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A Geo-Referenced Visual Guide to 70 Chilean Volcanoes Photography by Gerard Prins Mission Impossible Corcovado Volcano (P

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A Geo-Referenced Visual Guide to 70 Chilean Volcanoes Photography by Gerard Prins Mission Impossible Corcovado Volcano (P Land of the living Mountains A geo-referenced visual guide to 70 Chilean volcanoes Photography by Gerard Prins Mission Impossible Corcovado volcano (p. 98) Ever since, in 1990, I laid eyes on “my first volcano” – Vol- that will likely take the rest of my life and still be grossly in- Additional handicaps are that I’m no mountaineer nor an ex- cán Villarrica in the Chilean South – I have been impressed by complete. pert by any measure and, thus, constantly fear to be wrong. their beauty as well as by the imposing forces that lie behind Especially because even detailed maps of the Chilean In- their creation, and have, willingly or unwillingly, pointed In the process, I have picked up some passing knowledge stituto Geográfico Militar – or Google Earth for that mat- my camera at them over and again. on geology and volcanism. However, “passing” is the opera- ter – provide precious little info on mountain names and Unwillingly, because in a country that is part of the Pacific tive word here, which is why I am relying on shameless (but locations. Ring of Fire and counts with over 600 volcanic phenomena, often edited) copy/paste from the Global Volcanism Program Moreover, I have been chasing the González-Ferrán Chil- it is virtually impossible to look towards the Andes Cordill- Web site to textually accompany the images, and generate at ean volcano “Bible” for the last ten years or so, to no avail. era and not capture something that is somehow related with least some sort of context. Still, I hope this document will be a source of entertain- the incessant subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South Although this presentation visually documents roughly ment and reason enough for travellers to either get a good tour American- and Antarctica Plates. 70 Chilean volcanoes, only a fraction of the country’s geo- guide or ask for a window seat to contemplate the remark- Willingly, because about twenty years ago I realized that, graphic wealth and slightly over half of those recognized by able geological phenomena of the 4.270 km of the central while written documentation of their existence is rather ex- the Smithsonian Institution, quite a few images are not up to southern Andes Cordillera contained within that skinny tensive, even though not exhaustive, visual documentation to par technically – especially the aerials – which is a mere strip of territory called Chile. is, photographically speaking, “good-willing” at best. reminder of the task pending. Which is why since I made it my mission to visually doc- That said, in some cases aerials are the only way to docu- While my visual documentation of these living mountains ument Chilean “Living Mountains”, wherever I walked, ment certain mountains, because they are virtually inacces- is as abundant on some as scarce on others, funny as it may drove or flew. sible by any other means; most notably the volcanoes of the seem, the – active – Villarrica volcano is still conspicuously Even though the mission is to photograph only those vol- southern Chilean archipelago, but also some that are hidden absent in the collection. canoes catalogued as such by the Smithsonian Institution’s deep inside the Andes Cordillera, such as Haliaque (p. 93), Global Volcanism Program, this is already a Herculean task which is very hard to visualize even from the air. Enjoy! Northern Chile From the Nevados de Putre to volcán Copiapó Tacora Deslinde Cordón de Puntas Negras Nevados de Putre - Taapaca Tatio Miñiques Nevados de Paya Chata - Parinacota Cerro La Torta Tujle Maar Nevados de Quimsa Chata Cerros de Tocorpuri Tuyac to Guallatiri Putana Caichinique Isluga Colorado El Negrillar Irruputuncu Curiquinca Cerros Pular - Pajonales Olca-Paruma Escalante (Apagado) Socompa Miño Ojos del Toro Llullaillaco Aucanchilca Azufrera Saciel Cerro Escorial Ollagüe Saire Cábur Lastarria Cerro del Azufre Lican Cabur Cordón del Azufre Pabellón (Chanca) Juriques Cerro Bayo complex Aguilucho Guayaques complex Sierra Nevada complex San Pedro & San Pablo Puricó complex Falso Azufre complex Incaliri Colachi Nevado de Incahuasi Paniri Laguna Verde Tres Cruces Apagado Norte Acamarachi El Solo Cerro del León Aguas Calientes Nevadas Ojos del Salado Toconce Lascar Copiapó Linzor Chiliques Geyseres del Tatio Miscanti Nevados de Putre, volcán Taapacá. 18.08ºS 69.43ºW Nevados de Paya Chata, volcán Parinacota 18.17ºS 69.15ºW The Parinacota volcano is the southernmost and youngest Holocene eruptive activity has subsequently reconstruct- of a pair forming the Nevados de Payachata (Ayamara: Two ed the Parinacota stratovolcano, which contains a pristine, sisters) volcanic group along the Chilean-Bolivian border. 300-m-wide summit crater and youthful lava flows on the The symmetrical, 6.348 m. Parinacota (Flamigo Lake) western flanks. Taapacá complex volcano (5.861 m picture right) is part E-W, with Taapacá located on the eastern side and Nevados A lava flow from the youngest eruptive phase was Ar-Ar volcano forms a twin volcano with the dominantly Pleis- Although no historical eruptions are known from Pari- of the Nevados de Putre volcanic chain, which towers to the de Putre itself on the west. The town of Putre is built on top dated at about 38.000 years (Wörner et al., 2000). tocene, 6.222 m. Pomerape volcano, which towers above a nacota, Helium surface-exposure dates have been obtained NE over the northern Chilean of town of Putre. of debris-avalanche deposits from Taapacá. The Nevados de Putre volcanic center to the WSW also low saddle to the NE. for eruptions during the past two thousand years, both from The elongated volcanic massif consists of a dacitic lava- Taapacá was considered to be of probable Holocene age displays vigorous hot springs and solfataras. Collapse of Parinacota less than 8.000 years ago produced the main cone and the Ajata group of satellite cones and lava dome complex. and contains hot springs and sulfur deposits that were mined a 6 cu km debris avalanche that traveled 22 km. to the west flows on the south and SW flanks. It overlies Pleistocene ignimbrite deposits and trends roughly from 1933 to 1956 (González-Ferrán, 1974, 1995). and blocked drainages, forming Lake Chungará. Nevados de Quimsa Chata and volcán Guallatiri Nevados de Quimsa Chata. 18.37°S 69.05°W Volcán Guallatiri (active). 18.72ºS 69.14ºW Volcán Acotango, along with Volcán Humarata to the north high Humarata (L), and 5.990-m-high Cerro Capurata (R) Humarata, with a summit crater breached to the ESE, Guallatiri , one of northern Chile’s most active volcanoes, complex, with the active vent situated at its southern side. Intense fumarolic activity with “jet-like” noises continues, and Cerro Capurata to the south, comprises the Nevados de they straddle the Chile-Bolivia boundary along a roughly and Capurata, a complex of lava domes and associated py- is a symmetrical ice-clad stratovolcano that lies at the SW end Thick lava flows are prominent on the lower northern and and numerous solfataras extend more than 300 m down the Quimsachata volcanic group, Quimsachata meaning Three N-S line. roclastic-flow deposits, may also have been active during of the Nevados de Quimsachata volcanic group. western flanks of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic volcano. west flank. in the Andean Aymara language. Acotango is in a fairly advanced stage of dissection, but the Holocene. The 6.071-m-high Guallatiri lies just west of the border Minor explosive eruptions have been reported from Gual- The 6.052-m-high Acotango stratovolcano is the central a morphologically youthful lava flow on its northern flank with Bolivia and is capped by a central dacitic dome or lava latiri since the beginning of the 19th. Century. and highest of three stratovolcanoes; together with 5.730-m- suggests Holocene activity (de Silva and Francis, 1991). Cerro Paniri. 21.08ºS 68.25ºW Cerro Paniri is a complex stratovolcano located about 30 olitic ignimbritic fields and voluminous domes of dacitic-to- Between Paniri and Cerro de León, 13.5 km to the SE, km SE of San Pedro volcano and forms, together with Cerro rhyolitic composition (de Silva, 1989). lies the gigantic Chao lava dome. de León and Cerro Toconce, part of the 65 km-long San The summit of 5.946-m-high Paniri contains three The age of andesitic-to-dacitic Paniri was considered to Pedro-Linzor volcanic chain. craters separated by about 4 km, along a NW-SE trend. be Pleistocene-Holocene (González-Ferrán, 1995). This chain is characterized by extensive rhyodacitic-to-rhy- Cerro Paniri Cerro de León Cerro Toconce Vn. San Pedro Chao lava dome Cerro del León, cerro Toconce. 21.08ºS 68.25ºW Cerro del León (L) is a 5.760-m-high andesitic stratovol- The massive Chao lava dome and flow is the world’s larg- 1991). The eruption of less than 1 cu km of dacitic pyroclastic cano which lies immediately north of the Toconce compos- est of its type. The 14.5-km-long dacitic lava flow has dis- flows preceded the initial lava extrusion, which formed the ite volcano (5.435 m). González-Ferrán (1995) considered El tal margins that are 350-400 m high and features dramatic 22 cu km compound main flow. León to be of Pleistocene-Holocene age. 30-m-high flow ridges on its surface. Eruption of a small amount of rhyolitic airfall and growth The volcano is flanked by two massive dacitic lava domes, The age of the flows was considered to be post-glacial of a pumice cone was followed by effusion of the final 3 cu 2,6 cu km Chillahuita to the SE and 26 cu km Chao to the (Guest 1981, pers. comm.), but Argon-Argon dates indicate km of lava.
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