DOCSLIB.ORG

Arzilli Unexpected Calbuco 2019

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arzilli Unexpected Calbuco 2019 The University of Manchester Research The unexpected explosive sub-Plinian eruption of Calbuco volcano (22–23 April 2015; southern Chile): Triggering mechanism implications DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.006 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Arzilli, F., Morgavi, D., Petrelli, M., Polacci, M., Burton, M., Di Genova, D., Spina, L., La Spina, G., Hartley, M. E., Romero, J. E., Fellowes, J., Diaz-alvarado, J., & Perugini, D. (2019). The unexpected explosive sub-Plinian eruption of Calbuco volcano (22–23 April 2015; southern Chile): Triggering mechanism implications. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 378, 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.006 Published in: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:10. Oct. 2021 Accepted Manuscript The unexpected explosive sub-Plinian eruption of Calbuco volcano (22–23 April 2015; southern Chile): Triggering mechanism implications Fabio Arzilli, Daniele Morgavi, Maurizio Petrelli, Margherita Polacci, Mike Burton, Danilo Di Genova, Laura Spina, Giuseppe La Spina, Margaret E. Hartley, Jorge E. Romero, Jonathan Fellowes, Juan Diaz-Alvarado, Diego Perugini PII: S0377-0273(18)30560-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.006 Reference: VOLGEO 6593 To appear in: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research Received date: 12 December 2018 Revised date: 5 April 2019 Accepted date: 9 April 2019 Please cite this article as: F. Arzilli, D. Morgavi, M. Petrelli, et al., The unexpected explosive sub-Plinian eruption of Calbuco volcano (22–23 April 2015; southern Chile): Triggering mechanism implications, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.006 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT The unexpected explosive sub-Plinian eruption of Calbuco volcano (22–23 April 2015; southern Chile): triggering mechanism implications Fabio Arzillia*, Daniele Morgavib, Maurizio Petrellib, Margherita Polaccia, Mike Burtona, Danilo Di Genovac, Laura Spinad, Giuseppe La Spinaa, Margaret E. Hartleya, Jorge E. Romeroe, Jonathan Fellowesa, Juan Diaz-Alvaradoe and Diego Peruginib aSchool of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK bDepartment of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Piazza dell'Università, 06123 Perugia, Italy cInstitute of Non-Metallic Materials, Clausthal University of Technology, Zehntner Str. 2a, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany dIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy eDepartamento de , Universidad de Atacama, Av. , Chile *Corresponding author: Dr. Fabio Arzilli Corresponding author present affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT E-mail address: [email protected] Phone: +393298429732; +447904104670 Keywords: Calbuco; Sub-Plinian eruption; Internal trigger; Crystallisation; Volcanic hazard 1 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Abstract Plinian-type eruptions are extremely hazardous, producing pyroclastic fallout and flows extending many kilometres from the vent. The most commonly invoked eruption trigger for Plinian-type eruptions is the intrusion of fresh magma, generally associated with precursory ground deformation and seismicity days/weeks before eruption. Closed-system internal triggering has also been proposed, such as protracted crystallisation of magma, which can produce a build-up of exsolved volatiles and thus pressurise the system prior to eruption. On 22-23 April 2015 Calbuco volcano, Chile, produced a sub-Plinian eruption with <3 hours seismic precursory activity and no clear deformation signals in the preceding months. Here, we show that petrological and geochemical evidence do not support a hypothesis of eruption triggering due to pre-eruptive intrusion of fresh magma, but instead are consistent with an internal trigger. We found that basaltic andesitic magma was stored at depths between 8 and 12 km (i.e. 230-320 MPa) beneath Calbuco volcano before the 2015 eruption. The stored magma had an initial temperature of 900-950 °C, was water-saturated (5.5-6.5 wt.