oc- 24-26th), channels irrigation tober of cleansing leadership), of (Saint (change 1st 24th 30th-October August September (sowing), Bartholomew), 1st dates August of which follows: adjustment as festivities, and management catholic the regulates and Prehispanic cludes 56 • • • • hs esgetteeitneo h following the of existence the suggest we Thus, ebleeta oar a ul sn system a using built was Socaire that believe We vntog ate 18)rgsee 7direc- 27 registered (1986) Barthel though Even in- that system calendar lunisolar a propose We h eih(niznt) aeilzdb a the by represented which materialized rock), (vertical (anti-zenith): gnomon zenith human The left Miñiques) Lausa, (PAH-Triad). a (Tumisa, and Ipira, mountains by Chiliques, visible the represented in hand horizon: The places. more from or landscape one through projected as “convido” of understood Paths: h lc:rpeetdb h eeoilcenter the ceremonial and the by represented place: The pacha muti netr.I te od,this words, other In ancestor). (mountain htpooe giutrlrsuc re- resource agricultural promotes that ) huaca ceques fCiius(bevto points). (observation Chiliques of nBrhlsls ol ecom- be could list Barthel’s in huaca ceques sce lc) and place), (sacred rvso lines vision or ceques ceque ebe- we , (lines MOYANO ´ ˜ e,Ptii.19 18] Sbel econom´ıa pre- la “Sobre [1988]. Núñez, 1991 Patricio. volcán “El 2012. Uribe. Carlos and Ricardo Moyano, in astronomy “Sub-tropical 2011. Ricardo. Moyano, Atacameño”. pueblo un “Peine 1954. Grete. Mostny, “Pachamama Mar´ıa. 1978, Görlitz, Ana de Mariscotti field”. social a as sky “The 2011. Stanislaw. Iwaniszewski, astronom´ıa cul- una “Por 2009. Stanislaw. Iwaniszewski, Tradición y “Organización Social, 1992. Blas. Hidalgo, en continuidad de “Patrones 1996. Mar´ıa Ester. Grebe, Ter- “Etnicidad, 2005. Mercedes. las R´ıo, Mar´ıa de Del ubicuidad “Posible 2008. Patricio. Bustamante, de- objetos los de “Inventario 2001. Antonio. Beorchia, pri- de festival el y agua “El [1957]. 1986 Tomas. Barthel, eAqelgı,Snig:201-210. Arqueolog´ıa, Chilena XI Santiago: de del Sociedad Arqueolog´ıa Actas Chilena, de Chile”. Congreso de Norte Socaire. hispánica de Atacameños43:187-208. Estudios Chile”. de comunidad norte una atacameña de del ‘morar-en-el-mundo’ el y Chiliques Univer- 93-105. Cambridge Press: (Ed.). sity Ruggles C.L.N. between Cultures, Bridges Archaeoastron- Ata- Building 278 Ethnoastronomy: Socaire, IAUS and omy in In Chile”. system northern ceque cama, the Andes: southern Chile. de Filosof´ıa, Geograf´ıa, Universidad Facul- de de tad Instituto del 4 Publicación No. Verlag. Mann Berl´ın, Gebr. 8. Indiana Tierra”, Santa 30-37. Press: University Cambridge (Ed.). Ethnoastron- Rug- gles C.L.N. and Cultures, between Archaeoastronomy Bridges Building omy: 278 IAUS In 20:23-37. Complutum renovada”. tural Atacameña”. Chile. of Aldea University Thesis, Una Undergraduate Socaire, en Aculturación 205-220. Taip- Bolivia: Arte Paz, y La Arquitectura inquiri, Cultura, Cosmovisión de an- los Centro naturaleza. a dina”. la vinculados esp´ıritus de cultos y y astros creencias andino: mundo el La XVII”. y al- XVI Siglos IEB/IFEA/ASDI. los Paz, de Soras Tradición los de y Andes. entre los Cambio en Colonialismo Rupestreweb: sacralización y parei- ritorialidad paisaje”. proba- la triada del 2015. May, accessed de elementos http://www.rupestreweb.info/triada.html, la como origen gunos ble de dolia–apofenia–hierofan´ıa, espacio–temporal altura”. de ind´ıgenas adoratorios 6:281-214. CIADAM los en scubiertos 1-19. (XVIII): atacameños”. 28 los Allpanchis entre mavera rvdr fwtradri nteana cal- annual as the in mountains rain and other endar. water of and providers volcano Chiliques REFERENCES Cantos de Mesoamérica (Mexico City, 10-13 November 2009) Editors: José Daniel Flores Gutiérrez & Rosalba Nieto Calleja ily hitpe.19.“ hnmnlg fLand- of Phenomenology “A 1994. Christopher. 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