OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST OLUME 25 NUMBER 2 SPRING 1975

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Officers Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona Ray Tanner, Behringer Crawford Museum, DeVou Park, President—Dana L. Baker, 1976 Covington, Kentucky West Taylor St., Mt. Victory Ohio William L. Jenkins, 3812 Laurel Lane, Anderson, Indiana Vice President—Jan Sorgenfrei, 1976 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio 7625 Maxtown Rd., Westerville, Ohio Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Executive Secretary—Frank W. Otto, 1976 James Murphy, Dept. of Geology, Case Western Re­ 1503 Hempwood Dr., Cols., Ohio serve Univ. Cleveland, Ohio Treasurer—John J. Winsch, 1976 6614 Summerdale Dr., Dayton, Ohio Recording Secretary—Dave Mielke, 1976 Box 389, Botkins, Ohio Editorial Office and Business Office Editor—RobertN. Converse, 1978 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio Membership and Dues Trustees Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Ensil Chadwick, 119 Rose Avenue, payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 1978 bership $7.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publica­ Wayne A. Mortine, Scott Drive, Oxford Hgts., tion) $8.50; Contributing $25.00. Fundsare used for Newcomerstown, Ohio 1978 publishing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Drive, Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organiza­ Fairborn, Ohio 1978 tion and has no paid officers or employees. Alva McGraw, Route #11, Chillicothe, Ohio 1976 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and William C. Haney, 706 Buckhom St., subscription is included in the membership dues. Ironton, Ohio 1975 Ernest G. Good, 16 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 1976 Back Issues

Editorial Staff and Publishing Committee Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist may be pur­ chased at the following prices: Editor-Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain Ohio Flint Types—$4.00 per copy City, Ohio 43064 Ohio Stone Tools—$3.00 per copy Associate Editor-Martha P. Otto, The Ohio Historical Ohio Slate Types—$5.00 per copy Society, Columbus, Ohio 43211 Back issues 1964 to 1974—$2.00 per copy Regional Collaborators- Back issues prior to 1964 if still in print—$5.00 per David W. Kuhns, 2642 Shawnee Road, Portsmouth copy Ohio Write for prices on out of print issues Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Make all checks or money orders payable to the Ar­ chaeological Society of Ohio and send to 199 Converse Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064.

STANDING COMMITTEES

PROGRAM COMMITTEE FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE NOMINATING COMMITTEE Martha P. Otto, Chairman Robert Converse, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei, Chairman Ed. R. Hughes Ernest Good Robert Converse Richard Stambaugh Jack Hooks Jack Hooks Frank Otto Steve Fuller Ensil Chadwick John Winsch Philip Foley Robert Converse Don Bapst AUDITING COMMITTEE Jan Sorgenfrei MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE David Scott Donn Buck, Chairman Mike Kish Richard Stanbaugh, Chairman Ensil Chadwick Ed. Gall LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Summers Redick Alva McGraw, Chairman EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Don Casto Dwight Shipley Carroll Welling Gilbert Dilley Frank Otto, Chairman Steve Parker Norman Wright John Winsch Robert Harter David Kuhns Myers Campbell Tom Stropki Robert Converse Steve Fuller John Vargo Kenneth Black David Scott EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY Jim Ritchie David Kuhns Dave Mielke, Chairman Douglas Hooks Charles Stout, Sr. Steve Kelley Marilyn Harness Wayne Mortine James Murphy Ed R. Hughes PRESIDENT'S PAGE On Wednesday morning March 26th a bill was OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST presented in committee by Representative John TABLE OF CONTENTS Scott, Republican of Fairborn, Ohio, to restrict and limit digging and excavation or otherwise destroy­ Front cover 1 ing Indian burial sites. This bill was brought about Officers—committees 2 through the efforts of an Indian group of Greene President's page 3 County who call themselves the Four Points Inter­ Front cover description 4 tribal Council. Six people dressed in Indian regalia The Meuser Miniatures—Converse 4,5,6 appeared as proponents of the legislation and A Summary Report on the Archaeological claimed among other things that Indian burial Survey and Testing of the Perry Nuclear grounds were not difficult to discover, that every Power Plant Area, Lake County, Ohio— prehistoric burial had artifacts of a ceremonial na­ ture buried with it, and that there was little to learn Brose and Lee 7,8,9,10 in Ohio by further excavation of earthworks and A Dovetail and a Hardstone Bar- mounds. They also claimed to represent all In­ Two Richland County Finds- dians—presumably in the United States as well as Information Needed 11 Ohio — and professed to be Shawnee Indians Some Fine Slate—Long 12, 13 whose ancestors' graves were being desecrated. Regional Collaborator News —Britt 14 Aside from the fact that there is not a single living Hopewellian Birdpoints—Carscadden 15 person who can demonstrably establish himself as Excavation of an Archaic Open Site— a descendant of any prehistoric Ohio Indian, the thought which immediately springs to mind is, do Carskadden 16, 17, 18, 19 these people really represent all the Indians in Inside Color Picture 20 Ohio and what portion of a mans ancestry deter­ Inside Color Picture 21 mines whether he is Indian, Irish, or Lithuanian. A Pipe from the Meuser Collection —Mayne, To be quite frank, of the six people who appeared, A Hardstone Gorget—Mayne 22 only one looked as though he had Indian ancestry A Paleo-lndian Site in Vinton Co. —Long 23 —the other five looked no different than an av­ The Keifer Mound Excavation- erage American of European descent. One spokes­ Stout 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 man named Jerry Pope of Yellow Springs, Ohio, 1974 Surface Finds—Licking County Artifacts called himself Chief Tukemas of the Shawnee Nation, and I wondered, as he addressed the legis­ in the Hooks Collection 29 lative committee, about the Indian beliefs and A New Mound Classification—Stout 30 ceremonies,—which were mostly fantasy—whether A New Engraved Adena Tablet- his chiefdom was one to which he was born or Otto 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 elected and if elected by whom. The Ohio Archaeological Council—Otto 37 Annual Meeting 1975 — At any rate, the provisions of House Bill 418 would pass into law some restrictions of great im­ Dr. Stewart Streuver 38 pact to the professional as well as the non-pro­ Book Review—Awards- fessional archaeologist and to anyone else inter­ Sustaining Members 39 ested in American prehistory. While the motives Back Color Cover 40 behind such a bill sound lofty and idealistic—and possibly appealing to the public in this day of mi­ a death knell to ever salvaging anything signifi­ nority causes and torch bearing by well meaning cant from accidental discoveries. Almost all burials peopleforthe seemingly downtrodden and abused found in the course of highway building, farming, —they are unworkable from a practical standpoint. construction, or inundation would be ignored or For example, it would require a ninety day waiting purposely destroyed if such a law were in effect. period if any Indian burial is found—or even what Looking at this problem from an unemotional is thought to be an Indian burial—during which an view, one must realize that all the knowledge we investigation would be made by the Ohio Historical have of American prehistory has been gained by Society to determine among other things how archaeological investigation—even the tradition many burials could be found, the tribal affiliation and lore professed by modern Indians. Our knowl­ of those buried there, and the kind of artifacts edge of European prehistory is based largely on likely to be discovered. This alone would require the excavation of prehistoric graves. What would an archaeologist with x-ray vision as well as knowl­ we know of the Celts, the Vikings, or Cro-Magnon edge which has eluded some of the best archae­ or Neanderthal had it not been from excavating ological minds of our century. After the ninety day their graves. waiting period recommendations would be made The results of archaeological work have done as by the Ohio Historical Society and the represen­ much to enhance the history and tradition of the tatives of the tribal councils as to future disposi­ prehistoric Indians as any other single factor—this tion of the site and its artifacts. bill would to all effects and purposes end any fur­ To anyone familiar with archaeology and the ther additions to this rich heritage. practical side of its application this bill would sound Dana L. Baker, President The Meuser Miniatures by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

The late Dr. Gordon Meuser of Columbus, container in the fourth row from top center. Ohio, had the largest and most complete Two tiny geniculates lower right corner and collection of Ohio slate artifacts ever assem­ left side sixth row from top and two small bled. Over the years he had encountered a butterfly banners are very rare. number of undersized and miniature speci­ Many materials are represented such as mens which he kept separate in a small frame. shell, banded slate, hematite, and sandstone. Although I do not recall the exact number, Exotic materials include steatite, Ohio pipe- there were probably around 70 pieces in his stone, rose quartz, and cannel coal. original collection. At the first auction of the Meuser collection the miniatures were sold A few specimens are possibly not authen­ but a number of other pieces had been added tic—the celt in the second row top center and to the original collection making the total 11 7. the notched ovate to its right are somewhat The added pieces include two rose quartz suspect. banners and a number of pipes. As with all the Meuser pieces the location Very probably many of these small pieces where the piece was found or obtained is were beads or remnants of larger or salvaged clearly marked in India ink as well as the artifacts, but most are actually undersized ex­ catalogue number. amples of larger types of ornaments and All in all the collection is one which took a tools. The small reel shaped banner in the lifetime to assemble. It is doubtful that such a lower row right and the tiny Adena keyhole collection will ever again be put together. pendant in the upper right corner are ex­ Fortunately, the Meuser miniatures are now tremely interesting as is the miniature pestle in the possession of Max Shipley of Colum­ lower row center and the extremely small bus, Ohio, who has preserved them intact, t.

Note: Three miniatures in the right side of the picture were omitted due to the composition of the sixteen photographs which were used to make up the full picture of the collection.

FRONT COVER The beauty of Ohio pipestone is shown in the color cover. All examples are from the collection of Max Shipley of Columbus, Ohio, and represent some of the rarest and most beautiful prehistoric artifacts made of Ohio pipestone. This lustrous stone, native to Ohio, is found in the southern part of the state principally in Scioto, Lawrence, and Gallia counties. It ranges in color from a pale gray to a maroon red or greenish black with various shades and mott- lings of these colors. It is believed that heat and fire changed both the hard­ ness and color of some of these pieces often turning it a deep orange. In the upper left corner is a Hopewell effigy of an otter. Directly below it is a Fort Ancient pipe carved in the likeness of a parakeet. Beside it is a Hopewell monitor pipe of greenish black pipestone. On the right is a human effigy Erie pipe of orange-red. In the center is one of the finest Intrusive Mound pipes ever found. The bird is a merganser duck and the pipe is of red-yellow pipestone. Below it is a bust type birdstone of gray pipestone and to its right is a yellow-gray keeled pipe. The human effigy is a Fort An­ cient pipe and the small monitor pipe is a miniature Hopewell pipe from a mound near Harmony in Clark County. At the bottom is an extremely fine Erie pipe of gray and red pipestone.