% H2O) and formed phenocrysts of titanomagnetite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase cores (An78-93). Gradual cooling of the magma chamber produced thermal gradients and magma convection, evidenced by plagioclase overgrowth rims (An58-77) and blocky microlites (25-250 µm). Our interpretation is that this continuing crystallisation induced second boiling and an over- pressurisation of the system, leading to the rapid onset of the 2015 eruption. Petrological and geochemical evidence therefore shows that a closed-system magma chamber can evolve into a ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT highly explosive eruption with very little precursory warning, posing a challenge for current volcano monitoring paradigms. We propose that internal triggering should be carefully considered as a mechanism for unexpected sub-Plinian eruptions, prompting a potential revision of existing hazard management strategies. 2 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1. Introduction Plinian-type eruptions are the largest explosive volcanic events in terms of their mass discharge rate (intensity) and erupted magma volume (magnitude) (Walker, 1980). The temporal recurrence of sub-Plinian eruptions (0.1 – 1.0 km3 ejecta volume, >10 km plume height) is about every year on Earth, while Plinian eruptions (1.0 – 10.0 km3 ejecta volume, >20 km plume height) occur about every decade, and therefore together they produce significant volcanic hazards (Newhall and Self, 1982). The explosivity of Plinian-type eruptions generally requires volatile-rich and high viscosity magmas. Usually, these types of eruptions are associated with evolved calc-alkaline (andesite to rhyolite; Castro and Dingwell, 2009; Castro et al., 2013) and alkaline (trachyte to phonolite; Signorelli et al., 1999) magmas, although there are some rare exceptions of basaltic Plinian eruptions (e.g. Houghton et al., 2004; Walker et al., 1984). The triggering mechanisms for large explosive eruptions are difficult to constrain and are the subject of considerable debate (Caricchi et al., 2014; Malfait et al., 2014; Gregg et al., 2015; Gudmundsson, 2016). These can be broadly grouped into five overlapping categories: (i) Injection of volatile-rich magmas into a more evolved magma chamber, which is the most commonly invoked triggering mechanism (Blake, 1981; Williams and Self, 1983; Walker et al., 1984; Pallister et al., 1992; de Silva et al., 2008; Sigmundsson et al., 2010; Wehrmann et al., 2016; Cassidy et al., 2016); (ii) Magma mixing following mafic magma injection (Sparks et al., 1977; Leonard et al., 2002; Stock et al., 2012; Macías et al., 2017); (iii) generation of ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT overpressure due exsolution of volatiles via second boiling due to protracted crystallisation (Stock et al., 2016; Tramontano et al., 2017); (iv) perturbation of magmatic reservoirs close to a critical state by tectonic earthquakes (Linde and Sacks, 1998); (v) sector collapse of a volcanic edifice (e.g. Mount St Helens in 1980; Lipman and Mullineaux, 1981). 3 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Most volcanic eruptions are preceded by a period of volcanic unrest, marked by particular patterns of seismicity, gas emission, and ground deformation providing opportunities for eruption forecasting (Gorshkov and Dubik, 1970; Chouet et al., 1994; Chouet, 1996; Harlow et al., 1991; Sigmundsson et al., 2010; Aiuppa et al., 2010; Tarasewicz et al., 2014; White and McCausland, 2016; Riveira et al., 2017). The alert period for most eruptions is measured in weeks to months, where an increase in seismic activity may signal a greater likelihood of an eruption. The alert period can be as short as a few hours before eruption onset, leaving insufficient time to draw up actions for minimizing volcanic risk (Castro et al., 2013). Improved knowledge of the pre-eruptive conditions and triggering mechanisms of Plinian- type events is of paramount importance for volcanologists to provide better short-term forecasts of eruption onset and hence mitigate hazardous situations (Sparks,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chronology and Impact of the 2011 Cordón Caulle Eruption, Chile
