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This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Ituarte, Lia S Title: Exploring differential erosion patterns using volcanic edifices as a proxy in South America General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. ID Sample.ID Unit.sampled Unit.filter IAVCEI.ID Volcano.ID.Number Volcano.Name 115 -99 NP Volcano and eruption 355806 355806 Anallajsi, Nevado 130 -99 NP Volcano and eruption 355818 355818 Cerro Cariquima 164 -99 NP Volcano 355832 355832 Cerro del Leon 238 -99 NP Volcano 352021 352021 Atacazo 298 -99 NP Volcano 355112 355112 Cerro Escorial 315 -99 NP Volcano 355832 355832 Cerro del Leon 316 -99 NP Volcano 357110 357110 Llaima 334 -99 NP Volcano 354010 354010 El Misti 366 -99 NP Volcano 351020 351020 Nevado del Ruiz 375 -99 NP Volcano 354031 354031 Ticsani 386 -99 NP Volcano 355150 355150 Cerro Tuzgle 390 -99 NP Volcano 354020 354020 Ubinas 474 -99 NP Volcano 354007 354007 Nevado Chachani 1653 -99 NP Volcano 355012 355012 Parinacota 1705 -99 NP Volcano -99 -99 Aracar Volcano 1748 1 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Santo Tomas 1749 2 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1750 3 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Llehuecclla 1751 4 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1752 5 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1753 6 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Ajochupa 1754 7 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Cristalniyocc 1755 8 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1756 9 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1757 10 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huarajuyo 1758 11 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1759 12 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huaracco 1760 13 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Antapuccro 1761 14 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Quichcasora 1762 15 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Carahuaraso 1763 16 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn ID Sample.ID Unit.sampled Unit.filter IAVCEI.ID Volcano.ID.Number Volcano.Name 1764 17 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1765 18 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado P. de Pesjapuquio 1766 19 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1767 20 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1768 21 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1769 22 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Balcon 1770 23 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1771 24 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Alco Loma 1772 25 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1773 26 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1774 27 NP Volcano -99 -99 Pampa Galeras Caldera 1775 28 NP Volcano -99 -99 Pampa Parccalsuyog 1776 29 NP Volcano -99 -99 Pampa Guiapampa 1777 30 NP Volcano -99 -99 Pampa 1778 31 NP Volcano -99 -99 Pampa 1779 32 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Pumahuiri 1780 33 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1781 34 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1782 35 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1783 36 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1784 37 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1785 38 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1786 39 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Condor Sayana 1787 40 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huallaja 1788 41 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Ticllaccahua 1789 42 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huagra 1790 43 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Antapuna 1791 44 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1792 45 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1793 46 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Firura 1794 47 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Soncco Orcco ID Sample.ID Unit.sampled Unit.filter IAVCEI.ID Volcano.ID.Number Volcano.Name 1795 48 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Cosana 1796 49 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Jahsaya 1797 50 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huaychahuaque 1798 51 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1799 52 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Chuquihua 1800 53 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1801 54 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Lomas Jochane 1802 55 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Sara Sara 1803 56 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Tirane 1804 57 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Antapuna 1805 58 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Sani 1806 59 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1807 60 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Solimana 1808 61 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1809 62 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Puca Majuras 1810 63 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Quello Apacheta 1811 64 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1812 65 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1813 66 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1814 67 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1815 68 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Pumaranra 1816 69 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1817 70 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Coropuna (1) 1818 71 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1819 72 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1820 73 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Hualca Hualca 1821 74 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1822 75 NP Volcano -99 -99 Volcano Sabancaya (2) 1823 76 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Ananita 1824 77 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1825 78 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Ampato ID Sample.ID Unit.sampled Unit.filter IAVCEI.ID Volcano.ID.Number Volcano.Name 1826 79 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1827 80 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1828 81 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Colquerane 1829 82 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Calcha 1830 83 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Hualcullani 1831 84 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Antasaya 1832 85 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Bangarane 1833 86 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1834 87 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1835 88 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Nocarane 1836 89 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1837 91 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro la Horqueta 1838 92 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Condori 1839 93 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Choquepata 1840 94 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Pucara 1841 95 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Pampa de Palacio 1842 96 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1843 97 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1844 98 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Cana Canari 1845 99 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Tacune 1846 101 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Ccapia 1847 102 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Camata 1848 104 NP Volcano -99 -99 Volcano 1849 105 NP Volcano -99 -99 Volcano 1850 106 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Horquetilla 1851 107 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Bencasa 1852 108 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huertasora 1853 109 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1854 110 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1855 111 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Larelare 1856 112 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Creston Gr. ID Sample.ID Unit.sampled Unit.filter IAVCEI.ID Volcano.ID.Number Volcano.Name 1857 113 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Jaquela 1858 114 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Caamani 1859 115 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Cruzane 1860 116 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Antajarane 1861 117 NP Volcano -99 -99 C.S.F. Patakena 1862 118 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Ccallanave 1863 119 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Curahuara 1864 120 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Condoriquena 1865 121 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Quiroja 1866 122 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1867 124 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Ampato (UNK) 1868 125 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Mullijalla 1869 126 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro San Francisco de Cachapaque 1870 127 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Toto Bravo 1871 128 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Buena Vista 1872 129 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Aconcahua 1873 130 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Quesllampo 1874 131 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Pacchiauque 1875 132 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Vizcachas 1876 133 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1877 134 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Caurapequena 1878 135 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro San Francisco de Pinon 1879 136 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Zaparani 1880 137 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Camillata 1881 138 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huallatauqui 1882 139 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro San Francisco de Orcovara 1883 140 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Mesacalene 1884 141 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Antajave 1885 142 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Lluma 1886 143 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Minasa 1887 144 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huajanane ID Sample.ID Unit.sampled Unit.filter IAVCEI.ID Volcano.ID.Number Volcano.Name 1888 145 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Yaurara 1889 146 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Pantiuso 1890 147 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1891 148 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Huaranhuarani 1892 149 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Urjanco 1893 150 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Sallajaque 1894 151 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Toro 1895 152 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado Arundane 1896 153 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1897 154 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nevado UnknoWn 1898 155 NP Volcano -99 -99 Volcano Tutupaca (6) 1899 156 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Chuchuaura 1900 157 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Llallahua 1901 158 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Toccoraque 1902 159 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Suri 1903 160 NP Volcano -99 -99 NP 1904 161 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Ichurasi 1905 162 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Ninacara 1906 163 NP Volcano -99 -99 Cerro Surichico 1907 164 NP Volcano -99 -99 Nov.
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  • Effects of Volcanism, Crustal Thickness, and Large Scale Faulting on the He Isotope Signatures of Geothermal Systems in Chile

