ARCHAEOLOGIST
SPRING, 1970 VOLUME 20 NUMBER 2
Published by
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio
Editorial Office Business Office 199 Converse Drive 1150 Virginia Ave. Plain City, Ohio 43064 Columbus, Ohio 43212
Officers President - John Sarnovsky, 423 Washington Ave., Elyria, Ohio 44035 1970 Vice President - Ensil Chadwick, Route 3, Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 1970 Executive Secretary - Larry Cronkleton, 1337 Cambrian Ct., Columbus, Ohio 43220 . . 1970 Recording Secretary - Ed R. Hughes, 121 E. Russell Ave., West Lafayette, Ohio .... 1970 Treasurer - J. Grant Keys, PO Box 637, Elyria, Ohio 44035 1970 Trustees Kenneth Black, R.R. No. 2, Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 1970 Harley W. Glenn, 1394 W. Third Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43212 . . 1970 Summers A. Redick, 35 W. Riverglen Dr., Worthington, Ohio 43085 . 1970 Leonard H. Brown, R. F. D. No. 3, Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832 1972 Dorothy L. Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 1972 Jack Hooks, R. D. No. 5, Mansfield, Ohio 44903 1972
Editorial Staff and Publications Committee Editor - Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Technical Editor- Raymonds. Baby, The Ohio State Museum, N. High & 15th Ave Columbus Ohio Associate Editor - Martha A. Potter, The Ohio State Museum, N. High & 15th Ave.'Columbus'Ohio Chairman of Regional Collaborators - Richard Patterson, 519 Front St., Marietta, Ohio 45750 Regional Collaborators - John C. Allman, 1336 Cory Drive, Dayton, Ohio 45406 Jeff Carskadden, 285 West Willow Drive, Zanesville, Ohio 43705 Elmer H. Grimm, 1217 Murray Ridge, Elyria, Ohio 44038 Olaf Prufer, Department of Anthropology, Kent State University Kent Ohio John Kmn, 144 East Tiffin St., Fostoria, Ohio 44830 Jerry Hastings, Rt. 1, Box411A-1, Ironton, Ohio 45638 Larry LaBounty, 1432 Lake Road, Conneaut, Ohio 44030 Claude Britt, Jr., 3401 N. Columbus, 26 H., Tucson, Arizona 85716 Ralph Servey, 1726 Baird Ave., Portsmouth, Ohio 45664 Kenneth Goodman, 2528 Swansea Rd., Columbus, Ohio Leonard H. Brown, Rt. No. 3, Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832 Ray Tanner, 2026 Lawrence Ave., Norwood, Ohio 45212 MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows- Regular membership $5.00; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) $6.00; Sustaininq $25 00 Funds are used for publishing the "Ohio Archaeologist". The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and has no paid officers or employees. The "Ohio Archaeologist" is published quarterly and subscription is included in the membership dues. BACK ISSUES Back issues may be purchased at these prices: $1.50 per issue. Mail your remittance payable to The Archaeological Society of Ohio to our Business Office, 1150 Virginia Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43212. ?9fim *9 nr!VPeS. (M°-I 13' N°" 4' °Ct- 1963 revised) and 0hio Stone Tools VOLUME 20 TABLE OF CONTENTS NUMBER 2 Officers, Trustees, Editorial Staff Inside Front Cover Awards - Necrology 182 A Turkey Tail Rediscovered 183 Eva and Benton Points from Tennessee 185 The Darroch Pinnacle Mound 186 Flint From the John Schatz Collection 190 Bone Tools igi A Preliminary Report on the Knief Site: A Pre-Ceramic Site in Logan County, Ohio 192 Unusual Archaic Side-Notched Spear 195 Artifacts from Greenville, Ohio 196 The Plum Run Flint Quarries 198 The A. B. Fall Site, Ottawa County, Ohio 201 Ceremonialism as Practiced by the Glacial Kame Culture 204 The Atlatl in Ohio 206 Hafted Scrapers from Huron County 212 A Slate Bannerstone 213 Two Fort Ancient Pipes 214 Continuations 216 FRONT COVER Three beautiful and highly polished atlatl weights are pictured on the front cover. They are from the collection of Dr. Gordon F. Meuser of Columbus, Ohio, who has a number of rare chlorite objects in his collection. Top specimen is a soft green chlorite and was found near Croton in Licking County, Ohio. The center one is a dark greenish black in color with silvery inclusions and is from Massillon, Stark County, Ohio. Bottom specimen is a brownish green example and was found in Venice Township, Seneca County, Ohio. Length of top weight is 4 inches. All are drilled with a hole approx imately 1/2 inch in diameter. 181 AWARDS Listed below are the winners of awards for displays at the January 18, 1970 meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio at Grove City, Ohio: Best of Show Best Type Display Parker Melvin Copeland and Redick 1296 Crestwood 5830 Crescent Ct. Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 Worthington, Ohio Members in the Armed Services Best Site Display Harold D. Bender Ralph E.Sprague 1330 Grandview Avenue Wapakoneta, Ohio Portsmouth, Ohio Necrology Harley W. Glenn, 1905 -1970 Many members will remember Harley Glenn for his ready smile and hearty hand Harley W. Glenn, of shake. He was one of our most valued mem 1394 W. 3rd Ave., bers and over his years in our Society had Columbus, Ohio, served both as chairman and member of many died suddenly of a of our committees. heart attack March His interest in archaeology began while he 13th, 1970. He had was teaching in Erie county in the 1920's. He twice served as a was an avid collector of slate and hematite Trustee for the Ar artifacts and his fine collection was left to his chaeological Society son who will keep it in tact. of Ohio and was on He attended Ohio University, Ohio State the Board of Trus University, and Franklin University from tees at the time of where he received a juris doctorate degree. At his death. His term the time of this death he was a Technical As would have expired sistant in the Fine Arts Department at Ohio May 17th, 1970. State University. He is survived by his wife, Harley was a past President of the Society Margaret, a son John, and three grand having served from 1960 to 1962. children. 182 A Turkey Tail Rediscovered by Elaine WestfalI 201 Oxford Drive Greenville, Ohio While looking through my great-aunt long before I was born, I can only guess about Flora's collection of Indian relics, I found a its origin. She farmed in three places at dif beautiful turkey tail (Fig. 1), a type which is ferent times of her life: central Michigan, very scarce. It is believed to be from two to Wyoming, and Union City, Ohio. Because tur three thousand years old. This piece measures key tails are found in Ohio, Indiana, and Il 41/2 inches long and VA inches wide, and is linois (Converse 1966: 112), I imagine this made of Indiana hornstone. As my aunt died one came from Union City, Ohio. Converse, Robert N. 1966 Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archaeolo gist, Volume 13, No. 4. Columbus. Fig. 1 (Westfall) Turkey tail point. 183 Meadowood Points: A Possible Glacial Kame Type by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064 Relatively few types of artifacts can be semblages of comparable artifacts have been definitely related to the so-called Glacial excavated. Bearing in mind that comparisons Kame culture in Ohio, other than the grave with materials found hundreds of miles from goods which accompany burials of these Ohio can be hazardous, the author feels that people. Typical of the artifact assemblage are similarities of total artifact inventories with birdstones, shell sandal-sole gorgets, knobbed these of Ohio cannot be ignored, and may or spineback gorgets, copper beads, and tubu supply needed clues to what may be expected lar pipes. Strangely, flint artifacts are seldom in Ohio. found with burial offerings, the exception The Meadowood phase of New York, being the three points from the Clifford Wil which dates from 2500 B.C. to 500 B.C., in liams site at Russells Point, Ohio (Townsend cludes artifacts quite similar to those of Ohio 1959: PI. 47). Two of them are complete and Glacial Kame, such as birdstones, copper appear to be rather nondescript stemmed beads, and tubular pipes (Ritchie 1965: 199). points. The stem on the third point is broken. However, flint artifacts are not uncommon To my knowledge, these are the only flint grave offerings. Two distinct types of pro artifacts ever found with Glacial Kame burials jectile points are typical of the Meadowood in Ohio. To discover the type of point one phase: turkey tail points (which will be the might expect to find normally associated with subject of a later article) and Meadowood Glacial Kame, it is necessary to turn to docu points. The latter, using Ohio specimens as mented material from other areas where as examples (Fig. 1), are on the average fairly Fig. 1 (Converse) Ohio Meadowood points. Largest specimen is 5 inches long. Continued to pg. 217 184 Eva and Benton Points from Tennessee by Claude Britt, Jr. Dept. of Geochronology The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Eva and Benton points are common Ar 1967: Fig. 2, 11). Bell (1958: 22) states that chaic types in the middle South. The ones this type was apparently used over a long illustrated in Figure 1 were obtained by the period of time from about 5,000 B.C. to per author a few years ago from Mr. Allen Brown haps 1,000 B.C., although they evidently de of Chicago, Illinois. They were originally in a clined in popularity after 3,000 B.C. [Tech. collection that had been assembled in the Editor's Note: The points illustrated in this middle South between 1880 and 1930. The article (Fig. 1, a and b) are quite similar to specimens were on display at the bank in Eva II and Morrow Mountain points (Lewis Sharonville, Tennessee, until about 1940. The and Kneberg 1961: PI. 8, i-o)]. collection, consisting of several thousand arti The Benton points illustrated in Figure 1, facts, was in storage from 1940 to 1960, at c-e are fashioned from gray Dover flint from which time Brown purchased it. the prehistoric quarries near the town of The Eva point, named by Lewis and Kne- Dover, Tennessee. The type was originally berg (1947: 18), was originally called the Eva named by Kneberg (1956: 25-26) from speci Double Basal Notched Type. This type is mens found in Benton County, Tennessee. based on material from the Eva site in Benton While Bell (1960: 6) states that the Benton County, Tennessee. According to Kneberg point is found in the Tennessee River Valley (1956: 24), Eva points are seldom found out and along the Mississippi River in western side the western half of Tennessee. However, Tennessee, it shows some basic typological one basal fragment of a point very similar in similarities to some Ohio Archaic stemmed material and style of manufacture to the true points as described by Converse (1963: 104). Eva point has previously been reported from According to Bell (1960: 6), the Benton point the Abbott Site in Shelby County, Ohio (Britt is associated with the middle Archaic of the (Continued on page 2161 Benton Points 0 cm Fig. 1 (Britt) Eva and Benton points found in Benton County, Tennessee, probably around 1900. 