So u t h e a s t e r n Archaeological Co n f e r e n c e Pr o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 69t h An n u a l Me e t i n g November 7-10, 2012

Bu l l e t i n 55 — 2012

Hi l t o n Ba t o n Ro u g e Ca p i t o l Ce n t e r Ba t o n Ro u g e , Lo u i s i a n a Blank Page Bulletin 55—2012

Southeastern Archaeological Conference

Bu l l e t i n 55 2012

Pr o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 69t h An n u a l Me e t i n g No v e mb e r 7-10, 2012

Hi l t o n Ba t o n Ro u g e Cap i t o l Ce n t e r Ba t o n Ro u g e , Lo u i s i a n a

Edited by:

Rebecca Saunders Donald G. Hunter Beverly Nuschler

Hosted by:

Coastal Environments, Inc. LSU Museum of Natural Science LSU Department of Geography and Anthropology Division of Archaeology

Meeting Organizers:

Richard A. Weinstein Rebecca Saunders David B. Kelley

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Front Cover Image:

A portion of George Henry Victor Collot’s 1796 Plan of Fort Baton Rouge showing the location of Spanish Governor Bernardo de Galvez’s artillery (Item “G”) situated on top of a “” during the attack against the British Fort at Baton Rouge (Item “H”) in September 1779. Historical Markers place the location of Galvez’s battery approximately 500 feet south of the Hilton Baton Rouge Capitol Center near the present intersections of North Boulevard and Third Streets. Recent historic map overlays suggest the actual location of the bat- tery was about 300 feet east of the hotel location on Convention Street about midway between Lafayette and Third streets. The British fort was immediately south of the Pentagon Barracks between North Third and Front streets, approximately 1,200 feet south of the Louisiana State Capitol Building.

Production & Layout by:

Donald G. Hunter, Coastal Environments, Inc. 1260 Main Street Baton Rouge, LA 70802

Printing by:

Connelly Press & Copy 9864 Professional Blvd. Baton Rouge, LA 70809

© Southeastern Archaeological Conference ISSN-0584-410X

ii Bulletin 55—2012

Tab l e o f Co n t e n t s

Preface and Acknowledgments...... v General Information...... 1 Hotel Floor Plan...... 2

Special Meetings and Events...... 3 Program Organization...... 4 List of Symposia...... 4 List of General Sessions...... 4 List of Poster Sessions...... 5 List of Workshops...... 5 Annual Meeting Program...... 6 Thursday Morning...... 6 Thursday Afternoon...... 10 Friday Morning...... 10 Friday Afternoon...... 14 Saturday Morning...... 18 Saturday Afternoon...... 20 Student Paper Competition Entries...... 21

Abstracts of Symposia...... 22 Abstracts of Papers and Posters...... 25 Abstracts of Workshops ...... 73 Abstract of the SEAC Student Affairs Luncheon ...... 74 2012 SEAC Lifetime Achievement Awards for 2012...... 75

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Pr e f a c e a n d Ac k n o w l e d g m e n t s

Welcome to Baton Rouge and the 69th Annual Thursday evening’s SEAC reception is being held Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Confer- in another downtown museum—at the Louisiana State ence. The conference was last held in Baton Rouge in Museum. The year 2012 marks the 200th anniversary 1997; Rich Weinstein and I were the organizers (with a of Louisiana’s entry into the Union, and the museum great deal of help from David Kelley) at that event as offers exhibits devoted specifically to that event. We well. I can’t imagine why we agreed to do this again, hope everyone enjoys the museum and its exhibits but, unlike last time, alcohol was not involved (at least while partaking of the fine food and beverages being not very much). served.

There is lots to do in Baton Rouge; the SEAC This is actually the third SEAC in Baton Rouge. Thursday night reception at the State Museum and the The fledging organization met for the fifth time here in Saturday dinner on the USS Kidd are good examples of 1940. The meeting was held in the Geology Building the diversity of downtown life. We’d also like to draw at LSU. James Ford was the chairman, George Quim- your attention to the Old State Capitol Museum, just by was the secretary, and Bill Haag was the editor of across the street, south of the hotel. The building was the newsletter. Lodgings for the men were in the Law completed in 1850; and was burned, twice, in the Civil Dormitory, at 60 cents a day. The program notes in- War. Unusual for its time and place, the Old State Capi- dicate that “other [unspecified] provisions were made tol is considered one of the most distinguished exam- for the women.” There were no concurrent sessions ples of Gothic Revival architecture in the . and 22 papers in all. Some contemporary observers were not so impressed. Mark Twain thought it was the ugliest building on the This year, we have as many as 8 concurrent ses- . Observing the restoration of the building sions. There are 13 symposia containing 155 papers; after War, riverboat pilot Twain steamed: 112 general session papers; 51 posters; 3 workshops; and, for the first time in a long time, a plenary session It is pathetic enough that a whitewashed with 8 contributors. The plenary session required that castle, with turrets and things—materials all we limit presenters to two roles this year—the policy ungenuine within and without, pretending to was the result of an extended discussion by the Execu- be what they are not—should ever have been tive Board—and we appreciate the graciousness with built in this otherwise honorable place; but it which all of you complied. is much more pathetic to see this architectural falsehood undergoing restoration and perpet- Y’all were also amazingly good-humored about uation in our day, when it would have been so the atrocious behavior of the website. Believe us, we easy to let dynamite finish what a charitable are already working with next year’s organizers to de- fire began [Life on the Mississippi, 1883] velop a better registration and submission system.

The building was extensively refurbished in the 1990s From the LSU end of things, we have to most when it became a museum of Louisiana political histo- gratefully acknowledge the efforts of LSU Museum ry—and a museum well worth visiting. of Natural Science Collections Manager, Beverly

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Nuschler in preparing the program. This was espe- Louisiana State Archaeologist at the Division of Ar- cially difficult this year because of the aforementioned chaeology (Marksville tour); and Thurston and Sara wretched online system. Beverly was a rock. On the Hahn of CEI (Baton Rouge walking tour). Sara also Coastal end, working with Don Hunter on the program graciously agreed to oversee organization of the book and bulletin layout made the whole thing practically room. pleasant. We also should acknowledge the folks who “volunteered” to lead the tours on Saturday afternoon: Thank you for coming to Baton Rouge, and we hope Rob Mann of LSU and the Louisiana Division of Ar- you all have a wonderful and meaningful experience chaeology (St. Francisville tour); Chip McGimsey, while visiting our city. Have fun in the Red Stick!

Rebecca Saunders, Program Chair Richard A. Weinstein, Arrangements Chair David B. Kelley, Arrangements Assistant

We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to a number of individuals and organizations that made financial contributions to the social events and program as a whole:

Sam Brooks R. S. Webb & Associates, Inc. Rochelle Marrinan Earth Search, Inc. Rob Mann Surveys Unlimited Research Associates, Inc. Adam King Archaeological Consultants, Inc. Keith Stephenson Valley Archaeological Research Chip McGimsey Coastal Environments, Inc. Carved Trowel Archaeology, Ltd. Louisiana Division of Archaeology

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Ge n e r a l In f o r m a t i o n

Re g i s t r a t i o n (Foyer) Wednesday, 4:00 PM-8:00 PM Thursday, 7:30 AM-4:00 PM Friday, 7:30 AM-12:00 Noon

Po s t e r Se s s i o n s (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) Thursday, 8:00 AM-10:00 AM Thursday, 10:00 AM-Noon Friday, 8:00 AM-10:00 AM Friday, 10:00 AM-Noon Friday, 1:00 PM-3:00 PM Friday, 3:00 PM-5:00 PM

Bo o k s a n d Ex h i b i t s (Heidelberg Ballroom) Thursday, 8:00 AM-5:00 PM Friday, 8:00 AM-4:00 PM Saturday, 8:00 AM-Noon

Sl i d e /La p t o p Pr e v i e w (Board Room) Thursday, 7:30 AM-4:00 PM Friday, 7:30 AM-4:00 PM Saturday, 7:30 AM-9:30 AM

1 Southeastern Archaeological Conference r o u g e R e n t e C a t o n B i t o l p a C i l t o n H

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Sp e c i a l Me e t i n g s a n d Ev e n t s

SEAC Ex e c u t i v e Bo a r d Me e t i n g (Governor) Wednesday, 6:30 PM-9:00 PM

SEAC St u d e n t Af f a i r s Lu n c h e o n (University) Thursday, Noon-1:00 PM

SEAC St u d e n t Re c e p t i o n (Pool Deck) Thursday, 5:30 PM-7:00 PM

SEAC Re c e p t i o n (Louisiana State Museum 660 N. Fourth Street) Thursday, 7:00 PM-9:00 PM

SEAC Bu s i n e s s Me e t i n g (Riverview Ballroom) Friday, 5:30 PM-6:45 PM

SEAC Da n c e (Riverview Ballroom) Friday, 9:00 PM-Midnight

Sa t u r d a y Af t e r n o o n To u r s (All Departing from the Hilton) Marksville Site Tour, 1:00 PM-6:00 PM St. Francisville Tour, 1:00 PM-6:00 PM Baton Rouge Walking Tour, 1:30 PM-4:30 PM

Di n n e r (USS Kidd Veterans Memorial 305 S. River Road) Saturday, 6:30 PM-9:00 PM

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Pr o g r a m Or g a n i z a t i o n

List of Symposia Theorizing Ritual Deposition: Burying Persons, Plac- es, and/or Things. Th u r s d a y , No v e m b e r 8 8:00 AM-5:00 PM, (Riverview Ballroom A) Southeast Indigenous Archaeology and Tribal Offices in the Twenty-First Century. Sa t u r d a y , No v e m b e r 10 9:20 AM-Noon, (Paramount) New Research Directions in Western . Interpreting the Art, Beliefs, Rituals, and Symbolism 8:40 AM-Noon, (Governor) of the Native Peoples of North America: Papers in Memory of Robert L. Hall. Central and Beyond: Essays in Honor of 8:00 AM-Noon, (Riverview Ballroom A) Craig T. Sheldon, Jr. 8:00 AM-Noon, (Riverview Ballroom A) Exploring the Space Between: Remote Sensing and the Broader Landscape. Seeing the Forest Despite the Trees: Problem-Orient- 8:00 AM-Noon, (Capitol) ed Research and Interpretation of the National Forests in the Southern Region. Mississippian Urban Archaeology: Discoveries From 8:40 AM-Noon, (Capitol) the East St. Louis Mound Complex in Greater Ca- hokia. 8:00 AM-Noon, (Riverview Ballroom B) List of General Sessions

Recent Research in the Area: Place, Practice, Th u r s d a y , No v e m b e r 8 and History. 8:00 AM-Noon, (Governor) Subsistence 8:20 AM-11:20 AM, (University) Plenary Session: Taking Stock of Social Theory in Southeastern Archaeology. Bone, Stone, and Shell Tools 2:00 PM-4:50 PM (Riverview Ballrooms A&B) 8:20 AM-Noon, (Louisiana)

Fr i d a y , No v e m b e r 9 Underwater: Shipwrecks 9:00 AM-10:00 AM, (King) New Light on an Old Enigma: Recent Research at Crystal River and its Cotemporaries. Paleoindians/Radiocarbon Dating 9:00 AM-Noon, (King) 10:20 AM-11:40 AM (King)

Culture, Morbidity, and Mortality in the Southeast: Fr i d a y , No v e m b e r 9 Current Research in Bioarchaeology. 8:00 AM-2:40 PM, (Victory) Woodland and its Transitions 8:00 AM-Noon, (Governor) Mississippian Beginnings: Variability, Inequality, and Interaction in the Southeast and Midwest. Historic 8:20 AM-4:20 PM, (Riverview Ballroom B) 8:00 AM-Noon, (Louisiana) Bridging History and Prehistory. Chiefdoms, Big Mississippi Sites, and Regional Analyses 9:00 AM-Noon, (Capitol) 1:00 PM-5:00 PM, (Governor)

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Prehistoric Fr i d a y , No v e m b e r 9 1:00 PM-5:00 PM, (King) Prehistoric Additional Papers on Bioarchaeology 8:00 AM-10:00 AM 3:20 PM-4:40 PM, (Victory) Lithics Historic Native American 10:00 AM-Noon 1:40 PM-4:40 PM, (Capitol) Pottery and Petroglyphs Colonial 10:00 AM-Noon 1:00 PM-4:40 PM, (Louisiana) Public Outreach and Law Sa t u r d a y , No v e m b e r 10 1:00 PM-3:00 PM Ceremonial Artifacts, Art, and Iconography Remote Sensing 9:00 AM-Noon, (Riverview Ballroom B) 3:00 PM-5:00 PM Law, CRM, and Education 8:40 AM-Noon, (King) List of Workshops

Fr i d a y , No v e m b e r 9 List of Poster Sessions (All Posters in Heidelberg Prefunction Room) Regional SHPO Archaeologists Meeting (Invitation Only) Th u r s d a y , No v e m b e r 8 8:00 AM-Noon, (University) Historic ACUA Submerged Cultural Resources Awareness 8:00 AM -10:00 AM Workshop 1:00 PM-4:30 PM, (University) Historic Native American 10:00 AM-Noon Sa t u r d a y , No v e m b e r 10 Bioarchaeology Student Committee Workshop 10:00 AM-Noon 9:00 AM-11:00 AM, (Louisiana)

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An n u a l Me e t i n g Pr o g r a m

Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 1B Thursday Morning Interpreting the Art, Beliefs, Rituals, and Symbolism November 8 of the Native Peoples of North America: Papers in Memory of Robert L. Hall. Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 1A (Riverview Ballroom A) Southeast Indigenous Archaeology and Tribal Historic Preservation Offices in the Twenty-First 8:00 Diaz-Granados, Carol Century. Cognitive Archaeology and Rock (Paramount) Art. 9:20 Townsend, Russell 8:20 Reilly, F. Kent, III, and Cameron B. Wes- Archaeology and the Eastern Band son of Cherokee Indians Tribal Historic Preser- “Spaghetti” Style Gorgets and the Produc- vation Office. tion and Exchange of Cultic Knowledge: What Bob Hall Wanted Us To Understand. 9:40 Carroll, Beau Indigenous Archaeological Practice in the 8:40 Brown, James A. Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Robert Hall, Birdman, and the Tri-partite Cosmos. 10:00 Break 9:00 Kelly, Lucretia S., and John E. Kelly 10:20 Perry, Kirk Bob Hall, The Heart and Soul of : A We are NOT Chiefs and Princesses: Recast- Case Study of Ritual in the Personification of ing and Reconnecting the Vast Southeastern a Cahokia House’s Life Cycle. Cultures. 9:20 Colvin, Matthew H. 10:40 Davis, Brady Flint-clay Flora: Implications of Icono- Reconnecting to the Homelands: The Chicka- graphic Continuities in Female Statuary of saw Preserve. the Southeast.

11:00 Lieb, Brad R. 9:40 Sharp, Robert V., and Kevin E. Smith Hikia, Ayanaka, and Okla Tchitoka: Archaeo- Three Late Prehistoric Feline-Supernatural logical Fieldwork Updates on the Battlefield Copper Plates: A Horizon in the South- Preservation, Yaneka Middens, and Remote ern Appalachians. Sensing Fronts at the Nation Dept. of Homeland Affairs. 10:00 King, Adam, and Johann Sawyer The Sacred Geography of the Pot. 11:20 Brown, LaDonna “What’s for Dinner?”: Cultural Continuity 10:20 Giles, Bretton Through the Archaeological Record. Middle Woodland Piasa: A Perspective from the Hopewell Site. 11:40 Townsend, Russell, and Benjamin A. Steere The Western North Carolina and 10:40 Esarey, Duane Towns Project: Lessons Learned from Public Untangling the Piasa’s Tale: Underworld Outreach. Symbolism at the Heart of the Midcontinent.

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11:00 Smith, Kevin E., and Mark M. Crawford 11:20 Thompson, Victor D., William H. Mar- Children of the and the quardt, and Karen J. Walker Water Serpent: Very Late Prehistoric and Rediscovering Pineland’s Lost Landscapes Protohistoric “Rattlesnake Gorgets” of the Through Remote Sensing in Southwest Flori- Southern Appalachian Highlands. da.

11:20 Riggs, Brett H. 11:40 Horsley, Timothy J., Alice P. Wright, and Uktena Lives Here. Casey R. Barrier The Multiple Uses of Geophysical Data in 11:40 Sabo, George, III, and Tracy Newkumet Archaeology: Informing Excavation Strate- Burrows gies and Defining New Research Questions Phil Newkumet’s Drums. at Monumental Sites.

Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 1C Exploring the Space Between: Remote Sensing and Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 1D the Broader Landscape. Mississippian Urban Archaeology: Discoveries (Capitol) From the East St. Louis Mound Complex in Greater Cahokia. 8:00 Henry, Edward R., and Logan J. Kistler (Riverview Ballroom B) Multi-Staged Geophysics and the Regional Landscape of the LeBus Circle – an Early- 8:00 Emerson, Thomas E., Timothy R. Pauke- Middle Earthwork in Cen- tat, Douglas K. Jackson, Patrick R. Durst, tral Kentucky. and Joseph M. Galloy Exploring Greater Cahokia: Excavating 8:20 Burks, Jarrod Through the Heart of the East St. Louis Geophysical Survey at Ohio : Mound Complex. Updating Nineteenth Century Maps and Fill- ing the “Empty” Spaces. 8:20 Durst, Patrick R., Miranda L. Yancey, and Dwayne Scheid 8:40 McKinnon, Duncan P., Jason L. King, Ja- The History of East St. Louis, : A Syn- son T. Herrmann, Taylor H. Thornton, and opsis of the Historic Archaeology of the New Jane E. Buikstra Bridge Project. Exploring Variation and Intensity of Use in the Lower Illinois River Valley: A Case Study 8:40 Galloy, Joseph M., and Andrew C. Fortier from Mound House (11GE7), Greene County, The Sacred Precinct of the East St. Louis Illinois. Mound Complex: the Northside and South- side Investigations. 9:00 Harris, Stephen Landscape Changes at the Late Woodland 9:00 Benson, Erin Shady Grove Site. Terminal Beginnings at the East St. Louis Mound Complex. 9:20 Steponaitis, Vincas P., Edward Henry, Me- gan C. Kassabaum, John W. O’Hear, Alex- 9:20 Lansdell, Brent, and H. Blaine Ensor ander Craib, and Sara Wyatt Remaking Old Communities: Lohmann Phase Between Surface and Summit: The Process of Occupations at the East St. Louis Mound Mound Construction at Feltus. Complex.

9:40 Nelson, Erin S. 9:40 Betzenhauser, Alleen, and Robert W. Rohe Off the Map: Social Space at Parchman. Construction and Conflagration: Contextual- izing the Stirling Phase Communities of the 10:00 BREAK East St. Louis Mound Complex.

10:20 Haley, Bryan S. 10:00 BREAK Reconstructing the Developmental Sequence of Hollywood Mounds Using Remote Sensing 10:20 Jackson, Douglas K., and Robert W. Rohe Techniques. Agricultural Row Features: Evidence for In- tensive Swale Area Agriculture at the East St. 10:40 Brannan, Stefan, and Daniel P. Bigman Louis Mound Complex. Do Mississippian Plazas Represent Open Spaces or Rich Histories? 10:40 Boles, Steve, Thomas E. Emerson, and H. Blaine Ensor 11:00 Walker, Chester P. Exotic Cultural Material and Crafting at the The Etowah Archaeo-Geophysical Survey. East Saint Louis Mound Complex.

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11:00 Nash, Lenna M., Eve A. Hargrave, and Kath- Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 1F erine R. McDonald Subsistence Varying Mortuary Practices of the East St. Lou- (University) is Mound Complex. 8:20 Cummings, Linda Scott 11:20 Brennan, Tamira, and Steve Boles Subsistence Evidence: Microscopic Needles Feature 2000: A New Mississippian Mound at in a Haystack or Synergistic Interpretations the East St. Louis Mound Complex. from Multiple Data Sets?

11:40 Koldehoff, Brad H. 8:40 mcFadden, Paulette S. Building Bridges: Tribal Consultation and the Results of Archaeological Investigations at New Mississippi River Bridge. Bird Island (8DI52), Dixie County, Florida.

9:00 biwer, Matthew E. Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 1E An Analysis of Late Woodland Paleoethnobo- Recent Research in the Caddo Area: Place, Practice, tanical Remains from the Myer Dickson site and History. in the Central Illinois River Valley. (Governor) 9:20 Mones, Micah P. 8:00 Wieser, Anna Coontie, it’s What’s for Dinner. Using Soil Science to Understand Site Forma- tion Processes at Crenshaw (3MI6). 9:40 purcell, Gabrielle in the Mountains: Agricultural Devel- 8:20 Kelley, David B. opment at the Smokemont Site. Caddo Farmsteads in Northwest Louisiana: Upland and Lowland Variants. 10:00 BREAK

8:40 Buchner, C. Andrew 10:20 Ledford, Kelly The Foster Site (3LA27) Revisited. Prehistoric Freshwater Mollusk Use Along the Cumberland River. 9:00 Dowd, Elsbeth Linn The Signature of Small-Scale Rituals in the 10:40 peacock, Evan, Joseph Mitchell, Cliff Jen- Caddo Area. kins, and Joseph Smith Applying Zooarchaeology: Prehistoric Fresh- 9:20 Trubitt, Mary Beth water Mussel Faunas from the Tallahatchie New Information from Old Collections: Analyz- River Drainage, North Mississippi. ing Caddo Mortuary Ceramics from the Middle Valley. 11:00 Colaninno, Carol E., Carla S. Hadden, and Alexandra L. Emmons 9:40 Rowe, Simone Testing Ichthyofaunal Collections for Size- Inferring Peri-Mortem Trauma and Conflict Based Differential Preservation. Based on Archaeological Context from WPA Documentation at Wister Valley Fourche Ma- line Sites. Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 1G Bone, Stone, and Shell Tools 10:00 BREAK (Louisiana) 10:20 Hammerstedt, Scott W., and Sheila Bobalik 8:20 Rolland, Vicki Savage Polish, Abrasion, and Spokeshaves: Utilized Late Prehistoric Mortuary Behavior in North- Bone and Clam from Cedar Point West Site eastern Oklahoma: A View from the Reed Site. (8DU63) in the St. Johns River Estuary Near Jacksonville, Florida. 10:40 Walker, Leslie Enacting Change: Protohistoric Expressions of 8:40 Carr, Philip J. Caddo Ceramic Design in the Valley. Application of an Organization of Technol- ogy Model: Inferences of Early Archaic Be- 11:00 Sullivan, Stephanie M., and Duncan P. McK- havior at the Hart Site, Kentucky. innon The Collins Mound Site: Exploring Architec- 9:00 moore, Christopher R., Mark J. Brooks, tural Variation Within the Ozark Highland Re- James K. Feathers, and Tommy Charles gion. Recovery and Luminescence Dating of a Bur- ied Cache from Frierson Bay, Barnwell Coun- 11:20 Kidder, T. R. (Discussant) ty, : Implications for Middle Archaic Provisioning and Social Interaction 11:40 Early, Ann M. (Discussant) in the Inter-Riverine Coastal Plain.