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    PROCEEDINGS, Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 11-13, 2013 SGP-TR-198 EFFECTS OF VOLCANISM, CRUSTAL THICKNESS, AND LARGE SCALE FAULTING ON THE HE ISOTOPE SIGNATURES OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS IN CHILE Patrick F. DOBSON1, B. Mack KENNEDY1, Martin REICH2, Pablo SANCHEZ2, and Diego MORATA2 1Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA 2Departamento de Geología y Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CHILE [email protected] agree with previously published results for the ABSTRACT Chilean Andes. The Chilean cordillera provides a unique geologic INTRODUCTION setting to evaluate the influence of volcanism, crustal thickness, and large scale faulting on fluid Measurement of 3He/4He in geothermal water and gas geochemistry in geothermal systems. In the Central samples has been used to guide geothermal Volcanic Zone (CVZ) of the Andes in the northern exploration efforts (e.g., Torgersen and Jenkins, part of Chile, the continental crust is quite thick (50- 1982; Welhan et al., 1988) Elevated 3He/4He ratios 70 km) and old (Mesozoic to Paleozoic), whereas the (R/Ra values greater than ~0.1) have been interpreted Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) in central Chile has to indicate a mantle influence on the He isotopic thinner (60-40 km) and younger (Cenozoic to composition, and may indicate that igneous intrusions Mesozoic) crust. In the SVZ, the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault provide the primary heat source for the associated System, a major intra-arc transpressional dextral geothermal fluids. Studies of helium isotope strike-slip fault system which controls the magmatic compositions of geothermal fluids collected from activity from 38°S to 47°S, provides the opportunity wells, hot springs and fumaroles within the Basin and to evaluate the effects of regional faulting on Range province of the western US (Kennedy and van geothermal fluid chemistry.
  • The South American Indian As a Pioneer Alpinist

    The South American Indian As a Pioneer Alpinist

    TI-lE SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN AS A PIONEER ALPINIST 81 THE SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN AS A PIONEER ALPINIST BY EVELIO ECHEVARRfA C. ECENTL Y it has become kno\vn that a number of very high Andean mountain tops had not only been ascended but also permanently occupied by the Indians, possibly as much as three centuries before de Saussure's ascent of Mont Blanc. They climbed peaks of up to 22,ooo ft., they constructed shelters on or near their tops, and they used the high places as watch-towers or as sacrificial shrines. Some authorities believe that this activity took place as early as the late four­ teenth century, though we cannot prove that some of it did not take place long after, possibly as late as the nineteenth century. These Indian accomplishments have been left unmentioned in practi­ cally all mountaineering history books. In this article, which may be the first to attempt a comprehensive survey,1 my purpose is to review briefly the location and the nature of each discovery. The area in which these Indian mountain ascents took place is what in physical geography is known as the Atacama desert (although this name is nowadays used in political and cultural geography for a much more restricted area). It is a treeless, sandy and volcanic waste-land seldom visited by mountaineers. It stretches from the neighbourhood of Arequipa, in Peru, as far south as Elqui in Chile; to the east it reaches the Andean slopes that face the jungles of Argentina and Bolivia, and to the west, the Pacific Ocean.