185 The Darroch Pinnacle Mound by Charles H. Stout 91 Redbank Drive Fairborn, Ohio Several years ago while surface hunting for The very first thing we did was to measure artifacts, my son and I came upon a small and photograph the mound. It was rather mound of earth on a high ridge overlooking symmetrical, 32 feet in diameter and 33 the Great Miami River south of Dayton, Ohio inches high. The terrain on which the mound (Fig. 1). Although we realized this knoll was was located slopes about 9 inches from the man-made, we doubted that it was a prehis northeast toward the southwest, so we started toric mound. We could see that white men digging on the lower side for the best drain had inhabited the site many years ago because age. Stakes were placed in the center of the there was much rubble — red bricks, glass, and mound and at the northeast and southwest broken china - around the site. Near the turn edges. Using these points as a base line, we of the century, people came by train to this began staking off the mound in 5-foot grids. area for picnics. A shelter house and fireplaces After that job was completed, we started a were constructed there. However, sometime trench two grids wide. The grids were num before the land was purchased by the present bered in the order in which they were ex owner, Gourley Darrock, 35 years ago, the cavated. We went down to the mound floor buildings had been torn down. hoping to find postmolds, but were dis In the early spring of 1968, John Allman, appointed. Our next step was to continue in my son, and I asked Darroch for permission the same direction although we did not dig to to excavate the mound. He gave us per the floor of the mound. mission, but expected that all we would find Figure 2 shows a general plan of the ex would be a pile of bricks from the demolition cavation, indicating where the artifacts were of the park. This information was discour located in relation to the grids. Also shown in aging but since the mound was so strategically this diagram are the ashes, trees, and the out located, on a high ridge with almost cliff-like line of a previously excavated pit. There was sides at a point where the river flows closest no obvious scar on the mound surface suggest to the hill, we thought it was worth a try. ing that this pit existed. However, its outline Generally, the mound is near the edge of a could readily be seen in the cross-section steep, high bluff that extends several miles view. Much rubble such as red brick, square along one side of the river. Due to erosion nails, and lime were in the pit. This material over the ages, large gulleys were formed at indicated that the pit was part of an outhouse right angles to the bluff leaving high, flat, used during the park era. Fortunately it was a finger-like ridges of land pointing in the gener rather shallow feature and much of the un al direction of the river. These ridges of land disturbed area of the mound was still under are called pinnacles, and the area has been neath it. There were three trees on the known to the local residents as "The Pin northern edge of the mound that hampered nacles" for many years. our digging, but most of the 18 grids were Although we were quite anxious to start excavated. No sub-floor pits were noted ex the excavation, we were forced to postpone cept one small animal borrow. work for several weeks due to a very wet Throughout the excavation, the soil was re month of May in 1968. In fact, on one oc moved in step layers about 6 inches thick. We casion as we drove through the pasture which continued the trench two grids wide to a was necessary to get close to the mound, we point 5 feet past the center of the mound. As got stuck in the mud and had to be pulled out we excavated the first seven sections, we with the farmer's tractor. After this episode noted several interesting features. Ashes were we walked the distance from the road, about found in long thin layers over most of the 300 yards, with our digging equipment. Not central area of the mound. The ash deposits until several weeks later was the field dry were about 1 or 2 inches in thickness and enough for us to drive through it again. about 8 inches below the mound surface. The 186 layers implied that there were many small them were found just 1 inches or so below the fires instead of a central burning area. Since ashes. Our artifacts were numbered and cata there was no bone material in the ashes, we loging in the order in which they were found. discounted the theory that they were the re Figure 3 shows how a 5-foot grid is separated sults of cooking or cremation. into 24 square sections of 1 foot each and The first artifact was found just below one how each square foot is separated into four of these ash deposits. It was a projectile point positions 6 inches square. The numbers cor 1% inches long and % inch wide with wide, responding to these sections are written on shallow side notches. Nearly all the points each artifact along with the depth of the piece found thereafter in the mound were also just from the surface and its height from the base under the ash deposits. This situation led us of the mound. By adding the last two figures, to believe that a group of prehistoric people one can tell how high the mound was where built many ceremonial fires on this mound, each object was found. and during the course of the ritual would Figure 4 illustrates the various types of throw a spear or two into the fire. The pro stemmed projectile points that were found in jectile would go through the ashes and be the mound. The spear in the center of the come imbedded in the soil below the fire area. picture is the finest artifact in the collection This hypothesis would explain why none of from the site. It was struck by the blade of the points were fire cracked, but most of the shovel, however, and damaged. After that Continued to pg. 216 THE DARROCH riNNACll MOUND ' «*o . Fig. 1 (Stout) Location of the Darroch Pinnacle mound. , \ M Fig. 2 (Stout) Plan of the grid system and location of features and artifacts. 187 KEY GRID NO. 6 S FT. ARTIFACT NO 1 < 1 FT. > ••»# _ NO 6 ] ' GRID SECTION 1», P05 1 2 3 4 s 13 IN. FROM SURFACI - 14 IN. FROM BASE 6 7 • 9 to r r *• it l-6-l8a-13/ / S~"*"" 11 12 13 14 IS ^ *+! B 16 17 —is - 19 20 c D 21 22 23 24 25 — i 1 -J Fig. 3 (Stout) Divisions of a typical grid section, and number system for artifacts. G Fig. 4 (Stout) Stemmed points from the Darrock Pinnacle mound. Fig. 5 (Stout) Notched points and leaf-shaped blades. 188 I Fig. 6 (Stout) Blanks and artifact fragments. am iOtGli GAM imgfES IEIUEIS ' OOR. SQTCHi SHALCSfiOW*; FIKK COS. JftTOSi i.!i«;ii:i*j,',y: 3G0H • J&MM ..i.h • . • . • :. . •-•:•.; . . nmsu smtm Hi*;--; mm STORE; fvm&Att immis aaao -.•••• 00 MET ? : . . . : •;•....::, 3TBH, OVA?K! IT, CifSHTj ri-SS- ?HiAi«l,E: I,?. CiSKSm nw, rw-tm-nu, LOWS (M'i't . -uati Pis? CHAXCEBOHTi FTi*i»EBT: CSVtk tEWr 8LA.DE: Li, CSKEST; :-HSK3W •HUM HARD STOSEl TAPPED; I5R0KEH IU'*: ! ••. ••..-,; •••:::- , .-:, :-•' .' • . -, • ;• ;.:• :.: ; k • ...:•=-i.-.lr-V- • <••..!i Fig. 7 (Stout) Ground stone tools. Fig. 8 (Stout) Description of artifacts found. 189 Flint From the John Schatz Collection Fig. 1 (Schatz) Five fluted points from Ohio made of varieties of Coshocton flint. Fig. 2 (Schatz) Four Ohio fluted points. All are of Flint Ridge material except small point on left which is of Delaware chert. Longest point is about 3 inches. 190 Bone Tools by LeRoy R. Huhn 721 McCormick Lane Cincinnati, Ohio In the early fall of 1968, John Hornsberger six shell hoes. Just beneath the hoes were and I began to excavate a trench 10 feet some splinter bone awls, a bone needle, an square in a site in Hamilton County, Ohio. I awl made of a turkey leg bone, and a well- am very much interested in prehistoric Indian worn beamer made of the leg bone of a deer bone artifacts and tools, although many col (Fig. 1). We also found several pieces of work lectors discard them without a thorough ex ed cannel coal. Bad weather halted our work amination. Four inches below the plow line so we had to fill in our excavation. Although we discovered midden containing an abun we had been 30 inches below the surface we dance of potsherds and shell fragments. still had not reached the bottom of the mid Twelve inches below the plow line we found den; it is our hope to someday complete. 