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Preliminary Ranking of Geothermal Potential in the Cascade and Aleutian Volcanic Arcs, Part I: Data Collection

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Preliminary Ranking of Geothermal Potential in the Cascade and Aleutian Volcanic Arcs, Part I: Data Collection GRC Transactions, Vol. 39, 2015 Preliminary Ranking of Geothermal Potential in the Cascade and Aleutian Volcanic Arcs, Part I: Data Collection Lisa Shevenell1, Mark Coolbaugh1,2, Nicholas H. Hinz2, Pete Stelling3, Glenn Melosh4, William Cumming5, and Corné Kreemer2 1ATLAS Geoscience, Inc., Reno NV, USA 2Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, UNR, Reno NV, USA 3Western Washington University, Bellingham WA, USA 4GEODE, Santa Rosa CA, USA • 5Cumming Geoscience, Santa Rosa CA, USA [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected] [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected] Keywords Cascade, Aleutian, volcanic, geothermal, potential, structure, database ABSTRACT As part of a DOE funded project on Geothermal Play Fairway Analysis, a geothermal assessment of volcanic centers in the Cascade and Aleutian volcanic arcs is being conducted that includes a large data gathering effort dis- cussed in this paper, and a statistical modeling effort to qualitatively rank the geothermal potential of individual VCs in these two US arcs, discussed in a second companion paper. The data compiled from the Cascades and Aleutians are compared to geologic, geochemical and geophysical information from productive volcanic arc centers in the other parts of the world. Seven other volcanic arc segments from around the globe are used in this comparative study. Preliminary findings from data evaluation indicate that there are systematic changes in structural setting, from an extensional influ- ence south of Mt. Hood (in part due to encroachment of the back arc in the southern half) to more compressional north of Mt. Hood. Comparison with productive geothermal fields around the world shows that large fumarolic areas are associated with most >240°C power-producing geothermal systems outside the US arcs (e.g., Kamojang, Indonesia, among others), whereas there is a general absence of large fumarolic areas in the Cascades and Aleutian arcs, aside from of the Lassen volcano area. As a result, fewer deep, successful wells have been drilled in the US in the Cascades and Aleutians, whereas there are many producing wells associated with fumarolic volcanic centers outside the US. Few high temperature (>200°C) systems are known in the US arcs (e.g., Newberry), and there is no direct evidence to date for very high temperature (>300°C) geothermal systems, whereas there are 21 such known systems in other volcanic arcs of the world (e.g., Silangkitang and Lahendong, Indonesia; Hachijojima and Matsukawa, Japan; Amiata, Italy; Los Azufres, Mexico, to name a few). Introduction Much of the worlds’ geothermal production comes from young eruptive centers in active volcanic arcs. In spite of the fact that the United States is the largest producer of geothermal energy in the world, and is well endowed with young volcanic centers (VCs) in both the Cascades and Aleutian volcanic arcs, no production from either of those arcs is currently realized. Possible explanations for this lack of production include 1) the environmentally protected status or permitting challenges at some areas (e.g. Mt. Lassen, CA; Mt. Newberry, OR; Medicine Lake, CA), and 2) the remoteness of some VCs (e.g. many of the island volcanos of the Aleutian Arc). Nevertheless, geothermal exploration wells have been drilled at some VCs in these arcs (e.g., Mt. Meager, BC; Newberry caldera, OR; Glass Mountain, CA) without commer- cial development proceeding. It is understood that not all arc VCs in the world are created equal in terms of geothermal potential, because of local differences in structural setting, host rocks, eruption frequency and composition, and other factors. It therefore remains quantitatively unclear to what extent the lack of development of the Cascades and Aleutian Arcs is influenced by such underlying physical and chemical favorability. 771 Shevenell, et al. The current work attempts to quantitatively evaluate geothermal potential in the Cascade and Aleutian Arcs based on a comparison of key physiochemical parameters present at producing young arc VCs around the world. The data col- lection, evaluation and modeling are used to evaluate if the Cascades and Aleutians are inherently different than other arcs in terms of geothermal potential, and determine which portions of the Cascades and Aleutians offer the best potential for geothermal development in the context of play fairway analysis. The work to date on this project is documented in two parts: Part I (this paper) discusses data collection and availability, and local data variability; Part II (Coolbaugh et al., 2015) discusses regional trends and preliminary modeling to rank VCs in the Cascade and Aleutian VCs for their potential to host a power-productive hydrothermal system. Data evaluated in Part 1 include all major VCs in the Aleutians and Cascades, and those VCs in other vol- canic arcs throughout the world with producing systems or known high temperature systems based on deep drilling and successful well tests. Objective The primary objective of this research is to quantifiably rank the geothermal potential of each of the young VCs of the Cascade and Aleutian Arcs. This ranking would help focus future exploration efforts into the most prospective areas. If initial success can be gained in one or more areas, it would encourage expanded exploration in the remaining portions of the volcanic arcs. Regional Data Compilation Data compiled were assembled into a master VC spreadsheet. These data included the following: 1. Relationship of VCs to producing geothermal systems (distance to geothermal system, installed power capac- ity, power density, temperature, depths); 2. Fluid geochemistry (spring and well geothermometry, measured temperature and fluid compositions and pH); 3. Tectonic setting (plate types, strike and dip); 4. Local structural setting (primary, secondary and tertiary, and styles and azimuth); 5. Spatial relationships of arc and trench relative to VCs; 6. Volcanic attributes(vent types, dominant and secondary rock types, eruption style, youthfulness and frequency alteration areas, snow cover areas); 7. Strain rate parameters (dilation, shear, type, motion vectors, and relative plate motion parameters); , 8. Crustal thickness. This section presents the regional data sets used in the study. Volcanic Arcs Data from volca- Table 1. List of arc segments from which VCs were selected for evaluation in this play fairway project. nic arcs across the globe Arc Arc-Trench System Lower Plate Upper Plate Upper Plate Type are included in this work Segment to provide comparisons 1 Aleutians Pacific North American Oceanic to Continental to systems located with- 2 Cascades (US and Canada) Juan de Fuca North American Continental 3 Mexico Cocos North American Continental in the US volcanic arcs. 3 Central America Cocos Caribbean Continental A summary of these 3 Caribbean South American Caribbean Oceanic subduction zones ap- 4 South America Nazca-Antarctic South American Continental pears in Table 1, which 5 Kamchatka-Kuril Islands Pacific East Siberia (N. American) Oceanic to Evolved Oceanic lists the different upper 5 Japan, central Pacific Japan (N. American) Evolved Oceanic 5 Marianas Pacific Filipino Oceanic plate types associated 5 Japan, south-Taiwan Filipino Eurasian Oceanic to Continental? with each arc segment. 6 Philippines-Taiwan Filipino Eurasian Oceanic to Evolved Oceanic 6 Sumatra-Java-Timor Australian Eurasian Oceanic to Evolved Oceanic? Geothermal 7 Papua-Solomon Microplates (3+) various various Oceanic to Evolved Oceanic? Power Plants 7 Vanuatu-Fiji-Samoa Australian Eurasian Oceanic to Evolved Oceanic 7 Tonga Pacific Australian Oceanic Initial data 7 New Zealand Pacific Australian Continental collection includes 8 Greece African Aegean microplate Oceanic to Evolved Oceanic? compilation of power 9 Italy Adriatic European Continental 772 Shevenell, et al. plants located within volcanic arc segments world-wide. A preliminary list of power plants was obtained from the ThinkGeoEnergy web site, and additional information on power plant locations, capacities, dates of commission- ing, and corrected locations were compiled for this study from a search of published literature. All power plants were located in Google Earth and accurate coordinates were included in the compilation. A summary of these power plants appears in Appendix A. Several sites without power plants but with successful flow tests on wells with commercial temperatures are included in the study (e.g. Medicine Lake) and hence, such sites do not include information on start dates. The power plant sites noted in Appendix A were compiled to help focus data compila- tion efforts to those areas known to have producing systems and likely to have sufficient data from which to make meaningful comparisons. Arc Volcanic Centers The initial list of VCs was obtained from a November 2014 download of Holocene vent data at the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) web site hosted by the Smithsonian (http://volcano.si.edu/). Locations of these major vents or volcanoes were verified in Google Earth (WGS 1984); many coordinates listed in the Smithsonian database were of insufficient accuracy and were updated. Additional VCs were added in the process of checking these locations and consulting the published literature. Individual VC from within each of the arc segments noted in Table 1 were then evaluated for inclusion into the study based on a series of selection criteria. A shield volcano was defined as a VC to be included in the study if its height exceeds of 500 m. Isolated cinder cones are not included in the compilation as the residual heat associated with them is expected to be minimal. In the case of the Aleutians, many of the volcanoes are located on relatively small islands, and all VC that are less than 5 km in diameter were eliminated. All submarine vents were also eliminated from the data set. All VC with existing power plants were included in local data collection. Local data (e.g., geochemistry) was not col- lected outside of the Cascades and Aleutians from VC that do not currently host a power plant or do not have deep wells to confirm or deny the presence of a thermal system.
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