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9:20 Herbert, Joseph M., and Jay W. Gray 10:40 Halligan, Jessi Archaic Caches in the Carolina Sandhills. Geoarchaeological Interpretations of Pa- leoindian Sites in the , Flor- 9:40 Ogden, Quinn-Monique ida. Exhausted Rocks of Ages: the Late Archaic Lithics of the St. Catherines Island Shell 11:00 Duggins, Ryan Rings. Submerged Landscape Reconstruction: Modeling Florida’s Terminal Pleistocene/ 10:00 BREAK Early Holocene Site Distribution on the Continental Shelf. 10:20 Winter, Jacob, and Tim Dennehy Inter-site Variability in Whelk Tool Production 11:20 Selden, Robert Z., Jr. and Use from two Late Archaic Shell Rings on Date Combination and Summed Probabil- St. Catherines Island, . ity Distributions: A Case Study from the Woodland Period in East Texas. 10:40 Bradbury, Andrew, and Philip J. Carr Non-metric Continuum Based Flake Analysis.

11:00 McCall, Grant S., and Rachel A. Horowitz Po s t e r Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 1J Cross-Sectional Geometry Historic and Biface Reduction: A Southeastern Case (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) Study. 8:00 AM-10:00 AM 11:20 Ostahowski, Brian E., and Charlotte D. Pe- May, J. Alan vny Holly Bend, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina: Poverty of Choice: An Analysis of Late Weeden 212 Years of Piedmont Architectural and Cultural Island Core Reduction Strategies in the North History. Florida Panhandle. McGlothlin, Teka R. 11:40 Alvey, Jeffrey S. Archaeology of a Detached Kitchen: Cultural Hub Assessing Variability in Triangular Points of the Borderlands. from the Tombigbee River Drainage: A Case Study in Classification and Chronology. Smith, Steven D., and Stacey Whitacre Return to Fort Motte.

Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 1H Brooks, Jason Underwater: Shipwrecks A Landscape of Conflict: Examining the New Hope (King) Church Battlefield Landscape. 9:00 Jacobson, Jodi A., Troy Sykes, and Scott Blank, Anne Marie Maher, Thurston H. G. Hahn Pletka III, and Andrea R. McCarthy To Buoy or Not to Buoy: A GPS Alternative for Child’s Play in the Cemetery of Last Resort. Avoidance Monitoring of Underwater Archeo- logical Resources. Booker, Rebecca Life in a Floating Lumber Camp: An Archaeological 9:20 Bucchino, Nicole Survey of a Submerged Site on the Escambia River. Culture, Ship Construction, and Ecological Change: The Sailing Vessels of Pensacola’s Westmont, V. Camille, and Nicolas Laracuente Fishing Industry. Refining Methods for Archaeological Testing of Kentucky’s Distilleries: An Assessment of Archaeo- 9:40 Dewey, Christopher T. logical Investigations at Buffalo Trace Distillery. Site Formation Processes of the Wreck of the U.S. Steamer Convoy in Pensacola Bay, Flor- Mann, Rob, and Billie Jones ida. Exploring the Ceramics from Galveztown: An Eigh- teenth-Century Spanish Colonial Outpost in South- east Louisiana. Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 1I Paleoindians/Radiocarbon Dating Wells, Douglas C. (King) Sergeant Wilber’s Last Stand: Recent Archaeologi- cal and Historical Research at Fort Macomb, Or- 10:20 Barrett, Jared leans Parish, Louisiana. The Wells Creek Site (40SW63): A Review of Previous Excavations and Results of TRC’s 2012 Survey.

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Po s t e r Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 1K 2:10 Beck, Robin A., Jr. Historic Native American “What I Believe.” (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) 10:00 AM-Noon 2:30 Levy, Janet “What I Believe.” Lambert, Shawn Socioeconomic Differences Between two Post-Remov- 2:50 Sullivan, Lynne P. al Sites in McCurtain County, Oklahoma. “What I Believe.”

Cranford, David 3:10 BREAK Household Distributions of Ceramics in the Catawba Nation ca. 1760-1800. 3:30 Thompson, Victor D. “What I Believe.”

Po s t e r Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 1L 3:50 White, Nancy Marie Bioarchaeology “What I Believe.” (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) 10:00 AM-Noon 4:10 Cobb, Charles R. “What I Believe.” Pye, Jeremy “Don’t Drink the Water:” ELISA Testing for Enteric 4:30 Kassabaum, Megan C. (Discussant) Protozoa in 19th Century Macon, Georgia.

Morgan, Camille, and Paul Thacker SEAC St u d e n t Re c e p t i o n Caries and Late Woodland Maize Consumption Prac- (Pool Deck) tices at Donnaha. 5:30 PM-7:00 PM

McCarthy, Donna, and Kevin Hufnagl SEAC Re c e p t i o n Paleopathology at DeArmond (40Re12), a Mississip- (Louisiana State Museum pian Site in the Watts Bar Basin of East Tennessee. 660 N. Fourth Street) 7:00 PM-9:00 PM Jordan, Alison Down with Disease: Bioarchaeological Interpreta- tions of Skeletal Anomalies in an Archaeological Pop- ulation of the South Harpeth River Valley in Middle Tennessee. Friday Morning November 9 Lucas, Virginia, and Shannon Chappell Hodge Arnold 15 Misc: A Case of Nonlethal Scalping. Jeffers, Thomas Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 2A Allometric Analysis of Prehistoric Shell Middens in New Light on an Old Enigma: Recent Research at the Escambia River Estuary. Crystal River and its Contemporaries. (King) 9:00 Pluckhahn, Thomas J., and Victor D. Thursday Afternoon Thompson November 8 The Crystal River Early Village Archaeologi- cal Project (CREVAP): An Introduction and Progress Report. SEAC St u d e n t Af f a i r s Lu n c h e o n Possibilities Within A CRM Environment 9:20 Kemp, Kassie (University) Tales from a Museum Basement: Revisiting Noon-1:00 PM the Crystal River Ceramics Collection. 9:40 Norman, Sean P. Visualizing Crystal River. Pl e n a r y Se s s i o n Taking Stock of Social Theory in Southeastern Archaeology 10:00 BREAK (Riverview Ballrooms A&B) 10:20 Blankenship, Beth 2:00 Knight, Vernon James (Introduction to Ses- Understanding the Hopewellian Influence at sion) Crystal River, Florida: A Test of the Produc- tion Center Model.

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10:40 Gilleland, Sarah K., and Thomas J. Pluck- 10:40 Kelso, Rebecca Scopa hahn The Health and Status of Tennessee Children Looking for the Floor at Roberts Island. in the Mississippian Period.

11:00 Sampson, Christina Perry 11:00 Helms, Lindsey Jo Oyster Demographics and the Creation of Porotic Pitting and Hyperostosis as Separate Coastal Monuments at Roberts Island and Indicators of Nutritional Stress from Ledford Crystal River, Florida. Island, Tennessee.

11:20 Menz, Martin 11:20 Smith, Maria O. The Use-Life and Times of the Type-G Shell Late Archaic Limb Burials and Intergroup Hammer: A Descriptive and Experimental Violence: an Unexpected Link. Analysis of Shell Hammers from Roberts Is- land (8CI41) Part Deux. 11:40 Cook, Della Collins, and Katie Zejdlik Possible Survived Scalping from Banks Vil- 11:40 Rink, W. Jack, A. Hodson, and R.R. Hen- lage Site, Crittenden County, Arkansas. dricks Optical Luminescence Dating (OSL) of Quartz Sand Grains from Oyster Shell-Rich Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 2C and Sandy Ceremonial Mounds at Crystal Mississippian Beginnings: Variability, Inequality, and River Florida, USA. Interaction in the Southeast and Midwest. (Riverview Ballroom B) Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 2B 8:20 Bigman, Daniel P. Culture, Morbidity, and Mortality in the Southeast: Proximity, Privacy, and Preciosities: Indica- Current Research in Bioarchaeology. tors of Social Inequality at Ocmulgee. (Victory) 8:40 Barrier, Casey R. 8:00 Smith, Burton T., and Fred H. Smith Eleventh-Century Community Organization Skeletons That Slumber: Madeline Kneberg in the Central : A Glimpse and Initial Skeletal Studies in the Tennessee at the Social Groups and Institutional Trajec- Valley. tories of a Mississippian History.

8:20 Byers, Steven N. 9:00 Pollack, David, and William E. Sharp Bioarchaeology as Prehistoric Ethnography: Early Mississippian at the Ohio/Mississippi A Case Study. Confluence: The View of Kentucky.

8:40 Walker, Renee B., Sean Norris, and R. 9:20 Pauketat, Timothy R., Alleen Betzenhaus- Jeannine Windham er, and William F. Romain The Relationship Between Humans and Dogs Redesigned Communities of the Early Missis- from Burial Contexts at the Spirit Hill site, sippian World: From and Washausen Alabama. to Obion and Cahokia.

9:00 Boyd, C. Cliff, and Donna C. Boyd 9:40 Regnier, Amanda L. Patterning and Variability in Late Woodland The Relationship Between Becoming Caddo Mortuary Behavior in Southwest Virginia. and Becoming Mississippian in Southeast Oklahoma. 9:20 Hodge, Shannon Chappell, and Tiffany B. Saul 10:00 BREAK Fernvale (40WM51): Bioarchaeology on the Late Archaic Frontier. 10:20 Cook, Robert Mississippian Beginnings and Late Prehis- 9:40 Listi, Ginesse, and Mary H. Manhein toric Villages in Southwest Ohio. Bioarchaeological Analysis of Burials Re- cently Excavated from New Orleans’ Oldest 10:40 Skousen, B. Jacob, and Amanda J. Butler Cemetery. Pilgrims and Proselytizers: The Movers and Shakers of Mississippian Beginnings. 10:00 BREAK 11:00 Wilson, Gregory D., and Colleen Delaney- 10:20 Hill, M. Cassandra Riviera Never-Ending Work: Life and Death in a Mississippian Migration and Emulation: Company Town: Bioarchaeology of New Variability in Cahokia Contact Scenarios in Home Cemetery, Sugar Land, Texas. the Illinois River Valley.

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11:20 VanDerwarker, Amber M., Gregory D. 8:40 Blessing, Megan C. Wilson, and Dana Bardolph Otherworldly Deposition in Stallings Ritual Maize Adoption & Intensification in the Practice. Central Illinois River Valley: Archaeobotan- ical Data from the Terminal Late Woodland 9:00 Gilmore, Zachary Through Middle Mississippian Periods. Ritual as Strategic Practice: The Deposi- tional Grammar of a Late Archaic Pit Assem- 11:40 Rees, Mark A. blage. Disentangling Plaquemine-Mississippian Beginnings in South Louisiana. 9:20 Anderson, Elyse Returning the Animals: Navigating Relations and Personhood Through Deposition. Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 2D Bridging History and Prehistory. 9:40 Claassen, Cheryl (Capitol) An Archaic Hunt God Rite in the MidConti- nent. 9:00 Worth, John E. Bridging History and Prehistory: General 10:00 BREAK Reflections and Particular Quandaries. 10:20 Durruty, Marta Alfonso, and Bretton 9:20 Gougeon, Ramie A. Giles Bridging the Artifact and the Social. Relating Perceptions of Illness and Social Deviancy to the Disposal of the Dead at Hel- 9:40 Waselkov, Gregory A. ena Crossing. Dancing Woman of the Shell Mask: Inter- preting Archaeological Evidence of Social 10:40 Clay, R. Berle Boundaries. Ritual Uses of the Dead in the Ohio Valley Middle Woodland: Broadening the Enquiry. 10:00 BREAK 11:00 Wallis, Neill, Michelle J. LeFebvre, and 10:20 Livingood, Patrick Rachel J. Iannelli The Unique History of the Petit Nations of Sinkholes and Other Vessels: Cades Pond the Lower Mississippi Valley and How It Is Weeden Island Ritual Deposition. Linked With Prehistory. 11:20 Kassabaum, Megan C., and Erin S. Nelson 10:40 Johnson, Patrick Standing Posts and Special Substances: Rit- Ceramics: New Structures, Not ual Deposition at Feltus, Jefferson County, New Ethnic Identities. Mississippi.

11:00 Thunen, Robert, and Keith Ashley 11:40 Pluckhahn, Thomas J. (Discussant) Mocama Archaeology and European Docu- ments: Searching for a Fit. Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2F Woodland and its Transitions 11:20 Rodning, Christopher B., David G. Moore, and Robin A. Beck, Jr. (Governor) The Burke Phase and Spanish Entradas in dent, Sophia Western North Carolina. 8:00 Ivy Knoll (1MT9): The Archaic-Woodland Transition in Central Alabama. 11:40 Ethridge, Robbie (Discussant) 8:20 o’Hear, John W., Vincas P. Steponaitis, Megan C. Kassabaum, Erin S. Nelson, and Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 2E David J. Cranford Theorizing Ritual Deposition: Burying Persons, An Overview of the 2012 Field Season at the Places, and/or Things. Feltus Mounds. (Riverview Ballroom A) 8:40 Jeter, Marvin D., and BrieAnna S. Langlie 8:00 Pursell, Corin 57 Cobs, But Not 57 Varieties: Transitional Prologue to Ritual Deposition. Coles Creek – Plaquemine Maize From Tay- lor Mound 3, Southeast Arkansas. 8:20 Randall, Asa The World is a Remix: Archaic Ritualized 9:00 samuelsen, John Deposition Along the St. Johns River, Flori- AMS and Radiocarbon Dating of the Cren- da. shaw Site (3MI6).

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9:20 LaDu, Daniel 9:20 hahn, Sara A. Coles Creek and Plaquemine Settlement at Antebellum Ceramic Importers of New Or- Mazique (22Ad502). leans, Louisiana.

9:40 palmer, David 9:40 hahn, Thurston H. G., III Survey and Limited Excavation at 16SL9, The Henderson and Gaines Family of Ce- Swayze Lake Mound. ramic Importers, New Orleans, Louisiana.

10:00 Kowalski, Jessica, and Alana Lynch 10:00 Moses, Sharon K. Investigations of the Ramsey Mound Site African Slave Resistance and Ritual Depo- (22HA528): A Middle Woodland Mound and sitions in the Slave Quarter of the Hume Habitation Site on the Bay of St. Louis, Han- Plantation, South Carolina. cock County, Mississippi. 10:20 Winburn, Allysha, and David Markus 10:20 delahoussaye, Jim Zooarchaeological Analysis from the Block Unusual Fauna Harvested by People at Por- House Slave Quarters, Washington, Arkan- tage Mounds (16SM5): A Comparison with sas. Other Coastal Coles Creek Sites. 10:40 Greer, Mathew C. 10:40 Friberg, Christina, and Jenna Santy Bondsman’s Best Friend? - Analyzing the Culture Contact, Change, and Continuity at Cultural Significance of the “Dog Burial” C.W. Cooper: Recent Data from a Mississip- at James Madison’s Montpelier. pian Village in the Central Illinois River Val- ley. 11:00 newberry, Matt Applications of Aerial LiDAR on Inland 11:00 bardolph, Dana Rice Plantations. Culinary Encounters and Cahokian Contact: Food Preparation, Serving, and Storage in 11:20 Cochran, Lindsey the Central Illinois River Valley. High- and Low-tech Archaeological Inves- tigations at Arcadia Mill’s Simpson Lot. 11:20 miller, Jessica Determining the Function of Powell Plain 11:40 Wingard, George, and Keith Stephenson and Ramey Incised Vessels in Mississippian Life and Labor in the Graniteville Textile Period Society: A Comparative Analysis. Mill Village, South Carolina, 1850-1900. 11:40 phillips, Erin Methods for Recording Engraved Designs on Pottery. Po s t e r Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2H Prehistoric (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2G 8:00 AM-10:00 AM Historic (Louisiana) Suarez, Jon Simon Refined Allometric Constants for the Estimation of 8:00 Underwood, John, Lizbeth J. Velásquez, Vertebrate Biomass Contribution at the Thornhill and Robert J. Myrick Lake Shell Ridge (8VO60), Volusia County, Flori- A Socioeconomic Analysis of Historic Ce- da. ramics from an Antebellum Site in Northeast Mississippi. McCarthy, Andrea R. Archaeological Investigations at Bayou des Oies 8:20 vanderpool, Emily (16JE35): A Coles Creek Midden in Lafitte, Loui- Isotopic Investigations of Community and siana. Identity at the Avondale Burial Place. Hollenbach, Kandi, Bradley A. Creswell, and Mi- 8:40 patterson, Sarah chael G. Angst Using Grave Markers to Identify Trends in Granaries or Ritual Huts?: Small-Diameter Circu- Immigration. lar Structures at Early Mississippian Sites in East- ern Tennessee. 9:00 ryan, Joanne, Thurston H. G. Hahn III, Donald G. Hunter, and Lukas W. Dengel, Craig, Rebecca Saunders, and Jules Zarychta Haigler Data-Recovery Excavations at two Louisiana Excavations in a Middle Woodland “Plaza:” Hare Sugarhouse Sites. Hammock (and Environs): Revisited.

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Jones, Eric E., and Samantha Yaussy Lambert, Shawn, and Lucius Martin Settlement and Site Formation in the Upper Yadkin River Discovered WPA Illustrations of Artifacts from the Valley. : Indigenous Archaeology and Attrib- uting the Forgotten Artists. Wilson, William Natural Formation Processes at Submerged Sites Within Stephenson, Keith, Frankie Snow, and Karen Y. the Blackwater River. Smith Design Connections in Early and Late Swift Creek. Stahlman, Patricia, and Frank J. Vento Early Prehistoric Site Potential on Atlantic Coast Barrier Smith, Karen Y., and Vernon James Knight Islands: St. Catherines Island, Georgia - a Proxy Study. Producer Models in Swift Creek Paddle Art.

Cutts, Russell Plunk, Lindsay Inferring Hominin/Fire Behavioral and Cognitive Pat- Chemical and Mineralogical Analysis of Varney Red terns Using Multiple-Method Hypotheses, Transdisci- Filmed Ceramics from the Lower Mississippi River. plinary Data-sets and Experimentation. Selden, Robert Z., Jr. Selden, Robert Z., Jr., and Timothy K. Perttula Ceramic Petrofacies: Modeling the Angelina River The East Texas Caddo: Modeling Tempo and Place. Basin in East Texas.

Selden, Robert Z., Jr. Toward a Regional Radiocarbon Model for the East Tex- as Woodland Period. Re g i o n a l SHPO Arc haeologists Me e t i n g (Invitation Only) Po s t e r Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2I (University) Lithics, etc. 8:00 AM-Noon (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) 10:00 AM-Noon Selden, Lauren McAdams, Clark Wernecke, and Sti- na Jimerson Friday Afternoon The Gault Project: Incorporating New and Old Arti- November 9 facts.

Loveland, Erika, and Alice P. Wright Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 2B (continued) Spatial Patterning of Debitage Variability at the Middle Culture, Morbidity, and Mortality in the Southeast: Woodland , North Carolina. Current Research in Bioarchaeology. (Victory) Price, Sarah, Philip J. Carr, and Andrew P. Brad- bury 1:00 Worne, Heather Lithic Material Identification in the Southeast. Fracture Patterns in a Late Prehistoric Community in the Middle Cumberland Re- Moore, Christopher R., Mark J. Brooks, Andrew H. gion of Tennessee. Ivester, Terry A. Ferguson, and James K. Feathers Geoarchaeological Investigations of Carolina Bay Sand 1:20 Jenkins, Casey M. Rims in the Central Savannah River Area, South Caro- A Comparison of Archaic and Mississip- lina: Differentiating the Undifferentiated. pian Period Prevalence of Auditory Exos- tosis. Moore, Christopher R., Drew S. Coleman, and Mark J. Brooks 1:40 Betsinger, Tracy K., and Maria O. Smith Geochemical Sourcing of Stone Quarries and Artifacts Transpositions, Talon Cusps, and Supernu- in North and South Carolina Using Neodymium Isotopes merary Teeth: Chewing Over the Meaning and Rare Earth Elements. of Anomalies of the Permanent Dentition in Late Prehistoric East Tennessee.

Po s t e r Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2J 2:00 King, Kathryn A. Pottery and Petroglyphs Nonmetric Variation in the Caddo and (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) Arikara: a Biodistance Study. 10:00 AM-Noon 2:20 Lubsen, Kyle Ritchison, Brandon Development of Discriminant Function Sex Petroglyphs from Cave Site 15Ht53: Rock Art and Estimation Equations Derived from Pre- Ritual in Karstic, Kentucky. historic Native American Hand and Foot Bones.

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Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 2C (continued) 2:00 Schroeder, Sissel Mississippian Beginnings: Variability, Inequality, and Structural “De”position. Interaction in the Southeast and Midwest. (Riverview Ballroom B) 2:20 Wesson, Cameron B. Strangers in a Strange Land: Immigration and 1:00 Alt, Susan, and Elizabeth Watts Sacralization at Shine (1Mt6). Enchained, Entangled, Engaged: Building Mississippian Society. 2:40 Sawyer, Johann, and F. Kent Reilly III Defining Place and Identity Through the Ritu- 1:20 Du Vernay, Jeffery P., and Nancy Marie al Deposition of Sacred Bundles. White Fort Walton Beginnings in Northwest 3:00 BREAK Florida-Southwest Georgia-Southeast Ala- bama. 3:20 Barzilai, Rebecca Tracing Intentionality and Significance: Inter- 1:40 Meyers, Maureen preting Depositional Histories. Mississippian in the Woodlands: Interac- tions in Fourteenth-Century Southwestern 3:40 , Maura Virginia. Depositional History on the Margins: New In- sights from Ford Mound at the Pfeffer Site. 2:00 Boudreaux, Tony Early Mississippian in the North Carolina 4:00 Ausel, Erica L. Piedmont. Scattered Elements, Scattered Memories: Res- idential Mortuary Practices at the Angel Site. 2:20 koerner, Shannon Revisiting Mississippian Origins in East- 4:20 Carriger, Jessica D. ern Tennessee. Social Memory and Deposition: Landscape Al- teration at Upper Hampton Farm (40RH41). 2:40 Davis, Jeremy R. On Common Ground: Memory, Identity, 4:40 Steponaitis, Vincas P. (Discussant) and the Remaking of Communal Tradition at Early Moundville.

3:00 BREAK Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2K Chiefdoms, Big Mississippi Sites, and Regional 3:20 Stephenson, Keith, Adam King, Chris Analyses Thornock, and Alex Corsi (Governor) The Hollywood Site (9RI1) and the Foun- dations of Mississippian in the Middle Sa- 1:00 Cegielski, Wendy vannah River Valley. Chiefdoms: An Agent-Based Model of Struc- tural Resilience and Wealth and Power Dy- 3:40 Anderson, David G. (Discussant) namics. 4:00 Sullivan, Lynne (Discussant) 1:20 rutecki, Dawn M. Trading and Traversing: Considering Least Cost Paths of Non-local Spiroan Material. Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 2E (continued) Theorizing Ritual Deposition: Burying Persons, 1:40 kelly, Petrina Places, and/or Things. Mound R1 and the Problem of the Minor (Riverview Ballroom A) Mounds at Moundville. 1:00 Baires, Sarah E., and Melissa Baltus 2:00 Thompson, Claire Re-Thinking ‘Ritual’ Depositions: Using Examining Diachronic Change in Mound- Relational Ontology to Explore Mississip- ville’s Residential Economy. pian Depositional Acts. 2:20 mehta, Jayur Madhusudan 1:20 Krutchen, Jeffery D., and Susan M. Alt A Report of the 2012 Mound D Excavations at The Implications of the Structured Depos- the Carson Site (22CO505), Coahoma County, its of Greater Cahokia. Mississippi.

1:40 Kelly, John E., and James A. Brown 2:40 Jackson, Edwin Theorizing Ritual Deposition: The Birth Archaeology of Mound C at Winterville: Con- of , Its Life History, Death, and struction History, Function, and Taphonomic Burial. Impacts.

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3:00 BREAK 3:20 Ayvaz, Melissa Archaeotempestology at Pineland: Exploring 3:20 Carpenter, Erika the Citrus Ridge Component of the Coastal Interpretations of Architectural Features on Site Complex. the Carson Mound Group’s Mound C. 3:40 Sassaman, Kenneth E., Andrea Palmiotto, 3:40 Campbell, Rachel, Tim Schilling, and Ken Micah P. Mones, Paulette S. McFadden, and Williams Ginessa J. Mahar Contextualizing an Eventful Summer at Ca- A Modern Look at the Eponymous Shell hokia. Mound near Cedar Key, Florida.

4:00 patterson, Wes, Dennis Blanton, and Jeffrey 4:00 newman, Shelby Glover The Mound That Rocks the Cradle: A Unique A GIS-Based Comparison of Spatial Organi- Burial Site of the St. Johns River, Florida. zation at Two Late Mississippian Communi- ties in Southern Georgia. 4:20 shanks, Jeffrey, and Julia C. Byrd Shell Game: The Marine Reservoir Effect and 4:20 Chamblee, John F., David J. Hally, George the Chronology of a Woodland Mound and R. Milner, David H. Dye, Robert C. Main- Ring Midden Complex on the Northwest Flor- ford, and Andrew Mickelson ida Coast. Macro-regional Analysis of Mississippian Mound Site Distributions. 4:40 Walls, Lauren Geophysical Survey at Thompson’s Landing 4:40 howell, Cameron (8Es950) in Escambia County, Florida. Evaluating Mississippian Period Settlement Hierarchies in Light of Survey Bias: Three Case Studies from the Southeast. Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2M Additional Papers on Bioarchaeology (Victory) Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2L 3:20 Auerbach, Benjamin M., Jessica D. Carri- Prehistoric Florida ger, and Lynne P. Sullivan (King) Southern Exposure? Assessing Population Re- lationships Among Eastern Tennessee Valley 1:00 Wentz, Rachel Sites from the Late Woodland and Mississip- Prehistoric Use of Fire in Florida. pian Periods.

1:20 Parsons, Alexandra L. 3:40 Howe, Jessica, and Melissa Zabecki Harvey An Overview of Seasonal Clam Exploitation Secondary Burials and Associated Artifacts Strategies at Mosquito Lagoon, Florida. from Ashley County, Arkansas.

1:40 Harke, Ryan 4:00 Gunter, Sean Cary von Stable Isotope Analysis of Busycon sinistrum Ramifications of the Study of Proteomics and to Determine Fort Walton-Period Seasonality Epigenetic Response on Archaeological HBE at St. Joseph Bay, Northwest Florida. Theory.

2:00 Palmiotto, Andrea 4:20 Thompson, Brandon It’s Always Sunny, Except When it’s Not: Re- An Osteological Examination of the Wid- gional Seasonality Patterns in the Lower Su- ows Creek (1Ja305) and Williams Landing wannee Region, Florida. (1Ja306) Sites. 2:20 Holt, Haley, Raegan Buckley, and Natha- nael Heller Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2N The Suwannee Sinks Site (8SU377) and Su- Historic Native American wannee Valley Culture in Northern Florida. (Capitol) 2:40 Buckley, Raegan, Haley Holt, and Natha- 1:40 Mitchem, Jeffrey M., and Jami J. Lockhart nael Heller Searching for the Southeastern Corner of the Ceramic Chronology and Seriation of Pot- Palisade at the Parkin Site, Northeast Arkan- tery Remains from the Suwannee Sinks Site sas. (8SU377). 2:00 Blanton, Dennis, and Wes Patterson 3:00 Bryan, Jonathan R. De Soto Entrada Contact with a Mississippian Geologic Provenance of Lithic Artifacts and Chiefly Compound: Evidence from the Glass Debitage from 8GD106 and 8SU377. Site in Georgia.

16 Bulletin 55—2012

2:20 Baca, Keith A., Jeffrey S. Alvey, and Derek 3:20 Zych, Lauren T. Anderson Archaeometry in the Mississippi Delta: New Investigations into the “Starkville Ar- Sourcing Fresh, Brackish and Salt Water chaeological Complex:” A Late Mississip- Shell via LA-ICP-MS. pian to Early Historic Settlement in East- Central Mississippi. 3:40 Arjona, Jamie Labile Landscapes: An Archaeology of Tem- 2:40 Jenkins, Ned J., and Craig T. Sheldon, Jr. porality. The Entrada through Cen- tral Alabama: September - November, 1540. 4:00 DeCaro, Alex Forbidden Finds on Georgetown, South Car- 3:00 BREAK olina, Slave Street. 3:20 Johnson, Jay 4:20 Brilliant, M. Brooke “Chickasaw Grey” and the Protohis- Handmade at Hampton: An Investigation of tory of Mississippi. Colonoware Production at Hampton Planta- tion. 3:40 Moody, Adam, Kimberly Wescott, Keely Lewis, and Stacey Whitacre A Yaneka Okaakinafa’: Chickasaw Midden Po s t e r Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2P Excavations in Pontotoc County, Mississip- Public Outreach and Law pi. (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) 1:00 PM-3:00 PM 4:00 James, Jenna Genetic Homogeneity Within House Group Olin, Susan, Pam Leib, David Abbott, and Patty Burials at the Historic Creek Town Site of Beech Fusihatchee. Mississippi Site Form.

4:20 Needham, Maggie M. Black, Rachel Reconsidering an Eighteenth-Century Yuchi Reaching Out: Public Archaeology at the Lyon Farm. Settlement on the Savannah River (9EF16). Laffitte, Brad The Fort Polk Heritage Program: Amalgamating Ar- Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2O chaeology, History, and Culture. Colonial (Louisiana) Gougeon, Ramie A. SEAC Genealogy Project. 1:00 Marrinan, Rochelle Franciscan-Apalachee Mission Archaeology Miller, Meg, and Terry Hooker in Northwest Florida. The Importance of Gravestone Recording: Using the Past to Help Our Future. 1:20 Jefferies, Richard W. Spanish Mission Period Activity at Darien Selden, Robert Z., Jr., and C. Britt Bousman Bluff, McIntosh County, Georgia. Spatial Dynamics of U.S. Cultural Resource Law.

1:40 Reitz, Elizabeth Faunal Evidence for Ethnogenesis. Po s t e r Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 2Q Remote Sensing 2:00 Zierden, Martha (Heidelberg Prefunction Room) Charleston’s Walled City Task Force and Ar- 3:00 PM-5:00 PM chaeology of the Redan at Tradd Street. Thacker, Paul 2:20 Rodgers, Jackie Beyond Ground-Truthing: Integrating Site Geology From Doing Trade to Turning Tricks: Re- and Magnetometry Survey Results at the Late Wood- analyzing Collections for Red Light District land Archaeological Site of Donnaha. Contexts. Peres, Tanya M., Dave Baluha, Aaron Deter-Wolf, 2:40 Morgan, David W., and Kevin C. MacDon- Joey Keasler, Niki Mills, Inna Moore, and Ryan ald Robinson Investigating the Late-Eighteenth-Century Crossing Boundaries Along the Cumberland. French Colonial Tauzin-Wells House Site, Natchitoches, Louisiana. Samuelsen, John Recent Geophysical Results from the Crenshaw Site 3:00 BREAK (3MI6).

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Samuelsen, John 10:00 BREAK Fluvial Sequencing at the Crenshaw Site (3MI6) Us- ing Historic Maps and Remote Sensing. 10:20 Steere, Benjamin A. Revisiting Mound Distribution in the Chero- Hammerstedt, Scott W., Jami J. Lockhart, Patrick kee Heartland: Initial Results of the Western C. Livingood, Tim Mulvihill, Amanda L. Regnier, North Carolina Mounds and Towns Project. George Sabo III, and John Samuelsen Multisensor Remote Sensing and Mapping at Spiro: 10:40 Eastman, Jane Discovering Intrasite Organization. Of Pots and Pits: Exploring Cherokee Food- ways. Davis, Jeremy R., and John H. Blitz Landscape Archaeogeophysics at Moundville. 11:00 Schubert, Ashley Ceramics in a Cherokee Community: Pre- Lulewicz, Jacob liminary Results from the Cane River Site. Community Organization and Occupational Chro- nology at the Mound House site in the Lower Illinois 11:20 Compton, J. Matthew River Valley. Cherokee Animal Use Prior to Removal.

11:40 Benyshek, Tasha, and Paul A. Webb ACUA Su b m e r g e d Cu l t u r a l Recent Excavations at Iotla Town. Re s o u rc e s Aw a r e n e s s Wo r k s h o p (University) 1:00 PM-4:30 PM Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 3B Central Alabama and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Craig T. Sheldon, Jr. SEAC Bu s i n e s s Me e t i n g (Riverview Ballroom A) (Riverview Ballrooms A&B) 5:30 PM-6:45 PM 8:00 Cottier, John W. Public Architecture at the Falls of the Coo- sa. SEAC Da n c e (Riverview Ballrooms A&B) 8:20 Freeman, Shannon J. 9:00 PM-Midnight A Final Bite of the Doughnut Mound (1Ee99): A Possible Late Woodland in Central Alabama.

Saturday Morning 8:40 Brown, Ian November 10 A Reexamination of the Pentagonal Structure at Ocmulgee Old Fields, Macon, Georgia.

Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 3A 9:00 Ervin, Kelly New Research Directions in Western North Carolina Spatial Evidence for Change at Hickory (Governor) Ground, a Multi-Component Archaeological Site in Elmore County, Alabama. 8:40 Geiger, Brian S., Christopher B. Rodning, Emma R. Richardson, and David G. Moore 9:20 Paglione, Teresa An Investigation of a Late Mississippian House The Demopolis Lake Area Assessment: Eval- at the Catawba Meadows Site (31BK18), uating Survey Methodology, Environmental Burke County, North Carolina. Variables, and Site Location.

9:00 Ashcraft, Scott, and Rodney J. Snedeker 9:40 Mann, Jason View From the Drip-line: Rock Shelter Re- The Hope Hull Phase: A Better Understand- search on the National Forests in North Caro- ing of the Late Woodland in Central Ala- lina. bama.

9:20 Webb, Paul A., Bruce S. Idol, and Benjamin 10:00 Dumas, Ashley, and Amanda L. Regnier A. Steere The Project Map: Refining the Dis- A “New” Account of Mound and Village Sites tribution of Sixteenth-Century Sites along the in Western North Carolina: The Travels of Alabama River Drainage in the Context of Captain R. D. Wainwright. Revitalization.

9:40 Wright, Alice P. 10:20 Ashley, Keith From Mountains to Mounds: Assessing the Mission Santa Cruz de Guadalquini (1684- Routes of Middle Woodland Mica Transport. 1696): Artifacts and Architecture.

18 Bulletin 55—2012

10:40 Bryant, Hamilton Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 3D Trenches, Remote Sensing and Soil Cores: Ceremonial Artifacts, Art, and Iconography 2012 Investigations at the Ebert Canebrake. (Riverview Ballroom B)

11:00 Fontana, Marisa 9:00 Iverson, Richard A Preliminary LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Proto- Shamanic Ideology Encoded in Archaic historic Creek Pottery at Hickory Ground. Through Mississippian Art.

11:20 Blankenship, Sarah A., and John W. Cot- 9:20 Norton, Mark tier Swift Creek Style Designs from Pinson Elemental Characterization of Metal Disc Mounds. Gorgets from Early Historic-Period Sites in the Southeast. 9:40 Carmody, Stephen B., Maria A. Caffrey, Sally P. Horn, and Belinda M. Lady 11:40 Shorter, George W., Jr., and Gregory A. Prehistoric Plant Use and the Smoking Cul- Waselkov ture of the Southeastern U.S. Deep Traditions: Creating an Archaeology Museum for South Alabama. 10:00 BREAK 10:20 Parish, Ryan Sy m p o s i u m —Se s s i o n 3C Testing the Single Source Theory for Middle Seeing the Forest Despite the Trees: Problem-Oriented Mississippian Duck River Swords. Research and Interpretation of the National Forests in the Southern Region. 10:40 Brown, Andrew (Capitol) Shaking Things Up in the Southeast: Turtle Shell Rattles in the Mississippian Period. 8:40 Rafferty, Janet, Jessica Gisler, and Evan Peacock 11:00 Hampton, Michael Keith Fire Line Plowing as an Aid to Survey Suf- Sacred Skull Bundles at Castalian Springs ficiency in the Jackson Prairie, Mississippi. (40SU14).

9:00 Brennan, Mary Z. 11:20 De Vore, William E. Using GIS to Model Landscape, Memory, and Late Archaic Trophy Taking Behavior in the Identity: A Case Study from Treat, Arkansas. Middle Valley.

9:20 Bergstrom, Velicia R. 11:40 Romain, William F. Saline Sailing on the Kisatchie. Moonrise Over Cahokia: Sacrificed Women, Earth Mother, and Lunar Alignments. 9:40 Cain, Daniel Not Necessarily a Write-Off: Assessing the Significance of Small Lithic Sites. Ge n e r a l Se s s i o n —Se s s i o n 3E Law, CRM, and Education 10:00 BREAK (King) 10:20 Hale, J. Gavin 8:40 Segna, Laura Using Geophysics to Develop Partnerships Finding Common Ground: Archaeology and at Land Between The Lakes. Education.

10:40 Cable, John S., and Robert T. Morgan 9:00 Gidusko, Kevin, and Gregg E. Harding Synthesizing Forest Service Survey and Test- Finding Value in Limited-Provenience Col- ing Data to Address Broad Scale Patterns of lections. Regional Settlement: An Example from Fran- cis Marion National Forest, South Carolina. 9:20 Murray, Emily Jane Archaeology on Display: A Look at Site-Mu- 11:00 Des Jean, Tom, Randall D. Boedy, Chris- seums in Northeast Florida. tina Pappas, and Bruce L. Manzano Scientific Analyses of the Spring Branch 9:40 Seidemann, Ryan M. Shelter (15McY319) Collections. An Opportunity for Public Service and Ar- chaeological Education: Act 631 of the 2012 11:20 Bennett, Jamie M. Regular Louisiana Legislative Session. Footprints of the Past: Woodlands Trace Wildlife Gardens. 10:00 BREAK 11:40 Anderson, David G. (Discussant)

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10:20 Harding, Gregg E., Kevin Gidusko, and St u d e n t Co m m i t t e e Wo r k s h o p Patricia Goodson (Louisiana) Searching for Brevard’s Forgotten Cem- 9:00 AM-11:00 AM eteries: Historic Cemetery Preservation and Public Archaeology in East Central Florida.

10:40 Laffitte, Brad Saturday Afternoon Archaeology at Fort Polk: An Overview and November 10 Discussion on Future Research. Sa t u r d a y Af t e r n o o n To u r s 11:00 Tucker, Bryan (All Departing from the Hilton) Developing Georgia’s Timber Harvest Ar- Marksville Site Tour, 1:00 PM-6:00 PM chaeology Protocol. St. Francisville Tour, 1:00 PM-6:00 PM Baton Rouge Walking Tour, 1:30 PM-4:30 PM 11:20 Smith, Morgan Archaeology Merit Badge: A Successful Di n n e r Model for a Fantastic Public Outreach Op- (USS Kidd Veterans Memorial portunity. 305 S. River Road) Saturday, 6:30 PM-9:00 PM 11:40 Turck, John A. Action Archaeology: Applying Archaeologi- cal Research to Present-day Problems.

20 Bulletin 55—2012

St u d e n t Pa p e r Co m p e t i t i o n En t r i e s

Ausel, Erica L. (Indiana University) Johnson, Patrick (College of William and Mary) Scattered Elements, Scattered Memories: Residential Apalachee Ceramics: New Structures, Not New Ethnic Mortuary Practices at the Angel Site. (Session 2E) Identities. (Session 2D) Bardolph, Dana (University of California, Santa Bar- Kelly, Petrina (University of Alabama) bara) Mound R1 and the Problem of the Minor Mounds at Culinary Encounters and Cahokian Contact: Food Moundville. (Session 2K) Preparation, Serving, and Storage in the Central Il- linois River Valley. (Session 2F) Patterson, Sarah (University of West Florida) Using Grave Markers to Identify Trends in Immigra- Cegielski, Wendy (Arizona State University) tion. (Session 2G) Chiefdoms: An Agent-Based Model of Structural Re- silience and Wealth and Power Dynamics. (Session Rodgers, Jackie (University of West Florida) 2K) From Doing Trade to Turning Tricks: Reanalyzing Collections for Red Light District Contexts. (Session Cochran, Lindsey (University of West Florida) 2O) High- and Low-tech Archaeological Investigations at Arcadia Mill’s Simpson Lot. (Session 2G) Rutecki, Dawn M. (Indiana University) Trading and Traversing: Considering Least Cost Paths Dent, Sophia (Lehigh University) of Non-local Spiroan Material. (Session 2K) Ivy Knoll (1MT9): The Archaic-Woodland Transition in Central Alabama. (Session 2F) Sampson, Christina Perry (University of Michigan) Oyster Demographics and the Creation of Coastal De Vore, William E. (University of Memphis) Monuments at Roberts Island and Crystal River, Flor- Late Archaic Trophy Taking Behavior in the Middle ida. (Session 2A) Tennessee River Valley. (Session 3D) Samuelsen, John (Arkansas Archeological Survey) Dewey, Christopher T. (University of West Florida) AMS and Radiocarbon Dating of the Crenshaw Site Site Formation Processes of the Wreck of the U.S. (3MI6). (Session 2F) Steamer Convoy in Pensacola Bay, Florida. (Session 1H) Wright, Alice P. (University of Michigan) From Mountains to Mounds: Assessing the Routes of Greer, Mathew C. (University of Southern Missis- Middle Woodland Mica Transport. (Session 3A) sippi) Bondsman’s Best Friend? - Analyzing the Cultural Significance of the “Dog Burial” at James Madison’s Montpelier. (Session 2G)

21 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

Ab s t r a c t s o f Sy m p o s i a

So u t h e a s t e r n In d i g e n o u s Arc h a e o l o g y Ex p l o r i n g t h e Sp a c e Be t w e e n : Re m o t e a n d Tr i b a l Hi s t o r i c Pr e s e r v a t i o n Of f i c e s Se n s i n g a n d t h e Br o a d e r La n d s c a p e i n t h e Tw e n t y -Fi r s t Ce n t u r y Organizer: Victor D. Thompson (University of Organizers: SEAC Native Affairs Liaison Committee Georgia) Time: Thursday, 9:20 AM-Noon Time: Thursday, 8:00 AM-Noon Tribal Historic Preservation offices, tribal cultural Researchers using remote sensing (e.g., shal- resources divisions, and tribal archaeology programs low geophysics) recognize that survey must consider now manage or guide management of a significant both visible architecture, as well as the broader land- range of archaeological resources on tribal, federal, scape surrounding such features. The purpose of this and state properties across the southeastern United symposium is to bring together research on mound States. Through these programs, descendant native and monumental sites using remote sensing to better communities are actively creating indigenous archae- understand feature locations, construction histories, ologies to address their own specific needs and inter- structure associations, and site histories. Specifically, ests, and simultaneously broadening and enriching the we challenge archaeologists to consider how remote practice of archaeology in the Southeast with new, or, sensing informs broader interpretations of the use and in some cases, very old, perspectives. construction of space and architecture at such sites. Only by adopting this perspective will archaeologists working on such sites be able to contextualize infor- mation collected at multiple scales of analysis. In t e rpr e t i n g t h e Ar t , Be l i e f s , Ri t u a l s , a n d Sy m b o l i s m o f t h e Na t i v e Pe o p l e s o f No r t h Am e r i c a : Pa p e r s i n Me m o r y o f Mi s s i s s i pp i a n Urb a n Arc h a e o l o g y : Ro b e r t L. Ha l l . Di s c o v e r i e s f r o m t h e Ea s t St. Lo u i s Mo u n d Co m p l e x i n Gr e a t e r Ca h o k i a Organizers: F. Kent Reilly III (Texas State University, San Marcos) and Kevin E. Smith (Middle Organizers: Thomas E. Emerson (Illinois State Tennessee State University). Archaeological Survey) and Brad H. Koldehoff (Illinois Department of Transportation) Time: Thursday, 8:00 AM-Noon Time: Thursday, 8:00 AM-Noon As Jim Brown has noted, the work of the late Robert L. Hall provides a seminal corpus that allows In the eleventh century A.D. the Cahokian pol- scholars of North American Antiquity to understand ity included three elite-ceremonial precincts - the Ca- “artifacts as not just technological pieces of informa- hokia, East St. Louis, and St. Louis mound complexes. tion, but as something that illustrates, illuminates, and Beginning in 2008 as part of a new Mississippi River exemplifies certain kinds of belief.” The papers in Bridge project, ISAS has excavated a 35+ acre linear this symposium are presented by both Bob Hall’s col- swath through the center of the East St. Louis complex. leagues and those scholars whose work has been influ- Work to date has exposed over 1,250 structures, 3,300 enced by his methodologies, ethnohistorical research, pits, nearly 70 marker posts, a previously unknown ag- and numerous publications. These presentations will ricultural system, and a complex mound and borrow range from interpretations of Pisa imagery to those landscape. These have yielded new insights on Missis- aspects of contemporary Native American beliefs that sippian political and social growth. These excavations are rooted in an ancient past. have changed the way we understand Cahokia.