1 Fig. 1 (Huhn) Bone artifacts from Hamilton County: Deer bone awl, TA inches; needle, 5 /2 inches; turkey bone awl, 6 inches; beamer, 9 inches long and % inch wide at the narrowest part. 191 A Preliminary Report On the Knief Site: A Pre-Ceramic Site in Logan County, Ohio by Claude Britt, Jr. Dept. of Geochronology The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona The Knief Site is located on the east and have been recovered in the last nine years, west sides of the Great Miami River in the even though the land had not been cultivated west half of Sec. 27, T 7 S., R. 8 E., Logan three or four years during that time. Watkins County, Ohio (Fig. 1). A covered bridge has collected 25 specimens, and the author, (Logan County bridge No. 998), located 61 specimens. This is a fairly large amount of where the Notestine Road crosses the Great artifactual material considering that decorti Miami River, is the characteristic landmark of cation flakes and debitage were not recovered. the site. In size, it covers about 150 to 175 Geological studies tell little about the maxi acres, depending upon where the site boun mum age of the site except that this area dary is drawn; it lies between an elevation of would have been suitable for Palaeo-lndian 980 and slightly over 1000 feet above sea occupation as early as approximately 15,000 level. This site is approximately 3 miles from years ago. Geochronological evidence indi the Williams Site which yielded Glacial Kame cates that the glacial ice margin had retreated material (Baby 1959). as far north as the Fort Wayne Moraine by The Knief Site was discovered in 1960 by approximately 14,000 years ago. On the the author while fishing along the Miami basis of what is known of dates of the Palaeo- River. Since that time, two other parties have lndian tradition in other parts of North Amer started collecting there. One of the two, Mr. ica, a date of approximately 10,000 B.C. is Wilson Watkins of Sidney, Ohio, was very suggested for the earliest human occupation helpful in the preparation of this report. of the Knief Site. Eventually, the site material in the Watkins The Palaeo-lndian cultural tradition is re collection may be incorporated into that of presented by an earlier Fluted Point Complex the author. The other individual would not and a later Piano Complex. A single fluted cooperate in the preparation of this report. point fragment (Fig. 2, a) is included in the Fortunately, the author has inspected this assemblage. It is registered as Fluted Point person's collection and knows the approxi No. 115 in the Survey of Ohio Fluted Points No. 5 (Prufer 1961). Five basal fragments of mate types and quantities of artifacts he has f from the site. Both Watkins and the author Piano points have been found on "ie site, four sincerely hope that other members of the of which are illustrated (Figs. 2, b, c, sand t). Archaeological Society of Ohio who read this The fluted point, as well as one Piano basal report will not start collecting on the Knief fragment, is fashioned from Kentucky Elkhorn Site because we do not want the material to Creek flint. Prufer and Baby (1963: 44,45) become even more widely scattered. Watkins report that 2.5% of 273 fluted points studied intends to recover decortication flakes, cores, were manufactured from this material. The debitage, and all other cultural materials from other four Piano basal fragments from the this site so that a more scientific study of the Knief Site are made from local pinkish gray material culture can be conducted in the chert which occurs in the Devonian strata of future. Logan County. The Knief Site is pre-Woodland in age. Two Of the total projectile points recovered, al components, Palaeo-lndian and Archaic, are most 80% are typical Archaic corner-notched well represented in the artifact assemblage. types. Typical Archaic side-notched points are Only a single artifact of a later culture, a extremely rare on this site. One pentagonal Hopewell point (Fig. 2,o), is known from the point (Fig. 2,1) has been found. Stemmed area. However, it is a stray specimen which points (Fig. 2,u,v) are extremely rare. The was not found within the proposed boun chert artifact illustrated in Figure 2,n is quite daries of the site. Approximately 111 artifacts unique. Flint Ridge material was apparently 192 not used by these Archaic peoples. With one In addition to artifactual material, scraps of exception, all flaked artifacts in the Archaic bone and teeth are present on the surface of assemblage are manufactured from a pinkish the ground when the site is freshly cultivated. gray speckled chert which is native to Logan Thus far the only bone which has been identi County of from chert nodules of glacial ori fiable was turtle. Teeth which the author has gin. One corner-notched point (Fig. 2,x) is identified consist of deer molars, wolf and fox fashioned from a jet black flint of uncertain canines and carnassials, and beaver incisors. origin. Because the upper soil profile has been dis Other artifacts attributed to the Archaic turbed by cultivation, the age or relation of culture recovered from the Knief Site include: the bones to the artifacts is unknown. Ad six cupstones or "nutting stones", two com ditional information concerning this site plete three-quarter grooved axes, two sand might be gained by excavating beneath the stone mortars, one conical pestle, one full plow zone. grooved hammerstone (Fig. 2aa), one well- The distribution pattern of material on the patianated, perforated marine shell, one Knief Site is interesting. For example, all six three-quarter grooved axe fragment, one slate Palaeo-lndian points were found on the east bannerstone fragment (Fig. 2,z). A perforated side of the river but none on the west. Debit- marine shell is in the collection of the third age literally covers the ground on the east side party and, consequently, was not available for of the river. On the other hand, debitage, illustration. It is approximately 7 centimeters flakes, and cores are totally lacking on the in length. Just before this shell artifact was west side. With one exception, no ground found, the land had been plowed deeper than stone Archaic implements have been found on in previous years. For this reason, the author the east side of the river. One thing seems believes that it may have been associated with clear — the occupation consisted of two types a shallow burial. Of all the recovered arti- of sites. One type was a flint knapper's work factual material, the perforated shell is inter shop located on the east side of the river as preted as being the only item having solely a implied by the abundance of debitage in this sociotechnic function. All other artifacts seem area. At present, little is knows of Archaic to be clearly technonomic. settlement patterns in Ohio, but it seems clear Continued to pg. 217 0.5 • Miles Fig. 1 (Britt) Map of the Neff Site, Logan County, Ohio. Heavy dashed line shows the approximate boundary of the site. Contour interval is 20 feet. Data are from the U. S. G. S. Russells Point Quadrangle, 7.5 minute series (topographic). 193 cm 5 • ' I 1 1 u Fig. 2 (Britt) Representative artifacts from the Neff Site, Logan County, Ohio Specimens illustrated as Figure 2, b, c, o, j-m, r, z, bb and cc are in the Watkins collection. The remaining ones are owned by the author. (Continued on Page 217) 194 Unusual Archaic Side-Notched Spear by A. E. and Victoria McGinnis 3265 Dresden Road Zanesville, Ohio 43701 A recent article by Converse (1969) pointed out that Archaic sidenotched spears over 4 inches in length are rare. The Archaic point, shown in the accompanying photo graphs (Fig. 1 and 2), is remarkable in several respects, including its length. It was found by my nine-year-old daughter on the third ter race of the Muskingum River north of Zanes ville. The two pieces were lying close together in a freshly-plowed field far from other areas of maximum artifact concentration. If only the tip had been recovered, little could be surmised about the nature of the original point. If only the base had been found, then the usual method of restoring the missing tip would not have provided a true representation of the original piece. The com plete point, mended with epoxy glue, is 51/2 inches long and is made from light grey band ed flint. [Tech. Editor's note: Although the point illustrated in this article is probably Archaic, it appears to be more corner-notched than side-notched.] Converse, Robert N. 1969 Archaic Side Notched Spear. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 97. Columbus. Fig. 1 (McGinnis) Fragments of an Archaic point. Fig. 2 (McGinnis) Restored point. 195 Artifacts from Greenville, Ohio by Elaine Westfall 210 Oxford Drive Greenville, Ohio 45331 I found all but three of the artifacts half mile west of town lying in a pile of rocks shown in the accompanying photograph on the creek bank. Someone recently clearing (Fig. 1) within the city limits of Greenville; the field a few feet away must have thrown all the other three were discovered just outside the rocks there. This knife has only one finely the city. The knife, a, made of dull tan chert chipped edge. Fifty feet from e was the tri was found in the northern part of town. angular point, f. The tan chert from which There is a flute on one side made by the re was made has a more vitrious luster than that moval of a single flake. This knife is different of specimen a. It is extremely thin and well- from the ones described by Converse made, and the edges are very sharp. The pink (1963:90) as it has one rounded end. It is a flint, g, was lying 200 feet from /. Paleo-lndian tool dating from 7000 B.C. to The broken piece, h, came from the south 10,000 B.C. About 100 feet from the spot end of town where a freeway was being built. where the knife was discovered, but fifteen There are tiny scratches running lengthwise years later, I found what seemed to be a on both flattened surfaces, suggesting that it broken triangular point, b, made of black flint. might have been used with a lengthwise I discovered, however, that the base was ex motion. The crude axe, i, was on the summit tremely worn and smooth. The tip must have of a hill in the northeast part of town. It broken off, after which the point was used as seems to have been grooved to fit in the hand. a scraper. This piece dates from A.D. 1000 to Because most of this area was swampy until 1600. The white chert ball,c, was found near recent times, perhaps this high place was a a warehouse one-half mile from a and b. Al camp site. The ax was found by my brother, though it is round and polished, the pecked John Holzapfel. The broken point, / was on surface can still be seen over the entire piece, the south side of the same hill, about seventy indicating it is not merely a geological con feet from /'. It is made of whitist chert. cretion. From the difference in age of these pieces, The hafted scraper,^, came from the east it is apparent that prehistoric man lived in or side of town where a foundation was being traveled through this region many times. dug about 30 feet from the creek. It is chip ped from good quality pink material and was Converse, Robert N. probably made from a broken projectile 1963 Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archaeolo point. The gray flint knife, e, was found one- gist, Vol. 13, No. 4. Columbus. 196 Fig. 1 (Westfall) Artifacts from Greenville, Ohio. 197 The Plum Run Flint Quarries James L. Murphy Case Western Reserve University and John E. Blank Cleveland State University Cleveland, Ohio Although the aboriginal use of "Plum Run flint. It contains only a few small fragmentary flint" has been recognized by both amateur fossil remains but has considerable amounts and professional archaeologist for over 90 of included pyrite. The pyrite is so finely dis years, scant mention of the deposit has been seminated that it appears black and could be made in the literature. In general, Ohio geolo mistaken for streaks of carbonaceous mate gists have not recognized the term or even the rial. Examination with a binocular micro deposit. scope, however, reveals that the tiny particles Plum Run is a small intermittent stream are actually crystalline pyrite. Exposure to that flows thorugh section 36, Lexington weathering rapidly changes the color of the Township, Stark County, Ohio, paralleling U. flint to various shades of brown, tan, green, S. Route 62. Crossing the Mahoning-Stark and vermilion. Most of the debitage collected county line, the stream turns northeastward at the site is fairly uniform, light orange and then northward to enter the Mahoning brown, with streaks and blotches of gray, but River in NWVi section 30, Smith Township, many specimens also exhibit considerable Mahoning County. The terrain is glaciated and amounts of dark red ferruginous coloration. there are few natural exposures of bed rock. The earlist known account of the Plum There was a natural outcrop along Plum Run Run flint quarries is a letter from J. L. Kite, at one time, but it was destroyed by construc Damascoville [Damascus], Mahoning County, tion of the Alliance Clay Products Company to S. F. Baird of the Smithsonian Institution. in 1905. The only known exposure of the Dated September 22, 1879, Kite's description flint at the present time occurs in the base of of the quarry area follows: an abandoned gravel pit immediately south of There is a flint — chert - deposit on the the brick plant. A layer of high quality mottl S.W. Sectio ' of Smith Township, Mahoning ed blue and gray flint 1 foot thick can be seen Co., O. wh ch has been largely worked, in the north end of the pit. South and some 30 aces worked over; when the Schoenlaug (145:61) illustrate a microphoto- whites first came here there were found graph of a sample of "unknown flint" from pieces of galena near these holes, which in this locality. A carefully measured strat- duced some persons to sink a shaft, igraphic section made by the present authors thinking to find lead; they came upon the in 1967 follows: flint at a few feet below the level of the Stratigraphic Unit bottom of the excavations; the deposit was Thickness about one foot in thickness; I late visited the spot, found the land mostly grass, a Ft. in small section in hoed crop, examined, it is Middle Kittanning coal 2 3 literly full of chippings, found no imple Covered interval with approximately ments but a chipping stone; will forward 10 feet of Middle Kittanning specimens to show the fine quality of the underclay at top 47 flint. From enquiries made of one of the Lower Kittanning coal parties who sunk the shaft, I learned that Lower Kittaning underclay 1 there was no rock in place above the flint, Vanport ("Plum Run") that the drift material lay immediately up Limestone Member 1 on it in the higher ground near by. 50 to 75 The close proximity of the Vanport Lime feet above the flint is a vein of coal; an stone to the Lower Kittanning coal is unusal other at near the same depth below it. but has been noted elsewhere in Ohio (M. T. Practically all traces of quarry activity were Sturgeon, personal communication). destroyed by construction of the clay pro The bed of flint outcropping here at the ducts company in 1905. Clay mining and top of the Vanport Limestone Member is a gravel operations have also destroyed most of fine-grained, semi-opaque, mottled blue-gray 198 the workshop areas in the immediate vicinity were found with the glacial pebble chert. of Plum Run. Some debitage, blanks, and oc Only two chips from the Reeves site (total casionally a finished point may be found by chippage, 11,890) are believed actually to surface hunting immediately south of the clay represent Plum Run flint; other chippage of products plant. Typical blanks are shown in very similar lithology represents glacial mate the top two rows of Figure 1. The few fin rial from a northern source. ished artifacts that have been found in the The glaciers also plucked true Plum Run vicinity of the quarries are generally made of flint from the outcrop area and distributed it other types of flint — Upper Mercer and Ono- over much of the western half of Columbiana daga flint or pebble chert for example. Only County. In all likelihood the aborigines util Archaic points, such as Lake Erie Bifurcated, ized as much Plum Run flint from such glacial and Woodland types are known from the site. drift as they acutally quarried. In addition, The Plum Run quarry is probably the one subsequent to the retreat of the glacier, the indicated by W. C. Mills (1914:50) in his arch Mahoning River transported considerable aeological atlas of Ohio. Although Mills lo amounts of Plum Run flint northward from cates a quarry in the south-central part of the outcrop area, so that now the flint may be section 15, Smith Township, a careful recon found in outwash deposits all along the upper naissance of the entire section reveals that the Mahoning valley, far from the actual outcrop. only outcrop of bedrock is in a strip mine at Surface collecting at the remnants of the the northwest corner of the section. A few Lewis village site has yielded a considerable glacial erratics were noted, but most of the amount of lithic material, the bulk of which is section is covered with scrub oak. Two culti Plum Run flint. This flint could have been vated fields were searched, yielding only a few picked up from the river gravels at the site pieces of unworked glacial flint. The strip and need not have been quarried at Plum Run mine exposes the Brookville coal and Putnam and carried to the site. The Lewis village site, Hill Limestone, but the Vanport Limestone now largely submerged by Lake Milton, ap Member has been removed by erosion. pears to have been predominantly Late Wood The upper part of the Vanport Limestone land and Late Prehistoric, but it yet remains is exposed in a quarry in the NE% of section to be seen whether active quarrying occurred 18 and in the NWA of section 20. Very little at Plum Run during these time periods. chert or flint occurs at either outcrop, and no Of considerable interest to collectors are other outcrops of the flint bed 1 foot thick the artifacts illustrated in Figure 2. All of have been found, so the Plum Run flint facies these are fakes made of fresh, dark gray and of the Vanport Limestone seems to be very blue Plum Run flint. The blanks and crude local in development. Other local outcrops of triangular points were found by the senior flint at the same stratigraphic position are fre author in 1966 on the surface of a bulldozer quently encountered throughout the outcrop cut at the Plum Run gravel pit. The three belt in Ohio. The most notable deposit is the fluted points and the three corner-notched well-developed occurrence at Flint Ridge, points, also of fresh Plum Run flint, were pur Muskingum and Licking counties. While Flint chased from a Columbiana County antique Ridge flint is so distincitive in lithology that dealer. The fluted points are said to have been chippage can be recognized even when found part of the collection of the late Willis Mag- hundreds of miles away from the quarry site, it rath of Alliance, Ohio. The notched points is doubtful that the Plum Run variety can be reportedly came from the Detwiler farm, Fair recognized outside northeastern Ohio. Its field Township, Columbiana County. All of identification at sites very far from the quarry these are unquestionably fakes, and collectors area is rendered extremely difficult, for usual should be wary of such artifact material from ly only a few chips are available and the this area. The fakes are readily distinguished physical properties of Plum Run flint are not from authentic Plum Run material because of diagnostic enough to distinguish it from mate the striking difference in color of the fresh rial of quite different provenience. For ex and weathered flint. Plum Run flint weathers ample, during the Cleveland Natural Science very rapidly so that even Late Prehistoric Museum's excavations at the Reeves, South points made of this material have the typical Park, and Fairport Harbor sites, a few chips of orange brown color and are never blue and flint indistinguishable from Plum Run flint gray. Fake artifacts made of fresh Plum Run Continued to pg. 219 199 * jjiyiii|iii|iiyiii|[|[[iii|iiy[|i[iii|i[iriyMi|i[i[iii[!iyiii|iii|iii|iiyiii|i|[|iii|iiy Fig. 1 (Murphy and Blank) Typical blanks of Plum Run flint. tittm '•*-<» * 41 yjiliii|iii|iiyiiirii|ii.iilyi,i|iiiriiiii.ji,.|i;i|.i ii,ji:i|:;i|in|iiyiii|i|i|iii|iiy Fig. 2 (Murphy and Blank) Fraudulent points and blanks made from fresh Plum Run flint. 200 The A. B. Fall Site, Ottawa County, Ohio by Eugene E. Ochsner Johannesburg, Michigan The A.B. Fall site is located on the north and so contained only portions of entire skel bank of the Portage River between Port Clin etons. Typical of these interments is Burial ton and Oak Harbor, Ohio. It is on an exten #8 (Fig. 3). Front and side views of the skull sive sandy knoll, one side of which is being are shown in Figures 4 and 5. There are very eroded by the Portage River. The owner of obvious holes in each side of the vault; the the property during the author's investigation missing bone fragments were not with the of the site in 1937 wasA. B. Fall. Prior to that burial. Based on local tradition that some of time, many burials had been excavated, one the victims of the battle at Fallen Timbers of which was reported to be encased in char were buried at this location, it may be as coal. sumed that the burial represents an individual Artifacts recovered by the author include a who was shot at close range with a musket. rough slate celt, a large elk molar, a portion of The skull is dolichocephalic. A brachycephalic a pottery pipe stem, and several pottery frag skull which also shows evidence of a violent ments decorated with a punctate design (Fig. death is illustrated in Figures 6 and 7. Only 1). The only chipped stone artifact found was one burial (#6), a female with a very young a crude knife (Fig. 1, upper right corner). A infant, was fully articulated (Figs. 8 and 9). catlinite pipe (Fig. 2) in perfect condition was From examination of the infant skeleton, it is on the surface associated with a fragmented apparent the child died at the time of birth or burial that had been disturbed by plowing. shortly thereafter. None of the teeth had Several burials were excavated by the au erupted. No artifacts were found with this thor and Mr. Thomas Donkin of Cleveland, burial as was the case with all other skeletons Ohio. Most were bundle burials and reburials excavated. Fig. 1 (Ochsner) Artifacts collected from the A. B. Fall site. 201 Fig. 2 (Ochsner) Historic catlinite pipe found on the surface. Fig. 3 (Ochsner) Burial No. 8 in place. S«iBB»B3il»Sa:i!»$#SfliS Fig. 5 (Ochsner) Skull of Burial No. 8, side view, showing extensive damage. Fig. 4 (Ochsner) Skull of Burial No. 8, front view. 202 Fig. 6 (Ochsner) Brachycephalic skull. Fig. 7 (Ochsner) Brachycephalic skull, side view, showing damage. Fig. 8 (Ochsner) Burial No. 6. v p ^51 Fig. 9 (Ochsner) Burial No. 6, after infant skeleton had been removed. ^v^£% ^*C i^2 203 Ceremonialism as Practiced by the Glacial Kame Culture by Edward Galitza Ghost Town Museum Ghost Town, Ohio The presence of wolf crania cut and work gorget (Galitza 1958), thus illustrating the ed to fit the head, and the presence of cut and reverence of these people for another species worked segments of wolf jawbones denote a of animal life. definite relationship between the Glacial The Use of Musical Instruments Kame peoples and the wild wolf in ceremonial in Ceremonialism practices. In 1961, Raymond S. Baby re The association of turtle carapace rattles ported the discovery of some fragmentary re and copper conjoined tubes with human mains of wolf cranium in burial association at skeletal remains at Glacial Kame sites denote the Clifford Williams site in Logan County, the use of some forms of musical instruments Ohio. He also brought forth his conjectures by these early peoples. In 1967, the writer about the possible use of the cranium as a discovered with a burial the only known cop mask-headdress in ceremonies practiced by per conjoined tubes of Glacial Kame origin. the Glacial Kame peoples. Baby also men Until this time, only a few fragmentary and tioned that this was the first time that such perhaps only one other complete specimen items had been reported from a Glacial Kame had been recorded (Martin, Quimby, and Col site. It is, however, very possible that similar lier 1947: 244-247); they are of Hopewellian animal headdresses were present at other sites origin being found in scientifically-excavated of this cultural period, but due to the lack of Hopewellian sites. The copper bands held reed scientific investigation, gravel workers or ama or bone tubes within their folds and were used teur archaeologists failed to recognize the im as panpipes. portance and use of such items. The Use of Red Ochre and Offerings of In addition to Baby's reported discoveries Raw Materials in Burial Ceremonies at the Williams site, another significant burial While studying site reports and photo association of wolf cranium and human skele graphs, the author has noted the re-occurance tal material was encountered at the same site of the use of red ochre and the presence of (Galitza 1961). This documented burial was samples of raw materials in association with one of many uncovered at the onset of gravel Glacial Kame burials. At the Williams site, operations. It was found in a circular pit in a Norman Dunn and the author excavated ap sitting position with the legs tightly flexed, proximately ten burials (Dunn and Galitza and sprinkled with red ochre (Fig. 1). Arti 1959). Several had an offering placed near the facts consisting of two bone awls and one cut skull consisting of several flint chips, pieces of and worked wolf cranium were found near chert, diorite, granite, and shell. This trait was the right shoulder. also present at the Reber site in Wyandot The Practice of Ceremonialism County, and at sites in Logan, Allen, and Har Ceremonialism has been practiced from din counties. The Glacial Kame people were prehistoric times to the present. It is very pos dependent upon the deposits of flint, chert, sible that the Glacial Kame peoples partici diorite, granite, copper, and cannel coal for pated in rituals in which clans were represen manufacturing their weapons, ornaments, and ted by specific animals, such as bear, cougar, everyday tools. They used the bones of small mountain lion, and wolf. One can easily visu animals and the shells of conchs, mollusks, alize the clan's shaman portraying the wolf and clams for utensils and items of personal stalking simulated prey in a pre-hunt cere adornment. They used the red, yellow, and mony. It is very possible that in future ex brown oxides in ochre for pigments in cere cavations in other Glacial Kame sites that cut monies and decoration. It is little wonder why and worked crania of other predatory animals they might wish to include a sample of these may be found. The bear has been portrayed items with the deceased for future use in the on an artistically decorated sandal-sole shell afterworld. 204 Fig. 1 (Galitza) Tightly flexed burial of an adult male with worked wolf and other artifacts in association. Clifford Williams Site, Logan County, Ohio. Converse, Robert N.: 1966 - Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archae Galitza, Edward: 1958 - Unique Sandal-Sole Gorget. Ohio ologist, Volume 13, No. 4. Columbus. Archaeologist. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 26-27. Columbus. Baby, Raymond S.: 1961 - A Glacial Kame Wolf Mask Head 1961 - Archaeological field notes, Williams site, Logan dress. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 119-122. County, Ohio Ghost Town Museum files. Ghost Town, O. Columbus. 1967 — Archaeological field notes. Ghost Town Museum Dunn, Norman and Edward Galitza: 1959 — The Zimmerman Martin, Paul S., George I. Quimby, and Donald Collier and Williams Sites. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 1947 - Indians Before Columbus. University of Chicago 117-121. Columbus. Press, Chicago. 205 The Atlatl in Ohio by Captain Jimmy L. Mitchell 5018 Hahn Avenue Fairborn, Ohio 45324 ATLATL is an Aztec word which refers to and types of weights found in that state. the "spear thrower" or "throwing stick." A These photographs were provided by Mr. Em surprising amount of information on the atlatl ory Strong, a member of the Oregon Archae in North America is available today. Its use ological Society and the author of two excel once ranged from the Arctic in Middle Ameri lent books on the stone-age inhabitants of the ca, and, in time, from as early as 7038 +, BP to area (Strong 1959; 1969). as recent as the beginning of the present cen Figures 1 and 2 show the McClure Atlatls tury. Within the continental United States, which were found by Mr. Bill McClure in a specimens have been found from Oregon to cave near Condon, Oregon. The site is located the Florida Keys, from the Santa Barbara in Gilliam County approximately 35 miles coast to Kentucky (Kellar 1955). south of the Columbia River. McClure located Little is known for certain of the presence these specimens in a pack rat's nest near one of the atlatl in Ohio. Some bone hooks which wall of the cave which had previously been are probably atlatl hooks have been found in looted by relic hunters. The main part of the the state (Goslin 1944), but no handles or atlatl is of wood; the overall length of the foreshafts have been located or reported from piece is 38.5 cm. The piece with two finger- the area [Tech. Ed. note: One stone and holes is a separate handle made of bone. Part several antler handles have been found in of it was repaired with wood and cord by its Adena context]. Warren K. Moorehead felt prehistoric owner. Pitch was used between the that the use of the atlatl was indicated by handle and the main shaft of the atlatl. The some of the material recovered from the upper face has a wide shallow basin from Hopewell mounds (Kellar 1955:319), but his which the hook projects above the face of the belief has not yet been further substantiated. shaft. Dr. L. S. Cressman, Professor Emeritus There have been a number of atlatl parts of the .University of Oregon, suggested that found in Kentucky [Tech. Ed. note: Part of the two slight grooves around the distal end spear shaft, foreshaft, and point is on exhibit of the shaft were used for a cord binding to in the museum, University of Kentucky. This reinforce the hook (Strong n.d.). specimen is from Kentucky rockshelter], Il The stone weight shown in Figure 1 was linois, and Indiana on sites dating from the attached to the atlatl handle when it was Archaic through the Hopewell periods. Since found, but the cord broke away when the these prehistoric cultures were strongly repre handle was removed from the debris of the sented in Ohio as well as in the other three rat's nest. The weight rests in the shallow states, it is not unrealistic to assume that the basin on the reverse face of the atlatl in such a atlatl was also used in this area (Kellar way that its groove matches that on the main 1955:316-319). What is lacking is the archae portion of the shaft. A piece of the binding ological evidence to prove this assumption. To cord is still in place in the groove of the stone. see what may yet be found in Ohio, we are The cord is a two-ply fiber which is similar to obliged to look at artifacts associated with at- that used to repair the bone handle. The stone latls in other parts of the nation. weighs 40.2 grams and is classed as Type II A number of finds have been made in Ore (Fig. 8). gon which may be of interest to the members Figure 2 shows another specimen which of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Bles was found in the same rat's nest of the cave. sed with a low population density and a cli The handle and weight are missing. A portion mate which tends to preserve perishable ma of this specimen has been sacrificed for car- terials, the professional and amateur members bon-14 dating with the permission of its pre of the Oregon Archaeological Society have sent owner, Mr. Brehuat. been able to recover some remarkable speci The famous "Oregon Atlatls" are shown in mens. Figures 1 through 8 show the atlatls Figure 3. These were discovered by Dr. Cres- 206 sman and reported in 1940 and 1944. The top Columbia River areas were unrelated to those specimen in the upper photograph was found of the southwestern United States (Kellar in two pieces which were recovered several 1955:308-310). However, the more recent weeks apart in Plush Cave. The others are discoveries indicate that there is enough simi from Roaring Springs Cave. Figure 4 shows larity between the atlatls of Oregon and those the Nicolarsen Atlatl with a type II (Fig. 7) of Mexico and the Southwest to suggest some weight attached. A hook is attached to the cultural communication or generality. upper end of the shaft and is reinforced with In order that we might have a more com cord or rawhide lashings similar to those used plete picture of the atlatl types which have to secure the weight. The handle area seems been found in the United States, it is neces to be at a slight angle to the main shaft and sary to also look at those which have been has been incised with a number of shallow found in the Southwest. Figure 9 a and b, grooves, possible for a better grip or to ac illustrates an additional type of atlatl where comodate a rawhide binding. Except for the leather loops rather than fingerholes or carved removable hook, the simple "pole" shaft of grips are used for a handhold. This specimen this atlatl is similar in appearance to those is typical of those found in White Dog Cave shown by Kellar from the Chavez Cave in during the Peabody Museum field work in New Mexico and Ozark Bluff in Arkansas northeastern Arizona during 1916 and 1917 (Kellar 1955: Fig. 10). (Guernskey and Kidder 1921). Three small Figure 5 shows a pouch found intact in a weights shown bound to the shaft were identi Nevada cave. Points are attached to the atlatl fied in the text of the report as fossilized foreshafts with pitch and sinew. The piece ly mammalian tooth. Weights on fragments of ing across the pouch has an obsidian point. similar atlatls included one triangular chipped The point to the left in the picture has the point and various other stones. The overall same general configuration as the Ohio "tur- length of the specimen shown in Figure 9a keytails." Inside the pouch is a cache of 100 and b is 25 inches. unhafted points in a variety of shapes (Strong Atlatl foreshafts with mounted points, such 1969). as that shown in Figure 9c, varied from 5-3/8 Figures 6, 7, and 8 illustrate examples of to 6-3/4 inches in length and the individual the three types of stones normally considered stone points varied from 1-1/2 to 2-1/4 inches to be atlatl weights in the Columbia River and long. Foreshafts were seated into the main Great Basin areas. The classification system is spearshaft and the end of the shaft was often that of Butler and Osborne (1959). The reinforced with cord or rawhide binding to majority of the weights found in the Colum prevent its splintering upon impact (Fig. 9c). bia River area of Oregon, roughly three- Spearshafts such as that illustrated in Figure quarters of them, are of the type III variety 9d were often trimmed with feathers and (Strong n.d.). The weights used with the were sometimes painted. The remains of two McClure atlatls (Fig. 1 and 2) are type III. feathers are visible in this drawing. Three According to Strong, the atlatls shown in spearshafts found in White Dog Cave measur Table I ed between 52-1/2 and 55-1/2 inches long. Probable Use of the Atlatl Versus the The base of the shafts was drilled to a depth Bow and Arrow in OHio Prehistoric Cultures of 1 inch with a cone-shaped hole which en Points Which gaged the hook on the atlatl (Guernskey and Culture Atlatl Could be Either Bow & Arrow Kidder, 1921:80-87). Paleo ? These White Dog Cave specimens are illus Archaic X X trated to show another major type of atlatl. Adena X X 7 While there are a number of variations, these Hopewell X X ? are the primary types to be found in the con Ft.Ancier t/ tinental United States. Atlatls from various ? Erie X X parts of the country will show considerable Historic ? X regional variation in form and workmanship. these figures represent all of the complete at Those interested in pursuing this topic in latls found in Oregon. Prior to the discovery more detail may use Kellar's report (1955) or of the McClure specimens, it was thought, on the chapter on the atlatl in Strong's most re the basis of Dr. Cressman'sfinds (Fig. 3) that cent book (1969) as excellent starting points. the atlatls of the northern Great Basin and By necessity, this article can be but a brief 207 Fig. 1 (Mitchell) The McClure Atlatl, specimen No. 1. The scale is 10 cm. long. (Photograph courtesy of Emory Strong) Fig. 2 (Mitchell) The McClure Atlatl, specimen No. 2. A portion of this specimen has been sacrificed for carbon-14 dating. (Photograph courtesy of Emory Strong) 208 Fig. 3 (Mitchell) Two views of the Oregon Atlatls. The specimen nearest the scale is from Plush Cave, the others are from Roaring Springs Cave. Atlatl dart fragments are shown in the upper view. (Photographs courtesy of Dr. L. S. Cressman). Fig. 4 (Mitchell) The Nicolarsen Atlatl with type weight attached. (Photograph courtesy of Emory Strong) Fig. 5 (Mitchell) Skin pouch with points hafted to atlatl foreshafts. The pouch also contains a cache of unmounted projectile points. (Photograph courtesy of Emory Strong) 209 —r— T I 2 3 INCH Fig. 6 (Mitchell) Type I atlatl weights. The left specimen is drilled stone, the right is galena. Most type I weights are made from galena. (Photograph courtesy of Emory Strong) Fig. 7 (Mitchell) Type II atlatl weight. Length is about 5 inches. (Photograph courtesy of Emory Strong) Fig. 8 (Mitchell) Type III atlatl weights. Approximately three-quarters of all weights found in the Columbia River area are type III. (Photograph courtesy of Emory Strong) 210 ii i V I d. XH9 h Fig. 9 (Mitchell) Atlatl (a,b), foreshaft and hafted point (c), and spearshaft (d) from White Dog Cave, Arizona. (Drawing by Heidi Mitchell after Guernsey and Kidder 1921: Plates 33 and 34) survey of the existence of the atlatl. Through was recovered in Kentucky from the Carlson the cited references and discussion with Annis Mound in Butler County (Webb 1950) various knowledgeable people, one must con and the Indian Knoll site in Ohio County. The clude that while the use of the atlatl in Ohio volume of this material was very great with is highly probable, there is little or no direct 268 weights, hooks, and handles being re evidence other than what may be a few bone covered from the Indian Knoll site alone. In hooks and handles to substantiate the idea. addition, the other artifacts recovered from Yet with specific evidence being found in these sites such as projectile points, beads, Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana (Kellar 1955), tools, worked bone, etc., were markedly simi one speculates that future Ohio finds will in lar to many of the artifacts recovered here in clude atlatl handles, foreshafts, and perhaps Ohio. even spearshafts. A wealth of atlatl material (Continued on Page 216) 211 Hafted Scrapers from Huron County by Richard H. Coovert 1041 Myrtle Avenue Willard, Ohio 44890 While surface hunting on some large multi- would be useless. The piece instead may be component sites along Honey Creek at the basically a hafted shaft scraper that would ap west end of the Willard Marsh (Coovert 1969: pear in a more familiar form after it had been 57-59), over one hundred hafted scrapers sharpened a few times, giving it a concave were found by the author during 1969. There working edge (Converse 1966: 96). were enough variations in the specimens to Specimen d is a narrow scraper that is un form a basis for speculation regarding the usual insofar as the shape is seldom found in manufacture and use of these artifacts. collections from this area. One gets the im Approximately 10% of the scrapers are of pression that it was used for deep grooving, such length that they are either whole pro particularly since the obverse side exhibits jectiles that were converted to scraper usage damage extending almost to the stem. Itemg or were initially fashioned as scrapers. The lat is also unusual in that it has a concavo-convex ter possibility seems to be confirmed by the working edge which is not the result of an broad "tooling type" bases (Fig. 1a, e) that accidental break, but has been intentionally have been found on the majority of the scrap sharpened. It is the only example the author ers of this category. Sepcimen e may have has ever found a combination or "Scout been intended to be a gouge since the shar knife" type of tool. By holding it to one side pening of the obverse side at the point end or the other, it could be used as either a shaft extends back to the rounded reverse side pro scraper or as a hide scraper. ducing a pronounced gouge-shaped edge. Another trait that has been observed on a Items h and / in Figure 1 seem to substan few projectile points found in the Willard tiate the theory that some scrapers were made Marsh area is a sharpened, round-bottom from broken projectiles (Converse 1966: notch that would be suitable for scraping an 103). Each piece still exhibits a considerable arrow shaft or a bone implement. The notch portion of the original break with sharpening is usually made in an area about midway be along this broken edge nearest the original tween the tip and the base of the projectile; it point of the projectile. occurs on points from the mid-Archaic cultur Specimen b is a projectile that was con al sequence. verted to a hand-held scraping tool. The point In conclusion, it can be stated that while was flaked to make an end scraper and the most of the hafted scrapers found satisfy a base at the right side has been sharpened to basic functional purpose, there are variations make a small side scraper. The piece has been in scraper styles that imply highly specialized pressure flaked from the same side in both usage. This situation is to be expected where cases. The sharpening of the base in this in materials such as wood, bone, horn, soft stance is a trait that has also been noticed on stone, etc., are available and are made into several common hafted scrapers that have useful implements and ornaments. been shortened so much by re-sharpening that hafting is impractical. It is possible that the artifact was then used in the same way as a Converse, Robert N. flake scraper. 1966 Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archaeolo Three uniface hafted scrapers are shown in gist, Vol. 13, No. 4. Columbus. Figure 1c, f, and i. Item c resembles a projec Coovert, Richard H. tile except that the unworked reverse side is 1969 Representative Projectile Points from quite concave. If it were used as a projectile, the Willard Marsh Area in Huron the aerodynamic properties of the piece County. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 19, would cause such an aberrant flight that it No. 2, 57-59. Columbus. 212 3 f i IMCHIS Fig. 1 (Coovert) Hafted scrapers from Huron County, Ohio. A Slate Bannerstone by Hayden Slagle, 417 S. Maple St. Bowling Green, Ohio This butterfly type bannerstone was found July 1, 1969, by Alton Euler Rt. No. 1, Ton- togany, Ohio. The field where it was found is located less than a mile from the Maumee River. It is approximately 6 inches long and 2V2 inches wide. 213 Two Fort Ancient Pipes by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive When prehistoric Indian pipes are less common but they do display the Fort mentioned, most collectors and students Ancient artisan's skills in creating likenesses think of the Hopewell effigy and monitor of animals and humans. The more artistic ef pipes. Although it is true that these famous figies are usually elbow pipes or Ohio pipe- artifacts are among the better known pre stone, shell-tempered clay, or occasionally historic objects, they do not occur in large sandstone. Rarer, but even more artistic are numbers. The total number of examples from the animal or human effigies carved in the Ohio would be somewhat less than 500. Of round with bowl and stem holes drilled into this total, over two-thirds, or 345, were re the effigy itself. covered from only two locations: 200 from Two pipes of the latter category are shown Mound City (Fowke 1902: 352) and 145 in the accompanying photographs. Figure 1 from the Tremper mound (Mills 1916: 288). illustrates an effigy of a frog with the animal Only four pipes are illustrated in the report in a sitting or squatting position. In spite of on the Turner mound group (Willoughby its apparent crudeness, it is lifelike in appear 1922: 27), and a minor number have been ance with incised lines depicting the bulging reported from other Hopewell mounds. It eyes, wide mouth, and webbed feet. It is may be deduced from this relatively small made of a yellowish sandstone which has been number that pipe smoking by the Ohio burnt to a deep orange over most of its sur Hopewell was limited to ritualistic or cere face. It is from Pickaway County, Ohio, and is monial occasions and was not a custom prac in the author's collection. ticed by the average person. In Figure 2 is a unique specimen which is a However, consistent occurence of tobacco departure from the majority of Fort Ancient pipes both with burials and in refuse pits pipes in that it portrays only a portion of the would indicate that smoking had become human anatomy — the right foot. It is ex more common among the Fort Ancient tremely well fashioned and includes several people. Mills estimated that about 250 pipes details. All five toes are faithfully carved, even came from the Feurt village site alone; he to the extent of lines delineating the toe nails. states that "pipes were found in every part of The ankle bones are also represented by two the village" (Mills 1917: 388). A number were bulges at each side of the stem hole. The bowl found at the Turpin site (Oehler 1950: 17), is in the upper or toe end with the stem in the and many were recovered from the excavation lower or heel end. It is carved from light gray at the Madisonville site (Hooton and Ohio pipestone which has been burnt to a soft Willoughby 1920: 27). orange on the left or instep side. This pipe The most common Fort Ancient pipes are was found on the Hardin village site in Ken crude pebbels of limestone or sandstone with tucky in 1968, and is the property of K. C. a small cavity for the bowl and a hole in the Hardin, Jr. side for insertion of a stem. Effigy pipes are 214 Fig. 1 (Converse) Two views of a frog effigy pipe. Fig. 2 (Converse) Four views of a human foot effigy pipe. 215 The Atlatl in Ohio — (Continued from Page 211) With the number of fairly large projectile 1960 — Guide to the Identification of Certain American In dian Projectile Points, Oklahoma Anthropology Society. points that have been discovered in Ohio, it is Special Bulletin No. 2. Oklahoma City. rather remarkable that none have been found Britt, Claude Jr.: 1967 - The Abbott Site: An Archaic- Adena Site in Shelby County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, mounted in an atlatl foreshaft. While realizing Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 111-114. Columbus. that the Ohio climate is not conducive to pre Converse, Robert N.: 1964- Ohio Flint Types Ohio Archaeo logist, Vol. 13, No. 4, Columbus serving such wood and sinew artifacts, the Kneberg, Madeline: 1956 — Some Important Projectile Point number of points which has been collected Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeolo gist, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 17-28. Knoxville would make it probable that such evidence Lewis, T. M. N. and Madeline Kneberg: 1947 — The Archaic would be found in spite of the climate. The Horizon in Western Tennessee. Tennessee Anthropology Papers , No. 2, Knoxville. most likely areas will be caves or mounds 1961 Eva: An Archaic Site. A University of Tennessee where atlatls may have been spared from con Study in Anthropology. Knoxville. tinuous exposure to the weather. On the basis of material in the cited refer THE DARROCH PINNACLE MOUND ences, I have compiled a table (Table I) of Continued from pg. 186 probable useage of the atlatl in Ohio. In the incident, we decided to abandon the shovels absence of direct evidence, this is naturally and dig the rest of the mound with trowel and pure speculation, but it may be useful in guid probe only. Figure 5 shows the broad- ing our future surface hunting. I recommend shouldered, corner-notched point, the wide, that when members of this society are in the shallow side-notched point, and the leaf- field, they might keep in mind the illustra shaped blades. Several crude blanks were tions shown in this article, particularly when found as illustrated in Figure 6, ad. The other working Archaic and Early or Middle Wood fragments in the picture are broken knives, land sites. The discovery of concrete evidence scrapers, and projectiles. A very interesting of the use of the atlatl in Ohio would be signi celt was found (Fig. 7, g). It appeared to be ficant contribution to Ohio archaeology. purposely broken in four pieces and placed in Acknowledgements — I would like to express my appreci ation to Mr. Emory Strong of Portland, Ore., for his photo the mound. Three sections were in a neat pile graphs and other information, and to Mr. H. C Wachtel, while the poll was found about 18 inches Dayton, O., for making available much of the cited refer ence material. away on the same level. A side view of the Brogan, Phil F.: 1969 - Ft. Rock Campfire Ashes Date poll end of this celt shows that it has been 1 3,600 Years Old. Where the Pavement Ends. pp. 8-9, Christmas Valley, Oregon (Reprinted 25, December 1969, thinned for hafting to a handle. Other ground Lake County Examiner. Lakeview, Oregon) stone artifacts from the site are the blade end Butler, B. Robert and Douglas Osborne: 1959 - Archaeologi cal Evidence for the use of Atlatl Weights in the Northwest, of a hard stone celt, the blade end of a slate American Antiquity, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 215-224. Salt celt, a banded slate pendant or gorget frag Lake City. Goslen, Robert: 1944 - A Bone Atlatl Hook from Ohio. ment with the hole drilled from one side, a American Antiquity, Vol. 10. No. 2, pp. 204-5. Salt Lake. polished stone, bit portions of two adzes, and Guernsey, Samuel J., Alfred V. Kidder: 1921 - Basket-maker Caves of Northeastern Arizona. Peabody Museum Papers, the poll end of a hard stone celt (Fig. 7, a-f, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 80-8. Cambridge. h). A list of all the artifacts found within the Kellar, James H.: 1955 — The Atlatl in North America. Pre history Research Series. Vol. 33, No. 3, Indianapolis. mound and the size and provenience of each Strong, Emory: 1959 - Stone Age on the Columbia River. one are presented in Figure 8. Binsford and Mort, Portland. Stone Age in the Great Basin. n.d. — The McClure Atlatls. Unpublished manuscript. In summarizing the findings from this Webb, William S.: 1950 - The Carlson Annis Mound. Re mound, one would have to discount the ports in Anthropology, Vol. 7, No. 4. Lexington. theory that the culture can be determined by the notching and shape of a single type of projectile point or ground stone tool. In the EVA AND BENTON POINTS case of the Darroch mound there are several Continued from pg. 185 variations of stemmed projectiles along with South and dates from approximately 3,500 variations in notched points. The celts also B.C. to 1,200 B.C. The specimen illustrated in show differences in both the blade and poll Figure 1, c was apparently broken during pre ends. Carbon—14 dating seems to be the best historic times and re-worked into a hafted method for cultural determination in this situ scraper. The points shown in Figure 1, d and e ation. A sample of charcoal has been saved are interesting in that the striking platforms which I hope to have analyzed in the future. are still present on the bases. It is my belief that the site is early to middle Bell, Robert E.: 1958 - Guide to the Identification of Adena. Certain American Indian Projectile Points. Oklahoma An thropology Society, Special Bulletin No. 1, Oklahoma City. 216 A Preliminary Report on the Knief Site: — (Continued from Page 194) started intensive exploitation of plant re that a habitation site was located on the west sources (hickory nuts, walnuts, acorns, ber side of the river as attested by the presence of ries, etc.) sandstone mortars and heavy-duty implements Acknowledgements - The author would like to thank Wil from that area. Possibly a third type of site, a son Watkins of Sidney, Ohio, for helping to make this burial site, may also be located on the west report possible. Baby. Raymond S.: 1959 - The Clifford Williams Site. side of the river as indicated by the presence Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 9, No. 3. Columbus. Goldthwait, of a perforated marine shell artifact that 1959 — Scenes in Ohio During the Last Ice Age. Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 193-216. CoL might have been associated with a shallow Griffin, James B.: - 1965 - Late Quaternary Prehistory in burial. the Northeastern Woodlands. In The Quaternary of the United States, edited by H. E. Wright and D. G. Frey. Some speculations can be made concerning Princeton University Press, Princeton. the palaeo-environment of the Knief Site. Pol Prufer, O. H.: 1960 - Survey of Ohio Fluted Points No. 5. Museum of Natural History, Cleveland. len studies show that western Ohio was Prufer, O. H. and R. S. Baby: 1963 - Palaeo-lndians of covered by a coniferous forest dominated by Ohio Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. spruce during the late Wisconsin glacial period. Goldthwait (1959) states that no bog yet studied in Ohio shows anything but spruce MEADOWOOD POINTS - Continued from pg. 184 and hemlock at the base. By 10,000 B.C., large, varying from 2 inches to as much as 5 when the Palaeo-lndians may have entered the inches in length. They are long and slender, upper Great Miami River Valley, most of the essentially triangular in outline, and almost in evergreen trees had disappeared and the Knief variably have incurvate blade edges. Blade Site was dominated by deciduous forests char sides tend to be jagged or irregularly serrated acterized by oak, hickory, beech, elm, walnut, which implies use as knives rather than pro and several other species. There is some evi jectile points. The base is usually straight but dence that there were local areas of prairie may be either slightly concave or convex. grass in western Ohio during Palaeo-lndian Frequently the base is thinned and may be times (Dr. Charles C. Rich, oral communi somewhat ragged with minimal basal grinding. cation, 1967). This grass was probably the Quite often the edges of the base will pro food supply for the mammoth whose teeth trude beyond the barbs or shoulders. The were clearly adapted for grazing. The Ameri wide basal design would have served to sup can mastodon (Mammut), on the other hand, port a large shaft or handle. Ohio specimens possessed teeth which were adapted for brow are made predominately from Delaware chert sing in a forest. or unidentifiable flints of high quality; Flint Although very little is known of the sub Ridge material is not common. sistence patterns of the Palaeo-lndians in east Ritchie, William A.: 1965 - The Archaeology of New York ern North America, the inferred functions of State. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. Townsend, Earl C: 1959 - Birdstones of the North Ameri tool assemblages clearly indicate that they can Indians. Indianapolis, Indiana. were hunters. Whether or not the Palaeo- lndians who visited the Knief Site were speci alized elephant hunters is a moot question. THE PLUM RUN FLINT QUARRIES The mastodon certainly was present in the vicinity of the Neff Site because skeletons flint could be confused with authentic spec have been discovered at Lewistown and at Rus- imens of Upper Mercer "Coshocton County" sells Point, both less than 5 miles away. If flint, but that material tends to be darker in these Palaeo-lndians were engaged in hunting color and more fossil if erous. It generally lacks mastodons, they were probably also ex gray coloration and is often mottled blue and ploiting smaller game animals. Griffin (1965) white, unlike fresh Plun Run flint. suggests that the smaller animals would cer- Acknowledgements - Richard DeLong, Ohio Geological tianly have been more abundant and easier to Survey, has discussed the stratigraphy of the Plum Run kill. locality but has not seen the flint outcrop and should not be held responsible for the identification of the stratum as By the beginning of the Archaic Period in representing the Vanport Limestone. Kathryn Gayle Gor don, Smithsonian Institution, kindly supplied a copy of the west-central Ohio, the vegetation was essen J. L. Kite correspondence. Photographs were made by tially the same as that living today and the Bruce Frumker, Cleveland Natural Science Museum. Pleistocene megafauna had become extinct. Mills, William C. - 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. Hence, the Archaic peoples came to depend Stout, Wilbur and R. A. Schoenlaub - 1945 The Occurence more upon smaller game animals and they of Flint in Ohio. Ohio Geological Survey Bulletin 46, Columbus. 217 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning; and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues. STANDING COMMITTEES MEMBERSHIP AND PUBLICITY FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, Chairman John Kinn, Chairman 5830 Crescent Ct., Worthington, Ohio 43085 335 West South St., Fostoria, Ohio 44830 Raymond S. Baby Ray Tanner, Ohio State Museum, Columbus, Ohio 43210 2026 Lawrence Ave., Norwood, Ohio 45212 Ernest G. Good Jeff Carskadden 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 285 West Willow Drive, Zanesville, Ohio Jack Hooks Carroll E. Welling RR 5, Mansfield, Ohio RR 3, Warsaw, Ohio 43844 Robert N. Converse Robert 0. Hankins 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio 43064 141 7 Park Dr., Ironton, Ohio 45638 Stanley G. Copeland NOMINATING COMMITTEE 5830 Crescent Ct., Worthington, Ohio 43085 Robert N. Converse, Chairman Mearl R. Guthrie 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio 43064 123 N. Grove St., Bowling Green, Ohio Wayne A. Mortine Ensil Chadwick Scott Dr., Newcomerstown, Ohio 43823 RR 3, Mount Vernon, Ohio Harry A. Hopkins Jerry Haggerty RR 3, Piqua, Ohio 45356 432 Church St., Bowling Green, Ohio Summers A. Redick AUDITING COMMITTEE 35 W. Riverglen, Worthington, Ohio 43085 Ed R. Hughes, Chairman Richard Hoke 216 N. George St., West Lafayette, Ohio 43845 Fort Seneca, Ohio 44829 Harley W. Glenn 1394 W. Third Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43212 PROGRAM COMMITTEE EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Dorothy L. Good, Chairman Wayne A. Mortine, Chairman 15 Civic Dr., Grove City, Ohio 43123 Scott Dr., Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832 John Schatz Julius E. Noebe, 80S. Franklin, Hilliard, Ohio 43026 1115 Whipple Ave., S.W., Canton, Ohio 44710 Raymond S. Baby The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus 43210 H.C. Wachtel LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE 20 Laura Ave., Dayton, Ohio 45405 J. Grant Keys, Chairman Ernest Good 409 Washington Ave., Elyria, Ohio 44035 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 Robert N. Converse Raymond S. Baby 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio 43064 The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio