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Egyptian Architecture

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Egyptian Architecture EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Character: simplicity, massiveness, monumentality Material: stone and brick System: columnar and trabaeted Comparative analysis: Plans- irregular and asymmetrical Wall- no windows (batter wall) Openings- doors are square headed Roof- flat roof Columns- interior only, 6d - bud & bell, palm, foliated, hatthor head, osiris, polygonal Mouldings- torus and gorge Principal buildings: Egyptian Tombs: Mastaba- stairway, halfshrunk, elaborate structure elements: offering chapel w/ stele (slab) serdab (statue chamber) sarcophagus Pyramid- square in plan, oriented in cardinal sides elements: offering chapel mortuary chapel elevated causeway (passageway)) valley building (embalmment) types: step (zoser) slope blunt (seneferu) Rock-cut- mountain side tombs elements: passages sepultural chamber Egyptian Temples: Cult temple- worship of the gods Mortuary Temple- to honor the pharos elements: pylon (entrance or gateway) hypaethral court (open to the sky court) hypostyle hall (pillard or columnar hall) sanctuary Minor temple- mammisi temple (carved along mountain) obelisk temple (monumental pillars, square in plan) Sphinx: (mythical monsters) Mastaba of Thi, Sakkara- Pyramid of Gizeh- Cheops, Chepren, Mykerinos Tombs of the Kings, Thebes The Great Temple of Arnak (greatest example of Egyptian temple) Great Sphinx at Gizeh (god horus) Egyptian Architects: Senusurets- built the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis Amenemhat I- founded the great temple at Karnak Thothmes I- began the additions to the temple of Amnon Karnak Amenophis III- built the famous Colossi of Memnon Rameses I- began the hypostyle hall at Karnak Seti I- built the temple at Abu- Simber Ptolemy II- built the pharos of Light House Ptolemy III- founded the Great Seradeum at Alexandria ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE- WEST ASIA BABYLONEAN AND ASSYRIAN Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur Material: brick System: arch and vault Comparative analysis: Plan- palaces are elevated on platforms w/ room covered by vaults Walls- are built with sun died bricks, battlement cresting - ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab Openings- doors are semicircular headed w/ sculptured monstrers Roof- externally appeared flat but covered by brick vaults internally Columns- no columns Mouldings- no mouldings Ornaments- chiseled alabaster slab Principal buildings: Ziggurat: holy mountains Archaic ziggurats- rectangular w/ upper temple Multi level ziggurats- 2 to 5 tiers Assyrian ziggurats- square in plan w/ continous ramp - w/ fire altar Palace: usually built by Assyrian elements: seraglio- palace proper harem- private family apartments khan- service chamber Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat PERSIAN (architect of light and airy magnificence, open type plan) Material: stone for columns, brick for wall surface, timber for roof System: royal palace are built on platforms to achieve monumentality : columnar and trabaeted Comparative analysis: Plan- open widely spaced columns Wall- made of bricks covered w/ polychrome brickwork Openings- windows and doors are square headed Roof- flatroof made of timber Columns- tall & slender w/ flutted shafts, 15d & scroll, twin horse capital Mouldings- Greek & Egyptian Ornament- polychrome brickwork Palace Platform, Persopolis Propylaea, Xerxes Palace of Darius Palace of Cerces Hypostyle Hall of Cerces Hall of Hundred Columns GREEK ARCHITECTURE Character: Simplicity & harmony Purity of line Perfection of proportions Refinement of details Material: marble System: columnar and trabaeted Early Period/ Minoan or Mycenaean Principal buildings: Megaron: domestic unit elements: enclosed porch megaron proper thalamus- sleeping room Walls: 1. cyclopean 2. polygonal 3. rectangular 4. inclined blocks Tombs: Rock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut deep into the mountainside Tholos- is a subterranean vault, circular in shape - dromos- passageway Palaces: Palace King Minos, Knossos Helenic Period- religious structures Comparative Analysis: (Greek Temples) Simple & balance, symmetrical Rectangular Principal buildings: Temples: elements: front portico crepidoma- stylobate, steriobate pronaos naos epinaos/ posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomos peroma- space bet the naos wall and columns Number of columns: Henostyle Dinostyle Tristyle Tetrastyle Pentastyle Hexastyle Hectastyle Octostyle Ennastyle Decastyle Dodestyle Arrangement of Columns: Antis, Amphi-antis Prostyle, Amphi-prostyle Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral Edipteral, Pseudo-dipteral Comparative analysis: Wall- solidly constructed of blocks or stones, use of dowels or clamps Openings- doors, windows & colonnade are square headed Roof- w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marble slab to permit light - lacunaria (coffer) Column- principal external feature Orders Introduced by Greeks: Doric Order Ionic order Corinthian Order Parts: Entablature- cornice frieze architrade Column- capital shaft base Proportion of Greek Orders Doric Order- favored by Greeks Column- 4-6½ D Tablature- ¼ height of order Ionic Order Column- 9D Tablature- 1/5 height of order Corinthian Order Column- 10D Tablature- 1/5 height of order Doric Order: Abachus Echinus Trachelion Hypotrachelion Entasis Ionic Order: Abachus Echinus- volute Attic base if 2 torus Torus Plinth Corinthian Order: Abachus Cauli-coli Acanthus leaves Intercolumnation Spaces: Hypnostyle- 1 ½ d Systyle- space bet col 2d Eustyle- space 2 1/4d Diastyle- 3d Areostyle- 3 ½ d Principal buildings: Temples: elements: acroterion pediment tympanum entablature metope triglyph raking cornice crepidoma Entablature spacing: Monotriglyph Ditriglyph Polytriglyph Mouldings- parabola hyperbola elipse Basis of Shape of Mouldings- Cyma riversa/ olgee- Waterleaf & tongue Cyma recta- Antheneon or honey suckle Ovolo- Egg & dart or egg & tongue Atragal/ bead- Bead & reel Torus- Guilloche or plait Corona- Fret Fillet cavetto escocia- Plain Sculptured reliefs- free standing statuary- single or group figures Types: bigas- 2 horse chariot Quadbigas- 4 horse chariot Themenos- sacred enclosure Acropolis, Athens - Propelea- gateway - Pinacotheca- paintings - Glyptotheca- sculptures - Statue of Athena Promochos - Erechtheon- unusual because of carriage porch - Old Temple of Athena - Parthenon- largest - geatest example of greek architecture - archt. Ictinus - master sculptor- Callicrates - Doric temple - naos- made of gold and ivory - holds the statue of Athena - Theater of Dionysius - Temple of Nike Apteros- archt Callicrates - Ionic temple Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum- 2nd largest - archt Theron - 3 naos - Atlantes figure Temple of Artemis- archt Deinocrates - master sculptor- Scopas Greek Theater- hallow out of hillside - 2/3 of circle elements: cavea orchestra- complete circle at center skene- proscenia (oration) - paracenia- width of orchestra - epicenium- background Theater of Dionysus, Athens- prototype - largest for 30,000 people Theater of Epidauror- most beautiful & preserved - archt Polycletos Helenistic Period- civic structure Principal buildings: Agora- town square, center of social & business life Stoa- shed, long colonnade Prytaneion- senate building Bouleuterion- council palace Audeion- smaller scale theater, used for musical Stadium- foot race course Hipodrome- hose chariot racing, prototype of roman circus Palaestra- resting school Gymnasium- place for all types of physical exercises Tomb- mosoleum elements: pediment podium ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Character: Vastness & magnificence Olstentation & ornateness Material: pozzolana & lime System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated Comparative analysis: Plan- assymetrical due to complexity of needs of romans Walls- made of stone & concrete Types:Opus quadratum Opus incertum Opus reticulatum Opus testaceum Opus mixtum - introduction of buttresses Types:Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall, detached Spur buttress- attached to wall Pinnacle- similar to spur but more pronounced elements of arch: keystone extrados intrados string course impost abutment plinth archivault voussoir blocks stilting rise spring line span Roof- vaulting system types: semi circular/ wagon headed vault (made of bricks) cross vault dome/ cupula Column- Composite- Ionic volute w/ Corinthian Tuscan- similar to Greek Doric w/ base Column- 7D Tablature- 1 3/4D Doric Order- Column- 8D Tablature- 2D Ionic Order Column- 9D Tablature- 21/4d Corinthian Order Column- 10D Tablature- 2 1/2D Mouldings- heavily decorated Ornament- mosaic- floor, wall ceiling (Tesserrae) types: opusteselatum- square for ceilings opusectile- tesserae cut into shapes for wall opuspilatum- inchevron for floor - mural paintings - accantus scroll- most popular Principal buildings: Forum- a central open shape used as a meeting place, market or rendevous for political demonstration. Forum Romanum- oldest & most important Forum of Trajan- largest forum Rectangular Temples Temple of Venus, Rome- Appolodorus of Damascus Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda)- Agripa (corinthian temple) Basilica- hall of justice & commercial exchange Trajan’s Basilica, Rome- Appolodorus of Damascus Thermae- palatial public bath Balneum- private bath for family elements: 1. main building- tepidarium- warm lounge - calidarium- hot water bath - sudotorium- hottest room - frigidarium- cooling room w/ piscana or swimming bath - unctoria- perfume & oil 2. xystus- large open space w/ landscaping ,stadium fro various types of athletic sports 3. outer ring of apartments- lecture room, exedrae, stores 4. hypocaust- furnace Thermae of Caracalla Thermae Of Diocletian Theaters- orchestra is used by important people - skene became the stage Theater of Marcellus, Rome-
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