22 Bulletin 55—2012

Re c e n t Re s e a rc h i n t h e Ca d d o Ar e a : Cu l t u r e , Mo rb i d i t y , a n d Mo r t a l i t y i n Pl a c e , Pr a c t i c e , a n d Hi s t o r y t h e So u t h e a s t : Cu rr e n t Re s e a rc h i n Bi o - a rc h a e o l o g y Organizers: Duncan P. McKinnon (University of Arkansas) and Elsbeth Linn Dowd (Sam Noble Okla- Organizers: Tracy K. Betsinger (State University of homa Museum of Natural History) New York, Oneonta), Maria O. Smith (Illinois State University), and Michaelyn Harle (Tennessee Valley Time: Thursday, 8:00 AM-Noon Authority) Researchers in the Caddo area have recently focused Time: Friday, 8:00 AM-2:40 PM on the interpretation of localities in new and more subtle ways. Some techniques include geophysics, fine-grained The investigation of many aspects of community stylistic analyses, distributional studies, mortuary studies, health and lifestyles of past populations are greatly en- and other methods that allow for more detailed views of hanced by, or only possible through, the analysis of particular contexts and insight into the history of particu- archaeologically derived human skeletal remains. The lar places on the landscape. The in-depth examination of full scope and capability of such analysis has yet to be local practices and events is facilitating the comparison achieved for most skeletal series. The purpose of this of similarities and differences across the Caddo area on a fifth annual symposium is to provide the opportunity new level, enabling researchers to investigate the move- for bioarchaeologists to share their current findings, ment of peoples and ideas and to trace the reasons for his- novel methodologies, and research trajectories as they torical developments in particular places through time. relate to the various unanswered questions about the peoples of the Southeast.

Pl e n a r y Se s s i o n : Ta k i n g St o c k o f So c i a l Th e o r y i n So u t h e a s t e r n Arc h a e o l o g y Mi s s i s s i pp i a n Be g i n n i n g s : Va r i a b i l i t y , In e q u a l i t y , a n d In t e r a c t i o n i n t h e So u t h - Organizer: Vernon James Knight (University of Ala- e a s t a n d Mi d w e s t bama) Organizers: Gregory D. Wilson (University of Cali- Time: Thursday, 2:00 PM-4:50 PM fornia, Santa Barbara) and Colleen Delaney-Riviera (California State University, Channel Islands) Six invited southeasternists explain the brand of so- cial theory that informs their archaeological work. They Time: Friday, 8:20 AM-4:20 PM reflect on how human sociality fundamentally works, and how this helps structure their research outlook. The Two decades ago Mississippian cultural origins session offers a potentially diverse cross-section of how were commonly viewed as the outcome of well- southeastern archaeologists currently are thinking about bounded Woodland populations evolving in situ. Dif- social theory in archaeology. The discussant is a gradu- ferent Mississippian polities were conceived of as ate student, selected to represent the new group “SEAC organizationally comparable as they had evolved in Underground.” similar environmental and cultural contexts. Today it is difficult to address the topic of Mississippian origins without directly engaging with evidence of organiza- Ne w Li g h t o n a n Ol d En i g m a : Re c e n t tional variation. Moreover, migrations, pilgrimages, Re s e a rc h a t Cr y s t a l Ri v e r a n d It s Co n - violent conflicts, and other far-flung entanglements t e m p o r a r i e s now appear to have pervaded the early Mississippian past. Symposium participants consider fresh evidence Organizers: Thomas J. Pluckhahn (University of South and ideas to update understandings of Mississippian Florida) and Victor D. Thompson (University of Georgia) beginnings in different portions of the Southeast and Midwest. Time: Friday, 9:00 AM-Noon Crystal River (8CI1), on Florida’s west-central coast, Br i d g i n g Hi s t o r y a n d Pr e h i s t o r y was described by Ripley Bullen as “enigmatic.” The re- covery of Hopewellian artifacts by C.B. Moore made the Organizers: John E. Worth (University of West site famous, and work by Bullen and others established Florida), Ramie A. Gougeon (University of West the site’s chronological placement in the Woodland pe- Florida), and Patrick Johnson (College of William riod. However, contemporary work has been limited, and Mary) and the site has remained poorly understood. The Crystal River Early Village Archaeological Project (CREVAP) is Time: Friday, 9:00 AM-Noon a three-year NSF-funded study of the dynamics of com- petition and cooperation in early villages, using Crystal There is growing recognition that the indigenous River as a case study. Papers in this session describe re- social entities conceived by prehistoric archaeolo- search conducted by CREVAP during its first two years. gists on the one hand, and historic archaeologists and

23 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

ethnohistorians on the other, are not easily reconciled region: (1) gaining new insight on old questions by with one another. While some speculate that the dif- reexamining underutilized data sets (especially existing ference may be due to the dynamic changes experi- archaeological collections and obscure historical enced by these very same groups across the traumatic records), and (2) developing theoretically robust and boundary between prehistory and history, we suspect socially meaningful archaeological research projects they derive from more fundamental ontological and in collaboration with native communities. methodological differences between how archaeolo- gists and ethnohistorians perceive and construct these social entities using material and documentary data, Ce n t r a l Al a b a m a a n d Be y o n d : Es s a y s i n respectively. What steps should we take to bridge the Ho n o r o f Cr a i g T. Sh e l d o n , Jr. divide between prehistory and history? Organizers: Cameron B. Wesson (Lehigh University) and John W. Cottier (Auburn University) Th e o r i z i n g Ri t u a l De p o s i t i o n : Bu r y i n g Pe r s o n s , Pl a c e s , a n d /o r Th i n g s Time: Saturday, 8:00 AM-Noon Organizers: Bretton Giles (CEMML, Colorado For five decades, Craig T. Sheldon, Jr., has made State University) and Corin Pursell (Saint Louis important contributions to a variety of topics in South- University) eastern archaeology. Craig’s pioneering work has helped refine our understanding of Central Alabama Time: Friday, 8:00 AM-5:00 PM cultural chronology—especially the Alabama River Phase—helped contextualize earlier research in the The ritual deposition of persons, places, and things, region, provided essential insights into both public often by covering them with earth, was a pervasive as- and domestic architecture, and added tremendously to pect of Southeastern ceremonial practices. While this our knowledge of the protohistoric and historic Creek. is widely recognized, the act or process of deposition is His work has inspired colleagues in the Southeast and rarely the focus of study. This symposium will provide beyond. Papers in this session are inspired by the vari- a forum for theorizing ritual deposition in the Southeast. ous aspects of Craig’s research–with authors extend- Participants will explore the significance of intention- ing his ideas to examine a host of temporal and cul- ally interring and covering specific deposits, caches, tural contexts. burials, structures, and/or precincts with ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and/or other explicitly theoretical frame- works. Pertinent topics include the symbolism of spe- cific deposits and whether particular ‘things’ were as- Se e i n g t h e Fo r e s t De s p i t e t h e Tr e e s : sociated with ceremonial sacrifice/oblation, pollution, Pr o b l e m -o r i e n t e d Re s e a rc h a n d purification, renewal, and/or remembrance. In t e rpr e t a t i o n o n t h e Na t i o n a l Fo r e s t s i n t h e So u t h e r n Re g i o n .

Ne w Re s e a rc h Di r e c t i o n s i n We s t e r n Organizer: Jessica Gisler (USDA, Tombigbee No r t h Ca r o l i n a National Forest)

Organizer: Benjamin A. Steere (University of West Time: Saturday, 8:40 AM-Noon Georgia) Forest Service archaeologists and their contract Time: Saturday, 8:40 AM-Noon partners have contributed greatly to our understand- ing of the archaeology of the Southeast. While Sec- This symposium showcases current research in the tion 106 and 110 compliance are a major job com- piedmont and mountains of western North Carolina. ponent, Forest Service archaeologists are also faced The papers presented here make contributions to with challenges in research and interpretation. To several research areas, including regional analysis, address these challenges, Forests often partner with domestic space, change and continuity in subsistence other agencies, academics, and their community. practices, and the history of archaeology. They This group of papers will highlight recent problem- are united by two themes of broad anthropological oriented research performed on the National Forests significance that characterize new research in the of the Southern Region.

24 Bulletin 55—2012

Ab s t r a c t s o f Pa p e r s a n d Po s t e r s

Abbott, David (see Olin, Susan) Anderson, Derek T. (see Baca, Keith A.) Alt, Susan M. (Indiana University) and Elizabeth Anderson, Elyse (University of Florida) Watts (Indiana University) Returning the Animals: Navigating Relations and Per- Enchained, Entangled, Engaged: Building Mississip- sonhood Through Deposition. pian Society. Animal remain deposits, far from being uncon- The transition from Late Woodland to Mississip- scious trash heaps, are a potential avenue for exploring pian society was not a bounded phenomenon every- how peoples in the past navigated relationships with where but rather involved the movement and interac- animals. From a relational ontological position, depo- tion of people, places, things and ideas. As new data sitional practice can be explored through an animistic from the Cahokia region and the Ohio Valley empha- lens, where maintaining genial interactions with ani- size, Mississippian was not an in situ development, mal persons is predicated on the proper handling of and was not simply a political development based on their bodies after death. Looking specifically at a St. the rise of the “chiefdom.” In this paper we discuss in- Johns II period village in northeast Florida, the meth- teractions between Cahokians, Yankeetown, and early odological considerations of such an approach are people from southern Indiana, focusing highlighted. (Session 2E) on the metrics of domestic buildings, to demonstrate the kinds of complex interactions that helped shape the Angst, Michael G. (see Hollenbach, Kandi) spread of what we call . (Session 2C) Arjona, Jamie (University of Illinois, Urbana-Cham- paign) Alt, Susan M. (see Krutchen, Jeffery D.) Labile Landscapes: An Archaeology of Temporality. As archaeologists, we continually confront the in- Alvey, Jeffrey S. (Mississippi State University) terconnectedness of time and space in both field meth- Assessing Variability in Triangular Points from the od and theoretical interpretation. This paper serves to Tombigbee River Drainage: examine the fluidity of temporality through an analysis A Case Study in Classification and Chronology. of a nineteenth-century estate constructed on a prehis- The ubiquity of small triangular points in the toric Mississippian mound site. The dynamic mean- southeastern U.S., and their association with the late ings of this site for its historically situated inhabitants, prehistoric and protohistoric periods, is well estab- at first glance, offer a sense of temporal dislocation. lished within Southeastern archaeology. Upon first Upon further inspection, however, the evocative pow- inspection the triangular point seems only modestly er of such a mound site allows us to perceive connec- useful as a chronological tool due to what appears to tions to the landscape that transcends the chronology be a largely unchanged form that persisted from ca. of history. (Session 2O) A.D. 700 to protohistoric times. This paper presents a study in which triangular point assemblages from sites Ashcraft, Scott (Pisgah National Forest) and Rodney in the Tombigbee River drainage of Mississippi and J. Snedeker (National Forests in Carolina) Alabama were analyzed for the purpose of refining View From the Drip-line: Rock Shelter Research on regional chronologies. A discussion of issues related the National Forests in North Carolina. to unit construction and classification will also be pre- Thirty-five years of rock shelter documentation sented. (Session 1G) on the National Forests in North Carolina has resulted with a significant accumulation of data. Summarizing Alvey, Jeffrey S. (see Baca, Keith A.) this work has enhanced our understanding of this site

25 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

type to further refine research objectives and develop Ayvaz, Melissa (University of Florida) reliable contexts. Efforts are progressing to better pre- Archaeotempestology at Pineland: Exploring the Cit- dict location, interpret temporal and cultural use tra- rus Ridge Component of the Coastal Site Complex. ditions, and to evaluate and preserve these invaluable Recent excavations at southwest Florida’s coast- cultural resources. (Session 3A) al Pineland Site Complex have revealed new infor- mation about the site’s occupation and environment. Ashley, Keith (University of North Florida) Citrus Ridge is a component of the complex charac- Mission Santa Cruz de Guadalquini (1684-1696): Ar- terized by both natural and anthropogenic features. tifacts and Architecture. Excavations aimed to explore the potential impact This paper moves beyond Alabama and the Creek of a major hurricane hypothesized to have struck the Indian frontier to examine the late seventeenth century site during the fourth century A.D. during the Caloo- Mission Santa Cruz de Guadalquini along the Atlan- sahatchee I regional cultural period. In addition to tic coast of La Florida. Originally established among providing insight into this storm event, results of the the Mocama Indians on St. Simons Island, Georgia, work may aid in refining the chronology and con- this mission community was relocated to northeastern struction of the impressive system of water features Florida because of raids by French pirates and British- characteristic of the site’s later occupational history. sponsored slavers. After discovering the mission’s (Session 2L) location in 2005, the University of North Florida has spent portions of six field seasons testing the site. In Baca, Keith A. (Mississippi State University), Jeffrey addition to a large collection of mission period arti- S. Alvey (Mississippi State University), and Derek T. facts and daub, block excavations have revealed the Anderson (Mississippi State University) outline of a rectangular structure. (Session 3B) New Investigations into the “Starkville Archaeologi- cal Complex:” A Late Mississippian to Early Historic Ashley, Keith (see Thunen, Robert) Settlement in East-Central Mississippi. During summer 2011, researchers from Missis- Auerbach, Benjamin M. (University of Tennessee), sippi State University undertook field research at a late Jessica D. Carriger (University of Tennessee), and Mississippian-early historic settlement (22OK1147) Lynne P. Sullivan (University of Tennessee) located in the city of Starkville, Mississippi. This re- Southern Exposure? Assessing Population Relation- search involved the investigation of a house cluster ships Among Eastern Tennessee Valley Sites from the that was to be destroyed by a proposed housing devel- Late Woodland and Mississippian Periods. opment. Due to the site’s unusually good state of pres- Population continuity between the Late Wood- ervation, archaeological remains have provided new land Hamilton focus and the early Mississippians insights into the nature of aboriginal settlement during remains unresolved. More than one Mississippian this important period of early contact with Europe- tradition is found among sites in the eastern Tennes- ans. This paper presents preliminary results from our see Valley, as indicated in archaeological compari- ongoing investigations of ceramic, faunal, and lithic sons. Some cranial analyses further argue that these assemblages, as well as data pertaining to the nature different cultural practices correlate with biologi- and timing of the occupations represented at the site. cal distinctions, but continuity with Late Woodland (Session 2N) populations has not been assessed. Using skeletal morphometrics to test these patterns, we reexamine Baires, Sarah E. (University of Illinois, Urbana- biological distinctions among Mississippians in east- Champaign) and Melissa Baltus (University of Illi- ern Tennessee, and further compare them with Late nois, Urbana-Champaign) Woodland skeletons. Analyses examine continuity Re-Thinking ‘Ritual’ Depositions: Using Relational with and relationships among skeletons buried in Ontology to Explore Mississippian Depositional Acts. various sites during the Hiwassee and Dallas Missis- Artifact caching, soil layering, and other inten- sippian phases. (Session 2M) tional depositional practices –archaeologically defined “ritual deposits” of the past – are especially prevalent Ausel, Erica L. (Indiana University) during the Mississippian period. Employing a perspec- Scattered Elements, Scattered Memories: Residential tive of relational ontology, however, we interrogate the Mortuary Practices at the Angel Site. validity of a past partitioned into religious, political, Between 1939 and 1941, 310 recorded buri- and daily spheres. Rather, this perspective emphasizes als were excavated from the Angel site, located near the multi-experiential and multi-dimensional aspects Evansville, Indiana. Of these burials, 296 originated of social life. Intentional depositional acts can no lon- from a densely inhabited neighborhood just within the ger be usefully described as simply ‘sacred’ or ‘ritual’ palisade. Angel has been found to share elements of practices. Rather, these deposits should be explored mortuary practices from both north and southeastern as experiences tied to multiple layers of social life, in- precontact sites, but also exhibits some degree of in vestigating the relationships constructed through such situ mortuary ritual. Largely ignored however, are the deposits between humans, non-human agents, and the thousands of single human elements also recovered landscape. (Session 2E) from this area. These scattered remains support long- term use of the neighborhood as a mortuary facility, Baltus, Melissa (see Baires, Sarah E.) creating a place that provided continuous physical re- minders of the site’s ancestral past. (Session 2E) Baluha, Dave (see Peres, Tanya M.)

26 Bulletin 55—2012

Bardolph, Dana (University of California, Santa Bar- or associated with a particular ritual action, archae- bara) ologists often struggle with issues of intentionality of Culinary Encounters and Cahokian Contact: Food deposition and contextual associations. This paper Preparation, Serving, and Storage in the Central Il- will address how the ritual importance of objects may linois River Valley. not align with traditional definitions of ritual deposi- This paper presents an archaeological study of tion and purposeful interment. A case study from the culture change and persistence in the Central Illinois Lower Valley will trace the depositional River Valley during the early Mississippian period, history and interpretation of negative painted pottery when ancient Cahokians spread out amongst aborigi- and painted daub that have been associated with sym- nal Late Woodland groups. Using ceramic and pit bolism and rituals relating to the sun but were not pur- feature data from the Lamb site, I assess Cahokian posefully interred under the earth. (Session 2E) influence on traditional Late Woodland culinary prac- tice. I conclude that although locals actively adopted Beck, Robin A., Jr. (see Rodning, Christopher B.) some aspects of Mississippian culture (including well- crafted Cahokia-style pottery), they retained more Beech, Patty (see Olin, Susan) traditionally Late Woodland organizational practices of cooking, serving, and storing food. By placing the Bennett, Jamie M. (U.S. Forest Service, Land Be- organization of foodways at the center of this study, tween the Lakes) this paper illuminates another dimension of Cahokian Footprints of the Past: Woodlands Trace Wildlife Gar- contact in the region. (Session 2F) dens. Land Between The Lakes is working on a pilot Bardolph, Dana (see VanDerwarker, Amber M.) demonstration project to develop wildlife gardens by replacing non-native invasive species plants with na- Barrett, Jared (TRC Environmental Corporation) tive wild flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees within the The Wells Creek Site (40SW63): A Review of Previous building footprints of the former community of Mod- Excavations and Results of TRC’s 2012 Survey. el, Tennessee. The project offers a unique opportunity The Wells Creek Site (40SW63) in north central to remember and validate the sacrifice of the former Tennessee has been recently cited as a major Paleoin- residents and create a field laboratory in which to dem- dian site. During the spring and summer of 2012, TRC onstrate, teach, and foster the history and integration had the opportunity to conduct an archaeological site of human and natural environments for visitors, vol- survey on land recently acquired by the Tennessee unteers, partners, and our surrounding communities. Valley Authority (TVA). This presentation will dis- (Session 3C) cuss and review the methods and results of the TRC survey. Our conclusion, in agreement with another Benson, Erin (University of Illinois, Urbana-Cham- recent evaluation, is that Wells Creek includes major paign) and important Late Archaic and Early Woodland com- Terminal Beginnings at the East St. Louis Mound ponents with only a minimal presence of Paleoindian Complex. material. (Session 1I) Recent investigations at East St. Louis Mound Complex revealed a heretofore-unknown late Terminal Barrier, Casey R. (University of Michigan) Late Woodland (TLW) settlement concentrated at the Eleventh-Century Community Organization in the north end of the site. The large and dense TLW habita- Central American Bottom: A Glimpse at the Social tion initiated the continuous occupation of the site that Groups and Institutional Trajectories of a Mississip- lasted through the Mississippian Stirling Phase. It is pian History. one of only a handful of sites in the region that were For decades archaeologists have recognized that occupied throughout the Mississippian Transition. In the Central Mississippi Valley was a region where this paper, we provide a review of features and settle- early and distinctive developments occurred that influ- ment distribution as well as a brief discussion of rare enced Mississippian beginnings. Sustained research in features and artifacts, most notably a ditch, massive the American Bottom portion has provided detailed in- pits, dog burials, and non-local items. (Session 1D) formation about early Mississippian beginnings there. Ongoing work at several key sites continues to create a Benyshek, Tasha (TRC Environmental Corporation) fuller picture of the region’s enmeshed histories and or- and Paul A. Webb (TRC Environmental Corpora- ganizational variability. This paper presents results of tion) fieldwork at Washausen, a small Late Woodland-Early Recent Excavations at Iotla Town. Mississippian mound center in the Central American TRC conducted data recovery excavations in Bottom. Focus will be on what can be learned about 2009 at site 31MA77 in advance of improvements sociopolitical trajectories here, and what they may say to the Macon County Airport north of the town of about Mississippian elsewhere. (Session 2C) Franklin, North Carolina. The site is part of the eigh- teenth-century Historic Cherokee town of Iotla (Joree Barrier, Casey R. (see Horsley, Timothy J.) in Bartram’s Travels). The excavations did uncover abundant evidence of the historic Late Qualla town, Barzilai, Rebecca (Indiana University) but also found multiple earlier occupations. The ex- Tracing Intentionality and Significance: Interpreting cavations documented 100 Middle Woodland through Depositional Histories. Historic Cherokee structures and over 900 non-post When constructing the depositional meaning as- features. Importantly, 102 graves were also identified, sociated with objects interpreted as ritually important and are now protected. (Session 3A)

27 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

Bergstrom, Velicia R. (Kisatchie National Forest) paper I draw on multiple lines of data including pre- Saline Sailing on the Kisatchie. vious excavations, new ceramic analyses, and recent Since 2006, the Kisatchie National Forest has geophysical survey to assess three indicators of social worked in part with Northwestern State University, inequality during Ocmulgee’s most densely populated adjacent land owners, the state regional archaeologist, Early Mississippian occupation. The data indicate that and, more recently, a PhD candidate from the Universi- a great social divide existed during this stage of occu- ty of Alabama to document Drake’s Salt Works in Winn pancy and only a small percent of the population lived Parish (16WN30). The salt works consist of multiple near mounds, restricted access to residential space, and activity areas of various sizes within the natural surface owned fine ceramic wares. (Session 2C) areas of salt deposits, locally referred to as “licks.” A brief history of the salt works includes use from pre- Bigman, Daniel P. (see Brannan, Stefan) historic times through the Civil War, affording folks an opportunity to procure this valuable commodity. This Biwer, Matthew E. (University of California, Santa paper will discuss the myriad of techniques used at the Barbara) site and present our preliminary findings. (Session 3C) An Analysis of Late Woodland Paleoethnobotanical Remains from the Myer Dickson site in the Central Il- Betsinger, Tracy K. (State University of New York, linois River Valley. Oneonta) and Maria O. Smith (Illinois State Univer- This paper presents paleoethnobotanical data from sity) the Late Woodland occupation of the Myer-Dickson Transpositions, Talon Cusps, and Supernumerary Teeth: site, located in the Central Illinois River Valley (CIRV). Chewing Over the Meaning of Anomalies of the Perma- The Myer-Dickson botanical data are considered in nent Dentition in Late Prehistoric East Tennessee. reference to other published Late Woodland plant data Dental anomalies have been documented in a wide from the region in order to assess the site-level data in variety of archaeological populations. In most instances, terms of broader regional trends. The regional-level these anomalies are reported as case studies. The pur- analysis informs us about issues related to settlement pose of this study is to systematically evaluate the den- and seasonality, as well as variation in the timing of tition from three skeletal assemblages for the presence the adoption of maize in the valley. This analysis of anomalies and to determine whether distinct patterns thus serves as an initial discussion of Late Woodland emerge. A total of 290 adults were examined, including human occupation and subsistence at Myer-Dickson. 208 remains from Late Mississippian sites (A.D. 1300- (Session 1F) 1500) and 82 from a Late Woodland (A.D. 600-1000) site. Results indicate that anomalies are present in all Black, Rachel (Georgia Department of Natural Re- sites and in both periods. The majority of anomalies are sources) patterned and occur in the canine-first premolar region. Reaching Out: Public Archaeology at the Lyon Farm. (Session 2B) In April 2012, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Historic Preservation Division, partnered Betzenhauser, Alleen (Illinois State Archaeological with the Arabia Mountain Heritage Area Alliance, Survey) and Robert W. Rohe (Illinois State Archaeo- Inc., in a public archaeology project at the Lyon Farm logical Survey) in the Flat Rock community, DeKalb County, Georgia. Construction and Conflagration: Contextualizing the With archaeologists from DNR, members of the pub- Stirling Phase Communities of the East St. Louis Mound lic searched for the location of the slave cabins. Since Complex. little information exists regarding these enslaved resi- Recent investigations at East St. Louis Mounds dents, this project helps to provide descendants with Complex revealed a Stirling phase occupation charac- information about their ancestors and also helps to terized by both concentrated subcommunities with as- educate the public on archaeological matters as well sociated plazas, community buildings, and temples as as preserve Georgia’s historic and archaeological heri- well as more dispersed habitation throughout the site tage. (Session 2P—Poster) area. These Stirling phase features exhibit marked ar- chitectural diversity, and their distribution and construc- Blank, Anne Marie Maher (Coastal Environments, tion point to planned community designs. Previous in- Inc.), Thurston H. G. Hahn III (Coastal Environ- vestigations yielded evidence for a possible termination ments, Inc.), and Andrea R. McCarthy (Coastal En- of site occupation after the Stirling phase directly related vironments, Inc.) to a widespread conflagration. We will review evidence Child’s Play in the Cemetery of Last Resort. that largely supports such an assertion and will attempt In 2011, the Federal Emergency Management to determine the contexts of, and possible causes for, the Agency hired Coastal Environments, Inc., to conduct burning event. (Session 1D) historical research and monitor the demolition of the historic Thomy Lafon Elementary School in New Betzenhauser, Alleen (see Pauketat, Timothy R.) Orleans, Louisiana. Eligible for inclusion on the Na- tional Register of Historic Places, the original Thomy Bigman, Daniel P. (University of Georgia) Lafon School was built in 1906 and was named after Proximity, Privacy, and Preciosities: Indicators of So- a nineteenth-century African American philanthro- cial Inequality at Ocmulgee. pist. Prior to school construction, between 1865 and Although more excavation occurred at Ocmulgee 1879, the property served as the Locust Grove Cem- than any other sites in Georgia, the work remained un- etery. Though the cemetery was abandoned in 1879, derreported and the site a mystery until recently. In this the burials interred there were never removed, and

28 Bulletin 55—2012 monitoring was conducted to ensure that the burials ing the deposition of various substances and persons. remained undisturbed. (Session 1J—Poster) Observed in diverse contexts and fields of action, certain deposits cannot be readily understood through Blankenship, Beth (University of South Florida) functionally oriented explanations. For instance, they Understanding the Hopewellian Influence at Crys- often register the deliberate combination of materi- tal River, Florida: A Test of the Production Center als that not only evoke ancestral relationships, but are Model. also, in some cases, suggestive of otherworldly inter- The Crystal River site in west-central Florida is actions. Among the more evocative are acts of burn- famous as the southernmost major participant in the ing, the juxtaposition of substances from the Lower Hopewell Interaction Sphere. Goad (1978), among and Upper Worlds, and the transposing of these worlds others, proposed that Crystal River secured this po- in inversions of depositional practice. (Session 2E) sition by controlling the production and exchange of marine shell ornaments and cups. I test this hypoth- Blitz, John H. (see Davis, Jeremy R.) esis through the analysis of marine shell recovered from 58 core samples extracted from the Crystal River Boedy, Randall D. (see Des Jean, Tom) mounds, plaza, middens, and surrounding marshland. The analysis reveals only a limited presence of ma- Boles, Steve (Illinois State Archaeological Survey), rine shell used in ornament production, contradict- Thomas E. Emerson (Illinois State Archaeological ing Goad’s hypothesis. I propose several alternative Survey), and H. Blaine Ensor (Illinois State Archaeo- explanations for the disproportionate presence of logical Survey) Hopewellian items at Crystal River. (Session 2A) Exotic Cultural Material and Crafting at the East Saint Louis Mound Complex. Blankenship, Sarah A. (University of Tennessee, The role of exotics and workshops in the rise of Knoxville) and John W. Cottier (Auburn University) complex societies continues to be of vital interest to ar- Elemental Characterization of Metal Disc Gorgets chaeologists. Recent and ongoing excavations at East from Early Historic-Period Sites in the Southeast. St. Louis have yielded a variety of non-local ceramic Previous elemental analyses conducted by the and lithic items from Lohmann and Stirling phase con- authors of three metal, disc-style gorgets recovered texts. We discuss some of these exotic items that infer from excavations at the Upper Creek towns of Hick- interactions with and influences from various outside ory Ground and Fusihatchee, both located in central groups, as well as, the crafting of utilitarian and non- Alabama, demonstrated that the metals are European utilitarian items from local and non-local raw material in origin. Based on the results of these analyses we in what might be workshop localities within the resi- also posited that it may be possible to chronologically dential areas. (Session 1D) seriate these artifacts by their chemical compositions. To further test this hypothesis we analyzed additional Boles, Steve (see Brennan, Tamira) metal gorgets recovered from early historic-period contexts in Alabama and Tennessee by means of en- Booker, Rebecca (University of West Florida) ergy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). This pa- Life in a Floating Lumber Camp: An Archaeological per discusses the chemical characterization of these Survey of a Submerged Site on the Escambia River. artifacts and compares these results with those of our This poster summarizes the 2012 archeological previous analyses. (Session 3B) survey at a partially submerged site on the Escam- bia River, located in Escambia County, Florida. This Blanton, Dennis (Fernbank Museum of Natural His- archaeological site is currently being interpreted as tory) and Wes Patterson (University of South Caro- a floating bunkhouse from the early 1900s and is as- lina) sociated with the cypress lumber industry. The float- De Soto Entrada Contact with a Mississippian Chiefly ing bunkhouses provided lodging for the lumbermen Compound: Evidence from the in Georgia. and field supervisors as they traveled up and down the Continuing investigation of the Glass Site in river harvesting materials for the lumber mills. This southeastern Georgia provides new, compelling evi- poster also considers the site’s economic role within dence of direct contact between the residents of a late Gulf Coast lumber industry and the culture that de- Mississippian chiefly compound and the Spanish ex- veloped within these floating communities. (Session ploring party led by Hernando de Soto. A large and di- 1J—Poster) verse assemblage of early-sixteenth-century European artifacts has been recovered within the confines of the Boudreaux, Tony (East Carolina University) compact community featuring a large public building. Early Mississippian in the North Carolina Piedmont. The findings require adjustments to the currently fa- New evidence and a re-evaluation of existing data vored De Soto route as well as our view of the region’s indicates that Mississippian lifeways, indicated by the native cultural landscape. (Session 2N) spread of complicated stamped pottery and the appear- ance of larger settlements, did not appear in the North Blanton, Dennis (see Patterson, Wes) Carolina Piedmont until at least A.D. 1150-1200, later than currently presented in the region’s cultural Blessing, Megan C. (University of Florida) sequence. The presence of several larger Early Mis- Otherworldly Deposition in Stallings Ritual Practice. sissippian settlements suggests that these new cultural The greater Stallings region provides an opportu- practices spread rapidly across the area. Evidence nity to examine the material evidence of ritual involv- from Town Creek, the largest Mississippian site in the

29 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

region, indicates that corporate kin groups were an in- ple’s use of space varied through time, suggesting tegral part of these Early Mississippian communities change in the organization of social relationships and and that community defense was an important con- conceptualization of the community. (Session 1C) cern. (Session 2C) Brennan, Mary Z. (Ozark-St. Francis National For- Bousman, C. Britt (see Selden, Robert Z., Jr.) ests) Using GIS to Model Landscape, Memory, and Iden- Boyd, C. Cliff (Radford University) and Donna C. tity: A Case Study from Treat, Arkansas. Boyd (Radford University) This paper discusses the use of GIS to thematically Patterning and Variability in Late Woodland Mortu- model and reconstruct “memory-scape” at Treat, Ar- ary Behavior in Southwest Virginia. kansas. Utilizing data from archaeological fieldwork, Observed mortuary attributes in the graves of documentary sources, and oral histories, GIS model- prehistoric societies have long been considered re- ing enables a spatial representation of social related- flections of status and social relationships in their ness defined by the nineteenth- and early-twentieth- living populations. This poster compares the mortu- century settlers who shaped this cultural landscape. ary patterning and variation between the thirteenth- Additionally it provides information towards a fuller century Shannon site (44MY8) and the seventeenth- understanding of how archeological sites function in century Trigg site (44MY3) in Montgomery County, the construction of descendant community identities. Virginia, to illustrate both continuity and temporal (Session 3C) change over a 400-year time span. Statistically sig- nificant associations of exotic trade items with sub- Brennan, Tamira (Illinois State Archaeological Sur- adult burials are seen for the mortuary populations vey) and Steve Boles (Illinois State Archaeological of both sites, with the addition of a specific artifact Survey) class—turtle carapace cups—in the later Trigg site. Feature 2000: A New Mississippian Mound at the East (Session 2B) St. Louis Mound Complex. Since 2008, Illinois State Archaeological Sur- Boyd, Donna C. (see Boyd, C. Cliff) vey personnel have been conducting investigations at the Terminal Late Woodland through Mississip- Bradbury, Andrew P. (Cultural Resource Analysts, pian Stirling Phase (A.D. 1000–1200) East St. Louis Inc.) and Philip J. Carr (University of South Ala- Mound Complex (11S706) as part of the New Mis- bama) sissippi River Bridge project. This paper highlights Non-metric Continuum Based Flake Analysis. the discovery of Feature 2000, a large and previously Arguably, stone tool production is a continuous undocumented mound at the site’s western periphery, process. Most lithic analysts, if they examine flake as well as associated borrows, post pits, and burials. debris, divide this continuum into stages. Limited These finds afford a unique glimpse into the daily and previous work indicates an individual flake can be as- ceremonial life of this major pre-Columbian urban signed successfully within a continuum of reduction. center, while enhancing our understanding of regional However, reliance on time-consuming, metric attri- events that contributed to the rise of the Cahokian pol- butes has resulted in limited application to archaeo- ity. (Session 1D) logical assemblages. Here, alternative attributes for assigning a flake to a place along the production con- Brilliant, M. Brooke (Archaeological Consultants of tinuum are examined. While preliminary, the results the Carolinas, Inc.) show promise when employing size grade, platform Handmade at Hampton: An Investigation of Colono- facet count, and dorsal scars/weight. Considering ware Production at Hampton Plantation. additional attributes, conducting more experiments, Recent excavations at Hampton Plantation, an employing diverse knappers and lithic materials are eighteenth- to nineteenth-century rice plantation in necessary before wide scale application. (Session Charleston County, South Carolina, produced colono- 1G) ware associated with potential activity areas and living quarters of enslaved African Americans. This paper Bradbury, Andrew P. (see Price, Sarah) will examine evidence of colonoware production at Hampton and the nature of this production, whether Brannan, Stefan (University of Georgia) and Daniel for the market, for personal use, or both. This research P. Bigman (University of Georgia) has the potential to provide information on the factors Do Mississippian Plazas Represent Open Spaces or influencing the production and distribution of colono- Rich Histories? ware, the role colonoware played in the daily lives of Plazas are complicated spaces containing evi- the enslaved residents of Hampton, and how they in- dence for dynamic histories. What we see today is teracted with others through trading networks. (Ses- the final product of long-term interactions between sion 2O) community members. We investigated the plaza at Singer-Moye (9SW2) using an integrated geophysi- Brooks, Jason (Louisiana State University) cal survey consisting of electromagnetic induction, A Landscape of Conflict: Examining the New Hope ground penetrating radar, and magnetic susceptibil- Church Battlefield Landscape. ity, coupled with shovel testing and limited excava- The Battle of New Hope Church was fought on tion. Our survey recorded anomalies in some plaza May 25-26, 1864 as part of the Atlanta Campaign of areas, but not in others. Our findings indicate peo- the American Civil War. This research utilizes his-

30 Bulletin 55—2012

torical records along with archaeological fieldwork Brown, James A. (see Kelly, John) in order to better understand the battlefield land- scape. Although the battlefield was only occupied Brown, LaDonna (THPO Chickasaw Nation) for a short period of time, individual actors would “What’s for Dinner?”: Cultural Continuity Through have behaved in, perceived of, and constructed the the Archaeological Record. battlefield landscape based on a set of cultural norms In mid-July, an excavation in the historic Chicka- imposed on them by the strict structure of the mili- saw Homeland presented the Chickasaw people with tary. In conclusion, this research offers insight into evidence for ongoing continuity of our foodways from how the battlefield landscape at New Hope Church the Mississippi homelands to present-day Oklahoma. was created and how it has been memorialized as a Archaeological discovery of a barbecue within a mid- landscape of conflict. (Session 1J—Poster) den pit reveals the preparation of a communal meal for a family or other group. This pattern mirrors how Brooks, Mark J. (see Moore, Christopher R.) we prepare communal meals for families and groups today for cultural meetings, such as festivals, our An- Brown, Andrew (Middle Tennessee State Univer- nual meeting, and gatherings at the Kullihoma cultural sity) site. These communal foodways reinforce our sense Shaking Things Up in the Southeast: Turtle Shell of identity and enacts cultural continuity in the Chick- Rattles in the Mississippian Period. asaw Nation. (Session 1A) eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) remains are frequently recovered from archaeological sites Bryan, Jonathan R. (Northwest Florida State Col- across the Southeastern United States. Ethnographic lege) and taphonomic data suggest that box turtle shells Geologic Provenance of Lithic Artifacts and Debitage functioned as rattles. A total of 86 rattles have been from 8GD106 and 8SU377. identified through lab analysis and background re- Recent work on the geologic provenance of lithic search. During experimental research, I made rattles artifacts and debitage from Florida sites 8GD106 and using modern box turtle shells and recorded data 8SU377 allows refinement of the quarry cluster con- from the drilling process; I compared the findings to cept of Upchurch et al., which emphasized quarries the archaeological turtle shell rattles. Taphonomic from central peninsular Florida. Northern peninsula history and contextual associations must be consid- and panhandle localities contain chert originating in ered in functional interpretations. New discoveries both Florida and the Dougherty Karst Plain of Ala- have emerged for rattle design, as well as the age and bama and Georgia. The latter sites need to be incorpo- sex of the burial. (Session 3D) rated into the quarry cluster classification. Further, the in this tri-state region are silicified, Eocene and Brown, Ian (University of Alabama) Oligocene limestones containing age- and outcrop- A Reexamination of the Pentagonal Struc- specific larger foraminifera, molluscs, and corals, thus ture at Ocmulgee Old Fields, Macon, Georgia. allowing very precise determination of lithic prove- This paper reexamines Carol Mason’s volume nance in geoarcheological applications. (Session 2L) The Archaeology of Ocmulgee Old Fields, Macon, Georgia (2005), a classic in Southeastern Archaeolo- Bryant, Hamilton (Auburn University) gy. This site is contained within Ocmulgee National Trenches, Remote Sensing and Soil Cores: 2012 Inves- Monument and was excavated during the Depression. tigations at the Ebert Canebrake. Mason argues that the excavated pentagonal structure Since 1997, field investigations have been con- represents a fortified trading post that was built by ducted at 1Mc25, a multicomponent Woodland and the English sometime between 1690 and 1715. I do Mississippian cultural resource located in central Ala- not believe this structure was fortified or that it even bama. Auger testing over a significant portion of the served as a trading post. Instead, I make a case for it site in 1997 and 2010 identified areas of high and low having been an enclosed burial ground, a ritual center frequencies of artifact concentration and suggested that was used both prehistorically and historically by patterns of site usage. The 2012 investigations includ- Indian populations. (Session 3B) ed standard trench excavations, the use of a magnetic gradiometer and soil cores with hopes of more precise- Brown, James A. (Northwestern University) ly identifying intact subsurface features. Each method Robert Hall, Birdman, and the Tri-partite Cosmos. was successful in identifying anomalies believed to be Bob Hall was a pioneer in advocating a recon- associated with the previously recognized fortifica- ciliation of the archaeological record of the Eastern tion. (Session 3B) Woodlands with Native American beliefs and prac- tices. The result was a historical perspective that dif- Bucchino, Nicole (Florida Public Archaeology Net- fered significantly from that enshrined in space-time work/University of West Florida) systematics. Two of Bob’s provocative insights led Culture, Ship Construction, and Ecological Change: the author to consider new cultural connections. First The Sailing Vessels of Pensacola’s Fishing Industry. is the identification of the Birdman image with the Dubbed the “Gloucester of the Gulf,” Pensacola Morning Star deity, and the second finds the earth/ and Northwest Florida experienced a tremendous sky moiety division to be a representation of the tri- growth in the popularity of local commercial fishing partite division of the cosmos into ‘this world’ on in the years following the Civil War. Entrepreneurial the one hand and ‘the upper world’ and the ‘beneath fishermen arriving in Pensacola from New England world’ on the other. (Session 1B) fueled a massive market for fish, con-

31 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

structing what would become the last sail-powered Burrows, Tracy Newkumet (see Sabo, George, III) commercial fleet in the country. The connection be- tween the region’s Reconstruction-era industry and Butler, Amanda J. (see Skousen, B. Jacob) the natural environment in which it existed resulted in a complicated, interdependent relationship. Consid- Byrd, Julia C. (see Shanks, Jeffrey) ering modern marine characteristics, historical docu- ments, and archaeological work undertaken on the Byers, Steven N. (Central New Mexico Community wreck sites of former commercial vessels, this rela- College) tionship becomes clear. (Session 1H) Bioarchaeology as Prehistoric Ethnography: A Case Study. Buchner, C. Andrew (Panamerican Consultants, The concept of prehistoric ethnography, as used Inc.) in the past by archaeology, is applied to the bioarchae- The Foster Site (3LA27) Revisited. ological study of four prehistoric sites in Louisiana. Foster is a key Caddo site on Red River in the To gain a more complete understanding of the life of Great Bend region where Moore investigated three these peoples, information developed from bioarchae- mounds during 1912. In 2011, the site was revisited ological data was interpreted within an ethnographic and excavated for Section 106 compliance purposes. framework, under such topics as physical appearance This paper reviews the most salient findings, includ- and demography, subsistence pattern, division of labor, ing geophysical results, midden excavations, and the lifecycle, marriage and family, social groupings, medi- identification of three farmstead compounds contain- cal practices, interpersonal strife, and . The ing eight round structures, as well as the recovery of analytic results are presented as though live people four Belcher phase radiocarbon dates. The site can be were studied. It is hoped that this approach ensured interpreted as an extended village similar to that illus- that all bioarchaeological data derived from research trated on the 1691 Teran map. (Session 1E) on these sites were used to their greatest extent. (Ses- sion 2B) Buckley, Raegan (R. Christopher Goodwin & Asso- ciates, Inc.), Haley Holt (R. Christopher Goodwin & Cable, John S. (Palmetto Research Institute) and Associates, Inc.), and Nathanael Heller (R. Christo- Robert T. Morgan (Francis Marion & Sumter Na- pher Goodwin & Associates, Inc.) tional Forests) Ceramic Chronology and Seriation of Pottery Remains Synthesizing Forest Service Survey and Testing Data from the Suwannee Sinks Site (8SU377). to Address Broad Scale Patterns of Regional Settle- Until recently, the in ment: An Example from Francis Marion National For- northern Florida was defined primarily by the Fig est, South Carolina. Springs Site (8CO1), a late pre-contact and early Mis- Over the last two decades the Forest Service con- sion Period settlement in Columbia County. Phase ducted large scale, systematic survey on the Francis III data recovery by R. Christopher Goodwin & As- Marion National Forest in the lower coastal plain of sociates, Inc., at the Suwannee Sinks Site (8SU377) in South Carolina. Archaeological data on site density neighboring Suwannee County placed the occupation and occupation history are now available for analysis of the site firmly in the Late Woodland Period. This and presents an excellent opportunity for a wide range paper will present a ceramic chronology of the newly of problem-oriented research that would not be pos- defined Suwannee Sinks Phase, which bridges the sible on single survey projects. This paper will pres- chronological gap between the decline of the McKei- ent the findings of one such study that addresses the then and the occupation of the nature of the Mississippian period (A.D. 1100 - 1450) south village at the Fig Springs Site. (Session 2L) settlement pattern and investigates the possible timing and reasons for regional abandonment in the fifteenth Buikstra, Jane E. (see McKinnon, Duncan P.) century A.D. (Session 3C) Burks, Jarrod (Ohio Valley Archaeology, Inc.) Caffrey, Maria A. (see Carmody, Stephen B.) Geophysical Survey at Ohio Earthworks: Updating Nineteenth Century Maps and Filling the “Empty” Cain, Daniel (U.S. Forest Service) Spaces. Not Necessarily a Write-Off: Assessing the Signifi- Ohio is rich in Woodland Period monumental ar- cance of Small Lithic Sites. chitecture, from small, geometric ditch-and-embank- Failure to intensively investigate small “lithic ment earthworks to wooden henge-like enclosures scatters” during Phase I investigations leads to a sub- and massive complexes consisting of miles of earthen stantial number of sites being mistakenly recorded as embankments. Large-scale geophysical surveys are “isolated finds.” To address this problem, the Kisatchie showing that many of the nineteenth-century maps of National Forest recently adopted new Phase I delin- these sites are inaccurate in variety of ways. This is eation protocols for all newly recorded sites within not surprising, but what is surprising are the many new the Forest. While recording these sites offers a more enclosures and other features, some massive, that are complete picture of prehistoric settlement and land use appearing in the geophysical data. In this presentation patterns, the problem remains that “lithic scatters” are I explore geophysical survey results from several sites often uncritically dismissed as insignificant in CRM and show that many Ohio earthworks are more com- reports. This paper examines the perceived weakness- plex than previously thought. (Session 1C) es of “lithic scatters,” and emphasizes the potential

32 Bulletin 55—2012 research value and significance of these poorly under- Site is presented as a case study to demonstrate the stood sites. (Session 3C) utility of the model. Differences were seen in the use of local vs. non-local cherts in tool manufacture and Campbell, Rachel (University of Arkansas), Tim use/reuse. These aspects of the organization of lithic Schilling (Midwest Archeological Center), and Ken technology (activities and tool design), when inserted Williams (Cahokia Mounds Museum Society) in the model, allow inferences concerning prehistoric Contextualizing an Eventful Summer at Cahokia. economic and social strategies, particularly mobility. The 2012 field season at Cahokia Mounds resulted Technological strategies and demography are two ar- in the excavation of numerous fill deposits located un- eas of the model in need of additional development. derneath a large anomalous feature known as Feature (Session 1G) X. These deposits represent numerous stages of fill from the surrounding area consisting of natural fill pe- Carr, Philip J. (see Bradbury, Andrew; Price, Sarah) riods due to erosion and alluvial deposition as well as cultural deposits, most likely representing borrowing Carriger, Jessica D. (University of Tennessee) activates from throughout the site. These recent ex- Social Memory and Deposition: Landscape Alteration cavations will give insight into the age, function, and at Upper Hampton Farm (40RH41). scope of the significant landscape alterations, which Upper Hampton Farm is represented by a multi- occurred prior to the construction of the Palisades and component Native American site with an extensive Feature X. (Session 2K) Late Mississippian village. The Mississippian inhab- itants altered the landscape by covering over a Wood- Carmody, Stephen B. (University of Tennessee, land burial mound during construction of the village. Knoxville), Maria A. Caffrey (University of Tennes- Altering the mound involved four distinct filling epi- see, Knoxville), Sally P. Horn (University of Tennes- sodes that raised the landscape to reach the summit see, Knoxville), and Belinda M. Lady (University of of the mound. Possible motives for altering the land- Tennessee, Knoxville) scape include a break in the social memory, where the Prehistoric Plant Use and the Smoking Culture of the Mississippian inhabitants severed ritual ties to the ear- Southeastern U.S. lier Woodland population. The modification at Upper Throughout prehistory Native Americans smoked Hampton Farm provides a unique case to explore both several species of plants for medicinal, ceremonial and social memory and ritual deposition in Southeastern recreational purposes. While Nicotiana rustica has archaeology. (Session 2E) long interested researchers in eastern North America, other plant materials were also smoked, meaning that Carriger, Jessica D. (see Auerbach, Benjamin M.) archaeological pipes do not necessarily document to- bacco use. Here we describe our efforts to build upon Carroll, Beau (THPO Eastern Band of Cherokee In- the work of previous researchers by searching for pol- dians) len and chemical evidence of plant use in pipes from Indigenous Archaeological Practice in the Eastern Woodland and Mississippian sites in the southeastern Band of Cherokee Indians. U.S. to better understand the transmission, use, and Much has been written about Indigenous Archae- customs surrounding tobacco and other plants used in ological Theory, but little has been said about indige- the smoking culture of eastern North America. (Ses- nous field methods. The Eastern Band of Cherokee In- sion 3D) dians Tribal Historic Preservation Office has conduct- ed and participated in numerous archaeological exca- Carpenter, Erika (University of Mississippi) vations on Tribal lands over the past decade. During Interpretations of Architectural Features on the Car- this time period, the EBCI THPO has developed field son Mound Group’s Mound C. procedures that are uniquely Cherokee and conform to The Carson Mound Group, located in Coahoma traditional values. These methods will be examined to County, Mississippi, contains six large mounds ar- highlight how they differ from standard field method- ranged on a Northwest to Southeast oriented prehis- ology, while achieving the same goals. Several case toric grid. The recent removal of a historic structure studies illustrate these different field procedures, with on the top of Mound C, a , allowed emphasis on explaining the cultural reasoning behind excavations, which revealed a number of large wall these practices. (Session 1A) trench structures, some of which may have been pali- sades. The implications of these features in terms of Cegielski, Wendy (Arizona State University) site occupation and use will be explored. (Session Chiefdoms: An Agent-Based Model of Structural Re- 2K) silience and Wealth and Power Dynamics. This analysis uses Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) Carr, Philip J. (University of South Alabama) and Network Analysis to circumvent issues associated Application of an Organization of Technology Model: with static typologies by reformulating the study of Inferences of Early Archaic Behavior at the Hart Site, Mississippian chiefdoms in terms of a dynamic, social Kentucky. lab exploring the connectivity of actors across social The recent development of an organization of scales, structural changes, flows of power and wealth technology model may lead to new inferences of pre- within a chiefdom, and the processes of inequality for- historic behavior, reveal underdeveloped areas of this mation. More specifically, this research under particu- conceptual framework, and expose weak linkages be- lar parameters shows how chiefdoms as systems sur- tween levels. The Early Archaic component at the Hart vive even when a particular leader fails, how certain

33 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

actors may build up power and currency, how power Cochran, Lindsey (University of West Florida) and currency interact to produce inequality, and under High- and Low-tech Archaeological Investigations at what conditions chiefly power exhibits cycling. (Ses- Arcadia Mill’s Simpson Lot. sion 2K) The Simpson Lot on the southern uplands of Ar- cadia Mill in Milton, Florida, once included Ezekiel Chamblee, John F. (University of Georgia), Da- Simpson’s three-story Louisiana mansion-style resi- vid J. Hally (University of Georgia), George R. dence, a series of slave homes, and various other struc- Milner (Pennsylvania State University), David H. tures from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Dye (University of Memphis), Robert C. Mainford A partnership between archaeologists, historians, and (University of Arkansas), and Andrew Mickelson the Arcadia community has been mutually beneficial to (University of Memphis) all involved. Together, we identified a series of cultural Macro-regional Analysis of Mississippian Mound features using a program of geophysical remote sensing Site Distributions. and archaeological excavations. This paper will address An important frontier in archaeology is quan- the methodological advantages of employing high-tech titative analysis at near continental scales. While non-invasive archaeological testing strategies to answer there are success stories in the American Southwest, inter-disciplinary questions. (Session 2G) many macro-regional studies of pattern and process lack appropriate samples. We address this challenge Colaninno, Carol E. (University of Georgia), Carla in the southeastern United States with a program to S. Hadden (University of Georgia), and Alexandra L. document and analyze earthen mound construction Emmons (University of Tennessee) and use during the Mississippian period. Our ap- Testing Ichthyofaunal Collections for Size-Based Dif- proach combines relational database technology ferential Preservation. with state site file data and a collaborative model An important aspect of zooarchaeological research for data collection, research, and authorship. Pre- is documenting body dimensions of past animal com- liminary analysis of approximately 500 mound sites munities, but these studies often neglect size-based dif- from Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee ferential preservation and recovery. Using a collection documents changes in the geographical distribution from the McQueen Shell Ring, St. Catherines Island, and size of such sites through time. (Session 2K) Georgia, mullet (Mugil spp.) atlases are sorted by size class and categorized as either complete or fragmented. Charles, Tommy (see Moore, Christopher R.) In the context of the McQueen Ring, there is a positive correlation (ρ=.33, P<.01) between atlas size class and Claassen, Cheryl (Appalachian State University) the proportion of specimens that are fragmented. Size- An Archaic Hunt God Rite in the MidContinent. based studies may be biased against larger-bodied indi- Building on Robert Hall’s (2000) argument for viduals, whose atlases are more likely to be recovered a Mississippian rite of dedicated to as fragments. (Session 1F) Camaxtli, I argue that there are at least 18 examples of this rite in Middle Archaic and Late Archaic con- Coleman, Drew S. (see Moore, Christopher R.) texts from Elizabeth Mounds, Illinois, to Mulberry Creek, Alabama. This rite features the interment of Colvin, Matthew H. (Center for Archaeological Re- four or five adults, usually men, at least one sac- search, University of Texas, San Antonio) rificed, with shell Milky Way belts or antler. An Flint-clay Flora: Implications of Iconographic Conti- Early Archaic Four-Age rite with deer impersonator nuities in Female Statuary of the Southeast. or children buried with atlatls or Milky Way belts The research of Cahokian Flint-clay statues has or men in torso or head twisted position of ritual- been seminal in our understanding of Mississippian ized deer kills may be versions of this rite. (Session religion. I will examine several Flint-clay figurines 2E) that share the common iconographic trait of sunflower blooms either emerging from the hands or around the Clay, R. Berle (Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.) head. Although these figurines have a common origin, Ritual Uses of the Dead in the Ohio Valley Middle their depositional settings express great diversity. This Woodland: Broadening the Enquiry. shared motif reflects an aspect of the religious and cer- This paper explores the uses of the dead in emonial tradition inherent among the individuals who the Ohio Valley Middle Woodland, here explicitly crafted these stone sculptures. Proper iconographic in- defined to include both “Adena” and “Hopewell.” terpretation relies on archaeological and ethnographic Taking a lead from Goldstein’s reevaluation of sec- data and, in return, contributes a more holistic under- ondary burial at , Cahokia, it suggests that standing of the purpose and life cycles of these Flint- the “non-mortuary” (that is not directly involved clay figurines. (Session 1B) with memorializing the deceased) uses of the dead in ritual contexts are not given full consideration. Compton, J. Matthew (Southeastern Zooarchaeolog- Rather than suggesting formally defined burial ical Research, LLC) “programs,” mound “mortuary” contexts may also Cherokee Animal Use Prior to Removal. reflect complicated and variable decisions made by The early nineteenth century marks a significant the living in the process of negotiating the construc- transformation in Cherokee animal use. By the time tion of society. (Session 2E) of removal, the Cherokee were fully immersed in do-

34 Bulletin 55—2012 mestic livestock rearing. But this was a recent devel- town square of cabins and an associated town house. opment. Eurasian domesticates had been available (Session 3B) to the Cherokee through indirect/direct contact with Europeans since the seventeenth century; however, Cottier, John W. (see Blankenship, Sarah A. ) the importance of domesticates did not reach levels comparable to wild game until the late eighteenth or Craib, Alexander (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) early nineteenth century. Animal remains recovered from an early-nineteenth-century Cherokee farmstead Cranford, David J. (University of North Carolina, in Cherokee County, North Carolina, exemplify this Chapel Hill) shift with a mix of both wild and domestic animals Household Distributions of Ceramics in the Catawba representing traditional Cherokee and adopted West- Nation ca. 1760-1800. ern animal-use practices. (Session 3A) Recent archaeological excavations have docu- mented numerous domestic contexts associated with Cook, Della Collins (Indiana University) and Katie two largely contemporaneous late-eighteenth-cen- Zejdlik (Indiana University) tury Catawba settlements identified as Ayers Town Possible Survived Scalping from Banks Village Site, (34YK534) and Old Town (SoC 634). These sites Crittenden County, Arkansas. have yielded evidence for multiple discrete clusters of Gregory Perino’s 1966 monograph on Banks domestic features that have been interpreted as house- Village gives little detail about the almost 400 buri- holds. Using ceramic and spatial data recovered from als he excavated, and he left the bones in situ, apart these sites I will examine the distribution of ceramic from three crania. An adult male has dense, nodular, artifacts among the various household clusters in order reactive bone over the external surface of the right to better understand the nature of Catawba household parietal and crossing fused sutures. A small central variability within and between these communities. area is smooth and may represent necrosis. The right (Session 1K—Poster) temporomandibular joint is destroyed. Endocranial vascular features are altered. Differential diagnosis Cranford, David J. (see O’Hear, John W.) includes long-healed scalping or a severe burn. (Ses- sion 2B) Crawford, Mark M. (see Smith, Kevin E.) Cook, Robert (Ohio State University) Creswell, Bradley A. (see Hollenbach, Kandi) Mississippian Beginnings and Late Prehistoric Vil- lages in Southwest Ohio. Cummings, Linda Scott (PaleoResearch Institute) Research on Late Prehistoric villages in the Mid- Subsistence Evidence: Microscopic Needles in a Hay- dle Ohio Valley has shifted between major and minor stack or Synergistic Interpretations from Multiple attribution of Mississippian influences. Recent ef- Data Sets? forts in the Miami River Valleys have added to this Issues of preservation in the southeastern U.S. and dialogue with a three-part research focus: (1) to gain Caribbean (and other warm, humid areas) present chal- better chronological control; (2) to further document lenges for recovery of subsistence information, creat- household architecture and artifacts (including hybrid ing a moving target. A survey of successful subsistence forms and lithic and ceramic proveniencing); and (3) records provides insight into prehistoric subsistence to specifically investigate human movement through not obvious from macrofloral records alone. Starches biological measures. Results are contextualized re- provide a record of the importance of lotus roots in the garding the directions of the interactions, landscape diet of people living at and elsewhere in considerations, ancestral connections with preceding the Southeast over the past 8000 years. Sweet potato is Woodland groups, and the organization of violence, represented in a record from Guadeloupe by both starch which appears to have escalated through time. (Ses- and pollen. Zea mays is being documented in the Carib- sion 2C) bean through recovery of phytoliths. (Session 1F) Corsi, Alex (see Stephenson, Keith) Cutts, Russell (University of Georgia) Inferring Hominin/Fire Behavioral and Cognitive Pat- Cottier, John W. (Auburn University) terns Using Multiple-Method Hypotheses, Transdisci- Public Architecture at the Falls of the Coosa. plinary Data-sets and Experimentation. Investigations of the archaeological resource of Taphonomic extremes constrain paleoanthropol- lEe89, the Historic Creek town of Hickory Ground ogy. Applying multiple methods with interdisciplin- (Ocheaupofau) demonstrates a protohistoric nucleat- ary data-sets (palynology, thermal alteration, etc.) and ed settlement and a late Historic Creek more spatially actualistic studies may yield insights into cognitive dispersed settlement. Over the last few decades the and behavioral patterns typically invisible in the paleo- domestic and public architecture of such evidence archaeological record. By combining paleolandscape has remained a major research interest of Craig T. data (botany and geology), behavioral patterning as Sheldon, Jr. His contributions to such studies has evidenced in artifacts (groove, grind, break, drill, saw proven to be of major value to a better understanding actions) and relative efficacy of experimental methods, of Southeastern archaeological context. At Hicko- this study suggests links between lithic and fire modes ry Ground the protohistoric evidence represented a of production as well as cognitive influences on causal substantial building that burned and was not rebuilt; relationships in technological innovations. (Session whereas, the Historic Creek public areas included a 2H—Poster)

35 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

36 Bulletin 55—2012

Davis, Brady (The Chickasaw Nation) Delahoussaye, Jim (University of Louisiana, Reconnecting to the Homelands: The Chickasaw Pre- Lafayette) serve. Unusual Fauna Harvested by People at Portage The Chickasaw Preserve, a 35-acre portion of Mounds (16SM5): A Comparison with Other Coastal the Chissa’Talla’ site, sits on a high ridge overlooking Coles Creek Sites. Coonewah Creek, just west of Tupelo, Mississippi. Pur- Faunal studies of coastal Coles Creek assemblages chased by the Archaeological Conservancy in 2005, this in Louisiana have not been numerous. Those that have important homeland site is once again under the care been analyzed report the same basic list of vertebrates: of its original inhabitants. Much effort is being placed deer, raccoon, and muskrat being the dominant mam- in reconnecting our people to the homelands, and the mals, followed by fish and turtles to varying degrees, preserve will facilitate this reconnection, and answer and birds. Recently, work has been done on three other important questions about Chickasaw site use and coastal sites and the analysis of the fauna for these sites settlement patterns. An update on our current plans in does not follow the usual lineup. Unsuspected species, the homelands including the preserve will be discussed including giant frogs, acquire an unsuspected signifi- along with how Chissa’Talla’ fits into the archaeologi- cance. A comparison is made between other coastal cal record. (Session 1A) sites that have had fauna analyzed, and the three new sites now under consideration. (Session 2F) Davis, Jeremy R. (University of Alabama) On Common Ground: Memory, Identity, and the Re- Delaney-Riviera, Colleen (see Wilson, Gregory D.) making of Communal Tradition at Early Moundville. Moundville’s vast plaza redefined and ramped up Dengel, Craig (Louisiana State University), Rebecca public activity at a critical moment in the crystallization Saunders (Louisiana State University), and Jules of a new sociopolitical order. Its construction obscured Haigler (Louisiana State University) many reference points of an earlier, more spatially seg- Excavations in a Middle Woodland “Plaza:” Hare mented, communal tradition, as the remains of former Hammock (and Environs): Revisited. gathering places were either buried beneath plaza fills or The 2012 Louisiana State University field school, obliterated as their locations were leveled. In doing so, in conjunction with Tyndall Air Force Base and the it affected a higher order communalism grounded in a , conducted investigations at the reimagined past. This paper uses new geophysical and Hare Hammock site on Tyndall AFB near Panama City, archaeological data to identify shifts in early Mound- Florida. Hare Hammock is a Middle Woodland Period ville’s communal landscape and address the emergence complex consisting of dual burial mounds and attendant of a “Moundville” identity. (Session 2C) ring middens. This year’s field school focused on the older Swift Creek ring midden, known as Harrison’s Davis, Jeremy R. (University of Alabama) and John Ring (8BY1359). Excavations in the central area of H. Blitz (University of Alabama) the site, thought to be a plaza area kept free of material Landscape Archaeogeophysics at Moundville. remains, revealed a surprising variety of artifacts and The recent magnetometer survey of Moundville en- features. (Session 2H—Poster) compassed 43 ha – approximately 60 percent of the site – including the entire plaza and most mound summits. Dennehy, Tim (see Winter, Jacob) This poster interprets these data in light of excavations designed to correlate magnetic anomaly types with dif- Dent, Sophia (Lehigh University) ferent kinds of architectural features. The results high- Ivy Knoll (1MT9): The Archaic-Woodland Transition in light many previously unknown aspects of the content Central Alabama. and spatial organization of the Moundville landscape, Excavated by David Chase during multiple field particularly in regards to arrangements of domestic and seasons in the mid-1970s, site 1MT9 not only inspired nondomestic space and archaeological features in the the name of an cultural ceramic sequence, but is also plaza area. (Session 2Q—Poster) particularly significant in that it provides a glimpse into the Late Archaic to Early Woodland transitional period. DeCaro, Alex (Coastal Carolina University) The multicomponent features and assemblages will be Forbidden Finds on Georgetown, South Carolina, Slave analyzed in this paper to draw hypotheses about the use Street. of the site, duration of occupancy, and its position in a This paper discusses the discovery of historically regional exchange network. (Session 2F) forbidden artifacts found beneath the cabin floors in pre- liminary excavations of an African slave quarter located Deter-Wolf, Aaron (see Peres, Tanya M.) on the Hume Plantation, Cat Island, South Carolina. Weapons and writing utensils are not objects expected Des Jean, Tom (National Park Service), Randall D. at slave quarters, especially considering South Caro- Boedy (U.S. Forest Service), Christina Pappas (Ken- lina’s historical context. Punishment of slaves possess- tucky Archaeological Survey), and Bruce L. Manza- ing weapons and trying to obtain education was severe. no (Kentucky Archaeological Survey) Yet, slaves were willing to keep and hide these artifacts Scientific Analyses of the Spring Branch Shelter in niches of their cabin floors. This paper examines the (15McY319) Collections. items that were excavated, possible uses, and what they In 2009, the DBNF acquired several looted relic represented to the Hume Plantation slaves who never collections removed from the Forest over 50 years revolted and remained with their masters during the tur- ago. The Kentucky Archaeological Survey exam- bulent antebellum period. (Session 2O) ined remains from one collection excavated from

37 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

a dry rockshelter. Preliminary artifact analyses Dowd, Elsbeth Linn (Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum suggest this rockshelter may provide information of Natural History) on global climate change even if adduced from in- The Signature of Small-Scale Rituals in the Caddo complete and non-scientifically collected samples. Area. Among perishable remains, an even distribution of Material correlates of rituals involving the creation final S- and Z-twist cordage seems to indicate the of either large earthen mounds or elaborate mortuary presence of two different social groups (represent- programs are easy to find in the Caddo area. Identi- ing two different textile traditions) during the Mid- fying differences among smaller-scale ritual practices, dle Woodland. The complexity of some of the per- however, requires careful analysis of the material cor- ishable remains suggests a well-developed level of relates of those rituals, particularly from sites with re- textile and cordage manufacture was possessed by stricted chronological contexts. This paper compares those who utilized this rockshelter. (Session 3C) ritual practices at two sites located along the Mountain Fork River, Woods Mound Group and Biggham Creek. De Vore, William E. (University of Memphis) Rituals at these two sites are characterized by their rela- Late Archaic Trophy Taking Behavior in the Middle tive inclusivity versus exclusivity, and these differences Tennessee River Valley. relate directly to changes in political leadership in this New Deal archaeologist recovered human re- valley during the fifteenth century A.D. (Session 1E) mains from middle Tennessee River Valley sites that shed light on trophy taking behavior. Recent Duggins, Ryan (Florida State University) osteological analysis of 313 individuals indicates a Submerged Landscape Reconstruction: Modeling Flor- 15% rate of negative trophy taking and a 4% rate of ida’s Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Site Distri- positive trophy taking. Negative trophy taking ac- bution on the Continental Shelf. tivity is associated with adults (92%), males (71%), Recent advances in coastal and offshore batho- and peripheral elements (66%) versus central axis metric data, coupled with the computational power elements (34%). Positive trophy taking activity is of GIS, provide the necessary platform to reconstruct associated with adults (100%), males (92%), and submerged paleolandscapes. This has far reaching im- peripheral elements (85%) versus central axis ele- plications for submerged prehistoric survey as well as ments (15%). (Session 3D) site modeling. As Florida sea levels have risen ~98 m in the past 15,000 years, the extent of available land- Dewey, Christopher T. (University of West Flor- scape available to prehistoric populations has drasti- ida) cally changed. Florida master site file distribution data Site Formation Processes of the Wreck of the U.S. for Florida’s Paleoindian and Early Archaic provide the Steamer Convoy in Pensacola Bay, Florida. dataset to analyze the relationship between landscape This paper examines the site formation pro- features and site distribution. This study aims to guide cesses of the U. S. steamer Convoy that sank in future offshore prehistoric research in the Gulf of Mex- the Pensacola Pass in March 1866 after a fire con- ico by identifying patterns present in Florida’s inland sumed the ship. The paper discusses the vessel’s sites. (Session 1I) Civil War history and the deliberate and oppor- tunistic salvage operations conducted during the Dumas, Ashley (University of West Alabama) and nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A geographic Amanda L. Regnier (University of Oklahoma) information systems analysis using historical charts The Mabila Project Map: Refining the Distribution reveals the retreat of the channel scarp beneath the of Sixteenth-Century Sites along the Alabama River wreck during the nearly one-hundred and fifty years Drainage in the Context of Revitalization. of the site’s existence. The result of this research In 2009, as part of the renewed search for the loca- is a comprehensive examination of the cultural and tion of the Battle of Mabila, Craig Sheldon published an natural forces that created the contemporary wreck updated map of sixteenth-century sites along the Ala- site. (Session 1H) bama River. Because many of the sites were assigned a component based solely on the presence of shell- Diaz-Granados, Carol (Washington University, St. tempered ceramics, it was not possible to differentiate Louis) between sites from the pre- and post-contact periods. Cognitive Archaeology and Missouri Rock Art. Available ceramics from these sites have been reana- Missouri petroglyphs and pictographs, as well lyzed to refine periods of occupation. The new distri- as rock art all over the world, have more to offer butions of sites are presented here and discussed in the than images and aesthetics. Rock art has interpre- context of the De Soto expedition and the hypothesized tive value and the capability of revealing the minds, sixteenth-century revitalization movement in central methods, and tendencies of Pre-Columbian popula- Alabama. (Session 3B) tions. In my early rock art studies, I realized a need to go beyond mere description. This approach en- Durruty, Marta Alfonso (Kansas State University) tailed investigating the ethnographic literature and and Bretton Giles (CEMML, Colorado State Univer- identifying the significant iconography. Almost 30 sity) years later, much has been learned and synthesized Relating Perceptions of Illness and Social Deviancy to by “going beyond” the traditional approaches. This the Disposal of the Dead at Helena Crossing. paper offers an overview of the research. (Session Previous analysis of the burials in Helena Cross- 1B) ing Mound C identified several cases with extensive

38 Bulletin 55—2012 cut and chop marks. This mortuary processing often Emerson, Thomas E. (Illinois State Archaeological focused on removing the mandible of certain individu- Survey), Timothy R. Pauketat (University of Illinois, als, some of whom suffered from serious ailments or Urbana-Champaign), Douglas K. Jackson (Illinois had physical traits that singled them out from the rest State Archaeological Survey), Patrick R. Durst (Il- of the population. In this paper, we examine why the linois State Archaeological Survey), and Joseph M. jaws of sick and possibly social deviant people might Galloy (University of Illinois) have been symbolically charged in ways that resulted Exploring Greater Cahokia: Excavating Through the in the removal of their mandible following their death. Heart of the East St. Louis Mound Complex. We also explore the significance of the mound con- The ISAS excavations at East St. Louis have en- texts in which these individuals were interred. (Ses- larged our understanding of pre-Columbian Cahokian sion 2E) and Southeastern history in key ways. First, with 50 mounds and approximately 480 acres of intense cer- Durst, Patrick R. (Illinois State Archaeological Sur- emonial and residential zones, the excavations con- vey), Miranda L. Yancey (Illinois State Archaeologi- firm the social, religious, and political magnitude of cal Survey), and Dwayne Scheid (Illinois State Ar- Greater Cahokia. Secondly, the “big bang” model of chaeological Survey) Cahokian formation seems confirmed and amplified. The History of East St. Louis, Illinois: A Synopsis of Third, an unusual conflagration event terminated a the Historic Archaeology of the New Mississippi River significant portion of Greater Cahokia. That the thou- Bridge Project. sands of people who lived here departed verifies a Spurred by the establishment of the National radical region-wide social, religious, and political re- Stockyards in 1873, East St. Louis quickly developed orientation before A.D. 1200 with implications for the into a major industrial center by the turn of the cen- entire Mississippi valley. (Session 1D) tury. Throughout its tumultuous past, the city has been the site of political corruption, civil unrest, and natural Emerson, Thomas E. (see Boles, Steve ) disasters. This project has investigated multiple aban- doned residential working class neighborhoods asso- Emmons, Alexandra L. (see Colaninno, Carol E.) ciated with these events. Numerous ca. 1880–1920s features were excavated, and extensive historic docu- Ensor, H. Blaine (see Boles, Steve; Lansdell, Brent) mentation and socioeconomic data has been compiled. Such seldom-explored contexts provide rich data on Ervin, Kelly (Auburn University) the material lives of the working class within a bur- Spatial Evidence for Change at Hickory Ground, geoning industrial center. (Session 1D) a Multi-Component Archaeological Site in Elmore County, Alabama. Durst, Patrick R. (see Emerson, Thomas E.) This paper investigates the effect of culture change on community space. The way in which people make Du Vernay, Jeffery P. (University of South Florida) use of space is culturally conditioned and socially pro- and Nancy Marie White (University of South Flor- duced. The changing landscape between two Native ida) American cultural traditions, the Protohistoric and the Fort Walton Beginnings in Northwest Florida-South- Historic Creek is represented in a GIS format to evalu- west Georgia-Southeast Alabama. ate spatial changes within the community at Hickory In the Apalachicola-lower Chattahoochee River Ground, or 1EE89. Field maps made from the 2002- valley, new data reaffirm a relatively seamless Fort 2007 excavations are digitized and georeferenced to Walton emergence from resident late Weeden Island create layers of archaeological features such as struc- groups circa A.D. 900-1000 that was characterized by tural post arrangements, fire hearths, middens, and hu- blending external Mississippian influences with lo- man burials. The spatial patterning and organization cal traditions. Check-stamped and other Woodland among these features suggests a correlation between ceramics continued as Mississippian forms were ad- changing community space and changing cultures. opted, but in non-shell-tempered wares. Maize was (Session 3B) grown inland, but agriculture may not have developed along the coast. Platform mounds were built, and Esarey, Duane (University of North Carolina, Chapel Woodland mound centers were reoccupied, but pos- Hill) sibly without establishing defensive structures. Taken Untangling the Piasa’s Tale: Underworld Symbolism together, these data suggest that Fort Walton begin- at the Heart of the Midcontinent. nings here involved negotiations between maintaining Painted images on the sheer rock bluff at Alton, local identity and incorporating outside Mississippian Illinois, have been an enduring source of mystery. Jol- practices. (Session 2C) liet’s 1673 drawing was destroyed, and the painting itself disappeared before contradictions could be re- Dye, David H. (see Chamblee, John F.) solved. Local accounts of imagery and meaning have been summarily dismissed. This paper verifies the Eastman, Jane (Western Carolina University) pedigree of an extant contemporary drawing and uses Of Pots and Pits: Exploring Cherokee Foodways. a Native Midwestern culture-hero account to show that Analyses of pottery and larger cooking facilities the tale of the piasa goes beyond current understand- from the Cherokee community represented by site ings. In the process we introduce another supernatu- 31CY3, are used to explore early Cherokee foodways ral to the tale and resolve much ambiguity between in Western North Carolina. (Session 3A) nineteenth-century traditions, Native accounts, and

39 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

the employments of the piasa concept by iconogra- Galloy, Joseph M. (University of Illinois) and Andrew phers. (Session 1B) C. Fortier (Illinois State Archaeological Survey) The Sacred Precinct of the East St. Louis Mound Com- Feathers, James K. (see Moore, Christopher R.) plex: the Northside and Southside Investigations. In 1991-1992 and 1999-2000, archaeological ex- Ferguson, Terry A. (see Moore, Christopher R.) cavations were conducted in East St. Louis within the I-55/70 ROW. Illinois DOT excavations revealed ex- Fontana, Marisa (North Central College) tensive and complex Mississippian ceremonial depos- A Preliminary LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Protohistoric its associated with the East St. Louis Mound precinct. Creek Pottery at Hickory Ground. These include large rectangular and circular buildings, An LA-ICP-MS compositional analysis of Pro- an elite storage hut compound, a stockade or wall, tohistoric period pottery from Hickory Ground, a dozens of large post pits, remnants of mounds, and central Alabama Creek village excavated by Cot- parts of an extensive plaza. The storage compound tier, Sheldon, and others, was conducted to ascertain was destroyed by fire during the late Stirling phase, whether this method could discern any culturally an event that essentially ended centralized activities in meaningful chemically distinct pottery groupings. the core of this ancient city. (Session 1D) The preliminary results indicate this method is suc- cessful in identifying pottery groups within the data Galloy, Joseph M. (see Emerson, Thomas E.) set. Discussion of what these groupings might indi- cate about sociopolitical development, ethnic iden- Geiger, Brian S. (University of California, Santa Bar- tity, and exchange at Hickory Ground and within the bara), Christopher B. Rodning (Tulane University), Coosa/Tallapoosa River Valley follows. (Session Emma R. Richardson (Morgan State University), 3B) and David G. Moore (Warren Wilson College) An Investigation of a Late Mississippian House at Fortier, Andrew C. (see Galloy, Joseph M.) the Catawba Meadows Site (31BK18), Burke County, North Carolina. Freeman, Shannon J. (University of Alabama) excavations at the Catawba Meadows site in the A Final Bite of the Doughnut Mound (1Ee99): A Pos- western North Carolina Piedmont have identified a sible Late Woodland Earth Lodge in Central Ala- single-stage domestic structure comparable to houses bama. at other Mississippian sites in the greater southern Since Lewis Larson’s incisive examination, Appalachians. Catawba Meadows was likely a small most Southeastern archaeologists have avoided de- dispersed village within the province of , whose scribing soil-covered structures as “earth lodges.” principal town was located at the Berry site (31BK22), However, Larson (1994:115) stated that he did not 11 km away. Stratigraphic evidence from the structure deny the possibility of their existence in the region. gives important clues in understanding its construc- Research at the Samuels’ Site (1Ee99) revealed a cir- tion, use, and abandonment. This paper examines how cular, semi-subterranean structure, with a soil-cov- household archaeology at Catawba Meadows gives a ered roof. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that glimpse of life in a Native American village at a point this structure was a public building, similar to his- close to European contact in the Southeast. (Session toric council houses and Plains earth lodges. Perhaps 3A) equally intriguing, radiocarbon samples securely date this structure to the Late Woodland, raising many ad- Gidusko, Kevin (Florida Public Archaeology Net- ditional questions about our present knowledge of work) and Gregg E. Harding (Florida Public Archae- Central Alabama sociopolitical organization during ology Network) that period. (Session 3B) Finding Value in Limited-Provenience Collections. As interest and efforts in public archaeology in- Friberg, Christina (University of California, Santa creases, many organizations are often approached by Barbara) and Jenna Santy (University of California, avocational archaeologists who wish to donate their Santa Barbara) collections. Many of these collections lack prove- Culture Contact, Change, and Continuity at C.W. nience and often end up in haphazard displays at mu- Cooper: Recent Data from a Mississippian Village in seums, non-profits, and educational centers. Although the Central Illinois River Valley. the contextual integrity is often compromised, many CW Cooper (11Fv47) is a Mississippian village donated collections can still be used for educational site dating from A.D. 1100–1150. UC Santa Barbara purposes. This paper highlights current efforts in East excavations were conducted over the summers of Central Florida to utilize limited-provenience collec- 2011 and 2012, yielding a wealth of data to address a tions for the benefit of public education and commu- variety of research questions ranging from Cahokian nity outreach. (Session 3E) contact to warfare. This paper presents the prelimi- nary data from our excavations, including the discov- Gidusko, Kevin (see Harding, Gregg E.) ery of two Mississippian ceremonial structures. Their presence, in addition to other Cahokian-style materi- Giles, Bretton (CEMML, Colorado State University) als at this village, prompts us to ask questions relating Middle Woodland Piasa: A Perspective from the to issues of cultural identity and site definition. Were Hopewell Site. they Cahokians or local Woodlanders? Was this a Following in the footsteps of Robert Hall, I ex- domestic village or ceremonial center? (Session 2F) plore the significance of piasa or underworld crea-

40 Bulletin 55—2012 tures in Ohio Hopewell iconography. I discuss some tinually crowd-sourced, edited, and updated. (Session of the variation in Ohio Hopewell representations of 2P—Poster) piasa, as well as the reptiles and fish that may have served as their templates. I then point out a previ- Gougeon, Ramie A. (University of West Florida) ously unrecognized crocodilian visage in the design Bridging the Artifact and the Social. engraved on a femur from Hopewell Mound 25. I Since practically the beginning of Southeastern ar- illustrate the spatial logic of this crocodilian visage chaeology, researchers have studied the links between and how it relates to other Ohio Hopewell representa- artifacts and social groups. Even while we have shed tions, as well as its familiar resemblance to the im- simple diffusionist and other material-centered culture agery portrayed on the Illinois Hopewell, Bedford contact explanations, it is still generally assumed that Copper Cutout. (Session 1B) similarities in artifacts represent some degree of social interaction. In this paper I explore the ideas that pottery Giles, Bretton (see Durruty, Marta Alfonso) styles reflect some form(s) of social identity and whether variation within an archaeological assemblage reflects Gilleland, Sarah K. (University of South Florida) and some form of social interaction by searching for mecha- Thomas J. Pluckhahn (University of South Florida) nisms and situations known anthropologically to gener- Looking for the Floor at Roberts Island. ate our much sought bridge between the artifact and the Site 8CI41, part of the Roberts Island Shell Mound social. (Session 2D) Complex, is located 500 meters west of the Crystal River site in Citrus County, Florida. This Woodland Period site Gray, Jay W. (see Herbert, Joseph M.) consists of a platform mound and other possible features. It is located on an anthropogenic island consisting mostly Greer, Mathew C. (University of Southern Mississippi) of oyster shell. Shovel test excavations in 2011 showed Bondsman’s Best Friend? - Analyzing the Cultural Sig- very little soil formation, making it unclear as to whether nificance of the “Dog Burial” at James Madison’s Mont- the sub-mound structure was deliberately constructed pelier. or formed by the accretion of occupational debris. By While canine remains are a somewhat common oc- examining the spatial variability of select organisms, we currence at dwellings associated with enslaved African postulate the existence and location of living floors at the Americans, these faunal remains rarely receive much site. (Session 2A) further attention. However, the 1996 excavation of a po- tential dog burial from the Southwest Home site at James Gilmore, Zachary (University of Florida) Madison’s Montpelier offers researchers an opportunity Ritual as Strategic Practice: The Depositional Grammar to round out this often-neglected aspect of enslaved life. of a Late Archaic Pit Assemblage. The research presented here will attempt to contextual- Bell defines ritualization as a historical process ize the relationship between bondspeople and canines to whereby some practices are strategically differentiated better understand the role of canines in African American from others in a given cultural context. This paper fo- culture through an analysis of the archaeological, ethno- cuses on the ritualization of depositional practices associ- graphic, and historic literature. (Session 2G) ated with an assemblage of Late Archaic pits at Silver Glen Run (8LA1) in northeastern Florida. Due to their Gunter, Sean Cary von (University of Tennessee) extraordinary size and elaborate fills, these pits have been Ramifications of the Study of Proteomics and Epigenetic interpreted as ritual features, possibly implicated in near- Response on Archaeological HBE Theory. by mound-centered gatherings. Here, I use patterns in the Archaeologists have only started to realize the impacts types, quantities, and sequences of pit deposits to identify of proteomic research, now mostly limited to residue- the specific strategies through which existing deposition- material analyses. This paper seeks to explore the more al traditions were altered and symbolically enhanced in profound implications of epigenetic response—function- this particular context. (Session 2E) ally relevant, heritable modifications to the genome that occur without altering underlying DNA sequences—as Gisler, Jessica (see Rafferty, Janet) manifest in the expressed proteome. Ethological studies indicate that even slight alteration of the proteome can Glover, Jeffrey (see Patterson, Wes) produce profound changes (e.g., aggression and gen- der ratios). With the ability to identify species-specific Goodson, Patricia (see Harding, Gregg E.) protein molecules in archaeological context, researchers seeking to determine the degree to which ecological fac- Gougeon, Ramie A. (University of West Florida) tors affect human diversity can erect more scientifically SEAC Genealogy Project. HBE-based frameworks. (Session 2M) During this poster session, SEAC members will be invited to help construct a genealogy of Southeastern Hadden, Carla S. (see Colaninno, Carol E.) archaeology by tracking our academic descent. Basic outlines of the descendents of our grit-tempered fore- Hahn, Sara A. (Coastal Environments, Inc.) mothers and gritty forefathers will be posted for refer- Antebellum Ceramic Importers of New Orleans, Loui- ence. Please drop by and fill out an information card. siana. We will be tracking degrees (BA, MA, PhD) as well as New Orleans, Louisiana, has long served as one notable field schools (think Fay-Cooper Cole’s Univer- of the United States’ major port cities, and during the sity of Chicago field school). All results will be digi- early nineteenth century Liverpool, England, was ar- tized and made available in a format that can be con- guably her strongest trading partner. Ships transport-

41 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

ed cotton and tobacco to Liverpool and returned with particularly from the magnetic gradiometer, with tar- cargoes of finished goods and building material—in- geted excavation, ceramic analysis, and absolute dat- cluding ceramics. Occasionally, bearing both manu- ing, a developmental sequence for the site has emerged facturer’s and importer’s marks, it is often possible that informs on social organization and Mississippian to refine the production date of those wares to a very power in the greater region. (Session 1C) short time span, thereby increasing their value as dat- ing tools. This paper will provide a general overview Halligan, Jessi (Texas A&M University) of antebellum ceramic importers in New Orleans and Geoarchaeological Interpretations of Paleoindian some of their wares. (Session 2G) Sites in the Aucilla River, Florida. Hundreds of Paleoindian artifacts, including lith- Hahn, Thurston H. G., III (Coastal Environments, ics and well-preserved osseous artifacts manufactured Inc.) from extinct mammals, have been recovered from the The Henderson and Gaines Family of Ceramic Im- Aucilla River of northwestern Florida. Recent geoar- porters, New Orleans, Louisiana. chaeological investigations at three underwater sites Among the many ceramic importers operating in (Page-Ladson, Sloth Hole, and Wayne’s Sink) and New Orleans, Louisiana, the merchant family of Hen- the surrounding terrestrial areas help to provide con- derson and Gaines is the best archaeologically repre- textual interpretation of these artifacts. This research sented. From 1836 until 1866, the company imported also informs upon geomorphic processes and paleoen- ceramics directly from Liverpool (United Kingdom) vironments during the terminal Pleistocene and early and elsewhere. Their predecessors, however, first Holocene, providing support for earlier hypotheses opened their doors to the trade in the early 1820s about Paleoindian behavior in the Big Bend area of while their successors remained in business until the Florida. (Session 1I) late 1870s. Based upon marked pieces, the companies maintained a long-term business relationship with the Hally, David J. (see Chamblee, John F.) Davenport potteries of Longport, and evidence of the vast quantity of ceramics they imported may be found Hammerstedt, Scott W. (University of Oklahoma), on sites throughout much of the southeast United Jami J. Lockhart (Arkansas Archeological Survey), States. (Session 2G) Patrick C. Livingood (University of Oklahoma), Tim Mulvihill (Arkansas Archeological Survey), Amanda Hahn, Thurston H. G., III (see Blank, Anne Marie L. Regnier (University of Oklahoma), George Sabo Maher; Ryan, Joanne) III (Arkansas Archeological Survey), and John Sam- uelsen (Arkansas Archeological Survey) Haigler, Jules (see Dengel, Craig) Multisensor Remote Sensing and Mapping at Spiro: Discovering Intrasite Organization. Hale, J. Gavin (U.S. Forest Service, Land Between Regionally preeminent during the thirteenth and the Lakes) fourteenth centuries, Spiroans amassed diverse sym- Using Geophysics to Develop Partnerships at Land bols of wealth and power from surrounding cultures. Between The Lakes. Examinations of the Great Mortuary continue to yield The Forest Service is tasked with the responsibil- insights into Southeastern ceremonialism and cosmol- ity of more than 260 historic cemeteries at the Land ogy, but excavations during the past century leave Between The Lakes National Recreation Area. Cem- many questions concerning intrasite organization. eteries were poorly documented during the process Recent broad-scale gradiometry and high-accuracy of eminent domain as land was transferred to federal mapping (along with multisensor geophysics in se- property. As such, the inventory continues to fluctu- lected areas) are now providing compelling evidence ate as research is carried out. The agency has been of population density, structure size and type, activ- conducting case studies to determine if geophysical ity areas, internal boundaries, site extents, and historic methods will provide reliable data to make informed disturbances. To date, geophysical survey and map- resource management decisions. The studies yielded ping covers more than 22 hectares. We present those promising results and have shown that geophysical results with interpretations and future research plans. methods provide a means to strengthen the relation- (Session 2Q—Poster) ship with local residents and partnering agencies. (Session 3C) Hammerstedt, Scott W. (University of Oklahoma) and Sheila Bobalik Savage (Oklahoma Archeological Haley, Bryan S. (Tulane University) Survey) Reconstructing the Developmental Sequence of Hol- Late Prehistoric Mortuary Behavior in Northeastern lywood Mounds Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Oklahoma: A View from the Reed Site. Hollywood Mounds (22TU500) is a large, late Reed is a multiple mound site in the Neosho Mississippian mound center located in the Yazoo Ba- River Valley of northeastern Oklahoma that was ex- sin in northwestern Mississippi. Although only four cavated in part by WPA crews in the late 1930s and mounds are visible today topographically, early sketch dates primarily to A.D. 1200-1300. In this paper, we maps suggest a larger array of mounded architecture. describe the forty plus burials found within one of the Research conducted there has employed both airborne mounds, with emphasis on stratigraphic position and and ground-based remote sensing techniques with the association with exotic objects of copper, shell, ce- goal of reconstructing the natural and culturally modi- ramics, and minerals. We then examine and compare fied landscape. By combining remote sensing data, mortuary practices at contemporary mound sites in the

42 Bulletin 55—2012

Spiro area to provide a regional summary of the Ar- Harris, Stephen (University of Mississippi) kansas River Basin. (Session 1E) Landscape Changes at the Late Woodland Shady Grove Site. Hampton, Michael Keith (Texas State University) Geophysical survey at the Shady Grove site (22- Sacred Skull Bundles at Castalian Springs Qu-525) has revealed a previously unknown series (40SU14). of subsurface features. This survey, when combined excavations at the Castalian Springs site during with more traditional artifact density mapping and Summer 2010 documented a series of isolated and excavations, suggests that the intrasite physical, rit- paired human crania within a large circular structure. ual, and ideological landscapes went through some Continuing evaluation of their meaning and context significant changes at the end of the Late Woodland in concert with ethnographic and iconographic data period. A shift in activity areas within the site away suggest that they were part of sacred skull bundles from the circular Woodland pattern to a concentra- depicted elsewhere in Mississippian iconography. tion on the large platform mound during the Mis- Sacred skull bundles used during Sundance rituals of sissippian period suggests that the physical, as well modern and historic Native American tribes may pro- as the ideological, landscape was greatly changed. vide a link between religious practice of the Missis- (Session 1C) sippian era and more recent Native American prac- tices. (Session 3D) Harvey, Melissa Zabecki (see Howe, Jessica) Harding, Gregg E. (Florida Public Archaeology Heller, Nathanael (see Buckley, Raegan) Network), Kevin Gidusko (Florida Public Archaeol- ogy Network), and Patricia Goodson (Florida Pub- Helms, Lindsey Jo (University of Wisconsin-Mil- lic Archaeology Network) waukee) Searching for Brevard’s Forgotten Cemeteries: His- Porotic Pitting and Hyperostosis as Separate Indica- toric Cemetery Preservation and Public Archaeology tors of Nutritional Stress from Ledford Island, Ten- in East Central Florida. nessee. Many historic cemeteries in East Central Florida Porotic hyperostosis is primarily quantified by are at risk of being lost. This is especially true in Bre- porotic pitting (PP). Hyperostosis (HY) is rarely ad- vard County where historic cemeteries are often aban- dressed as it requires comprehensive radiographic doned, vandalized, or poorly cared for. In 2011, the confirmation or cranial fragmentation. The largely Florida Public Archaeology Network’s East Central fragmentary crania from Ledford Island, Tennessee, Region initiated a project to record Brevard County’s exhibit a high prevalence of HY providing an oppor- threatened historic cemeteries. Beginning as an intern- tunity to assess it with PP. Predictably PP was com- ship project, the Brevard County Historic Cemetery mon among subadults and younger adults (<30 yrs) Recording Project soon developed into a successful and HY more common among older adults (30+). public archaeology program. This presentation will Also not surprising, the sample prevalence of porotic highlight the successes and challenges of searching hyperostosis increases with the inclusion of an HY for Brevard’s historic cemeteries, as well as future ap- criteria and argues for more detailed criteria-specific proaches for community-engaged historic cemetery quantification. (Session 2B) preservation in East Central Florida. (Session 3E) Hendricks, R.R. (see Rink, W. Jack) Harding, Gregg E. (see Gidusko, Kevin) Henry, Edward R. (Washington University, St. Lou- Hargrave, Eve A. (see Nash, Lenna M.) is) and Logan J. Kistler (Pennsylvania State Uni- versity) Harke, Ryan (University of South Florida) Multi-Staged Geophysics and the Regional Land- Stable Isotope Analysis of Busycon sinistrum to De- scape of the LeBus Circle – an Early-Middle Wood- termine Fort Walton-Period Seasonality at St. Joseph land Period Earthwork in Central Kentucky. Bay, Northwest Florida. Archaeological research on Middle Woodland Coastal Fort Walton cultures in the St. Joseph Bay geometric earthworks in the United States has largely region of northwest Florida emphasized marine and focused on quantifying their frequency, shape, size, estuarine foraging, especially for large gastropods. and internal organization. However, few seek to This adaptation contrasts with that of inland Fort understand these sites on a broader scale. A multi- Walton agricultural societies. Coastal groups could staged geophysical examination of the LeBus Circle represent separate hunter-gatherer-fisher populations enabled the collection of paleoethnobotanical, geoar- or seasonal migrations by inland farming villagers. chaeological, and chronometric data that proved es- Stable isotope analysis on lightning whelks (Busy- sential to considering how the site is situated within con sinistrum) suggests summer was the predomi- the regional landscape. Here, we use multiple site- nant collection period, producing a conflict with the based data sets to evaluate the LeBus Circle in the maize-growing season in northwest Florida. Oxygen context of multiple scales, and discuss the placement, and carbon isotopes indicate similar environmental use, and reuse of this earthwork in prehistory. (Ses- and climatic conditions in prehistoric St. Joseph Bay, sion 1C) although the effects of modern CO2 emissions and wastewater pollution were identified. (Session 2L) Henry, Edward R. (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.)

43 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

Herbert, Joseph M. (Center for the Environmental Hogan, Maura (Indiana University) Management of Military Lands, Fort Bragg) and Jay Depositional History on the Margins: New Insights W. Gray (Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.) from Ford Mound at the Pfeffer Site. Archaic Caches in the Carolina Sandhills. The significance of depositional events in mound Two striking examples of Archaic cache sites construction is frequently associated with punctua- have recently been excavated at Fort Bragg. The tions in sociopolitical and ideological cycles. Less Wilmore Cache consists of 40 pounds of unretouched commonly do we seek an historic contextualization rhyolite flake blanks, transported 50 miles from the of the symbolism encoded within these deposits. Re- Slate Belt, carefully buried near a seep spring in cent excavations on the Ford Mound at the Pfeffer the Sandhills, but never harvested. Blackjack is a Site (1050 to ~1130 CE) were conducted to exam- single-component Archaic site that documents trans- ine Pfeffer’s potential role as a ceremonial/religious port of 60 pounds of rhyolite from the Slate Belt to node. Initial observations concerning aspects of its the Sandhills, where it was cached and harvested to temporality, material composition, and ritual context make projectile points and other tools. Wilmore and suggest slight departures from expected patterns in Blackjack provide unprecedented snapshots of Ar- Mississippian platform mound construction. This chaic hunting organization, and the logistical staging paper presents new excavation data, and discusses of lithic resource acquisition, transport, and utiliza- the significance in diverse practices in earthwork tion. (Session 1G) construction. (Session 2E) Herrmann, Jason T. (see McKinnon, Duncan P.) Hollenbach, Kandi (University of Tennessee, Ar- chaeological Research Laboratory), Bradley A. Hill, M. Cassandra (R. Christopher Goodwin & As- Creswell (University of Tennessee), and Michael G. sociates, Inc.) Angst (University of Tennessee) Never-Ending Work: Life and Death in a Company Granaries or Ritual Huts?: Small-Diameter Circu- Town: Bioarchaeology of New Home Cemetery, Sug- lar Structures at Early Mississippian Sites in Eastern ar Land, Texas. Tennessee. Nineteen burials were identified and analyzed This poster presents data on small-diameter cir- as part of the TxDOT-sponsored investigation of the cular structures found associated with Early Mis- impact of road expansion on New Home Cemetery in sissippian (Hiwassee Island) occupations at several Sugar Land, Texas, conducted by Geo-Marine, Inc. sites in eastern Tennessee. Current wisdom sug- Sugar Land has a colorful history, from settlement gests that these are above-ground storage facilities, by Steven F. Austin and a group of planters who es- or “corn cribs,” although it is also possible that they tablished vast sugar plantations, to its transition into were used for other purposes, such as sweat lodges, a model company town. African Americans and shaman huts, or menstrual huts. To tease out the pos- convict labor, and later, workers from the company sible functions of these small circular structures, we town, literally shouldered the work for the mills and look at the spatial relationships between these and factories. Analyses of the burials provide informa- other structures at several sites in the region, includ- tion about living conditions and funerary practices ing the Townsend sites, 40BT47, 40BT162, Martin for this previously undocumented African-American Farm, , Carden Farm II, 40LD52, and 40KN45. population. (Session 2B) (Session 2H—Poster) Hodge, Shannon Chappell (Middle Tennessee State Holt, Haley (R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, University) and Tiffany B. Saul (Middle Tennessee Inc.), Raegan Buckley (R. Christopher Goodwin & State University) Associates, Inc.), Nathanael Heller (R. Christopher Fernvale (40WM51): Bioarchaeology on the Late Ar- Goodwin & Associates, Inc.) chaic Frontier. The Suwannee Sinks Site (8SU377) and Suwannee The multicomponent Fernvale Site (40WM51), Valley Culture in Northern Florida. in Williamson County, Tennessee, yielded a small hu- In 2010, R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, man skeletal sample from the partial excavation of an Inc., conducted data recovery investigations at the Su- Archaic Period cemetery at the site. This bioarchae- wannee Sinks Site in Suwannee County, Florida. One ological analysis examines nutritional health, pathol- result of this effort was the exposure of a single-family ogy and disease, skeletal markers of occupational or dwelling and domestic refuse associated with the Su- lifestyle stress, and dental health. In particular, we wannee Valley culture (ca. A.D. 750 to 1542), a dis- assess: 1) trophy-taking in two adult individuals, 2) tinctive and highly localized cultural tradition of the unusual dental wear and robust cranial muscle mark- Suwannee Valley drainage in northern Florida. This ings, and 3) strongly-developed lower extremities, paper presents an overview of the excavations at the unusual frequency of the cervical fossa of Allen, and Suwannee Sinks Site, emphasizing site stratigraphy, degenerative joint disease of the spine. These results structural remains, and material culture of the Suwan- are contextualized as a representation of the living nee Valley component at the site. (Session 2L) population of this prehistoric community. (Session 2B) Holt, Haley (see Buckley, Raegan) Hodge, Shannon Chappell (see Lucas, Virginia) Hooker, Terry (see Miller, Meg) Hodson, A. (see Rink, W. Jack) Horn, Sally P. (see Carmody, Stephen B.)

44 Bulletin 55—2012

Horowitz, Rachel A. (see McCall, Grant S.) Hunter, Donald G. (see Ryan, Joanne) Horsley, Timothy J. (Horsley Archaeological Iannelli, Rachel J. (see Wallis, Neill) Prospection, LLC), Alice P. Wright (University of Michigan),and Casey R. Barrier (University of Idol, Bruce S. (see Webb, Paul A.) Michigan) The Multiple Uses of Geophysical Data in Archaeol- Iverson, Richard (Florida State University) ogy: Informing Excavation Strategies and Defining Shamanic Ideology Encoded in Archaic Through Mis- New Research Questions at Monumental Sites. sissippian Art. Geophysical techniques are capable of producing Shamanic ideology was encoded in Archaic, results amenable to nuanced anthropological interpre- Woodland and Mississippian objects. The portal ap- tation and of generating additional anthropological pears in Archaic stone and shell, in Woodland bone, questions. This potential is best realized under two stone, and shell, and in Mississippian stone and conditions: first, in extensive geophysical survey that marine shell iconography. Archaic Winged banner- situates archaeological data in a broader landscape; stones represent the Hawk. The Hawk appears in and second, as part of flexible research designs that Woodland clay tablets, stone pipes, and copper plate encourage ongoing dialogue between geophysical repoussé. Both the Red-shouldered Hawk and the results, ground-truthing efforts, and their mutual in- Red-tailed Hawk appear as co-essences in Mississip- terpretation. To demonstrate the utility of these ap- pian copper plate repoussé. The Hawk is the only proaches, we discuss results from evolving research at flying co-essence that was synthesized by shamans two different monumental sites: the Middle Woodland and represented in art from the Archaic through the Garden Creek site in the Appalachian Summit, and the Mississippian. (Session 3D) Late Woodland-Early Mississippian Washausen site in the American Bottom. (Session 1C) Ivester, Andrew H. (see Moore, Christopher R.) Howe, Jessica (Arkansas Archeological Survey) and Jackson, Douglas K. (Illinois State Archaeological Melissa Zabecki Harvey (Arkansas State Parks) Survey) and Robert W. Rohe (Illinois State Archaeo- Secondary Burials and Associated Artifacts from Ash- logical Survey) ley County, Arkansas. Agricultural Row Features: Evidence for Intensive When an inadvertent discovery of human remains Swale Area Agriculture at the East St. Louis Mound by a farmer in south Arkansas was determined not to Complex. be a homicide by local authorities, archeologists from excavations over the last few years at the East St the Arkansas Archeological Survey were called out to Louis Mound Complex have exposed a unique and un- salvage what was left of the features. Two days of field usual type of prehistoric feature found within low-ly- work resulted in the recovery of multiple commingled ing areas characterized by heavy clay subsoils. These human remains and artifacts suggesting a date of ap- features consist of sets of regularly spaced, linear ar- proximately A.D. 200. Analysis of the artifacts related rangements of double rows of small pits. We propose features to one another, and analysis of the human re- that these late Terminal Late Woodland/early Missis- mains showed that the burial feature contained parts of sippian features represent a type of field/garden sys- 16 individuals, many of whom were buried at different tem used to intensify crop production within marginal times and may represent secondary interments. (Ses- lands directly adjacent to densely settled occupation sion 2M) areas, benefiting from the fertile topsoil and moisture characteristics of the swale areas. (Session 1D) Howell, Cameron (University of South Carolina) Evaluating Mississippian Period Settlement Hierar- Jackson, Douglas K. (see Emerson, Thomas E.) chies in Light of Survey Bias: Three Case Studies from the Southeast. Jackson, Edwin (University of Southern Mississippi) In reconstructing Mississippian settlement pat- Archaeology of Mound C at Winterville: Construction terns, farmsteads are often the most poorly understood History, Function, and Taphonomic Impacts. component for generating understanding of settlement The USM Winterville Archaeological Project fo- hierarchies on a regional level. As farmsteads typically cused fieldwork in 2009 and 2011 on Mound C. Its have the lowest archaeological visibility, methodolog- distinct oblong shape with narrow summit contrasts ical biases of survey data are not often accounted for with other mounds at Winterville and with Mississip- or taken into consideration during the interpretation. pian mounds generally suggesting a different function This study addresses the issue by examining the phys- than the as a substructure platform. The 2009 excava- ical dynamics of Mississippian period farmsteads in tion trenched the flanks of the mound, demonstrating three regions across the southeast—the Georgia Pied- its early history as a substructure mound, also post-oc- mont, the Black Warrior River Valley, and the Black cupation degradation. 2011 summit excavations pro- Prairie—and presents ways to approach assessing and vided evidence for multiple superimposed structures interpreting the known archaeological record as well and possibly multiple contemporaneous buildings as providing guidance for future investigations. (Ses- atop the mound. Alternatively, Mound C may pro- sion 2K) vide a somewhat unusual case of two distinct mounds eventually being joined in later construction episodes. Hufnagl, Kevin (see McCarthy, Donna) (Session 2K)

45 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

Jacobson, Jodi A. (TRC Environmental Corpora- in archaeological samples, I demonstrate that under- tion), Troy Sykes (Texas Department of Transporta- identification of marsh clams can significantly skew tion), and Scott Pletka (Texas Department of Trans- allometric biomass estimates. Polymesoda produces portation) more biomass per unit of shell weight as compared to To Buoy or Not to Buoy: A GPS Alternative for Avoid- Rangia; therefore, the proper identification of marsh ance Monitoring of Underwater Archeological Re- clam species can produce up to a 5 to 15 percent in- sources. crease in estimated biomass. My analysis of samples In 2006, a sunken World War I Ferris-type wood- from Thompson’s Landing (8ES950) shows increases en-hulled steamship was discovered during TxDOT’s in biomass totals in the expected range. (Session 1L— assessment of a bridge replacement project in Beau- Poster) mont, Texas. An avoidance plan was developed for the site employing buoys to mark the avoidance zone Jenkins, Casey M. (Illinois State University) but the USCG rejected the locations for buoy place- A Comparison of Archaic and Mississippian Period ment as a navigation hazard. A new avoidance and Prevalence of Auditory Exostosis. monitoring plan utilizing GPS tracking of construction Auditory exostoses, boney growths in the external vessels was developed. This paper discusses various auditory canal, are often assigned a prolonged cold- procedural and technical issues that we had to address water exposure etiology. Strong correlations with age while developing and implementing this monitoring and sex, with high frequencies among older individu- method. The method successfully documented that als and males, have been found and suggest a corre- the shipwreck had been avoided during construction lation with male subsistence activities. However, a activities. (Session 1H) continuum in the formation of auditory exostoses in two sites, the (40BN12; 2500-1,000 B.C.E.) James, Jenna (University of Alabama) and Thompson Village Site (40HY5; 1050-1450 C.E.), Genetic Homogeneity Within House Group Burials at suggests an anatomical influence in the trait’s forma- the Historic Creek Town Site of Fusihatchee. tion. Additionally, in controlling for ecology, subsis- Dental morphological data tied to genetic in- tence strategy, age, and sex, behaviors are implicated heritance were collected from individuals buried in which transcend subsistence and presumptions about association with eighteenth-century Creek houses at division of labor. (Session 2B) Fusihatchee. Statistical variation within and between houses was examined to determine genetic relation- Jenkins, Cliff (see Peacock, Evan) ships among individuals. Ethnohistoric accounts state that Creek households were matrilocal, and practiced Jenkins, Ned J. (Alabama Historical Association) and house floor burials where members of the household Craig T. Sheldon, Jr. (Auburn University, Montgom- or any individual related to the domestic unit could ery) have been buried. Using cluster analysis of Gower The Hernando De Soto Entrada through Central Ala- coefficients of dental epigenetic data, this research bama: September - November, 1540. addresses the degree of genetic homogeneity within A refinement of the route of the sixteenth cen- matrilineal households. It also examines the disrup- tury De Soto expedition through Central Alabama is tive forces of Contact, adoption, and household burial proposed. The route consists of those sites within the membership. (Session 2N) three contiguous Native provinces visited by DeSoto: Talisi, Tascaluca, and Mabila. The realignment is Jefferies, Richard W. (University of Kentucky) anchored by De Soto era artifacts from a private col- Spanish Mission Period Activity at Darien Bluff, lection, ceramic chronology, topography, and the dis- McIntosh County, Georgia. tribution of contemporaneous Mississippian sites and Mid-twentieth-century archaeological investiga- phases in the Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Alabama River tions conducted near Darien, Georgia, by Joseph R. valleys. The identification of the Talisi province nar- and Shelia K. Caldwell revealed structures, features, rows the search area for the subsequent site of the and artifacts thought to be associated with seventeenth- battle of Mabila. (Session 2N) century Mission Santo Domingo de Talaje. Despite the potential historical significance of the resulting Jeter, Marvin D. (Arkansas Archeological Survey) data, no synthesis of this work was ever done. Recent and BrieAnna S. Langlie (Washington University, St. examination of the field notes, drawings, and artifacts Louis) from these investigations has provided new insights 57 Cobs, But Not 57 Varieties: Transitional Coles into the spatial organization of the Mission period Creek – Plaquemine Maize From Taylor Mound 3, community, the distribution of associated cultural ma- Southeast Arkansas. terials, and the research potential of the site’s artifact Mound 3 at the Taylor site (3DR2) on Bayou Bar- collection and excavation records. (Session 2O) tholomew in southeast Arkansas had five major stages of construction. The flat surface atop Stage 3 was oc- Jeffers, Thomas (University of West Florida) cupied by a circular structure, and produced artifacts Allometric Analysis of Prehistoric Shell Middens in suggestive of a transitional, terminal Coles Creek – the Escambia River Estuary. Plaquemine occupation with Cahokian contacts, plus Prehistoric populations in the Escambia River a small “smudge pit” filled with charred corncobs, dat- basin captured primarily three species of shellfish: ing around A.D. 1200. Analysis revealed that the cobs’ Eastern Oyster, and marsh clams, Rangia and Polyme- range of variation matches that of the “Midwest 12- soda. By more carefully analyzing fragmentary shells row” variety. Although comparative data are scarce,

46 Bulletin 55—2012 this reinforces previous hints of late persistence of this ducted as part of a re-analysis project implemented by variety in the Lower Mississippi Valley. (Session 2F) the Tennessee Division of Archaeology (TDOA). An anomaly observed in the proximal ulna of individu- Jimerson, Stina (see Selden, Lauren McAdams) als from the site, previously undocumented and of un- known etiology, appears to be the skeletal response to Johnson, Jay (University of Mississippi) acute soft tissue damage. This biomechanical stress “Chickasaw Grey” Chert and the Protohistory of Mis- occurs alongside a shift in subsistence strategy, and sissippi. is a plausible explanation for the resulting pathology; A distinctive light grey tabular chert predominates these results can be applied more broadly to other in the early eighteenth century lithic assemblages from populations undergoing subsistence change. (Session Chickasaw sites in northeastern Mississippi. The re- 1L—Poster) cent recognition of this raw material at the Oliver site, dating to the mid sixteenth century and located in the Kassabaum, Megan C. (University of North Caro- Yazoo Basin of western Mississippi, raises questions lina, Chapel Hill) and Erin S. Nelson (University of about the long assumed Ft. