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History of Architecture: Chapters I-XIX

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vii TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE PRELIMINARY MATERIAL (separate file) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Figures 1–157) xi CHAPTER I. PRIMITIVE AND PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE 1 CHAPTER II. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE 6 CHAPTER III. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE, Continued 16 CHAPTER IV. CHALDÆAN AND ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE 28 CHAPTER V. PERSIAN, LYCIAN, AND JEWISH ARCHITECTURE 35 CHAPTER VI. GREEK ARCHITECTURE 43 viii CHAPTER VII. GREEK ARCHITECTURE, Continued 60 CHAPTER VIII. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 74 CHAPTER IX. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE, Continued 88 CHAPTER X. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 110 CHAPTER XI. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 120 CHAPTER XII. SASSANIAN AND MOHAMMEDAN ARCHITECTURE—ARABIAN, MORESQUE, 135 PERSIAN, INDIAN, AND TURKISH CHAPTER XIII. EARLY MEDIÆVAL ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY AND FRANCE 155 CHAPTER XIV. EARLY MEDIÆVAL ARCHITECTURE IN GERMANY, GREAT BRITAIN, AND SPAIN 172 CHAPTER XV. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 182 CHAPTER XVI. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE 196 ix CHAPTER XVII. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN GREAT BRITAIN 218 CHAPTER XVIII. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN GERMANY, THE NETHERLANDS, AND SPAIN 237 CHAPTER XIX. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY 254 RENAISSANCE AND LATER ARCHITECTURE CHAPTERS XX–XXVIII, WITH FIGURES 158–229 (separate file) APPENDIX (separate file) GLOSSARY (separate file) INDEXES (separate file) xi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. A few illustrations include links to larger versions. Figure 24 has been reformatted for this e-text; it was printed vertically, with the Plan below the Section. Figure 138 is shown as printed. THE authorship of the original drawings is indicated by the initials affixed: A. = drawings by the author; B. = H. W. Buemming; Bn. = H. D. Bultman; Ch. = Château, L’Architecture en France; G. = drawings adapted from Gwilt’s Encyclopædia of Architecture; L. = Lübke’s Geschichte der Architektur; W. = A. E. Weidinger. All other illustrations are from photographs. PAGE FRONTISPIECE. The Parthenon Restored (from model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 1 Section of Great Pyramid (A.) 8 2 Section of King’s Chamber (A.) 9 3 Plan of Sphinx Temple (A.) 9 4 Ruins of Sphinx Temple (A.) 10 5 Tomb at Abydos (A.) 11 6 Tomb at Beni-Hassan (A.) 11 7 Section and Half-plan of same (A.) 12 8 Plan of the Ramesseum (A.) 14 9 Temple of Edfou. Plan (B.) 17 10 Temple of Edfou. Section (B.) 17 11 Temple of Karnak. Plan (L.) 18 12 Central Portion of Hypostyle Hall at Karnak (from model in Metropolitan 20 Museum, New York) 13 Great Temple of Ipsamboul 21 14 Edfou. Front of Hypostyle Hall 23 15 Osirid Pier (Medinet Abou) (A.) 24 16 Types of Column (A.) 25 17 Egyptian Floral Ornament-Forms (A.) 26 18 Palace of Sargon at Khorsabad. Plan (L.) 30 19 Gate, Khorsabad (A.) 32 20 Assyrian Ornament (A.) 34 21 Column from Persepolis (B.) 37 22 Lion Gate at Mycenæ (A.) 44 xii 23 Polygonal Masonry, Mycenæ (A.) 45 24 Tholos of Atreus; Plan and Section (A.) 46 25 Tholos of Atreus, Doorway (after Clarke) (A.) 46 26 Greek Doric Order (A.) 48 27 Doric Order of the Parthenon. (From cast in Metropolitan Museum, New 49 York) 28 Greek Ionic Order, Miletus (A.) 51 29 Side View of Ionic Capital (B.) 52 30 Greek Corinthian Order (A.) 53 31 Types of Greek Temple Plans (A.) 54 32 Carved Anthemion Ornament, Athens 57 33 Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum; Plan (A.) 61 34 Ruins of the Parthenon 63 35 Plan of the Erechtheum (A.) 64 36 West End of the Erechtheum (A.) 64 37 Propylæa at Athens. Plan (G.) 65 38 Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. (From model in Metropolitan Museum, 67 New York) 39 Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens. Plan (A.) 68 40 Plan of Greek Theatre (A.) 70 41 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (A.) 72 42 Roman Doric Order from Theatre of Marcellus. (Model in Metropolitan 77 Museum, New York) 43 Roman Ionic Order (A.) 78 44 Roman Corinthian Order. (From model in Metropolitan Museum, New 79 York) 45 Roman Arcade with Engaged Columns (A.) 80 46 Barrel Vault (A.) 81 47 Groined Vault (A.) 81 48 Roman Wall Masonry (B.) 83 49 Roman Carved Ornament. (Lateran Museum) 85 50 Roman Ceiling Panels (A.) 86 51 Temple of Fortuna Virilis. Plan 89 52 Circular Temple, Tivoli (A.) 90 53 Temple of Venus and Rome. Plan (A.) 93 54 Plan of the Pantheon (B.) 94 55 Interior of the Pantheon 95 56 Exterior of the Pantheon. (Model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 96 57 Forum and Basilica of Trajan (A.) 97 xiii Basilica of Constantine. Plan (G.) 98 58 59 Ruins of Basilica of Constantine 99 60 Central Block, Thermæ of Caracalla. Plan (G.) 100 61 Roman Theatre, Herculanum 101 62 Colosseum at Rome. Half Plan (A.) 102 63 Arch of Constantine. (Model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 104 64 Palace of Diocletian, Spalato. Plan (G.) 106 65 Plan of House of Pansa, Pompeii (A.) 107 66 Plan of Santa Costanza, Rome (A.) 111 67 Plan of the Basilica of St. Paul-beyond-the-Walls, Rome (A.) 113 68 St. Paul-beyond-the-Walls. Interior 114 69 Church at Kalb Louzeh (A.) 116 70 Cathedral at Bozrah. Plan (A.) 117 71 Diagram of Pendentives (A.) 123 72 Spandril, Hagia Sophia 125 73 Capital with Impost Block, S. Vitale 126 74 Plan of St. Sergius, Constantinople (A.) 127 75 Plan of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (A.) 128 76 Section of Hagia Sophia (A.) 128 77 Interior of Hagia Sophia (full page) 129 78 Plan of St. Mark’s, Venice (A.) 132 79 Interior of St. Mark’s 133 80 Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo. Sanctuary 137 81 Mosque of Kaîd Bey, Cairo 139 82 Moorish Detail, Alhambra 141 83 Interior of Great Mosque, Cordova 142 84 Plan of the Alhambra (A.) 144 85 Tomb of Mahmûd, Bijapur. Section (A.) 147 86 The Taj Mahal, Agra 149 87 Mosque of Mehmet II., Constantinople. Plan (L.) 151 88 Exterior of Ahmediyeh Mosque, Constantinople 152 89 Interior of Suleimaniyeh Mosque, Constantinople 153 90 Interior of San Ambrogio, Milan 157 91 West Front and Campanile, Cathedral of Piacenza 158 92 Baptistery, Cathedral, and Leaning Tower, Pisa 160 93 Interior of Pisa Cathedral 161 94 Plan of St. Front, Perigueux (G.) 164 95 Interior of St. Front (L.) 165 96 Plan of Notre Dame du Port, Clermont (Ch.) 166 xiv Section of same (Ch.) 166 97 98 A Six-part Ribbed Vault (A.) 167 99 Plan of Minster at Worms (G.) 173 100 One Bay, Cathedral of Spires (L.) 174 101 East End, Church of the Apostles, Cologne 175 102 Plan of Durham Cathedral (Bn.) 177 103 One Bay, Transept of Winchester Cathedral (G.) 178 104 Front of Iffley Church (A.) 179 105 Constructive System of Gothic Church (A.) 183 106 Plan of Sainte Chapelle, Paris (Bn.) 184 107 Early Gothic Flying Buttress (Bn.) 185 108 Ribbed Vault, English Type (Bn. after Babcock) 186 109 Penetrations and Intersections of Vaults (Bn.) 187 110 Plate Tracery, Charlton-on-Oxmore 188 111 Bar Tracery, St. Michael’s, Warfield (W.) 189 112 Rose Window from St. Ouen, Rouen (G.) 190 113 Flamboyant Detail, Strasburg 191 114 Early Gothic Carving (A.) 192 115 Carving, Decorated Period, from Southwell Minster 193 116 Plan of Notre Dame, Paris (L.) 198 117 Interior of Notre Dame 199 118 Interior of Le Mans Cathedral 200 119 Vaulting with Zigzag Ridge Joints (A.) 201 120 One Bay, Abbey of St. Denis (G.) 203 121 The Sainte Chapelle, Paris. Exterior 204 122 Amiens Cathedral; Plan (G.) 205 123 Alby Cathedral. Plan (A. after Lübke) 206 124 West Front of Notre Dame, Paris 207 125 West Front of St. Maclou, Rouen 208 126 French Gothic Capitals (A.) 210 127 House of Jacques Cœur, Bourges (L.) 215 128 Plan of Salisbury Cathedral (Bn.) 219 129 Ribbed Vaulting, Choir of Exeter Cathedral 221 130 Lierne Vaulting, Tewkesbury Abbey 222 131 Vault of Chapter House, Wells 223 132 Cloisters of Salisbury Cathedral 225 133 Perpendicular Tracery, St. George’s, Windsor 226 134 West Front, Lichfield Cathedral 228 135 One Bay of Choir, Lichfield Cathedral (A.) 229 136 Fan Vaulting, Henry VII.’s Chapel 231 xv Eastern Part, Westminster Abbey. Plan (L.) 232 137 138 Roof of Nave, St. Mary’s, Westonzoyland (W.) 233 139 One Bay, Cathedral of St. George, Limburg (L.) 239 140 Section of St. Elizabeth, Marburg (Bn.) 240 141 Cologne Cathedral, Plan (G.) 242 142 Church of Our Lady, Treves (L.) 243 143 Plan of Ulm Cathedral (L.) 244 144 Town Hall, Louvain 247 145 Façade of Burgos Cathedral 249 146 Detail from S. Gregorio, Valladolid 251 147 Duomo at Florence, Plan (G.) 256 148 Duomo at Florence, Nave 257 149 One Bay, Cathedral of S. Martino, Lucca (L.) 258 150 Interior of Sienna Cathedral 259 151 Façade of Sienna Cathedral 261 152 Exterior of the Certosa, Pavia 262 153 Plan of the Certosa, Pavia 263 154 Upper Part of Campanile, Florence 265 155 Upper Part of Palazzo Vecchio, Florence 266 156 Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence 267 157 West Front of Doge’s Palace, Venice 268 Figures 158–229 (separate file) 1 CHAPTER I. PRIMITIVE AND PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: Desor, Les constructions lacustres du lac de Neufchatel. Fergusson, Rude Stone Monuments. R. C. Hoare, Ancients Wiltshire. Lyell, The Antiquity of Man. Lubbock, Prehistoric Times. Nadaillac, Prehistoric America. Rougemont, L’age du Bronze. Tylor, Primitive Culture. EARLY BEGINNINGS. It is impossible to trace the early stages of the process by which true architecture grew out of the first rude attempts of man at building. The oldest existing monuments of architecture—those of Chaldæa and Egypt—belong to an advanced civilization. The rude and elementary structures built by savage and barbarous peoples, like the Hottentots or the tribes of Central Africa, are not in themselves works of architecture, nor is any instance known of the evolution of a civilized art from such beginnings.
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