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Fig. i (Converse) The Meuser collection of miniatures. This unique collection was assembled by Dr. Cordon Meuser during his fifty years of collecting. The board on which these pieces are mounted measures 24 inches by 48 inches. For scale the pendant in the upper right corner is 2-1/4 inches long. I A 1 I I J-. SCi*»;^tVj«*il i * I

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6 A Summary Report on the Archaeological Survey and Testing of the Perry Nuclear Power Plant Area, Lake County, Ohio

by David S. Brose and Alfred M. Lee Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio

The following report is designed both to Whittlesey components were tested in the illustrate the nature of contract archaeology northeastern Ohio region and the following and its limited "hard returns" for cost spring a number of additional sites were lo­ expended, and to document a Late Archaic cated. With the support of another grant from campsite in Lake County, Ohio. the National Science Foundation (GS-28985) The presence of Archaic and Paleo-lndian the summers of 1971 and 1972 were spent materials in northern Ohio was noted in the in a systematic archaeological survey (strati­ early twentieth century. During the succeed­ fied by ecological parameters) investigating ing decades-surface collections recovered a the settlement pattern of the Late Prehistoric large typological sample with limited informa­ period in northeastern Ohio. tion on location. At the same time detailed The 1972 season was devoted to a statisti­ geological studies have provided a rough cally-valid archaeological survey of the inter- framework to order these types through time. fluvial plateau, the headwaters of the Ohio- Little, if any, information had been provided Mississippi system in northeastern Ohio, and concerning the contemporary environment the minor and secondary stream valleys. No or the prehistoric settlement or economic new site types recovered were assignable to adaptation; the changing projectile point the post-Middle Woodland period. Small sea­ styles have been regarded as indications of sonal agricultural villages were located in the migration from outside the Ohio area. poorly dissected regions of the interfluvial During the past three years, Case Western plateau. Along the minor recent streams Reserve University surveys have located a draining directly into Lake Erie a number of number of Paleo-lndian and Early Archaic very small seasonal camps were located. sites within the Lake Erie drainage systems Most of them seemed to represent spec­ on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau in north­ ialized extractive activities although in the east Ohio. Initial archaeological testing at headwaters of the south-flowing streams sev­ several of these large sites reflected a strong eral small seasonal agricultural sites were locational preference for secondary stream located. Within the PNPP test area several drainage functions down-cutting through high fragments of chipped stone tools and charred (above 650 feet) fossil lake beach ridges. The fish bone were found associated with ceramic probability of encountering significant quan­ sherds. These archaeological materials were tities of early material in the PNPP test areas eroding from the sandy river bank along the was thus rather low. The possibility of locat­ northeastern margin of the PNPP area. Sub­ ing a small ephemeral campsite of this phase sequent testing suggested a small fishing was nonetheless real. camp had existed there about A.D. 1100 but Late Archaic sites in the Great Lakes area had been almost entirely lost by shoreline are poorly reported and widely scattered. erosion. In addition, a relatively large spring/ There is some suggesting of population de­ fall fishing camp pertaining to Phase ll/lll cline from earlier periods (Fitting 1970). The Whittlesey was located and tested along the sites recorded seem to cluster along major lakeshore at Camp Roosevelt, approximately drainage systems well inland. Although there 3.1 miles west of the PNPP area (Brose did exist a possibility of encountering a lake­ 1973; n.d.). side encampment, the recorded history of shoreline erosion suggested that it was not a Archaeological Reconnaissance significant probability in the test area. During of PNPP Area the summer of 1970 with the support of a Following a series of telephone conversa­ National Science Foundation grant (GS- tions with Mr. Steven Breslauer, Environ­ 3062), Brose directed extensive excavations mental Systems Group, N.U.S. Corporation, at the South Park and Greenwood village an informal meeting was arranged between sites. During the fall of that year several other Mr. Breslauer, Mr. Vyhnalek (representing

7 the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Com­ wooded areas surrounding cultivated fields pany), and Dr. Brose. At the meeting in April were designated Type B. Type C areas were 1973, Dr. Brose outlined the archaeological those covered by dense vegetation on which nature of the PNPP area suggesting that most direct observation of the ground surface was habitation in the area was clustered along the impossible. Type D included areas around major rivers and at creeks on the lakeshore. occupied dwellings, yards and lawns. Small encampments of the early inhabitants The survey commenced on May 22, 1973, dot the lakeshore with great frequency, oc- with a crew of eight. The first day was spent curing every mile or two. Larger villages are examining a large portion of the open culti­ somewhat less common, appearing every 15 vated fields, Area A^ on the map. These fields miles or so. The presence of one of these were surveyed under optimal conditions— larger communities near the PNPP to the they were recently cultivated and had subse­ west made it highly unlikely that a similar quently been washed by rain. These condi­ village would be located at the PNPP. Addi­ tions had the effect of leaving all hard ma­ tionally, the topography and soils at the PNPP terials such as stones, as well as cultural render it very unlikely that an ancient burial material such as chipped flint, pottery, or ground would be present at the site. Finally, bone, in plain view on the surface. Survey the rate of erosion of the shoreline at the technique consisted of walking the fields in PNPP had probably washed most of the shore­ passes 10 to 15 feet apart examining material line remains into the lake. While artifacts and left on the surface for evidence of prehistoric other archaeological materials, representa­ occupation. Only one small concentration of tive of a small transient encampment, were cultural material was discovered, on what probably present at the site, it is very unlikely was designated Site 1, including one com­ that the site contained any unique or major plete example of a projectile point Prufer and archaeological information. Nonetheless, it Sofsky (1965:31) have called the Lake Erie was Dr. Brose's recommendation that an Bifurcated Base type (Fig. 2, right). Although archaeological reconnaissance be made to this point type has not been found in dated determine whether any remains of prior habi­ archaeological context in northeastern Ohio, tation can be identified and to investigate in similar points have been recovered at the detail the locations which have been so St. Albans site near the mouth of the Kana­ identified. wha River in West Virginia (Broyles 1971). Radio-carbon dates from that site would sug­ Subsequently, Mr. Breslauer discussed this gest a date of 5000 B.C. for the Lake Erie proposal with CEI, and they agreed that it Bifurcated Base point. Other material found would remove any questions, no matter how with the point included two bifacially chipped slight, regarding the archaeological impor­ flint tools (Fig. 2, left and center), neither of tance of the site, and that it could make a which was complete enough for indentifica- modest contribution to an understanding of tion, several flint chips, one of which showed the archaeology of the area. Accordingly, edge modification and wear suggestive of they authorized that the study be conducted use as a scraper, and three fragments of deer as outlined. bone. Archaeological reconnaissance of the pro­ posed nuclear power plant site at Perry, Ohio, The material recovered suggests that this was conducted during a period of three site represents a short-term hunting and but­ weeks from May 22, 1973 to June 8, 1973. chering camp occupied sometime between Five full working days were required to com­ 5000 B.C. and 3000 B.C. by a small group of plete the field survey with crews ranging from hunters bearing a culture referred to as Mid­ three to eight persons. The area covered is dle Archaic. An examination of the aerial about one quarter-section (160 acres). It is photograph revealed the presence of a small primarily meadow and nursery-stock farm­ intermittent stream or spring in this location, land although approximately 30 acres are suggesting a reason for selection of this site second growth forest cover or domestic by the Archaic hunters. Little more may be architecture. said of these people, as little is known about With the aid of an aerial photograph, the them. The bifurcated base projectile points survey area was divided into smaller plots on occur scattered over a wide area, rarely in the basis of ground cover (Fig. 1). Four major larger numbers, suggesting a semi-nomadic types of cover, each dictating different sur­ hunting and gathering subsistence- vey techniques, were encountered in the settlement base. area. Type A comprised all recently cultivated A second locality examined was Area Ci, fields, currently planted in nursery crops. The the land bordering a small stream in the southwest corner of the survey area. Here produced no cultural material supports the technique consisted of examining the stream inference that it was a very short term hunt­ banks for material being washed out, check­ ing occupation, and further suggests that the ing areas of exposed soil, and the excavation site has already been destroyed by plowing. of test pits on the higher ground above the Further survey was conducted in the areas stream. No evidence of prehistoric occupa­ designated D1 and D2. Here the technique tion was encountered in this area. used was one of seeking out areas of exposed Weather again permitted field work on May soil, and making surface collections. Stan­ 31, 1973. On that day a crew of four finished dard surface collection was also employed the examination of cultivated fields, Area A2, in the field adjacent to the plant site, Area A3, continuing the technique of direct surface which is to be used for dumping fill. No evi­ observation in passes 10 to 15 feet apart. No dence of prehistoric occupation was en­ further material of archaeological interest countered in any of these areas. was encountered. Thesurvey was completed on June 8, 1973. On June 1, 1973, a crew of three surveyed Much of the time spent that day was devoted the wooded areas on the perimeter of the to demonstrating the techniques used in the proposed plant site, Areas Bi and B2. The survey for an NUS photographer. Another first part examined was the land adjacent to test excavation was made in the vicinity of the streams flowing through the woods, and Site 1, again with negative results. Further, the lake front, perhaps the most likely loca­ the site area was subjected to four lines of tion for prehistoric occupations. It was tested soil resistivity survey. This technique consists both by direct observation of the ground sur­ of passing a small electric current through face where possible, and by the excavation of the soil between two probes and measuring 3- by 3-foot test units where vegetation was the resistence of the soil. Differential soil dense. Erosion by the lake and streams was moisture content, which often is the result of heavy in this area, and it is likely that any prehistoric use of the land, results in a cor­ occupations that may have been present are responding differential soil resistence. In this now destroyed. One small concentration of case, however, no significant differences in chipped flint was djscovered and designated soil resistivity were encountered, confirm­ Site 2. It consisted of several unmodified flint ing the conclusion that any further evidence chips limited to a 4-foot area at the edge of of this occupation has been destroyed by the stream channel. Three test units were plowing. excavated in the area of the concentration, with negative results. The concentration prob­ Conclusion ably represents the efforts of a small group The area of the proposed CEI Perry Nu­ of hunters who stopped to make or resharpen clear Power Plant has been subjected to flint tools. a thorough professional archaeological The remainder of the wooded area, that reconnaissance. Analyses of previous ar­ portion away from water, was found to be sub­ chaeological work in the region lead to the ject to sheet erosion, probably the result of hypothesis that little, if any, evidence for sig­ water run-off from the adjacent cultivated nificant prehistoric occupation would be en­ fields. Ground cover was extremely sparse, countered in the test area. The analysis of making possible direct observation of the both black and white and infra-red aerial surface. The wooded area was therefore ex­ photographs (povided by Kuchera As­ amined in 15-foot passes by surface collec­ sociates, Inc.) indicated nothing to alter this tion. No evidence of prehistoric use of this hypothesis. During late May and early June area was encountered. of 1973 field investigation of the area was On June 5, 1973, test excavations were carried out by crews from the Department of made as a means of surveying those portions Anthropology, Case Western Reserve Uni­ of the site on which ground vegetation was versity, under the supervision of Alfred M. too dense to permit direct observation of the Lee. Stratified surface samples and statisti­ surface, Area C2 and C3. The 3- by 3-foot units cally-determined test excavations were car­ were excavated through the plowing level, ried out. Finally earth resistivity survey was which varied in depth from 0.7 foot to 1.3 feet, implemented to determine the presence of down into the underlying yellow clay Wis­ the sub-surface features. Field investigation consin till (Fig. 3). A total of 15 such test units revealed that the PNPP area was occupied was excavated, all with negative results. by only a small transient hunting camp some A series of test excavations was also made time during the Archaic period. This com­ in the area designated Site 1. That these units ponent has been fully analyzed. The probability of earlier, more deeply n.d. An initial summary of the Late Prehis­ buried occupation in the test area is extreme­ toric period in northeastern Ohio. In the ly low. Nonetheless, if such a prehistoric com­ late prehistory of the Lake Erie drain­ ponent exists it may not be locatable by any age basin: a symposium. D. Brose (ed.) Scientific Papers of the Cleveland Mu­ limited archaeological testing; for that reason seum of Natural History. In Press. the Case Western Reserve University field crews will again visit the site when significant Broyles, Bettye J. earth-moving operations begin. Furthermore, 1971 Second preliminary report: the St. Al­ should any such prehistoric occupation be bans site. Kanawha County, West Vir­ ginia. Report of Archaeological Investi­ encountered during the course of site con­ gations, No. 3. West Virginia Geological struction all material and contextual infor­ and Economic Survey. mation will be salvaged upon notification. Fitting, James. E. 1970 The archaeology of Michigan. Natural Brose, David S. History Press. Garden City, New York. 1971 The early historic Indian of northern Ohio. The Explorer 12(1) 20-29. Cleve­ Prufer, Olaf H. and Charles Sofsky land, Ohio. 1965 The McKibben site (33-Tr-57), Trumbull 1973 Preliminary report on the South Park County, Ohio: a contribution to the Late site, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. The Penn­ Paleo-lndian and Archaic phases of sylvania Archaeologist. 43(3) 25-47. Ohio. Michigan Archeologist 11 (1 ):9-40.

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Fig. 1 (Brose and Lee) Map of survey area. Fig. 3 (Brose and Lee) Typical excavation unit soil profile.

Fig. 2 (Brose and Lee) Lithic material from Site 1.

10 A Dovetail and a Hardstone Bar Amulet by Floyd Murphy, 16538 Rock Creek Road, Thompson, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Murhpy) This hardstone bar amulet was found in Fig. 2 (Murphy) The 4XA inch dovetail from Lake County, Geauga County. Ohio. It is highly polished and is drilled Ohio, is made of colorful Flint Ridge chalcedony. with a pair of conjoining holes at each end of the bottom. One side has been slightly engraved. It is 3 inches in length.

INFORMATION NEEDED Two Richland County Finds The fluted point and the Adena keyhole pen­ I am engaged in a program of archaeologi­ dant were both found by Jake Bikar of Mans­ cal research in the Licking Valley — Flint field in the western part of Richland County, Ridge area which is the subject of a doctoral Ohio. dissertation at Columbia. I am specifically interested in the Hopewellian occupations of this region and the dynamics of trade involv­ ing Flint Ridge flint. The kinds of information which are of par­ ticular relevance would be: 1) The locations of Early, Middle, and Late Woodland sites along the Licking River and its tributaries. 2) The locations of Woodland sites on Flint Ridge and types of occupations they seem to represent, i.e., lithic workshops, permanent settlements, etc. 3) The present location of collections from this area; descriptions or photographs of artifacts from private collections would be extremely helpful and most welcome. Any additional input which the readers feel would be of value to our work will be greatly appreciated. Jack E. Bernhardt Dept. of Anthropology Columbia University, New York, New York

11 Some Fine Slate from Southern Ohio by Mark Long Wellston, Ohio

Over the past few years I have seen some found by friends who hunt, collect, and trea­ very fine slate artifacts from Jackson, Vinton, sure prehistoric Indian relics. Some of them and eastern Ross County. Thought by many are common, others are not so common. I to be an archaeological desert, this area pro­ identified most of the pieces as prescribed duces some beautiful specimens, if maybe by Robert Converse's book, Ohio Slate Types. not as numerous or spectacular as other parts I trust that the craftsmanship of ancient man of the state. I photographed (Figs. 1, 2, and 3) will be as pleasing to the eyes of this publica­ some of the better pieces that have been tion's readers as it is to mine.

Fig. 1 (Long) The quadriconcave gorget and elliptical gorget were found together in a mound in Milton Township, Jackson County.

12 Fig. 2 (Long) The double-crescent banner (rare) in center came from Harrison Township. Vinton County. The two expanded center gorgets at top and bottom of the photograph are from a mound in Lick Township. Jackson County. At left is a bowtie banner from Jefferson Township, Ross Coun­ ty. At right is a drilled coffin-shaped gorget from a mound in Vinton County. The two bannerstones were found on the surface

i

Fig. 3 (Long) At the bottom is a quadriconcave gorget from a mound in Vinton Township. Vinton County. At left is an undrilled coffin-shaped piece, and at right is a boat-shaped or expanded-center gorget also from Vinton Township. At the top is a bi-concave gorget from a mound in Clinton Town­ ship, Vinton County.

13 Regional Collaborator News: More Ohio Dual-Tipped Points by Claude Britt, Jr. Many Farms, Arizona 86503

Recently the author published articles con­ The third example (Fig. 1c) has been re­ cerning strange flint tools which he named ported previously (Stropki 1968: 102, Fig. 1), "dual-tipped" points (Britt 1974a; 1974b). In but is being re-illustrated to make this article these articles he asked to hear from anyone more complete. It was found by Thomas having knowledge of additional specimens. Stropki in Jefferson County. It was recovered Two more dual-tipped points were reported along with a hafted shaft scraper on an Ar­ from Ohio. In addition, a previously-reported chaic site. The material is Ohio black flint. specimen is being re-illustrated. To date, 18 specimens with excellent pro­ One specimen (Fig. 1a) is fashioned from venience data have been reported from nine black flint. It was found prior to 1957 in states ranging from Virginia to Oregon (Britt, Wayne County, but is now in the collection of n.d.). Of these 18 specimens, 33.3% were Lar Hothem of Columbus, Ohio. Hothem found in Ohio. The author would appreciate (written communication, 1974) states, "(this) hearing from anyone having knowledge of point shows evidence of a great deal of use, more specimens from that state. and apparently was re-chipped from an orig­ inal, broken point. There is heavy basal grind­ ing in evidence, very heavy on bottom of Britt, Jr., Claude base, a bit less on sides and in notch. In 1974a Dual-tipped points: a very rare Ohio the groove between tips, wear is indicated flint type. Ohio Archaeologist (24) 3: and the two point tips are not particularly 18. sharp . . .". 1974b More dual-tipped points. Central States Archaeological Journal (21) 3: 144- Another specimen (Fig. 1b) was found on 146. St. Louis. the Ohio River near Belpre, Ohio, by Rob­ n.d. Dual-tipped points: final report. Cen­ ert B. Jackson of Belpre. He discovered it tral States Archaeological Journal (In in a bed of river clams about 6 inches beneath press). the surface on the bank of the river. It was Stropki, Thomas associated with other artifacts. This specimen 1968 Two rare artifact forms. Ohio Archaeo­ is fashioned from light gray chert. logist (18) 3: 102.

0 i 3 t INCHES

Fig. 1 (Britt) Dual-tipped points from Ohio: a, Wayne County, in the Hothem collection; b, found near Belpre, in the Jackson collection; c, Jefferson County, redrawn from Stropki (1968: 102, Fig. 1).

14 Hopewellian "BirdpOintS" by Jeff Carskadden, Zanesville, Ohio

The problem of "birdpoints" in Ohio is aptly type even on the Hopewell sites. However, summarized by Converse (1973: 72): "Very their small size makes them hard to see in the little is known about these diminutive points cultivated fields; perhaps they are more com­ in Ohio. They are not uncommon and yet they mon than indicated by the few found are rarely found in large numbers on any Only 12 birdpoints are available for study site." Converse attributes these points, from the central Muskingum valley. Of this though somewhat hesitantly, to the Mississip- number, nine were on the Hopewell sites. pian period, and cites examples from the Fort One other was discovered on a hilltop along Ancient Madisonville site. He points out, with a minor amount of Flint Ridge chippage. however, that they are not reported from No other points were recovered from this other Fort Ancient sites in Ohio. Based on a site The remaining two are from a multicom- study of birdpoints from a number of sites in ponent site producing Early and Late Archaic the Muskingum valley (Fig. 1), there is a good and Early Adena material. The birdpoints are possibility that many of them, particularly the only projectiles from this site made of those of Flint Ridge flint, are actually Flint Ridge flint; local river cherts and local Hopewell. Upper Mercer flints being the lithic materials The writer has had the opportunity to ex­ used in the earlier components Of the four amine projectile points from a number of Hopewell sites producing birdpoints, two Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric sites in sites yielded three each, one site yielded two, the Muskingum valley At the Fort Ancient and the last site produced just one. There is Philo site, for example, the exclusive point little comparative data from Hopewell sites type was the long, narrow Feurt-like triangle. outside the Muskingum valley. None were Nothing that would be considered birdpoints found at the McGraw site (Pi-Sunyer 1965), occurred, either in features or in surface for example. The readers of the Ohio Arch­ collections from the site (Gartley, Carskad­ aeologist might try to tabulate birdpoints from den, and Gregg 1974). Other Late Woodland their own collections. and Late Prehistoric sites up and down the The function of these artifacts is uncertain. valley are also devoid of birdpoints. Converse notes that some appear to be the On the other hand, Hopewell sites in the result of resharpening larger points, while area have yielded a number of these small others are extremely well made and probably points associated with typical Hopewellian represent finished specimens. Perhaps they parallel-sided bladelets, cores, and corner- represent a specialized weapon, possibly for notched projectile points. These birdpoints small game as the term "birdpoint" implies. are always fashioned of Flint Ridge flint, the They may be the first indication of the use of chief lithic material used in the other Hope­ the bow and arrow, the Hopewells modeling well artifacts from these sites. Most also have the arrowheads after the larger corner- a glossy finish suggestive of heat treating, notched lance points. It has also been cas­ also a characteristic of much of the Hopewell ually suggested that some of these points are material. In contrast. Late Woodland and Late from toy weapons. Prehistoric triangles in the valley are almost Converse. Robert N. always fashioned from locally available Upper 1973 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological Mercer and river pebble cherts. In addition, Society of Ohio most of the birdpoints are corner notched, as Gartley, Richard, Jeff Carskadden, and Tim Gregg are the larger Hopewellian points. Of the 1974 Fort Ancient projectile points from the Hopewellian farmsteads in the Muskingum Philo site. Ohio Archaeologist, 24 (1): valley from which sizable surface collections 10-11. are available for study, four out of six sites Pi-Sunyer. Oriol yielded birdpoints. However, the point ratio 1965 The flint industry, In The McGraw site: on these sites is roughly ten large Hopewell a study of Hopewellian dynamics, corner-notched specimens for every one edited by Olaf H. Prufer Cleveland Mu­ birdpoint found. Thus birdpoints are a rare seum ot Natural History, Scientific Pub­ lications (n.s.) 4.

Fig. 1 (Carskadden) Birdpoints from Muskingum valley sites. Also shown for comparison is an average size Hopewellian corner-notched point.

15 Excavation of an Archaic Open Site by James Morton an I Jeff Carskadden Zanesvill , Ohio

Introduction workshop debris were scattered over the In the fall of 1973, the authors excavated a cultivated fields along the creek for several Late Archaic open site in Muskingum County. hundred feet. A good quality dull black Upper Its location, along a small creek in a relatively Mercer flint crops out on the hillside directly narrow sheltered valley many miles from a above the site, and was evidently the chief major river, is important in interpreting Late attraction of the site to the Piano Indians. A Archaic settlement-subsistance patterns in detailed report on this Piano component is the central Muskingum valley. This site is being prepared. significant because it shows the archaeologi­ cal potential of relatively shallow Archaic Brewerton Component camps in Ohio. Brewerton-like points (c.f. Ritchie 1961: Numerous post holes were encountered, 72, plate 7) from the surface collection and and their alignments suggest that some of the plow zone are illustrated in Figure 4. Most of shelters at the site may have been forerun­ the Brewerton points from the site are made ners of Early Adena circular houses. Charred of the local Upper Mercer flints. However, nuts in some of the post holes and fire pits these Late Archaic Indians need not have suggest that occupations at the site may have gone up the hillside to quarry flint; they could been during the fall and possibly through the have easily scavenged from the abundance winter. of lithic debris left from the Piano workshop. While lithic material may have been an at­ Excavation traction of the valley to Late Archaic peoples, Twenty-three 10-by-10 foot units were ex­ nut fragments from a number of features sug­ cavated, equaling 2300 square feet but only gest that nuts and other wild plant foods, and about one-tenth of the total area of the site possibly the sheltered conditions of the valley (Fig. 1). We chose this particular locality be­ were also important factors. cause of the presence of a Piano workshop component; we had hoped to find evidence "Gilbert" Component of Piano structures and other features, and A number of small side-notched and stem­ possibly get a radiocarbon date for Piano. med points were found at the site which do While lanceolate fragments were found in not appear to be related to the Brewerton two features, a date from one of these fea­ component (Fig. 6). They are fashioned ex­ tures, a fire pit (feature 1) was 2180 B.C. ± clusively of colorful Flint Ridge flints, mostly 100 (I-7604). The tree-ring converted date glossy pinks and whites, and are common on (MASCA) is 2850-2870 B.C. This determina­ river terrace sites throughout the central tion is in line with the estimated ages of Muskingum valley and other parts of eastern Brewerton-like Late Archaic components Ohio. The closest point type in the literature from the Ohio valley (c.f. Fitzhugh 1972). A is Converse's Early Woodland variety (Con­ large number of Brewerton points were found verse 1973: 49); however, they have never on the surface and in the plow zone in the ex­ been found with pottery in the central Mus­ cavated area, though none were noted in kingum valley, and so a Late Archaic place­ the features. Another Late Archaic, non- ment is suggested. Because of the use of Brewerton component is represented in the Flint Ridge flint for these specimens, com­ surface collections and will be discussed sub­ pared to the almost exclusive use of local sequently. From a detailed study of the chip- Upper Mercer flints in Brewerton, we suggest page from the features and post holes, the a slightly later temporal placement in Late state of preservation of these features, the Archaic for these points. For lack of a better radio-carbon date, and the absence of Wood­ name and for purposes of this article we are land material from the site, it appears that tentatively calling this component "Gilbert". all of the features, post holes, and apparent Gilbert was a site along the Muskingum house belong to one or the other of the two River, now destroyed by gravel operations, Late Archaic components at the site. which yielded a large number of these points. Post hole patterns suggest that structures Piano Component similar to Early Adena circular houses may A large number of finished lanceolates as have been used in the Gilbert Phase, fur- well as stage 1 through 3 preforms and other ther indication of a fairly late placement in the tire pattern represents a large U-shaped wind­ Archaic. break, open to the south, or a ring of lean-tos or smaller windbreaks belonging to individual Features family units, with each family having their Fire pits and post holes showed up immed­ own individual hearths (features 16, 1, 7, 3, iately beneath the plow zone (Figs. 2 and 3). and 46). The readers are invited to provide In a few rare instances small flint chips were their own interpretation of the structures noted in the undisturbed zone beneath, indi­ present. cating thin lenses of midden no more than 1/2 to 1 inch thick. However, no identifiable artifacts were noted in this midden and, ex­ Late Archaic Settlement-Subsistance cept for the two Piano lanceolate fragments, Brewerton and Gilbert sites along the major no identifiable artifacts occurred in any of the rivers in the area can be described as "con­ features. In general, post holes were rela­ tinuous linear scatter" (Struever 1968: 292), tively deep, averaging 10 inches below the that is, a thin scattering of debris along a river plow zone, though a few were as shallow as 4 terrace for as much as a mile or more. Con­ inches; some may have been plowed out com­ cerning this type of occupation, Struever pletely. Features 23 and 25 (Fig. 4) are sug­ states: ". . . the continuous linear scatter re­ gestive of burial pits, though no bone material flects frequent shifting of the settlement with­ of any kind was present at the site due to the out intention of confining occupation to a few highly acidic condition of the soil. spatially-bounded site locations. The debris left from many reoccupations or a continually Because of there being more than one Late shifting occupation gives the illusion of a Archaic component at the site, as well as single, long, shoreline community." probable repeated annual occupations of the site during the individual Brewerton and McKenzie(1967) notes similar site pattern­ Gilbert phases resulting in the possible re­ ing for Late Archaic in the lower Scioto valley. building and overlapping of house patterns, Because of the lack of shell at these sites he it was somewhat difficult to identify individual suggests that they were ". . . temporary hunt­ structures from the maze of post holes en­ ing camps to which people returned for short countered. The larger excavation plan shown periods annually or more frequently, each in Figure 4 illustrates the post holes and pits time camping in the same general location as we found them; the smaller inset, on the but in a slightly different spot." No shell has other hand, shows our interpretation of one been noted at central Muskingum valley Late probable alignment of posts. Many of the Archaic sites either, though this situation post holes in this alignment contained Flint might be due to local acidic conditions in the Ridge chippage, compared to Upper Mercer soil. While river mussels may not have been chippage in the other post holes, suggesting collected by local Archaic groups, we suggest that the structure may be related to the Gil­ that the linear sites along the major rivers in bert phase. It appears to be a semi-circular, this area represent annual summer occupa­ wigwam-like house, 25 feet in diameter, with tions, where riverine resources, at least fish single wall posts spaced roughly 7 feet apart and river bank animals, were exploited. In the and with two central posts (features 4 and 5). fall these Late Archaic groups would move Perhaps this structure is a precursor of later away from the rivers up into the narrow shel­ Early Adena houses in the area. One might tered valleys several miles away, here col­ expect such an architectural transition from lecting nuts and probably other wild plant the lean-to or wind break to the full-blown foods, as well as hunting. The apparent sub­ unpaired-post Early Adena houses. stantial nature of the structures at our site, indicated by the depth and diameter of some Overlays were made of the excavation plan of the post holes, and the sheltered condi­ with post holes plotted according to such tions in the valley suggest that the occupa­ factors as depths, diameters, pointed vs. tion of these valleys may have continued rounded bottom, and types and amounts of through the winter months. lithic debris and nuts present in the fill. No other relationships could be positively identi­ Shifts in subsistance patterns as well as fied other than the particular structure shown changes in kinship relationships and family in the inset. The other post holes may be part composition may have occurred from Brew­ of this first house, possibly representing var­ erton to Gilbert, possibly reflected in changes ious covered entrance-ways and partitions, or in architectural styles, though the excavation just as likely, portions of earlier or later shel­ of more sites in the area is necessary to de­ ters. It has also been suggested that the en­ termine this possibility.

continued on page 22 17 Acknowledgements McKenzie, Douglas H. The writers would like to thank Richard 1967 The Archaic of the lower Scioto valley, Ohio. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 37 Gartley, Linda Foraker, James Bailey, and (1-2): 33-51. James Kingery for their help in excavating Ritchie, William A. the site, and particulary the property owners 1961 A typology and nomenclature for New for allowing us the run of their farm. They York projectile points. New York State did not wish to have the location of their farm Museum and Science Service Bulletin or their names published because of harass­ 384. Albany. ment from relic collectors and pot hunters. Struever, Stuart However, the site location is on file with the 1968 Woodland subsistence-settlement sys­ Department of Archaeology, Ohio Historical tems in the lower Illinois valley. In New Perspectives in Archeology, 285-312, Society. Sally R. Binford and Lewis R. Binford (eds), Aldine Publishing Company, Converse, Robert N. Chicago. 1973 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Fitzhugh, William 1972 The Eastern Archaic: commentary and northern perspective. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 42 (4): 1-19.

Fig. 1 (Morton and Carskadden) General view of the site look­ ing up the valley. Piano and Late Archaic debris are scattered all the way to the standing corn in the background. The plow zone has just been removed from the initial 10-by-20 foot section excavated. James Morton is standing in the foreground. Fig. 3 (Morton and Carskadden) Close-up view of a Late Archaic fire pit (Feature 3) which appeared immediately below Fig. 2 (Morton and Carskadden) View diagonally across the plow zone. The pile of fire-cracked stones on the right was the initial 10-by-20 foot cut showing three fire pits (features recovered from the half of the pit that had been excavated at 1 (foreground), 7, and 3) and two post holes. The depression this point. Charred nuts were also abundant. between the post holes and feature 7 is a rodent burrow.

18 Fig. 5 (Morton and Carskadden) Various Brewerton and related Late Archaic points from the plow zone of the excavated area and general surface collection.

Fig. 6 (Morton and Carskadden) Late Archaic "Gilbert" points from the plow zone of the excavated area and general surface collection.

•

• > "© ' • • • o o . • • • 0 %} ©" • •5 • • • . • • t 4 • o •

t • Fig. 4 (Morton and Carskadden) Excavation plan of the • 0 Late Archaic site showing the post holes and pits . N • • uncovered. The smaller inset is of the same area and shows • the outline of one of the structures identified from the 10 PEET • maze of post holes. 1 1 • • Post hole • • O Pit 19 The flint collection of Dick Johnson, Marion County. Ohio, is one of the finest in the state both in color and quality. Many of these pieces were collected in the latter part of the 1800s by Elmer Bondley of Prospect, Ohio. Shown ure fluted points, Adena blades, dovetails, knives. Archaic side notched points, a pentagonal of Flint Ridge striped flint, birdpoints and Archaic types. All flint is Flint Ridge material.

20 Some Flint Ridge artifacts from the collection of Ernie and Dorothy Good. Grove City, Ohio. Hopewell. Adena, and Archiac types are shown. Large colorful bevel of yellow, white and purple Flint Ridge flint was a personal find of Dorothy Good.

21 A Pipe from the Meuser Collection

by Roger Mayne, Columbus, Ohio

This pipe is made from a crystalline stone note that a number of mounds and walls were which did not lend itself well to prehistoric located in the Newark fairgrounds—now ob­ sculpture. It is loaf-shaped with the bowl in literated—and at least one other human effigy the top and the stem hole in the end. On the was found there in the late 19th century. front is a human face while the balance of the pipe is carved in a series of scrolls apparently (Associate Editor's Note: The circular earth­ representing hair or a headdress. The data on works at Mound Builders Park, now a state the pipe indicate that it was found in the fair­ memorial, once enclosed much of the fair­ grounds, Newark, Ohio. It is interesting to grounds.)

Fig. 1 (Mayne) Human effigy pipe from the fairgrounds, Newark, Ohio.

A Hardstone Gorget

by Roger Mayne, Columbus, Ohio

In Figure 1 is a fine hardstone rectangular yellow and black gneiss, it is smooth and gorget. It was formerly in the Barret collec­ highly polished. The drilling was done from tion, Chillicothe, Ohio. Made of a fine-grained the bottom with two conical perforations.

•

Fig. I (Mayne) Gneiss gorget from Ross County. Ohio

22 A Paleo-lndian Site in Vinton County

by Mark Long Wellston, Ohio

The spillway at Lake Rupert in Clinton from the Paleo era. The points in Figure 1 Township, Vinton County, empties into Little were found several years ago by Stan Tar- Racoon Creek. Within 1/4 mile the creek chalski and Jim Mclntire of Hamden, Ohio. swings to the south and passes through a big They all were discovered in this immediate marshy bottom. Thousands of years ago this area, but during the last two years my friends bottom must have been a big swamp near and I have not found any more Palaeo-lndian which Palaeo-lndians apparently lived and material. The fields produces artifacts from hunted. Occasionally places in this bottom the Archaic, Adena, and Late Woodland eras land will be plowed; one particular area also. seems to be producing some projectile points

£! ' I ' I ' L 11' i • i, i • m 1111 i.i* .MI *i:4-f:w:K4-»i:fH::*ib::!::w

Fig. 1 (Long) Four Paleo points from Vinton County, Ohio. Only the beautiful black point (second from left) has fluting on it. The two on the right are of poorer quality, and the point on the left is a Piano projectile.

23 The Keifer Mound Excavation by Charles Stout, Sr. 91 Redbank Drive Fairborn, Ohio

The Keifer mound is in Clark County, Ohio, this trench, when excavated, proved to be 6 near the southwest corner of Fairfield Pike inches above the mound floor. Much broken and Old Mill Road in a densely wooded area. glass and other rubble was on the surface and It has been recorded with the Ohio Historical in the leaf mold on the mound. This material Society as archeological site 33-CI-28. Al­ probably dated to the days of the scale house. though this mound is just about 100 feet from Our first excavating was started at the the intersection, it can only be seen from the northern edge of the mound. A check for road in the winter months because of the postmolds on the perimeter revealed noth­ thick underbrush. My son first saw it while ing in the way of a house pattern. Two fence driving along the road with a friend during postmolds were uncovered along with wire November 1973. There were some doubts at and staples that were part of a holding pen first whether or not it was a mound because for livestock at the old scale house. We pro­ of an old building foundation nearby. We then ceeded to dig a trench 10 feet wide through contacted Mr. Wilbur H. Keifer who, along the center of the mound along the north- with his brother Joseph, owns the property. south line (Fig. 1). Starting at the outer edge He proceeded to tell us some very interesting at ground level and working toward the history of the area. center allows proper drainage in inclement weather. Good drainage is necessary to pro­ The Keifer family traveled by horseback tect profiles and features. (I have seen poorly- into Clark County from Sharpsburg, Mary­ planned digs with a couple feet of water land, in 1812. Wilbur's grandfather moved to standing in the excavation.) The removed the present location in 1852. He explained soil was purposely piled in ridges at the east that the old foundation in question was from and west edges of the mound. The trench was a scale house built about 1854. Farmers then widened to 30 feet by excavating an brought their grain and livestock from many additional 10 feet on either side. However, miles around to have them weighed for mar­ to limit the overall moving of soil, we piled keting at the scale house. Only recently was it the dirt this time high in the center of the destroyed by fire. His grandfather had said first trench to facilitate easy restoration of the the mound of earth was there before the mound by back filling as we excavated scale house and was believed to have been (Fig. 2). We have learned in the past that built by prehistoric people. This belief was rebuilding a mound can be very time consum­ strictly speculation, however, and only could ing if this method is not used. By continued be confirmed by examining the contents of digging in this manner, we established a grid this small conical knoll. Mr. Keifer was very pattern which covered the bulk of the mound. gracious and gave permission to let us exca­ vate, for he, too, was curious about whether As the map (Fig. 3) indicates, 26 full grids or not it was truly a prehistoric mound. and 8 half grids were excavated to expose A close friend, Dr. John Winsch, expressed completely the central area of the mound. his desire to help since he was interested in The grids were also numbered in the order archeology and wanted experience in exca­ in which they were excavated. The first arti­ vating. So my son and I decided to make it a fact (A) (Fig. 4, Table I) was found in grid 5, three-person project. Our first duty was to only 6 inches from the surface of the mound. clear the mound surface of underbrush and to It was a large stemmed blade of chalcedony stake it off into grids 5 feet square. The that appeared to have been exposed to fire. mound measured 37 feet on the north-south Part of the stem was missing. Although the line and 40 feet 4 inches on the east-west fire exposure and closeness to the mound line, and was 28 inches high. A number of surface did not seem important at the time, it historical features were noted on the sur­ did, however, prove to be a distinct mani­ face. Vehicle tracks from what appeared to festation as the majority of the remaining be heavy equipment passed over the south­ items were found in the same circumstances. ern edge of the mound. The scar of a small Much of the flint was fire popped, broken, or trench 3 feet wide extended from the west discolored by heat. Missing pieces indicated edge 9 feet toward the center. The bottom of the artifacts had been subjected to fire else-

24 where before being placed in the mound. heavy vehicles passed over the edge of the The excavation became more interesting mound in modern times. A fine Robbins stem­ when we got into grid 7. Here we encount­ med blade (Y) was uncovered in grid 32. The ered a large area of red burned earth that barb on one shoulder was missing so about extended into several other grids. It varied 100 pounds of surrounding soil was sifted from 6 to 10 inches in thickness and con­ through window screen mesh, but failed to tained many flecks of charcoal and tiny frag­ produce the missing fragment. Three uniface ments of incinerated bone. These bone frag­ Flint Ridge blades of the knife-scraper type ments upon close examination proved not to (L,Q,X) were also found in the mound. A be human, but some evidence of cut or couple blade fragments, numerous flint chips, worked edges indicates that they had been and cracked stones were in the mound fill. ornamental or utilitarian before being well This material indicated the mound was prob­ incinerated. Scattered near the base of this ably constructed from the soil of a nearby burned area where several artifacts (B-F) habitation site. (Figs. 4 and 5). A large stemmed blade with Summary: Many missing parts of the fire- beveled edges (C) had been badly damaged damaged artifacts indicated they were by fire; part of it was missing. It apparently burned elsewhere and carried to this loca­ had been a very fine knife. Also in this group tion. There were two distinct levels in which were a celt (Fig. 5), a fine leaf-shaped blade the artifacts were found, either on or near the with a ground base (F), and two stemmed mound floor or else 6 to 8 inches from the projectiles (B and D). Three well worn abrad­ mound surface, as Table I indicates. Those ing stones (not shown) were found in close near the surface are believed to be intrusive association with the celt. offerings made from time to time. If this idea Grid 11 produced three very fine speci­ seems strange, please consider that we do mens, two in very close association. They the very same thing every Memorial Day were a tally-marked keyhole pendant (I) and when we place flowers on the graves of our a fine Robbins stemmed blade made of Flint loved ones. The projectiles showed two basic Ridge chalcedony (J) (Fig. 6). The close as­ styles in craftsmanship and shape. Either sociation of the two pieces seems to add they were crude percussion-flaked tools for further proof that the makers of keyhole pen­ rough usage, or the very fine specimens that dants and the Robbins points were of the reflect perfection and pride. It has been said same time period. Also found in this grid was that pride and compassion go hand in hand. a red banded slate gorget (H) (Fig. 7). Upon If it is true, then the Adena must have been close examination, one can see that it origi­ very compassionate prehistoric people. In nally had been biconcave, but it probably general, the information from this mound was broken and then worked into its present does not seem to add much to what is already form, which resembles an expanded-center known about Late Adena manifestations. bar gorget. Other slate objects found in the However, after comparing these discoveries mound were an undrilled gorget (N) and a with those from twelve other mound excava­ fine expanded-center bar gorget (V) with a tions in which I have participated, I believe missing end. Patina visible on the broken sur­ an amazing discovery has surfaced in the face shows it was fractured in ancient times. science of archeology which rates special attention. A discussion of this idea will appear A crude, narrow-stemmed spear (10) (Fig. in a related story entitled, "A New Mound 4) of the heavy-duty variety was found in Classification" (Stout 1975). Photography by grid 15. It seemed to be more of a puncturing Charles Stout, Jr. device because of its thick diamond-shaped cross section. Another version (D) of this type was much shorter in length. These pro­ Converse, Robert N. jectiles seem to resemble Converse's (1973: 1973 Ohio flint types (rev. ed.). Archaeologi­ 47) Heavy Duty variety, except they are not cal Society of Ohio. weak-shouldered. Since they are found from Stout, Charles Archaic through Adena times, perhaps this 1975 A new mound classification. Ohio Ar­ broader shoulder type could be classified as chaeologist 25(2):32. a later version. A large, well-made stemmed blade (W) (Fig. 4) was found in grid 23. Al­ though fire damage was in evidence, further Note: damage had been inflicted on this blade in Many mounds are fast disappearing due to recent years. It was found 6 inches below the progress and construction. There is a possi­ surface directly under the wheel ruts where bility of a housing development being built on

25 the site where this restored mound is located. When we expressed our concern for the pres­ ervation of this mould, the owner agreed that it might be preserved by building around it. Maybe the development could even derive its name from the site.

BLADE (STEMMED) 3 X IK BLADE " 2 X 1)4 BLADE " 3)5 X 2'fc BEVELED BLADE " 2K X 1 CELT hy. x 2)i OR. STONE BLADE (LEAF) 2Hs X 1* RO 3BINS HAMHEHSTONE 3)5 X 2K GORGET M4 X 1J4 RED BANDED PENDANT(KEYHOLE 3ft X 2)4 GE. BANDED Table I: Description and BLADE (STEMMED) 354 X 2 R0B3INS provenience of artifacts from BLADE " 2X1 Keifer mound. SCRAPED 2% x i;4 UNIFACED BLADE (LEAF) 3)4 X 2 R0B3INS GORGET y,i x 1)4 GH. 3ANDED BLADE (STEMMED) kyt x 1)4 ABRADING STONE VA x 2;4 SAND STOKE SCRAPER 2)5 X 1)4 UNIFACED BLADE (FRAG.) 1X1 BLADE (STEMMED) 3H x l)'. BLADE " 2)fe X life BLADE (FRAG.) 1X1 GORGET(EX, CEN 3H X XA BLADE (STEMMED) lf# X 1)4 SCRAPER 2)4 X 1)4 UNIFACED BLADE (STEMMED) 3X2 R0B3INS

KEIFER MOUND 33-CL 28

Fig. 3 (Stout) Plan view of Keifer mound excavation.

26 Fig. 1 (Stout) Excavation of the Keifer mound in progress. Fig. 2 (Stout) The Keifer mound after restoration.

Fig. 5 (Stout) Hammerstone, abrading stone, and celt.

Fig. 6 (Stout) Pendant and Adena point.

27 Fig. 7 (Stout) Slate artifacts from the mound.

28 1974 Surface Finds by Jerry Hagerty, 13660 County Home Road, Bowling Green, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Hagerty) Iron trade tomahawk found in Plain Town­ Fig. 2 (Hagerty) Large flint knife found in Plain Town­ ship, Wood County. Ohio. ship, Wood County, Ohio.

Licking County Artifacts in the Hooks Collection

by Jack Hooks, Mansfield, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Hooks) A farmer found the sandstone Adena ex­ Fig. 2 (Hooks) This banded slate double crescent was ob­ panded center gorget and two Adena points of Flint Ridge tained from a farmer near Granville by Phil Kientz many flint in a mound between Brownsville and Gratiot. years ago.

29 A New Mound Classification by Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank, Fairborn, Ohio

The early archeologists of this country had placed in the mound. Eighth, all artifacts re­ claimed three basic types of mounds existed, covered appear to belong in the Middle to namely burial, effigy, and signal mounds. The Late Adena culture. The re-occurring charac­ signal mound has long since been dis­ teristics suggest strongly that this mound type credited, and is no longer recognized. Al: justifies a classification of its own. It is felt though only two remain, they are divided into that if other archeologists who have exper­ several form and cultural types. It is my in­ ienced this same situation would reexamine tention to show that still another type of their findings, more mounds of this type mound truly does exist. Of 12 mounds in would come to be known. southwestern Ohio that I have excavated my­ How can we name a mound of this type? To self or with others, three of them will fall into simply call it a non-burial mound certainly this new classification. The mound type in would not be in context with the reason it was question has too many corresponding traits constructed by the prehistoric people; they to be denied. The foremost criterion is that no surely had a specific name for it. Since arche­ trace of a burial, either cremated or in the ology is a highly controversial and specula­ flesh, is found within the structure. This trait tive science, perhaps a name can be derived immediately rules out the burial mound, and in this manner. It can be assumed that not all being of the low profile, conical type rules Adena were buried in mounds because if they out the effigy version. were, their population would have been quite So what then do we have? The absence of small. We know the Adena people were of a a burial of any type has confused many ritualistic nature, so let us speculate on what archeologists in the past. It is always our first might have taken place in these instances. thought that the soil has a high acid content, Possibly a person might have died on the and has caused a more rapid bone deteriora­ spot where the mound was constructed. His tion. However, as most of us know, the bone remains were then removed to whatever lo­ outline can be traced in both soil color and cation was customary to his people or family, texture, even long after it has disappeared. and burial practices were carried out. Believ­ Cremated bone fragments seem to be ing that his spirit stayed where he took his preserved much longer due to the removal of last breath a mound with offerings was con­ bacteria at the onset of decomposition. When structed on that spot in his honor. The offer­ I first encountered a mound without a burial ings were to be his spiritual possessions. (Stout 1968), it, too, was a confusing situa­ Although this idea is only speculation, it tion. The second mound of this type (Stout has to be one of many possibilities concern­ 1970) was passed off as a coincidence, al­ ing the origin of this mound type. Many though I really thought otherwise. When a archeological features have been named third such mound was excavated (Stout 1975) through speculation, such as the sacred cir­ it in no way could be taken lightly. cles in the Hopewell culture. We do not know After comparing the findings of these three for fact the actual reason that the sacred cir­ mounds with nine others with which I have cles were constructed, but we accept the been involved, a surprising similarity was name given to them for want of a more factual noted among the three non-burial mounds. one. This situation puts a certain aura and Here are some of the matching factors. The mystery into the science, which makes it first, of course, being the fact that no human more interesting. Since no concrete explana­ remains are present in any form. Second, tion can be given for this newly found mound they are all low conical mounds less than 3 type, and for the same reasons just stated, I feet in height. Third, there is no sign of post- would preferto have it called a "spirit mound." molds or any other sub-floor anomalies. Note: Fourth, the offerings are found at two distinct Although the Water Wheel Mound is be­ levels, one being rather centrally-located lieved to fall into this classification, it is not near the mound floor, and the other widely considered a prime example because it was scattered on a level 6 to 8 inches below the built on a habitation site of an earlier culture, surface of the mound. The latter are believed and has been under cultivation for many to be intrusive offerings made from time to years. The other two, however, are in undis­ time after completion of the mound. Fifth, turbed virgin ground. one or more burned areas (not hearths) are found at various levels, but not on the mound Stout, Charles floor. Sixth, the absence of shell offerings or 1968 The water wheel mound. Ohio Archae­ fragments was noted. Seventh, fire exposure ologist 18(2):38-40. or fire damage was prevalent on the most of 1970 TheDarroch pinnacle mound. Ohio the recovered artifacts. Missing pieces indi­ Archaeologist 20(2):186-189. 1975 The Keifer mound excavation. Ohio cated they were burned elsewhere and then Archaeologist 25(2):26-30. 30 A New Engraved Adena Tablet by Martha Potter Otto Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio

Archaeologists, particulary those working The Low tablet comprises a roughly rec­ at museums, are accustomed to being asked tangular slab of fine-grained sandstone of a to examine unique examples of prehistoric pale brown (10YR 6/3 on the Munsell scale) artistry that usually turn out to be just another color. The dimensions of the piece are 123.0 grooved ax or water-worn stone. But oc­ mm. in maximum length, 121.0 mm. in mini­ casionally, an individual will unsuspectingly mum length, 80.5 mm. in width at the upper report an object that has exceptional scien­ end, 83.0 mm. at the lower end, and 8.0 mm. tific value. Such an incident occurred when to9.0 mm. in thickness. The engraving on the Edward Low of Reynoldsburg, Ohio, brought obverse face is fine, some lines being less the engraved stone shown in figures 1 and 2 than 1.0 mm. wide, and rather faint in places. to the Ohio Historical Society's Department Nevertheless, the hand producing the en­ of Archaeology in May 1971. He had dis­ graving wassure—there are no stray incisions covered the piece in what he considered a or obvious mistakes. On the reverse face mound north of Parkersburg, West Virginia, in (Fig. 3) are at least ten distinguishable 1942. In his words, Low, just a boy at the grooves worn into the stone apparently when time, had excavated a shallow trench in the bone tools (awls?) were sharpened on the mound to make a game of war more realistic. gritty substance. The narrowest of these As he was leaving the site at the end of the grooves is 6.0 mm. wide while the others are game, he picked up two stones from the dirt approximately 10.0 mm. in breadth. pile, one with scratches on one side and The design is divided into two sections, the grooves on the other, the second just with a lower being a mirror image of the upper. The few grooves on each face (Fig. 5). For thirty main elements are two human full-front faces, years, Low kept the two stones, not really each with eyes, prominent nose, small mouth, knowing what they were. When he married and a U-shaped line that may be the chin. On and raised a family, he permitted his children the top of the heads are curving elements to take the engraved stone to school for that may represent hair, the lower figure "show and tell". Finally, he brought it to the showing a definite center part. On either side Ohio Historical Society to satisfy his curi­ of each head are more curving lines and osity about its significance. Needless to say, several circular punctations about 2.0 mm. in Mr. Low was surprised at the staff's en­ diameter that look very much like the wing thusiasm about the piece, proud of his contri­ elements of the stylized raptorial birds on the bution to archaeology, and amazed that the Wilmington, Wright, and Cincinnati tablets thing had not been broken a thousand times (Fig. 4). Above each face is a pair of raptorial over while it was in his possession. bird heads in profile but with both eyes indi­ The mound where the tablet had been cated; these elements are upside-down in discovered was supposedly on an elevation relation to the human figures. The final com­ in the curve of Little Pond Run overlooking ponents of the design, a pair of scalloped the fairly broad valley of the Ohio River in the lines separating the two halves of the com­ vicinity of Beechwood, now a part of northern position, may portray the birds' tail feathers. Parkersburg. Mr. Low stated that the site had The second piece Low found is one end of been destroyed but that a portion of a second a rectangular whetstone (Fig 5) made from mound was still standing in a housing de­ the same material as the larger tablet and velopment now occupying the locality. Mr. nearly the same color. The three worked Daniel B. Fowler of the Section of Archae­ edges have been carefully ground, although ology, West Virginia Geological Survey, has they do not all meet at right angles. On the been unable to to locate any records of a obverse face are three somewhat rectangular mound (or mounds) in question; the nearest depressions, two roughly parallel to the long known prehistoric sites represent a later axis of the piece and one perpendicular to it. period. There are, however, mounds recorded On the reverse face is a large rectangular farther north in the vicinity of Vienna and depression whose depth is about 3.5 mm., Williamstown. nearly half the thickness of the whetstone. A

31 much shallower groove lies between the The human forms represented in Adena large depression and the edge. The longer tablets (Gaitskill and Lakin A) have been side of the piece is 54.0 mm. in length, the identified as shamans dressed in costumes shorter is 44.0 mm., and the width varies representing raptorial birds (Webb and Baby slightly from 39.5 mm. at the end to 40.0 mm. 1957:90). A similar interpretation can be along the broken edge. The piece is 7.5 mm. given to the Low specimen; in fact, ethno­ in maximum thickness. The grooves on the logical data can substantiate this particular obverse side vary in length from 22.0 mm. to claim. Swanton(1946:477-479) includes 29.5 mm. and in width from 9.0 mm. to 12.0 several eyewitness accounts of the ap­ mm. The large depression on the reverse pearance of shamans in some historic south­ face measures 34.0 mm. by 18.0 mm. The ern Indian cultures. For example, Hariot smaller groove is 10.5 mm. wide and as much speaks of "conjurers" in Virginia wearing a as 26.0 mm. long, although the ends are not breechcloth and ". . . small black birde abue well defined. Similar formal whetstones were one of their ears as a badge of their office." discovered by Dragoo (1963:88-102) in the Beverly, also describing Virginia aborigines, upper part of Cresap mound near Mounds- noticed the same costume. The Creeks, ac­ ville, West Virginia. Others have occurred cording to Bartram, even stuffed the skins of in Late Adena (Robbins) contexts in the type owls ". . . so well executed, as to almost rep­ site at Chillicothe (Mills 1902:470), in the resent the living bird . . ." and wore them Florence mound, Pickaway County (Morgan ". . . sometimes as a crest on the top of the 1938), and in two mounds—Clyde Jones and head . . ." The Chickasaw "Archi-magus", as Dayton—near Newark investigated by exca­ Adair referred to their medicine men, de­ vators working for A. T. Weherle of that city. corated themselves with a wreath of swan feathers around the temples and a tuft of But the engraved tablet is by far the more white feathers on the crown. Aside from us­ interesting of the two specimens. It is quite ing actual feathers for headdresses, there are unlike all the other specimens in terms of precedents for wooden masks carved in bird its main features — the human faces — but forms such as those worn by the Kwakiutl quite similar in the portrayal of raptorial bird dancers photographed by Edward Curtis in elements and the physical arrangement of 1915 (Fig. 6). The large masks with hinged the image on the stone. Human faces are beaks represent various mythological char­ depicted on the Wilmington and Meigs acters whose exploits are portrayed through County tablets (Fig. 4), but in those instances dance. Perhaps similar performers are re­ the images are done in a simple "jack-o- presented by the figures on the Low tablet. lantern" style superimposed on profiles of raptorial bird heads. The Low specimen faces show more detail, particularly around the The function of engraved Adena tablets nose and chin. The only other tablets show­ has been ascribed to that vast and amorphous ing human features are the Lakin A from category of ceremonialism (Webb and Baby Mason County, West Virginia, and the Gait- 1957:96-97; Dragoo 1963:97-100). More skill from Montgomery County, Kentucky— specifically, they are interpreted as being both of which have human hands paired specialized stamps to imprint a motif on with bird legs and tail. The Lakin A tablet also ". . . the clothing or the body of a number of includes a detached human head in the style individuals on appropriate occasions of the of the Wilmington and Meigs County human cult to which those receiving the stamp were portrayals. adherents." (Webb and Baby 1957:96). The The arrangement of the engravings on grooves that occur on the reverse faces of several tablets is organized around a center several engraved tablets and many formally- line parallel to the long axis of the piece. The shaped whetstones are identified as the re­ Wilmington, Meigs County, and Cincinnati sults of sharpening bone awls (Webb and examples show mirror images of a raptorial Baby 1957:97), or of grinding roasted hema­ bird in profile, while the designs of the Gait- tite into red ocher for paint pigments. The skill and Lakin tablets exhibit a single full- former claim is substantiated by the associa­ front figure with marked bilateral symmetry. tion of fine bone awls with some whetstones The Low engraving is also a mirror image, (Mills 1902:470-471), and the latter in part but its center line is perpendicular to the by Solecki's discovery of hematite lumps tablet's long axis. These compositional ele­ actually in the grooves of a whetstone in ments also characterize other examples of Natrium mound near Natrium, West Virginia Adena as well as Hopewell and Middle (Solecki 1953:364-365). Dragoo (1963:99) Mississippian art. discovered that the grooves in most of the

32 formal whetstones in Cresap mound were on their skin as with the graver, the repre­ caked with a combination of red ocher and sentations of the Divinities that they have what appeared to be ash, or at least were chosen." (Thwaites 1899:141). The methods stained with ocher. Low did not indicate whe­ of tatooing were quite similar throughout the ther or not there was any pigment imbedded Eastern Woodlands. Apparently the Indians in the grooves or engraving on his tablet; in outlined the design on the body first, then: the 30 years that the piece has been out of with awls, spearpoints, or thorns they so the ground any trace of stains, if they indeed puncture the neck, breast or cheeks as to were there, are gone. trace rude outlines of these objects; next With this information derived from the arch­ they insert into the pierced and bleeding aeological record, we can now turn to ethno­ skin a black powder made from pul­ graphic sources for further clarification. verized charcoal, which unites with the Personal adornment in the form of both paint­ blood and so fixes upon the living flesh ing and tatooing was a widespread phe­ the pictures which have been drawn that nomenon in the Eastern Woodlands during no length of time can efface them early historic times. Some Canadian Indians (Thwaites 1896:279). painted their faces and bodies with various If we can now return to the Low tablet and colors in order to frighten their enemies, to other engraved specimens, perhaps we can increase their own courage, and to "harden gain some additional insights concerning the skin" (Thwaites 1896:279). The patterns their function. Grooves occur on four sand­ were apparently rendered freehand without stone tablets—the Low, Berlin, Cincinnati, the aid of a stamp or other similar device. and Wilmington—that may have resulted from Body painting achieved more than merely sharpening the bone awls for a tatooing cere­ decorative status among the Yuchi (Swanton mony. Although the engraved figures have 1946:531). A man could inherit the privilege been interpreted as stamp to print a design of wearing certain patterns from his father, on the skin, the ethnographic data either do but he had to first be initiated into the town not mention this process or they describe and choose his wife before he could make designs being "traced" on the body as if done his claim to the designs. The face paintings- freehand. The engravings could be represen­ worn during ceremonies, ball games, and at tations of supernatural beings or tutelary the time of burial —identified the individual's spirits or, in the instance of the Gaitskill, Lakin affiliation with either the chief or warrior A, and Low tablets, a stylized image of a sha­ societies. man impersonating the raptorial bird, or, con­ Tatooing was also a common method of ceivably, a mythological being that was half personal ornamentation and status definition. human, half bird. Another interesting possi­ Swanton (1911:56-57) provides several early bility is suggested by Swanton's (1946:726, descriptions of the Natchez of Louisiana who 729) descriptions of Choctaw and Chitimacha tatooed their bodies, arms, and legs with mortuary practices. After leaving the body lines, designs, and even animal figures. The of the deceased on a scaffold for a prescribed men were allowed to ornament themselves in period of time, "bone pickers", or "buzzard this manner only after they had been suc­ men", or "turkey-buzzard men" (Chitimacha) cessful in battle or had otherwise demon­ removed the flesh from the bones and pre­ strated courage. Most women had a line sented them to the deceased's family for tatooed across the nose or, if they were wives final burial in a charnel house. The fact that of the chiefs or Honored Men, apparently these individuals are named for a type of were decorated with more elaborate designs. bird closely linked with the Adena (Webb and Tatooing performed a similar function in the Baby 1957:101), and that both the prehis­ Northeast among the Neutrals, Huron, and toric culture and the historic tribes practiced others (Thwaites 1896, 1898, 1899a, and scaffold burial provide an interesting hypo­ 1899b). Besides purely geometric motifs, thesis about the meaning of the human-bird their tatoos also represented snakes, eagles, representations on several of the tablets. toads, even what the Jesuits identified as It is obvious that the task of interpreting the dragons. The religious nature of some repre­ Adena tablets is quite incomplete. Hopefully, sentations is clear when a priest, writing of additional specimens will be found under the tribes at Sault Ste. Marie, described a controlled conditions by competent field wor­ type of vision quest. The spirit contacted dur­ kers. In the meantime, we must be grateful ing the quest is considered ". ..the sole for people like Mr. Edward Low who are Author of their good fortune . . . and so they curious enough and concerned enough to wear its ineffaceable hieroglyphic, —marking report their discoveries. The Low tablet is

33 now on exhibit in the Ohio Historical Center. Swanton, John R. 1911 Indian tribes of the lower Mississippi Acknowledgement: The author wishes to ac­ valley and adjacent coast of the Gulf of knowledge Bruce R. Baby, associate de­ Mexico. Bulletin 43, Smithsonian In­ signer, Ohio Historical Society, for his assis­ stitution, Bureau of American Ethnology, tance in photographing the Low tablet. Washington, D.C. 1946 The Indians of the southeastern United Curtis, Edward S. States. Bulletin 137. Smithsonian In­ 1915 The Kwakiutl. The North American In­ stitution, Bureau of American Ethnology, dian: being a series of volumes pictur­ Washington, D.C. ing and describing the Indians of the Thwaites, Reuben Gold (ed) United States and Alaska. 10. Plimpton 1896 Acadia, 1610-1613. The Jesuit relations Press, Norwood, Mass. and allied documents. Travels and ex­ Dragoo, Don W. plorations of the Jesuit missionaries in 1963 Mounds for the dead: an analysis of the New France, 1610-1791. 1. Burrows Adena culture. Annals of Carnegie Mu­ Brothers Company, Cleveland. seum 37. Pittsburgh. 1897 Quebec, Hurons, Cape Breton, 1634- Mills, William C. 1636. The Jesuit relations and allied 1902 Excavations of the Adena mound. Ohio documents. 8. State Archaeological and Historical 1898 Quebec and Hurons, 1641-1642. The Quarterly 10:452-479. Jesuit relations and allied documents. Morgan, Richard G. 21. 1938 Unpublished field notes, Florence 1899a Abenakis, Lower Canada, Hurons, 1652- mound, on file in Department of Ar­ 1653. The Jesuit relations and allied chaeology, Ohio Historical Society. documents. 38. Solecki, Ralph S. 1899b Iroquois, Ottawas, Lower Canada, 1699- 1953 Exploration of an Adena mound at Na­ 1671. The Jesuit relations and allied trium, West Virginia. Anthropological documents. 54. Papers 40 (Bulletin 151), Smithsonian Webb, William S. and Raymond S. Baby Institution, Bureau of American Eth­ 1957 The Adena people No. 2. Ohio Histori­ nology, Washington, DC. cal Society, Columbus.

Fig. 1 (Otto) Obverse face of Low tablet, shown full size. Fig. 2 (Otto) Low tablet with engraving enhanced with chalk, shown full size. Photograph courtesy of Jack C. Faulhaber, Columbus. Ohio.

34 Fig. 3 (Otto) Reverse face of Low tablet, shown full size.

HlWIJIIIWIIIIa

Fig. 4 (Otto) Motifs from other engraved Adena tablets: a) Wilmington: b) Wright: c) Cincinnati; d) Meigs County: e) Lakin A: f) Gaitskill: g) Berlin.

35 Fig. 5 (Otto) Obverse and reverse views of whetstone, shown full size.

Fig. 6 (Otto) Kwakiutl dancers with wood­ en masks portraying mythological birds (Curtis 1915: PI.'356)

36 The Ohio Archaeological Council: The New Kid on the Block by Martha Potter Otto Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio

On Saturday, February 8, 1975, 23 profes­ search in Ohio. Active members gain that sional archaeologists from various institutions status by being nominated by another active around Ohio met at the Ohio Historical Cen­ member and approved by the members pre­ ter to organize the Ohio Archaeological sent at a Council meeting. Persons with only Council, Inc. The impetus for this association a temporary interest in Ohio archaeology (a has been largely the increasing pressures on graduate student working on a degree, for the archaeological community to become example) can be accepted as a research actively involved in the preservation and member for a maximum period of four years. management of cultural resources, and the Ex officio members will include the directors need for better communication among the of several museums having established arch­ growing number of individuals seriously in­ aeological programs, the director of the Ohio terested in archaeology. According to the Historical Society, and the president of the Council's constitution, the purposes of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Other institu­ organization are: tions that wish to be associated with the group 1) to create a coordinated group of pro­ may demonstrate their interest by contribut­ fessionally competent archaeologists ing an annual fee of $100.00 to become sup­ representing all regions of the State of porting affiliates. Ohio to provide consultation, aid and At the organizational meeting in February, advice to any and all citizens and State the Council's officers were elected. The presi­ and Federal agencies; 2) to serve as a dent is David S. Brose, Case Western Re­ clearing house for archaeological and serve University; the vice president is Orrin culture-historical data pertinent to the C. Shane, Kent State University; and the aboriginal peoples and the early pioneers secretary-treasurer is Martha Potter Otto, of the State of Ohio; 3) to promote the Ohio Historical Society. The president and conservation and preservation of arch­ vice president serve for two years, while the aeological sites and records of early cul­ secretary-treasurer holds that office for three ture-history, and to develop among the years. Together with the officers, the Council general public an appreciation of these will be governed by four directors elected for irreplaceable resources and an aware­ staggered terms of two years each. Raymond ness of the need for such action; 4) to S. Baby, Ohio Historical Society, and Bennie keep current a master site file and other C. Keel, Wright State University, were records pertinent to the archaeology of selected for two-year terms as directors; serv­ the State of Ohio; 5) to disseminate, at ing for one year are David Stothers, Univer­ its own discretion and in accordance with sity of Toledo, and Kent Vickery, University the constitution and bylaws, to the of Cincinnati. agencies of the State of Ohio, the general public, and to persons with bona fide pro­ The Ohio Archaeological Council, Inc. is fessional interests, information in its pos­ expected to become a viable organization in session; 6) to organize, coordinate and its own right as well as a complement to other give assistance to archaeological pro­ groups interested in Ohio archaeology and grams within the State of Ohio. history. Only through everyone's concerted Membership in the Council is open to pro­ efforts can important information on Ohio's fessional archaeologists and other qualified prehistoric and historic cultures be pre­ persons who have a genuine interest in the served. Anyone wishing further information purposes of the organization and are or have on the Council may write to the secretary- been actively engaged in archaeological re­ treasurer.

37 Annual Meeting—1975

The Archaeological Society of Ohio will hold its annual meeting May 17 and 18 at the Howard Johnsons Motor Lodge, North at the junction of Interstate 71 and S.R. 161. A ban­ quet and a special program are scheduled for Saturday evening. The annual business meet­ ing will be held on Sunday morning at which time the activity reports of the various chap­ ters will be presented. Displays will also be exhibited on Sunday morning and special awards given to the best Ashtabula points. The highlight of the annual meeting will be an address by Dr. Stuart Struever, associate chairman, Department of Anthro­ pology, Northwestern University and presi­ dent-elect of the Society for American Archaeology. Struever will present a slide- illustrated discussion of the Koster site, one of the most important stratified Archaic sites in the eastern United States, with the earliest levels dating to 6500 B.C.. The Koster site was discovered in 1968 while Struever was conducting a long-term archaeological pro­ gram in the lower Illinois River valley, a pro­ gram that is still in progress. This project has three dimensions: a) to reconstruct the rich prehistory of this region which extends back to at least 8000 B.C.; b) to train students in archeological field methods by participating in ongoing excavations; and, c) to save as much as possible of the record of ancient man in the lower Illinois Valley before it is destroyed by the northward encroachment of St. Louis. Dr. Struever is director of the Foundation for Illinois Archeology, a private foundation established in the late 1950's to serve as the recipient of private gifts to support his and other archeological programs currently underway in Illinois. The foundation has been successful in purchasing buildings and estab­ lishing a permanent headquarters in the tiny hamlet of Kampsville, Illinois, that serves as the base from which crews of student exca­ vators, botonists, zoologists, and other scien­ tists work each summer. ASO members will be receiving meeting notices and motel reservation cards soon. 17-18. 1975.

38 Book Review

The Adena People by William S. Webb and and his own considerable knowledge. Charles E. Snow, with a chapter on Adena One obvious fault with The Adena People pottery and a Foreword by James B. Griffin. is its lack of illustrations of any sort. Other University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, than a number of photographs of Adena Tennessee 37916; $10.75. crania only three pictures—bone fragments, The Adena People has been long out of the Meigs County tablet, and a restored print since its first publication by the Uni­ Adena vessel—can be found. This ommission, versity of Kentucky in 1945. This hardbound it seems, could have been corrected by a reprint of the original will be a welcome addi­ photographic supplement prepared by a tion to the library of any serious student who competent archaeologist—an addition which has not had a chance to purchase one of the could have enhanced immeasurably the value scarce originals. Although I had glanced of this book to the layman. A number of glar­ through the book some years ago this was my ing errors—the limited knowledge of 1945 first opportunity to read it thoroughly. Per­ notwithstanding—are present. A major one, haps the most interesting portion of the book for example, is the statement on page 33 that is the foreword by James B. Griffin. He dis­ every "sacred circle" is of Adena origin in­ cusses the history of the book from its incep­ cluding presumably those in the large geo­ tion, tells of its authors, and of his discussions metric earthworks in the Scioto valley. with Webb, Snow, and Richard Morgan during Despite its errors and misconceptions this its preparation. Griffin also corrects some of book is a compilation of much of the know­ the more obvious errors present in The Adena ledge derived from mound excavation in People and its subsequent companion publi­ Ohio, West Virginia, and Kentucky prior to cation, Adena People No. 2 by William S. 1945. For anyone interested in archaeology Webb and Raymond Baby. In addition he The Adena People should be useful as a offers his interpretations of the Adena reference book as well as an historic volume. problem in the light of present-day literature Robert N. Converse

Sustaining Members

John C. Allman Sam Mascorella 1336 Cory Drive 16561 Rock Creek Rd. Dayton, Ohio 45406 Thompson, Ohio 44086

Roger C. Hubbell Earl N. Witzler, Attorney 2497 Dodgeville Road 353 Elm Street Rome, Ohio 44085 Perrysburg, Ohio 43551

Alfred C. Mahan MD 38109 Euclid Ave. Willoughby, Ohio 44084

back cover Only in Hopewell cores can the wide range of color found in exotic Flint Ridge jewel flint be seen. Hope­ well cores are not artifacts in themselves but are the remaining exhausted portions of the flint blocks from which prismatic bladelets were struck. These cores have been found on workshops on Flint Ridge and Award winners for the best field find of 1974 at the January the surrounding areas and in some cases as far away 1975 meeting were (left to right) Martha Otto, Bob Burris. as Hamilton County. They are always made of the Gary Haueman. most colorful and highest quality material found on Flint Ridge. Cores in the color picture are from the collection of Ernie and Dorothy Good. Grove City. Ohio.

39 /