Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin Census of State and Local October 2002, NCJ 194066 Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000
By Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D. Highlights and Matthew J. Hickman BJS Statisticians As of June 2000, State and local law enforcement agencies had more than As of June 2000, State and local 1 million full-time employees, including about 708,000 sworn personnel governments in the United States Type of agency operated 17,784 full-time law enforce- Local police ment agencies — those that employed at least one full-time sworn officer with Sheriff general arrest powers or the equivalent Sworn Total in part-time officers. Primary State
Other The total included 12,666 general purpose local police departments, 0 150,000 300,000 450,000 600,000 3,070 sheriffs' offices, the 49 primary Number of full-time employees State law enforcement agencies, 1,376 • As of June 2000, nearly 18,000 State • About 15% of sworn personnel State and local agencies with a special and local agencies employed the primarily handled criminal investiga- geographic jurisdiction or special equivalent of at least 1 full-time sworn tions. About 6% primarily performed enforcement responsibilities, and 623 officer with general arrest powers. jail-related duties, and 5% handled county constable offices in Texas. These agencies had more than 1 court-related duties such as providing million full-time employees. court security or serving civil process. Overall, these State and local law enforcement agencies employed • State and local agencies had • Seventy-seven agencies employed 1,019,496 persons on a full-time basis. 708,022 full-time sworn personnel and 1,000 or more sworn personnel. This This total included 708,022 full-time 311,474 full-time civilian employees included 47 local police departments, sworn personnel (69%) and 311,474 in 2000, compared to 663,535 sworn 17 State police or highway patrol nonsworn (or civilian) personnel (31%). and 258,443 nonsworn in 1996, and agencies, 12 sheriffs' offices, and These agencies also had about 99,000 608,113 and 238,388 in 1992. 1 special jurisdiction police agency. part-time employees, including nearly 43,000 part-time sworn personnel. • In 2000, State and local agencies • The largest agency, the New York employed more than 425,000 City Police Department, had 40,435 These findings resulted from the 2000 uniformed officers whose regularly full-time sworn personnel as of June Census of State and Local Law assigned duties included responding 2000. The largest sheriff’s office, Enforcement Agencies, sponsored by to calls for service. More than in Los Angeles County, had 8,468 the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) 131,000 sworn personnel were desig- officers, and the largest State agency, and the Office of Community Oriented nated as community policing officers. the California Highway Patrol, 6,678. Policing Services (COPS). The BJS Census of State and Local Table 1. Employment by State and local law enforcement agencies, Law Enforcement Agencies by type of agency and employee, June 2000
To ensure an accurate sampling frame State and local law enforcement employees for its Law Enforcement Management Type of Full-time Part-time agency Total Sworn Nonsworn Total Sworn Nonsworn and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) Number of employees survey, BJS periodically sponsors a Total 1,019,496 311,474708,022 56,92842,80399,731 census of State and local law enforce- Local police 124,995440,920565,915 34,78727,32362,110 ment agencies. The 2000 census Sheriff 129,112164,711293,823 12,43710,30022,737 included State and local agencies Primary State 7229581730,68056,34887,028 employing the equivalent of least one Special jurisdiction 8,9164,66713,58326,23743,41369,650 full-time officer with general arrest constable 664184844502,6303,080Texas powers. This report summarizes the Percent of employees findings of the census, which was 57.8%42.1%100%31.6%69.4%100%Total co-sponsored by COPS. police 56.0%44.0%100%22.1%77.9%100%Local 54.745.310043.956.1100Sheriff As in 1992 and 1996, the 2000 census Primary State 88.411.610035.364.7100 Special jurisdiction 100 62.3 65.634.410037.7 collected data on the number of sworn constable 13.686.410014.685.4100Texas and nonsworn personnel, including both full-time and part-time employees. Agencies with a special geographic In June 2000 there were 362 full-time Data were collected from agencies that jurisdiction or special enforcement State and local law enforcement employed at least one sworn officer or responsibilities employed 43,413 full- employees per 100,000 residents the part-time equivalent at the time of time sworn personnel and had 69,650 nationwide, an increase of 5.9% from the census. The reference period for full-time employees overall. (See table 1996, and 9.6% more than in 1992. all data is the pay period that included 14 for types of special jurisdictions). This included 252 sworn personnel per June 30, 2000. 100,000 residents, an increase of 2.4% Number of full-time State From June 1996 to June 2000, the from 1996 levels, and 6.3% from 1992. Type of and local law enforcement number of full-time State and local law The ratio of nonsworn personnel per agency agencies, June 2000 enforcement employees in the United 100,000 residents increased 19.4% 17,784 Total 17,784 States increased about 97,500, or from 1992 to 2000, including a 15.1% 12,666Local police 12,666Local 10.6% (figure 1). The number of full- rise from 1996 to 2000. 3,070Sheriff time sworn personnel was up about Primary State 49 Full-time State and local pecial jurisdiction 1,376S 44,500, an increase of 6.7%. Civilian law enforcement employees 623Texas constable 623Texas employment rose 53,000, or 20.5%. per 100,000 residents 199219962000 State and local law Compared to 1992, full-time employ- Total 330342362 enforcement agencies ment in 2000 was up 173,000, or Sworn 237246252 20.4%,. This included about 100,000, Nonsworn 9396111 By type of agency, general purpose or 16.4%, more sworn personnel, and local police departments were the 73,000, or 30.7%, more civilians. largest employer with 565,915 full-time employees as of June 2000 (table 1). Full-time employees in State and local law enforcement agencies, Of this total, 440,920, or 78%, were 1992, 1996, and 2000 sworn personnel with general arrest powers. Sheriffs' offices accounted for 293,823 full-time employees, of which Total 164,711 (56%) were sworn officers.
The 49 primary State law enforcement Sworn agencies operating in each State except Hawaii employed 87,028 2000 persons full time. Of these employees, Nonsworn 1996 56,348, or 65%, were full-time sworn 1992 personnel. 0 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 Number of full-time personnel
Figure 1
2 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 State and local sworn personnel Selected areas of duty for full-time sworn personnel in State and local law enforcement agencies, 2000 Sixty percent of full-time State and local sworn employees were assigned to patrol duty on a regular basis (figure Duty area 2). About in 1 in 7 sworn personnel Patrol were assigned to investigative duties (15%). Approximately 1 in 9 primarily Investigations performed duties related to jail (6%) or Jail operations court (5%) operations. Duties of other State and local law enforcement Court operations officers, but not broken down here, 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% included administration, training, and Percent of full-time sworn personnel technical support. Figure 2
Size of agencies State and local full-time sworn person- just 0.3% of all such personnel nation- nel (table 3). The 77 agencies with wide. Nearly half (47%) of part-time As of June 2000, of the 17,784 State 1,000 or more officers accounted for sworn personnel were employed by and local law enforcement agencies 220,512, or 31.1%, of all full-time agencies with fewer than 10 full-time operating full time, 1,032, or 6%, sworn personnel. officers, and more than two-thirds employed 100 or more full-time sworn (69%) worked for agencies with fewer personnel (table 2). This included 77 The 77 largest agencies rarely used than 25 full-time officers. agencies with 1,000 or more officers. part-time sworn officers, accounting for The majority of agencies employed Table 3. State and local law enforcement employees, fewer than 10 full-time officers (52%), by size of agency, June 2000 and nearly a third, about 5,600 in all, employed fewer than 5 (31%). These Type of employee smaller agencies included 1,907, 11% Full-time Full-time Part-time sworn personnel Total Sworn Nonsworn Total Sworn Nonsworn of agencies overall, with just 1 full-time Number of employees officer and 231, 1% of all agencies, All sizes 1,019,496 708,022 311,474 99,731 42,803 56,928 with only part-time officers. 220,512305,8281,000 or more 220,512305,8281,000 85,316 11,63611311,749 500-999 57,46489,683 32,219 4,261 541 3,720 Although State and local agencies 250-499 103,624 32,54271,082 4,614 1,147 3,467 with 100 or more full-time sworn 100-249 100,549152,245 10,68751,696 3,328 7,359 officers accounted for just 6% of all 50-99 119,034 80,964 38,070 9,313 3,102 6,211 25-49 33,06977,068110,137 13,696 8,4865,210 agencies, they employed 63% of all 10-24 64,06891,861 27,793 9,1509,29518,445 24,23332,6735-9 8,440 8,49112,825 4,334 Table 2. State and local law 10,17512,3142-4 2,139 10,089 7,963 2,126 enforcement agencies, by size 1 2,087 1801,907 2,4092,775 366 of agency, June 2000 100100 1,277 731,204
Number of full-time Agencies Percent of employees sworn personnel PercentNumber All sizes 100%100%100%100%100%100% All sizes 17,784 100% 1,000 or more 30.0% 31.1% 27.4% 11.8%% 0.3% 20.4% 0.4%771,000 or more 0.4%771,000 500-999 8.18.8 10.3 6.51.34.3 500-999 83 0.5 250-499 10.010.2 10.4 6.12.74.6 250-499 1.1203 100-249 14.9 14.2 16.6 10.7 7.8 12.9 100-249 669 3.8 50-99 11.7 11.4 12.2 9.3 7.2 10.9 50-99 6.61,177 25-49 10.910.8 10.6 13.7 12.2 14.9 25-49 2,237 12.6 10-24 9.0 9.0 8.9 16.121.718.5 10-24 23.24,124 2.73.43.25-9 12.9 7.619.8 3,6235-9 20.4 10.10.71.41.22-4 18.6 3.7 19.43,4532-4 0.65.62.80.10.30.21 10.71,9071 --0.0--0 1.3 2.8 0.1 0 231 1.3 --Less than 0.05%.
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 3 State-by-State comparisons Table 4. State and local law enforcement agencies and employees, by State, June 2000 Texas (1,800) had the most full-time State and local law enforcement Full-time employees Total Sworn personnel Responding to calls agencies (table 4). The total included Number Per Per Per 623 county constable offices (see box of 100,000 100,000 100,000 on page 14). Pennsylvania (1,166) agencies Number residents Number residents Number residents had the next highest number of U.S. total 17,784 1,019,496 362 708,022 252 425,427 151
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 agencies, followed by Illinois (886) and 16,062424Alabama 361 10,655 240 7,287 164 Ohio (845). 2,15195Alaska 343 1,348 215 1,031 164 Arizona 20,595135 401 11,533 225 6,889 134 9,207356Arkansas 344 6,157 230 4,066 152 California had the most full-time State California 517 115,906 342 73,662 217 40,349 119 and local law enforcement employees, Colorado 15,237248 354 10,309 240 5,815 135 about 116,000. Other States with 10,277125Connecticut 302 8,327 245 5,143 151 50,000 or more employees included Delaware 2,25743 288 1,774 226 1,151 147 District of Columbia 4,9143 859 3,963 693 2,041 357 New York (94,863), Texas (80,535), 68,165383Florida 427 39,452 247 24,264 152
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 Florida (68,165), and Illinois (52,769). Georgia 31,282561 382 21,173 259 12,393 151 States with fewer than 2,000 employ- Hawaii 3,7317 308 2,914 241 1,722 142 ees included Vermont (1,459) and 4,522122Idaho 349 2,749 212 1,732 134 52,769886Illinois 425 39,847 321 23,728 191 North Dakota (1,755). 17,969495Indiana 296 11,900 196 7,249 119 Iowa 7,600400 260 5,333 182 3,769 129 Nationwide, there were 362 full-time 10,343353Kansas 385 6,563 244 4,265 159 State and local law enforcement 9,589382Kentucky 237 7,144 177 4,800 119 23,573343Louisiana 527 18,548 415 7,639 171 personnel per 100,000 residents. The Maine 3,638139 285 2,367 186 1,721 135
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 District of Columbia (859), Louisiana Maryland 20,272146 383 15,221 287 9,024 170 (527), and New York (500) had the Massachusetts 23,593351 372 18,082 285 11,784 186 most. West Virginia (229), Kentucky Michigan 29,654565 298 21,673 218 13,456 135 Minnesota 12,677460 258 8,606 175 5,748 117 (237), and Vermont (240) had the Mississippi 10,163333 357 6,562 231 4,416 155 least. 20,459586Missouri 366 13,630 244 8,749 156 Montana 2,958126 328 1,760 195 1,344 149 California (73,662) had the most full- 4,776237Nebraska 279 3,486 204 2,296 134 Nevada 7,91862 396 5,252 263 2,959 148 time sworn personnel employed by New Hampshire 3,268195 264 2,542 206 1,736 140
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 State and local agencies, followed New Jersey 37,387551 444 29,062 345 16,343 194 closely by New York (72,853). Next New Mexico 6,324135 348 4,456 245 2,792 153 were Texas (51,478), Illinois (39,847), New York 94,863517 500 72,853 384 45,462 240 North Carolina 26,101491 324 18,903 235 11,070 138 and Florida (39,452). Vermont (1,034) Dakota 1,755129North 273 1,293 201 944 147 had the fewest officers. 36,863845Ohio 325 25,082 221 15,689 138 11,376449Oklahoma 330 7,622 221 5,129 149 After the District of Columbia (693), Oregon 10,683178 312 6,496 190 3,573 104 Pennsylvania 33,4271,166 272 26,373 215 17,648 144 the ratio of full-time sworn personnel Island 3,39051Rhode 323 2,688 256 1,636 156
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 per 100,000 residents was highest in South Carolina 13,046258 325 9,741 243 5,973 149 Louisiana (415). The next highest Dakota 2,468170South 327 1,708 226 1,201 159 ratios were in New York (384), New 22,148367Tennessee 389 14,494 255 9,296 163 Texas 80,5351,800 386 51,478 247 28,831 138 Jersey (345), and Illinois (321). The 6,346129Utah 284 4,179 187 2,545 114 lowest ratios were in Vermont (170) 1,45965Vermont 240 1,034 170 796 131 and West Virginia (174). Nationwide, 25,842327Virginia 365 20,254 286 9,900 140 the ratio was 252 per 100,000. Washington 15,513256 263 9,910 168 6,367 108 West Virginia 4,148229 229 3,150 174 2,387 132 Wisconsin 18,010512 336 13,237 247 8,290 155 The per capita ratio of uniformed yoming 2,28781W 463 1,477 299 989 200 officers whose regular duties included responding to calls for service were highest in the District of Columbia (357 per 100,000 residents), New York (240), and Wyoming (200). It was lowest in Oregon (104) and Washing- ton (108). The overall ratio for the Nation was 151 per 100,000.
4 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 Local police departments Included in these larger agencies were Agencies with fewer than 10 full-time 47 with 1,000 or more officers. In officers employed about 6% of all full- As of June 2000, there were 12,666 contrast, 56.2% of departments time local police officers (table 6). general purpose local police depart- employed fewer than 10 full-time About three-fifths (61%) of all full-time ments operating in the United States. officers. Included among these local police officers worked in an Municipal governments operated the smaller agencies were 1,366 (10.8%) agency with 100 or more officers, and vast majority of these agencies. The that employed only 1 full-time officer, nearly half (48%) worked for an agency remainder were county, tribal, or and 199 (1.6%) that relied solely on with at least 250 officers. regional (multi-jurisdictional) police. part-time officers.
Types of Number general purpose Full-time Full-time employees in local police departments, 1992, 1996, and 2000 local police, 2000 Agencies officers Municipal 12,409 412,921 County 25,20252 2,303171Tribal Total Regional 49434 Note: Tribal category excludes agencies operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, a Sworn Federal agency that provides law enforcement services in some tribal areas. 2000 As of June 2000, full-time employment Nonsworn 1996 by local police departments was up 1992 about 44,000, or 8.4%, compared to 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 June 1996 (figure 3). The number of Number of full-time personnel full-time sworn personnel increased about 30,000, or 7.3%. The number Figure 3 of civilian employees in local police departments rose about 14,000, Table 6. Local police employees, by size of agency, June 2000 or 12.6%. Type of employee Compared to 1992, the number of full- Full-time Part-time time local police employees in 2000 Total Sworn Nonsworn Total Sworn Nonsworn Number of employees was up by about 87,000, or 18.2%. This included about 66,000, or 17.7%, All sizes 440,920565,915 124,995 27,32362,110 34,787 more sworn personnel and about 1,000 or more 150,958195,050 9,508799,58744,092 21,000, or 20.1%, more civilian 500-999 1,408411,4498,66125,73334,394 personnel. 250-499 11,28035,15246,432 1,954 99 1,855 100-249 73,357 56,021 4,85217,336 610 4,242 50-99 51,92767,143 5,99015,216 1,479 4,511 Size of local police departments 25-49 51,10364,845 13,742 4,4192,4156,834 10-24 4,8385,65410,49210,53242,55153,083 A total of 567, or 4.5%, of local police 3,27517,65720,9325-9 2,3806,5798,959 departments employed 100 or more 7,1168,3997498,4529,2012-4 1,283 2,4601051,3661,4711 2,189 271 full-time sworn personnel (table 5). 1,0621,1347070 72
Table 5. Local police departments, Percent of employees by size of agency, June 2000 All sizes 100%100%100%100%100%100% Number of full-time Agencies or more 15.4%35.3%34.2%34.5%1,000 0.3% 27.3% sworn personnel PercentNumber 500-999 2.36.95.86.1 0.2 4.0 All sizes 100%12,666 250-499 9.08.08.2 3.1 0.4 5.3 100-249 13.0 12.7 13.9 2.27.8 12.2 471,000 or more 471,000 0.4% 50-99 5.49.612.211.811.9 13.0 500-999 0.337 25-49 11.011.011.611.5 8.8 12.7 250-499 0.8100 10-24 9.4 9.7 13.920.716.98.4 100-249 3.0383 6.824.114.42.64.03.75-9 50-99 6.0756 3.726.013.50.61.91.62-4 25-49 1,479 11.7 0.88.04.00.10.30.31 10-24 2,740 21.6 0.23.91.8--0--0 21.02,6655-9 22.82,8942-4 --Less than 0.05%. 10.81,3661 1.61990
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 5 Selected areas of duty for full-time sworn personnel Table 7. Fifty largest local police in local police departments, 2000 departments, by number of full-time sworn personnel, June 2000
Duty area Full- Percent Patrol time change, City or sworn, 1996- Investigations county 2000 2000 New York (NY) 40,435 9.8% Court operations (IL) 13,466Chicago 1.7 9,341Los Angeles (CA) 9,341Los 3.8 Jail operations (PA) 7,024Philadelphia 9.8 Houston (TX) 5,343 0.8 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Percent of full-time sworn personnel Detroit (MI) 4,154 6.4% Washington (DC) 3,612 0.7 Figure 4 Nassau Co. (NY) 3,038 1.0 Baltimore (MD) 3,034 3.4 The 47 departments with 1,000 or full-time local police officers nation- Miami-Dade Co. (FL) 3,008 6.5 more officers employed 34.2 % of all wide worked for the NYPD, and about Dallas (TX) 2,862 -0.1% full-time local police officers. These 1 in 6 worked for one of the five Phoenix (AZ) 2,626 7.9 Suffolk Co. (NY) 2,564 -6.6 agencies employed just 0.3% of all largest forces. Francisco (CA) 2,227San 11.4 part-time sworn personnel, but 27% Las Vegas-Clark Co. (NV) 2,168 27.8 of part-time civilian personnel. The largest county police departments (MA) 2,164Boston 3.0% in the U.S. included the Nassau San Diego (CA) 2,022 1.8 Functions of local police officers County (NY) Police with 3,038 full- (WI) 1,998Milwaukee -5.1 1,904Memphis (TN) 1,904Memphis 34.1 time officers, the Miami-Dade (FL) San Antonio (TX) 1,882 0.5 Nearly all local police officers were Police (3,008), and the Suffolk County Cleveland (OH) 1,822 5.4% working in the area of law enforcement (NY) Police (2,564). Honolulu Co. (HI) 1,792 -9.5 operations. About 65% of full-time Co. (MD) 1,754Baltimore 14.3 1,744Columbus (OH) 1,744Columbus 0.8 officers primarily performed patrol From June 1996 to 2000, the NYPD New Orleans (LA) 1,664 24.0 duties, while 16% primarily handled reported the largest change in number 1,530Jacksonville-Duval Co. (FL) 1,530Jacksonville-Duval 9.8% criminal investigations (figure 4). Other of officers of any State or local police Denver (CO) 1,489 4.3 primary duty areas included administra- department. During this period, the Louis (MO) 1,489St. -8.7 tion, training, and technical support. Nation's largest police force expanded (GA) 1,474Atlanta 0.0 Newark (NJ) 1,466 20.0 About 2% had regularly assigned by 3,622 officers. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Co. (NC) 1,442 12.1% court-related (1.4%) or jail-related Prince Georges Co. (MD) 1,431 16.3 (0.8%) duties. By percent change, the local police Jose (CA) 1,408San 9.9 departments with the largest Seattle (WA) 1,261 1.9 The largest local police departments increases were those in Memphis City (MO) 1,253Kansas 6.8 (34.1%), Las Vegas (27.8%), New Nashville-Davidson Co. (TN) 1,249 10.6% Fort Worth (TX) 1,196 2.0 As of June 2000 the New York City Orleans (24.0%), Austin (20.9%), and Fairfax Co. (VA) 1,163 9.0 Police Department (NYPD) was the Newark (20.0%). Decreases in force Austin (TX) 1,144 20.9 Nation's largest local police depart- size occurred in Pittsburgh (10.2%), Miami (FL) 1,110 9.7 ment — and its largest law enforce- Honolulu (9.5%), St. Louis (8.7%), Paso (TX) 1,057El 8.0% ment agency of any kind — with Suffolk County (6.6%), and Milwaukee Indianapolis (IN) 1,045 5.4 1,036Pittsburgh (PA) 1,036Pittsburgh -10.2 53,029 full-time employees, including (5.1%). (OH) 1,030Cincinnati 7.5 40,435 sworn officers (table 7). Montgomery Co. (MD) 1,019 8.5 Twenty-three NYPD officers were (See the BJS Special Report, Police City (OK) 1,011Oklahoma 0.2% killed in the line of duty as a result of Departments in Large Cities, 1990- Portland (OR) 1,007 2.4 939Tampa (FL) 939Tampa 5.6 the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2000, NCJ 175703 for more informa- (NY) 928Buffalo 3.3 2001. tion on the Nation’s largest municipal (AZ) 928Tucson 11.4 police agencies.) Other cities with police forces of more than 5,000 full-time officers included Chicago (13,466), Los Angeles (9,341), Philadelphia (7,024), and Houston (5,343). In 2000 about 1 in 11
6 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 State-by-State comparisons Table 8. Local police departments and employees, by State, June 2000
As of June 2000 Pennsylvania had the Full-time employees most full-time general purpose local Total Sworn personnel Responding to calls police departments (1,015) (table 8). Number Per Per Per Next were Texas (737), Illinois (729), of 100,000 100,000 100,000 agencies Number residents Number residents Number residents and Ohio (712). Other States with U.S. total 12,666 565,915 201 440,920 157 290,297 103
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 more than 400 local police departments 342723 included New Jersey (484), Michigan 9,456324Alabama 213 7,089 159 5,093 115 1,35787Alaska 216 899 143 692 110 (450), Missouri (449), and Wisconsin Arizona 11,56993 225 8,159 159 4,593 90 (417). Excluding the District of Colum- 4,677258Arkansas 175 3,675 137 2,507 94 bia, Hawaii (4) had the fewest local California 52,541341 155 37,674 111 22,291 66 Colorado 8,205167 191 6,028 140 3,551 83 police departments, followed by 7,890106Connecticut 232 6,592 194 4,343 128 Nevada (28) and Delaware (33). Delaware 1,14233 146 992 127 748 95 District of Columbia 4,4681 781 3,612 631 1,851 324 29,922287Florida 187 21,035 132 12,835 80
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 Local police departments in the State 342723 of New York had 74,737 full-time Georgia 13,918356 170 10,992 134 7,680 94 Hawaii 3,3464 276 2,605 215 1,606 133 employees, more than in any other 1,63474Idaho 126 1,279 99 858 66 State. California was second with 34,382729Illinois 277 27,452 221 20,145 162 52,541. Other States with more than 8,779379Indiana 144 7,016 115 4,631 76 25,000 full-time local police employees Iowa 3,875292 132 3,175 108 2,332 80 5,254227Kansas 195 3,870 144 2,614 97 were Texas (40,321), Illinois (34,382), 5,763245Kentucky 143 4,518 112 3,372 83 Florida (29,922), and New Jersey 7,866246Louisiana 176 6,339 142 4,020 90 Maine 1,920115 151 1,503 118 1,137 89
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 (25,114). Four States had fewer than 334033 24373928 342723 1,000 full-time local police employees: Maryland 11,99877 227 9,680 183 5,922 112 Vermont (735), North Dakota (844), Massachusetts 16,718308 263 13,826 218 9,550 150 Michigan 16,727450 168 14,044 141 9,185 92 Wyoming (907), and Montana (983). Minnesota 6,651358 135 5,347 109 3,871 79 Mississippi 5,016217 176 3,764 132 2,707 95 After the District of Columbia (781), 12,294449Missouri 220 9,372 168 6,407 115 Montana 98362 109 765 85 581 64 New York ranked highest among the 2,556141Nebraska 149 2,040 119 1,481 87 States in terms of local police employ- Nevada 4,75328 238 3,216 161 1,740 87 New Hampshire 2,562181 207 2,031 164 1,428 116
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 ees per 100,000 residents, with 394. 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 Other States with 250 or more local New Jersey 25,114484 298 21,046 250 14,304 170 police employees per 100,000 New Mexico 3,65189 201 2,539 140 1,602 88 New York 393 74,737 394 58,588 309 37,839 199 residents included New Jersey (298), North Carolina 12,717357 158 10,473 130 6,848 85 Illinois (277), Hawaii (276), Massachu- Dakota 84469North 131 681 106 526 82 setts (263), and Rhode Island (262). 21,086712Ohio 186 16,956 149 11,391 100 6,746340Oklahoma 195 5,246 152 3,661 106 Oregon 4,726135 138 3,465 101 2,218 65 New York (58,588) was the only State Pennsylvania 21,5451,015 175 18,913 154 13,497 110 2,74539Rhode Island 2,74539Rhode 262 2,153 205 1,366 130
36 34343439 with more than 50,000 full-time local 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 police officers. California ranked South Carolina 5,399186 135 4,383 109 2,770 69 second with 37,674 officers. The other Dakota 1,184100South 157 896 119 624 83 States with more than 15,000 full-time 10,919248Tennessee 192 8,408 148 5,843 103 Texas 40,321737 193 30,525 146 19,379 93 local police officers were Texas 2,79883Utah 125 2,181 98 1,375 62 (30,525), Illinois (27,452), New Jersey 73548Vermont 121 571 94 465 76 (21,046), Florida (21,035), Pennsylva- 12,439165Virginia 176 9,604 136 5,922 84 Washington 7,837204 133 5,766 98 3,679 62 nia (18,913), and Ohio (16,956). West Virginia 1,604158 89 1,404 78 1,109 61 Wisconsin 9,639417 180 7,879 147 5,615 105 In terms of full-time local police officers yoming 90752W 184 654 132 493 100 per 100,000 residents, New York (309) was second only to the District of Columbia (631). Other States with 200 or more local police officers per 100,000 residents included New Jersey (250), Illinois (221), Massachusetts (218), Hawaii (215), and Rhode Island (205).
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 7 Sheriffs' offices This included 12 agencies with 1,000 The 12 sheriffs' offices employing 1,000 or more full-time sworn personnel. or more sworn personnel accounted In June 2000 sheriffs' offices had about About a third (32.5%) of sheriffs’ for about a sixth of full-time sheriffs' 36,000 more full-time employees than offices employed fewer than 10 full- employees (table 10). Sixty-two in 1996, an increase of 14.0% (figure time sworn personnel, and 25 agencies percent of full-time sheriff’s office 5). This included an increase of about (0.8%) had just 1 full-time officer. personnel worked for an agency with 12,000, or 7.7%, in sworn personnel, 100 or more employees, including 64% and an increase of about 24,000, or of sworn personnel. 23.2%, in nonsworn employees. Full-time employees in sheriffs’ offices, 1992, 1996, and 2000 Compared to 1992, sheriffs’ offices in 2000 had 68,000, or 30.4%, more full- time employees. Civilian employment Total rose by about 40,000, or 45.4%, during this time, while the number of sworn 2000 personnel increased by approximately Sworn 1996 28,000, or 23.2%. 1992
These increases, which are larger than Nonsworn those for local police, were influenced to some extent by the fact that about 4 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 in 5 sheriffs' departments are responsi- Number of full-time personnel ble for jail operations. The Nation's jail inmate population in June 2000 was Figure 5 20% larger than in June 1996, and 40% larger than in June 1992. (See Table 10. Sheriffs’ employees, by size of agency, June 2000 the BJS Bulletin, Prison and Jail Type of employee Inmates at Midyear 2000, NCJ 185989.) Full-time Full-time Part-time sworn personnel Total Sworn Nonsworn Total Sworn Nonsworn Size of sheriffs' offices Number of employees All sizes 293,823 164,711 129,112 22,737 12,43710,300 As of June 2000, of the 3,070 full-time 1,000 or more 49,810 28,817 20,993 1,625 1,59134 sheriffs' offices operating nationwide, 500-999 31,037 18,152 12,885 1,417 962455 250-499 27,27445,671 18,397 7912,111 1,320 323, or 10.5%, employed at least 100 100-249 25,26031,17056,430 2,883 1,371 1,512 full-time sworn personnel (table 9). 50-99 21,58640,422 18,836 1,3541,4572,811 25-49 17,75832,554 3,98714,796 2,243 1,744 10-24 27,435 14,391 2,5564,93213,044 2,376 Table 9. Sheriffs’ offices, by size 8,5635-9 4,518 4,045 1,0362,269 1,233 of agency, June 2000 3383266648531,0201,8732-4 73138325281 Number of full-time Agencies sworn personnel PercentNumber Percent of employees All sizes 100%3,070 All sizes 100%100%100%100%100%100% 0.4%121,000 or more 0.4%121,000 1,000 or more 17.0% 16.3%17.5% 0.3%7.1% 12.8% 500-999 27 0.9 500-999 10.6 11.0 6.210.0 7.74.4 250-499 78 2.5 250-499 14.216.615.5 9.3 7.7 10.6 100-249 6.7206 100-249 19.2 18.9 19.6 13.312.7 12.2 50-99 311 10.1 50-99 12.414.613.113.8 14.1 10.9 25-49 515 16.8 25-49 11.1 10.8 21.817.511.5 14.0 10-24 30.1923 10-24 9.3 8.7 10.1 24.821.7 19.1 6585-9 21.4 2.95-9 2.7 10.110.03.1 9.9 3152-4 10.3 0.60.62-4 0.7 2.9 3.2 2.7 0.8251 0.10.30.2------1 --Less than 0.05%.
8 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 Functions of sheriffs' deputies Another 5 of the 25 largest sheriffs’ Of the three major categories of law offices were in Florida. All of these enforcement, jail operations, and court Nearly all sheriffs’ offices are responsi- agencies had at least 48% of their operations, 13 of the 25 largest ble for responding to citizen calls for deputies assigned to patrol operations; sheriffs' departments had the largest service. As of June 2000, 41% of however, only the Palm Beach County number of sworn personnel assigned sheriffs’ deputies were regularly Sheriff’s Office also operated a jail. to law enforcement, and 12 had the assigned to patrol duty (figure 6). largest number assigned to jail duties. Another 12% were assigned to investi- gative duties. Selected areas of duty for full-time sworn personnel in sheriffs’ offices, 2000 Duty area In addition to handling calls for service, about four-fifths of sheriffs' offices Patrol operate 1 or more jails, and nearly all Jail operations have court-related responsibilities such as the serving of process and court Court operations security. In 2000, 24% of full-time Investigations sheriffs' deputies were assigned to jail- related duties, while 17% primarily 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Percent of full-time sworn personnel performed court-related duties. In this latter category, about three-fifths of Figure 6 officers were assigned to court security, and two-fifths to serving Table 11. Twenty-five largest sheriffs’ offices, by number process. and function of full-time sworn personnel, June 2000
Full-time Percent of officers by primary duty area The largest sheriffs' offices County or sworn Investi- Jail Court Process equivalent personnel Patrol gations operations security serving As of June 2000 the largest sheriff's Los Angeles Co. (CA) 8,438 0%18%27%8%27% office in the Nation, the Los Angeles Cook Co. (IL)a 5,768 39 58 426 County Sheriff's Department, employed Harris Co. (TX) 2,584 10601226 8,438 full-time sworn personnel (table Orange Co. (CA) 1,770 0042840 31671349 11). Twenty-seven percent of that San Diego (CA) 1,553 agency's full-time sworn personnel San Bernardino Co. (CA) 1,421 1%10%29%15%33% 19321142 were assigned to patrol, and 8% to Co. (CA) 1,372Sacramento Broward Co. (FL) 1,310 0002773 criminal investigations. Nearly half Riverside Co. (CA) 1,286 28161658 were assigned to jail operations (27%) Orange Co. (FL) 1,211 5801048 or court security (18%). Palm Beach Co. (FL) 1,074 5%9%0%23%64% Hillsborough Co. (FL) 1,030 2001865 The second largest sheriff's office, with Alameda Co. (CA) 909 11648215 5,309 full-time sworn personnel, was Co. (NY) 899Nassau 309500 32002552 the Cook County (IL) Sheriff’s Office. Pinellas Co. (FL) 860 Most of the officers in that agency were Wayne Co. (MI) 821 1%14%58%5%14% 1348841 assigned to duties related to jail or Oakland Co. (MI) 800 796Ventura Co. (CA) 796Ventura 111251633 court operations. Francisco Co. (CA) 777San 196420 777Monroe Co. (NY) 777Monroe 11352331 Overall, 9 of the 25 largest sheriffs' Fulton Co. (GA) 774 0%25%74%1%0% offices, including 6 of the 10 largest, Calcasieu Par. (LA) 730 4333719 were in California. All but one of these E. Baton Rouge Par. (LA) 712 34411018 agencies had deputies with regular Par. (LA) 685Orleans 468226 0002941 patrol assignments. In addition, all had Par. (LA) 681Jefferson aData for Cook County are estimates based on prior years’ responses. sworn personnel who primarily performed jail-related duties, and all but one had sworn personnel assigned to court-related duties.
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 9 State-by-State comparisons Table 12. Sheriffs’ offices and employees, by State, June 2000
As of June 2000, 3,070 sheriffs’ offices Full-time employees were operating full time. Texas (254) Total Sworn personnel Responding to calls Number Per Per Per had the most. Except for a few who of 100,000 100,000 100,000 are appointed, sheriffs are elected agencies Number residents Number residents Number residents officials. U.S. total 3,070 293,823 104 164,711 65,55259 23
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 Alabama 1,182502,210984,37967 27 California (45,706), Florida (33,303), Alaska 000000 0 and Texas (23,621) had the most full- Arizona 15 5,490 107 1,764 1,18735 23 time sheriffs' employees (table 12). Arkansas 75 2,882 741481,285108 28 Other States with 10,000 or more full- California 9,0337525,36113545,70658 27 time sheriffs' employees included Colorado 62 5,229 122 3,072 1,31971 31 Connecticut 010336113584 0 Illinois (13,051), Georgia (12,990), Delaware 3 31 03204 0 Louisiana (12,745), North Carolina District of Columbia 000000 0 Florida 8,2949214,77020833,30365 52 36 343936 37303434 432986 35423731 263830 (10,457), New York (10,208), and Ohio 292452 3840 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 (10,199). Georgia 158 12,990 159 7,703 2,92194 36 Hawaii 000000 0 Louisiana had the most sheriffs' Idaho 567791,0241712,21744 44 Illinois 102 13,051 1,875739,073105 15 employees per capita with 285 per Indiana 1056,38892 2,883 1,50447 25 100,000 residents. Other States with Iowa 808501,458962,80599 28 more than 150 per 100,000 included Kansas 104 3,627 864671,803135 32 Florida (208), Wyoming (196), Idaho Kentucky 120 1,677 766351,40641 19 Louisiana 2,32923110,32928512,74564 52 (171), Montana (162), and Georgia Maine 185243097494716 15 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 (159). Nationwide, there were 104 full- 342723 Maryland 657321,711512,69624 12 time sheriffs' office employees per Massachusetts 10 37191,208513,219 1 100,000 residents. Michigan 848,35183 4,641 2,32747 23 Minnesota 1,103462,287964,70487 22 States with the most full-time sworn Mississippi 82 3,291 116 1,698 97860 34 Missouri 114 3,756 1,121432,42367 20 personnel employed by sheriffs’ offices Montana 458706291621,45855 51 were California (25,361), Florida Nebraska 54453901861,46592 32 (14,770), Texas (11,133), and Louisi- Nevada 464501,008721,44416 23 New Hampshire 34101201821910 3 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 ana (10,329). Other States with 5,000 342723 or more full-time sworn personnel New Jersey 168383,200504,20621 2 included Illinois (9,073), Georgia New Mexico 692571,038771,39232 38 New York 2,085326,0185410,20857 11 (7,703), Virginia (7,382), North North Carolina 100 10,457 130 6,140 2,46976 31 Carolina (6,140), New York (6,018), North Dakota 264603848655053 41 and Ohio (5,366). Ohio 2,146475,3669010,19988 19 Oklahoma 608321,092702,41577 18 Oregon 896622,1131304,43736 26 Sheriffs’ offices employed 59 full-time Pennsylvania 65 150121,428141,719 1 sworn personnel per 100,000 residents Rhode Island 015159161635 0 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 nationwide. States that had the South Carolina 1,798893,5691365,43946 45 highest ratio per 100,000 residents South Dakota 240513889067964 32 were Louisiana (231), Wyoming (117), Tennessee 94 8,126 1,954754,242143 34 and Virginia (104). Texas 5311,13311323,621254 4,095 20 Utah 742591,3111222,72829 33 Vermont 41171042314314 7 As of June 2000, sheriffs’ offices Virginia 1,6871047,3821268,914125 24 nationwide had nearly 66,000 full-time Washington 472,753855,02839 1,667 28 officers assigned to respond to calls for West Virginia 55 1,220 5464581467 30 Wisconsin 1,705764,0691266,78272 32 service. States with the most were Wyoming 30111757619696923 61 California (9,033), Florida (8,294), and Texas (4,095). Sheriffs’ offices employed 23 such personnel per 100,000 residents nationwide. The highest ratios were in Wyoming (61), Florida (52), Louisiana (52), and Montana (51).
10 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 Primary State law Table 13. Primary State law enforcement agency employees, enforcement agencies by State, June 2000
In June 2000, the 49 primary State law Full-time employees Total Sworn personnel Responding to calls enforcement agencies had 87,028 full- Per Per Per time employees. This was about 3,300, 100,000 100,000 100,000 or 3.9%, more than in 1996 (figure 7). Number residents Number residents Number residents There were 56,348 full-time sworn U.S. total 87,028 31 56,348 20 39,240 14
36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 personnel in 2000. This was about Alabama 628271,201 14 461 10 1,800, or 3.2%, more than in 1996. Alaska 1553723265409 25 Civilian employment rose by about Arizona 1,050361,872 20 735 14 1,500, or 5.2%, during this period. Arkansas 913 34 559 21 330 12 California 6,678299,706 20 6,460 19 Colorado 909 21 50015654 12 Compared to 1992, overall employ- Connecticut 1,692 50 1,135 33 585 17 ment in 2000 was up by about 8,500, Delaware 827 106 580 74 280 36 or 10.8%. This included increases of District of Columbia 00000 0 Florida 2,138 13 1,658 10 1,539 10 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 about 5,100, or 19.9%, in nonsworn 342723 employees, and of about 3,400, or Georgia 1,785 22 786 10 650 8 6.4%, in sworn personnel. Hawaii 00000 0 Idaho 29239510 23 191 15 Illinois 3,792 31 915172,089 7 In 2000, 69% of the full-time sworn Indiana 1,941 32 1,278 21 570 9 personnel in State law enforcement Iowa 599 20 45216455 15 agencies were patrol officers and 11% Kansas 4541745726694 17 Kentucky 1,670 41 937 23 481 12 were investigators. Less than 1% were Louisiana 1,438 32 934 21 542 12 assigned to court-related duties. Maine 2252532539495 18 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 Maryland 2,328 44 1,575 30 893 17 Seventeen agencies employed 1,000 Massachusetts 2,590 41 2,221 35 1,543 24 or more full-time sworn officers, and Michigan 2,102323,189 21 1,310 13 34 employed at least 500 such officers. Minnesota 54816791 11 469 10 Mississippi 33219532361,031 12 The largest, the California Highway Missouri 650191,080392,170 12 Patrol, had 9,706 full-time employees Montana 280 31 205 23 175 19 including 6,678 full-time sworn person- Nebraska 2052746237640 12 nel (table 13). The next largest were Nevada 597 30 414 21 389 19 New Hampshire 389 31 21425315 17 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 the Texas Department of Public Safety 342723 (7,025 and 3,119) and the Pennsylva- New Jersey 3,682 44 2,569 31 1,238 15 New Mexico 3502952536649 19 nia State Police (5,694 and 4,152). New York 4,112264,948 22 2,400 13 North Carolina 1,810 22 1,133181,416 14 The smallest agencies in terms of North Dakota 193 30 126 20 90 14 sworn personnel were the North Ohio 2,552 22 1,382 12 1,151 10 Oklahoma 1,420 41 782 23 555 16 Dakota Highway Patrol (126), the Oregon 1,409 41 826 24 377 11 Wyoming Highway Patrol (148), and Pennsylvania 4,152465,694 34 2,854 23 Rhode Island 22126268 21 185 18 36 34343439 29863730 the South Dakota Highway Patrol (153). 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 South Carolina 1,220 30 977 24 791 20 Full-time employees in the 49 primary South Dakota 233 31 153 20 111 15 State law enforcement agencies, Tennessee 1,715 30 80016899 14 1992, 1996, and 2000 Texas 7,025 34 3,119 15 2,130 10 Utah 441 20 25618397 11 Vermont 513 84 304 50 239 39 Total Virginia 1,226271,883352,511 17 Washington 68917987362,145 12 West Virginia 50238681581,044 28 665 12 3409508 6 Sworn Wisconsin Wyoming 295 60 148 30 118 24
2000 Nonsworn 1996 1992 0 30,000 60,000 90,000 Number of full-time personnel Figure 7 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 11 Special jurisdiction agencies colleges and universities accounted for nearly 2,500. Agencies serving multi- more than a fourth of all sworn person- ple types of transportation facilities In June 2000, nearly 1,400 State and nel serving special jurisdictions. employed about 1,700 officers, with the local law enforcement agencies with Another 3,219 were police officers for Port Authority of New York-New Jersey special geographic jurisdictions or public school districts. Agencies Police (1,238), the largest of these special enforcement responsibilities serving State capitols and other forces. were operating in the United States government buildings employed 1,121 (table 14). These agencies had 43,413 sworn personnel. The Port Authority Police are responsi- full-time sworn personnel. ble for policing the facilities owned and Agencies enforcing laws related to fish operated by the Port Authority, includ- About two-thirds (68%) of full-time and wildlife conservation employed ing the LaGuardia, Kennedy, and sworn personnel primarily handled 7,935 full-time officers, and those Newark Airports, the Lincoln and patrol duties, while 17% were criminal responsible for parks and recreation Holland Tunnels, the George Washing- investigators. Approximately 1% were areas about 3,200. ton and Staten Island Bridges, the responsible for court-related duties. PATH train system, the Port Authority Agencies responsible for mass transit Bus Terminal, and the Port Newark The 11,319 full-time police officers systems employed 2,627 sworn and Port Elizabeth Marine Terminals. serving public 4-year and 2-year personnel, and those serving airports,
Table 14. State and local law enforcement agencies with Table 15. State and local law enforcement agencies special jurisdictions, by type of jurisdiction and number with special jurisdictions employing 200 or more of full-time sworn personnel, June 2000 full-time sworn personnel, June 2000 Full-time Full-time sworn Type of sworn Agency personnel special jurisdiction Agencies personnel Port Authority of New York - New Jersey 1,238 Total 1,376 43,413 Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission 673 563California Department of Parks and Recreation 563California Government buildings/facilities Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 485 4-year college/university 9,308467 Transit Authority - New York City 455Metropolitan Public school district 3,219162 California Department of Fish and Game 407 2-year college/university 2,011222 Maryland Transportation Authority 349 1,12121State Capitol/government buildings 1,12121State Maryland Port Authority 348 Medical school/facility 97842 New York State Dept. of Environmental Conservation 325 67314Public housing 67314Public (DC) Metropolitan Area Transit Authority 317Washington 2746Other Georgia Bureau of Investigation 309 Conservation laws/parks and recreation Dallas - Fort Worth Airport 307 7,93566Fish and wildlife 7,93566Fish Los Angeles Unified School District 302 3,21880Parks and recreational areas 3,21880Parks Carolina Department of Natural Resources 285South 47713Waterways and boating 47713Waterways Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority 281Metropolitan 3773Environmental laws 3773Environmental New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol 280 2835Forest resources 2835Forest California Alcoholic Beverage Control 259 1692Sanitation laws 1692Sanitation Department of Natural Resources 252Georgia Water resources 1185 Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit Authority 248 Criminal investigations Louisiana Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 247 1,83862County/city Department of Motor Vehicles 238California 6928State bureau 6928State Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority 235 49031Arson Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission 228 227Michigan Department of Natural Resources 227Michigan Transportation systems/facilties Maryland Department of Natural Resources 223 Mass transit system/railroad 2,62721 2,46287Airports Colorado Department of Conservation and Wildlife 216 Transportation centers — multiple types 1,6975 Department of Natural Resources 215Indiana Port facilities 94017 North Carolina State Wildlife Resources Commission 215 Commercial vehicle enforcement 4403 York City Fire Department - Investigations 214New Roadways, bridges, tunnels 2345 Department of Agriculture 212Florida Special enforcement Department of Conservation 210Missouri Alcohol enforcement 1,28717 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources - Forestry 209 Agricultural 2723 Los Angeles Airport Police 200 Gaming/racing laws 2046 Department of Natural Resources 200Minnesota 652Drug enforcement 652Drug Pennsylvania Game Commission 200 41Business regulation 41Business Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 200
12 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 At the time of the 2000 census, the Table 16. State and local law enforcement agencies with World Trade Center was also under special jurisdictions, by State, June 2000 Port Authority Police jurisdiction. Full-time employees Thirty-seven Port Authority Police Total Sworn personnel officers were killed in the line of duty as Number of Per 10,000 Per 10,000 a result of the World Trade Center agencies Number residents Number residents U.S. total 1,376 1543,4132569,650
36 343936 attacks of September 11, 2001. 37303434 2986 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 Alabama 16728231,02632 Other categories of special jurisdiction Alaska 35217613857 agencies that accounted for 500 or Arizona 11560321,66426 more full-time sworn personnel Arkansas 246382773522 California 123,949247,953117 included county and city investigative Colorado 135552189418 agencies (1,838), State alcohol Connecticut 82641033714 enforcement agencies (1,287), medical Delaware 23182332576 facility police (978), port facility police District of Columbia 61351784462 Florida 121,989182,80230 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 (940), State investigation bureaus 342723 (692), and public housing police (673). Georgia 211,692322,58946 Hawaii 26309323853 State-by State comparisons Idaho 12154121613 Illinois 101,233121,54454 Indiana 127231486123 Texas (185) and California (117) had Iowa 8245113218 the most State and local agencies with Kansas 164332976821 special geographic jurisdictions or Kentucky 72831247916 special enforcement responsibilities Louisiana 21946341,52432 Maine 18230222767 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 (table 16). Other States with 50 or 342723 more agencies included Pennsylvania Maryland 432,255613,25044 Massachusetts 13827171,06632 (85), New York (66), and Illinois (54). Michigan 9886141,38731 Minnesota 94241153114 About 40% of the nearly 70,000 full- Mississippi 205682982533 time State and local law enforcement Missouri 13755402,23922 employees serving special jurisdictions Montana 18161262378 Nebraska 58371153 were in California (7,953), Texas (6,488), Nevada 31614561,12417 New York (4,970), Pennsylvania New Hampshire 6768983 36 34343439 29863730 373143 303542 24522638 384029 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 (4,469), or New Jersey (4,385). Other New Jersey 272,247524,38545 States with 2,500 or more employees New Mexico 193543563213 included Maryland (3,250), Ohio New York 224,135264,97066 (3,026), Florida (2,802), and Georgia North Carolina 11874141,11733 (2,589). North Dakota 16102261686 Ohio 121,378273,02644 Oklahoma 155022379531 New York (4,135), Texas (4,071), and Oregon 39231116 California (3,949) had the most full- Pennsylvania 85 151,880364,469 Rhode Island 15155202146 36 343936 37303434 432986 35423731 263830 time sworn personnel serving special 292452 3840 36373026 40263328 3544 27335032 27323331 334033 24373928 342723 jurisdictions. Eight other States had South Carolina 208122598825 1,000 or more: Maryland (2,255), New South Dakota 36271493725 Jersey (2,247), Florida (1,989), Tennessee 24 17945241,388 Pennsylvania (1,880), Georgia (1,692). Texas 204,071316,488185 Virginia (1,385), Ohio (1,378), and Utah 132901737916 95511682 Illinois (1,233). States with fewer than Vermont Virginia 201,385281,97836 100 included Vermont (55), New Washington 7404950312 Hampshire (76), Nebaska (83), Oregon West Virginia 142511528015 (92), and Wyoming (99). Wisconsin 157811792422 Wyoming 2399231165 The District of Columbia (61) had the most sworn personnel serving special jurisdictions per 100,000 residents. Maryland (43), South Dakota (36), and Alaska (35) had the next highest ratios.
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 13 Texas constable offices Figure 2, page 3. Selected areas of Data from the 2000 Census of State duty for full-time sworn personnel in and Local Law Enforcement Agencies State and local law enforcement (ICPSR 2260) can be obtained from Of the approximately 760 county agencies, 2000 constable offices in Texas, 623 the National Archive of Criminal operated on a full-time basis and Duty Percent of full-time Justice Data at the University of area sworn personnel employed sworn personnel with Michigan, 1-800-999-0960. The general arrest powers as of June Patrol 59.9% archive, as well as the report and Investigations 14.9 2000. Texas constables are elected Jail operations 6.2 other criminal justice information, officials who are responsible for Court operations 5.1 can be found through or at the BJS providing services for the justice, Internet Web site: county, and district courts. Figure 3, page 5. Full-time employees http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ in local police departments, 1992, Nearly half of the sworn personnel 1996, and 2000 employed by constable offices Number of full-time primarily performed court-related Type sworn personnel The Bureau of Justice Statistics duties. This included 33% who of employee 199219962000 is the statistical agency of the served process, and 12% assigned Total 478,586521,985565,915 U.S. Department of Justice. Sworn 374,524410,956440,920 to provide court security. Nonsworn 104,062111,029125,014 Lawrence A. Greenfeld is director. BJS Bulletins present the first release In addition to their court services Figure 4, page 6. Selected areas of responsibilities, nearly half of consta- duty for full-time sworn personnel in of findings from permanent data ble offices had sworn personnel local police departments, 2000 collection programs such as the regularly assigned to respond to Census of State and Local Law Duty Percent of full-time Enforcement Agencies. citizen calls for service. Overall, area sworn personnel 35% of officers primarily performed Patrol 65.1% Brian A. Reaves and Matthew J. patrol duties, and 7% handled crimi- 16.3%Investigations Hickman wrote this report. Tina nal investigations. Court operations 1.4% 0.8%Jail operations 0.8%Jail Dorsey edited the report. Jayne Robinson administered final report production. Data for graphical figures Figure 5, page 7. Full-time employees in sheriffs’ offices, 1992, 1996, and The Office of Community Oriented Highlights table. As of June 2000, 2000 State and local law enforcement Policing Services (COPS) provided Number of full-time partial funding for the 2000 Census. agencies had more than 1 million Type sworn personnel full-time employees, including of employee 199219962000 Debra Cohen and Matthew Scheider about 708,000 sworn personnel assisted with questionnaire develop- Total 225,404257,712293,823 Sworn 136,592152,922164,711 ment. More information on COPS Number of full-time Nonsworn 104,790129,112 88,812 can be obtained at their website Type employees, 2000
14 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000