    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 675–704, 2016 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/16/675/2016/ doi:10.5194/nhess-16-675-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Chronology and impact of the 2011 Cordón Caulle eruption, Chile Manuela Elissondo1, Valérie Baumann1, Costanza Bonadonna2, Marco Pistolesi3, Raffaello Cioni3, Antonella Bertagnini4, Sébastien Biass2, Juan-Carlos Herrero1, and Rafael Gonzalez1 1Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina 2Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 3Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia 4Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Pisa, Italia Correspondence to: Costanza Bonadonna ([email protected]) Received: 7 July 2015 – Published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 8 September 2015 Accepted: 29 January 2016 – Published: 10 March 2016 Abstract. We present a detailed chronological reconstruction 1 Introduction of the 2011 eruption of the Cordón Caulle volcano (Chile) based on information derived from newspapers, scientific re- Recent volcanic crises (e.g. Chaitén 2008, Cordón Caulle ports and satellite images. Chronology of associated volcanic 2011 and Calbuco 2015, Chile; Eyjafjallajökull 2010, Ice- processes and their local and regional effects (i.e. precursory land) clearly demonstrated that even small–moderate to sub- activity, tephra fallout, lahars, pyroclastic density currents, plinian eruptions, particularly if long-lasting, can paralyze lava flows) are also presented. The eruption had a severe entire sectors of societies with a significant economic im- impact on the ecosystem and on various economic sectors, pact. The increasing complexity of the impact of eruptions on including aviation, tourism, agriculture and fishing industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Cantidades De Votantes Por Grupos Etarios En Cada Sexo Por Comuna Y
    CANTIDADES DE VOTANTES POR GRUPOS ETARIOS Página 1 de 25 EN CADA SEXO POR COMUNA Y TOTALES DEL PAIS ELECCIONES MUNICIPALES 23 DE OCTUBRE DE 2016 Comuna Sexo [ 18 - 19 ][ 20 - 24 ][ 25 - 29 ][ 30 - 34 ][ 35 - 39 ][ 40 - 44 ][ 45 - 49 ][ 50 - 54 ][ 55 - 59 ][ 60 - 64 ][ 65 - 69 ][ 70 - 74 ][ 75 - 79 ] [ 80 + ] Total REGION DE TARAPACA ALTO HOSPICIO M 242 693 766 742 748 824 988 1.030 770 591 376 243 138 76 8.227 ALTO HOSPICIO V 181 435 549 462 494 544 648 769 636 512 379 181 87 58 5.935 Total ALTO HOSPICIO T 423 1.128 1.315 1.204 1.242 1.368 1.636 1.799 1.406 1.103 755 424 225 134 14.162 CAMIÑA M 34 86 88 63 77 89 96 87 76 63 55 24 33 19 890 CAMIÑA V 22 62 69 65 65 75 66 75 80 66 37 32 22 36 772 Total CAMIÑA T 56 148 157 128 142 164 162 162 156 129 92 56 55 55 1.662 COLCHANE M 54 149 156 128 153 106 88 72 41 47 38 31 16 19 1.098 COLCHANE V 49 120 128 132 130 108 86 60 45 48 50 33 32 21 1.042 Total COLCHANE T 103 269 284 260 283 214 174 132 86 95 88 64 48 40 2.140 HUARA M 26 84 103 116 112 129 128 142 117 108 78 46 33 47 1.269 HUARA V 20 82 77 102 111 93 110 108 127 99 86 63 35 50 1.163 Total HUARA T 46 166 180 218 223 222 238 250 244 207 164 109 68 97 2.432 IQUIQUE M 535 1.262 1.649 2.022 2.174 2.245 2.295 2.621 2.669 2.470 1.814 1.295 778 704 24.533 IQUIQUE V 418 1.000 1.378 1.826 1.939 2.226 2.116 2.307 2.501 2.411 1.742 1.215 655 548 22.282 Total IQUIQUE T 953 2.262 3.027 3.848 4.113 4.471 4.411 4.928 5.170 4.881 3.556 2.510 1.433 1.252 46.815 PICA M 32 113 144 140 121 149 169 145 160 134 136 81 77 68 1.669 PICA V 48 93 116 128 118 108
    [Show full text]
  • Relationship Between Static Stress Change and Volcanism. How and If Tectonic Earthquake Could Influence Volcanic Activity
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2014 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC STRESS CHANGE AND VOLCANISM. HOW AND IF TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE COULD INFLUENCE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. EXAMPLE OF EL REVENTADOR VOLCANO, ECUADOR Daniele Alami Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Geology Commons, and the Volcanology Commons Copyright 2014 Daniele Alami Recommended Citation Alami, Daniele, "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC STRESS CHANGE AND VOLCANISM. HOW AND IF TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE COULD INFLUENCE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. EXAMPLE OF EL REVENTADOR VOLCANO, ECUADOR", Master's report, Michigan Technological University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/770 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Geology Commons, and the Volcanology Commons RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC STRESS CHANGE AND VOLCANISM. HOW AND IF TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE COULD INFLUENCE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. EXAMPLE OF EL REVENTADOR VOLCANO, ECUADOR. By Daniele Alami A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Geology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Daniele Alami This report has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology Department of Geological & Mining Engineering & Sciences Report Co-Advisor: Gregory P.Waite Report Co-Advisor: Alessandro Tibaldi Committee Member: Simon Carn Department Chair: John Gierke 1 2 L'infinito non esiste, è solo un numero grande, e l'unico vero cuore è al centro della Terra. Vai davanti a un vulcano e poi dimmi, come ti senti? (Filippo Timi) 3 Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Geologiche Relationship between static stress changes and volcanism.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. About Ecuador
    2nd Meeting of the ITU Centres of Excellence (CoE) Steering Committee for the Americas Region From 11 to 12 December 2019 Quito, Ecuador 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. About Ecuador: Ecuador is the second smallest country in South America. Nevertheless, it has a diversity of landscapes to explore. The Pacific Coast stretches along the western edge of Ecuador, while the Highlands or the "Sierra" is centralized in the country, stretching all the way from the North to the South. The East is mainly composed of Amazonian rainforest; and, the "Island Region" contains the Galapagos Islands, volcanic islands located in the Pacific Ocean about 960 kilometres from the Ecuadorian coast. The unique wildlife located in the archipelago inspired the British naturalist Charles Darwin in the development of the theory of evolution. Due to the proximity of the country with the Equator and its geographic diversity, Ecuador is an ideal destination for lovers of nature, orchids and exotic birds and jungle plants, strange insects, wastelands hit by the wind, tropical forests and intrepid animals. Due to the proximity of the country with the Equator and its geographic diversity, Ecuador is an ideal destination for nature lovers, with orchids and exotic birds, jungle plants and strange insects, moorlands hit by the wind, tropical forests and intrepid animals. In addition to the natural richness, Ecuador has a recognized cultural heritage deriving mainly from the traditions and history of their diverse peoples and nationalities, an integral part of this Andean country. As a result of its small size (256.370 square kilometres), all its regions can be easily visited in a short period of time.
    [Show full text]
  • ECUADOR's FORGOTTEN VOLCANO the Eruption
    Desastes en la Región ECUADOR’S FORGOTTEN VOLCANO The Eruption of Reventador Ecuador, one of the countries with the largest number of active volcanoes in the world, awoke on Sunday 3 November to a volcanic emergency. Since not enough funds are available to monitor all volcanoes, the Geophysical Institute of the National Polytechnic School— the body in charge of such surveillance— had not been paying too much attention to Reventador volcano, located 95 Km East of Quito, in the province of Napo, which had lain dormant for 26 years. Such was not the case that morning, though, as violent explosions flung gases, pyroclastic flows and large amounts of ash that reached an altitude of 16 Km. Residents of nearby communities in Napo and Sucumbíos provinces, frightened by the magnitude of the eruption, fled the area. “On Sunday we left in a hurry as soon as we saw that the mountain was starting to spit fire,” said a cattleman from the Chaco, the area nearest the volcano. The lava flows followed the course of Maker River, on the volcano’s slopes, and caused several landslides that cut off the main highway between Quito and Lago Agrio, the capital of Sucumbíos. Easterly winds blowing in the direction of Quito covered everything in their path—fields, rivers, houses, cattle, reservoirs—with dense ash. The population of Oyacachi, one of the most severely affected towns, reported that by 11 in the morning darkness was almost total. The ash reached Quito by 1:30 in the afternoon, wrapping the city in a grey cloud that made it almost impossible to breathe.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanes Cercanos Volcanes Cercanos
    Localidades al interior de un radio de 30 km respecto de volcanes activos Volcanes cercanos Localidad Comuna Provincia Región Olca, Irruputuncu Collaguasi Pica Iquique Tarapacá Taapaca, Parinacota Putre Putre Parinacota Tarapacá Callaqui, Copahue Ralco Santa Bárbara Bio Bio Bio Bio Nevados de Chillán Recinto Los Lleuques Pinto Ñuble Bio Bio Villarrica, Quetrupillán, Lanín, Sollipulli Curarrehue Curarrehue Cautín La Araucanía Llaima, Sollipulli Mellipeuco Melipeuco Cautín La Araucanía Villarrica, Quetrupillán, Lanín Pucón Pucón Cautín La Araucanía Llaima Cherquenco Vilcún Cautín La Araucanía Villarrica Lican Ray Villarrica Cautín La Araucanía Villarrica Villarrica Villarrica Cautín La Araucanía Llaima, Lonquimay Curacautín Curacautín Malleco La Araucanía Llaima, Lonquimay Lonquimay Lonquimay Malleco La Araucanía Villarrica, Quetrupillán, Lanín, Mocho Coñaripe Panguipulli Valdivia Los Rios Calbuco, Osorno Alerce Puerto Montt Llanquihue Los Lagos Calbuco, Osorno Las Cascadas Puerto Octay Osorno Los Lagos Chaitén, Michinmahuida, Corcovado Chaitén Chaitén Palena Los Lagos Hornopirén, Yate, Apagado, Huequi Rio Negro Hualaihue Palena Los Lagos Localidades al interior de un radio de 50 km respecto de volcanes activos Volcanes cercanos Localidad Comuna Provincia Región Olca, Irruputuncu Collaguasi Pica Iquique Tarapacá Taapaca, Parinacota Putre Putre Parinacota Tarapacá San José San Alfonso San José de Maipo Cordillera Metropolitana San José San José de Maipo San José de Maipo Cordillera Metropolitana Tupungatito La Parva Lo Barnechea Santiago
    [Show full text]
  • Ecuador Volcano
    ECUADOR: VOLCANO 18 October 1999 Information Bulletin N° 02 The Disaster Just two weeks ago, the International Federation issued an Information Bulletin after authorities in Ecuador declared an orange alert regarding increased seismic activity around the Guagua Pichincha volcano. Now, another orange alert has been declared for an even more dangerous volcano, Tungurahua, located 128 km from the capital city, Quito. Of the five active volcanoes in Ecuador - Sumaco, Reventador, Sangay, Guagua Pichincha and Tungurahua - the last two represent a major concern for local authorities, since they could have a direct impact on the population in their vicinity. Tungurahua is classified as a pyroclastic volcano, and eruptions are characterised by violent displacements of rock, ash and lava. According to the head of vulcanology of the Civil Defense, the probability of an eruption is 80%. This means that the country is now threatened by two volcanic situations both of which have a high possibility of eruption within the next two months. In the case of Tungurahua particularly, such an eruption would threaten a number of large towns and many smaller communities. Ecuador’s Geophysics Institute reported on 16 October that over 10,000 of the tourist city of Baños’s 20,000 citizens and their neighbors have been evacuated. The increasing probability of an eruption has been accompanied by permanent changes in the cone of the volcano, and the presence of pyroclastic material, daily emission of ash and mudslides. Further accumulation of lava and mud will create serious risks of larger mudslides. There is already considerable damage to agriculture with some loss of livestock.
    [Show full text]
  • United States-Chile Binational Exchange for Volcanic Risk Reduction, 2015—Activities and Benefits
    Prepared in cooperation with Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcánica del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería de Chile United States-Chile Binational Exchange for Volcanic Risk Reduction, 2015—Activities and Benefits Circular 1432 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Chilean and American delegates on caldera rim of Chaitén Volcano, Chile, March 28, 2015. The steaming lava dome is in the background. (Photograph by Christopher Wills, California Geological Survey.) United States-Chile Binational Exchange for Volcanic Risk Reduction, 2015— Activities and Benefits By Thomas C. Pierson, Margaret T. Mangan, Luis E. Lara Pulgar, and Álvaro Amigo Ramos Prepared in cooperation with Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcánica del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería de Chile Circular 1432 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • SABO in Ecuador
    SABO in Ecuador Remigio Galárraga Sánchez, Ph. D. Water Sciences Unit, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Escuela Politécnica Nacional-Quito, Ecuador Lima – Perú November 20 – 26, 2005 Layout of presentation: • 1. First steps of SABO in Ecuador. List of disaster prevention engineering projects. • 2. Experiences of SABO in Ecuador. • 2.1. The Guagua Pichincha experience. • 2.2. The Cotopaxi volcano experience. • 2.3. HIGEODES 1. First steps of SABO in Ecuador. • DEBRIS-MUD FLOWS OF VOLCANIC ORIGIN • Debris and mud flows numerical simulation • Early warning systems – Pichincha volcano • Physical hydraulic models • Hazard maps • Structural and non-structural mitigation measures • DEBRIS-MUD FLOWS OF HYDROMETEOROLOGIC ORIGEN. • HIGEODES –Hydrogeodynamic & Antropogenic Disaster Prevention Research Center. • Main disaster prevention Engineering Projects. a.- Debris- mudflow hazard maps in the western part of the city of Quito. b.- Physical modeling of deposited volcanic ash. c.- Mudflow simulation using FLO-2D. Due to a possible eruption of the Guagua Pichincha volcano, west of Quito. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2. SABO IN ECUADOR THEThe GUAGUA Guagua PICHINCHA Pichincha VOLCANO volcano 2.1 The Guagua Pichincha volcano • Location: Latitude: 0. 17° S Longitude: 78.60° W • Basic information Elevation: 4794 m Diameter in the base: 12 km N-S Type of volcano: Estratovolcano with an avalanche open caldera to the west • Diameter of the caldera: 1.6 km Depth of the caldera: 700 m Domo in the caldera, elevation: 400 m • GUAGUA PICHINCHA: • First attemp to study debris and mud flows of volcanic origin by numerical simulation both in the sideslopes of the volcano masiff andwithinthecity.
    [Show full text]
  • Along Arc Petrochemical Variations in the Southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S): Implications for Magma Genesis
    O EOL GIC G A D D A E D C E I H C I L E O S F u n 2 d 6 la serena octubre 2015 ada en 19 Along Arc Petrochemical Variations in the Southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S): Implications for Magma Genesis Charles R Stern* Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0399, USA José Antonio Naranjo SERNAGEOMIN, Av. Santa María 0104, Santiago, Chile *Contact email: [email protected] Abstract. The southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S) (Sellés et al., 2004) further to the north. Among the smaller consists of six stratovolcanoes (Yanteles, Melimoyu, MEC, the Puyuhuapi group are HA type basalts (Fig. 2; Mentolat, Macá, Cay, Hudson). Hudson and Melimoyu are Lopéz et al. 1995a). In contrast, the Palena group just to high-K (K2O>1 wt% at 50 wt% SiO2), high incompatible the north of are LA type basalts (Fig. 2; Watt et al., 2013), element abundance (HA) types. Macá and Cay are low-K, as are all other MEC cones further to the south in the low incompatible element abundance (LA) centers, while Mentolat has very low K, Rb and other incompatible SSVZ. This paper addresses these regional variations in element contents (VLA), similar to Huequi, Calbuco and magma types along and across the SSVZ arc. Nevados de Longaví further north. Such differences have been attributed to differences in degree of mantle partial melting due to variability in the extent of contamination of the mantle source region by hydrous fluids and/or melts derived from subducted oceanic lithosphere, possibly as a result in down-dip temperature changes at the top of the subducted slab.
    [Show full text]
  • Erupciones Volcanicas Un Riesgo Dormido
    CIRCULAR 04.15 Leza, Escriña & Asociados S.A. Consultores en Ingeniería de Riesgos y Valuaciones Zavalía 2125 Buenos Aires ERUPCIONES VOLCANICAS Argentina www.lea.com.ar UN RIESGO DORMIDO [email protected] tel: 4786-7000 La frecuencia de terremotos suele ser más alta que la frecuencia de erupciones Análisis de Riesgos volcánicas, y la principal afectación de las erupciones volcánicas no es el daño Protección contra directo por la lava, sinó la ceniza que se dispersan en grandes superficies del incendios territorio. Sin embargo, los daños directos por la lava volcánica, ignorados muchas veces por la baja frecuencia de daños, es también mucho más destructiva. Valuaciones Ajustes y peritajes Riesgos del trabajo Muchas áreas pobladas están sujetas a los daños directos por el vulcanismo, agravados por las inundaciones debido al derretimiento de nevados. En América, a lo largo de la Cordillera de los Andes hay más de 500 volcanes considerados activos, que pueden provocar daños amparados en las coberturas de terremoto. Un análisis de riesgos de la exposición a riesgos debe ser realizado en cada oportunidad, contemplando las circunstancias locales como distancias al volcán, vientos predominantes, pendientes y ríos. La Erupción del Vesubio en el año 79. Destrucción de Pompeya. En la mañana del 24 de Agosto del año 79, una columna de humo comenzó a ascender del volcán Vesubio, en un comienzo la población pensó que se trataba de un escape más de humo, pues ya había pasado en años anteriores, sin embargo una especie de fango, mezcla de cenizas, lava y lluvia, inundó las calzadas y callejuelas de la ciudad, cubrió los tejados y penetró por ventanas y rendijas.
    [Show full text]
  • Abrupt Climatic Changes As Triggering Mechanisms of Massive Volcanic Collapses
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 155 (2006) 329–333 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Short communication Abrupt climatic changes as triggering mechanisms of massive volcanic collapses Lucia Capra Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, CU Coyoacan, 04510, Mexico DF, Mexico Received 7 March 2006; received in revised form 31 March 2006; accepted 19 April 2006 Available online 5 June 2006 Abstract Abrupt climate change can trigger volcanic collapses, phenomena that cause the destruction of the entire sector of a volcano, including its summit. During the past 30 ka, major volcanic collapses occurred just after main glacial peaks that ended with rapid deglaciation. Glacial debuttressing, load discharge and fluid circulation coupled with the post-glacial increase of humidity and heavy rains can activate the failure of unstable edifices. Furthermore, significant global warming can be responsible for the collapse of ice-capped unstable volcanoes, an unpredictable hazard that in few minutes can bury inhabited areas. © 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. Keywords: volcanic collapse; global warming 1. Introduction Wyk de Vries et al., 2001; Clavero et al., 2002). Several analogue experiments have been performed to demon- Although climate changes have been considered to be strate how faults can deform volcanoes that finally a triggering mechanism for large eruptions (Rampino et collapse (Van Wyk de Vries and Borgia, 1996; Lagmay et al., 1979; McGuire et al., 1997), they have not, so far, al., 2000; Acocella, 2005; Norini and Lagmay, 2005). been related to the collapse of volcanoes. Unstable This is probably a very common mechanism, but it is volcanoes, whatever the origin of their instability, can spatially localized and can occur in an indeterminate collapse from the same triggering mechanism (McGuire, period of time.
    [Show full text]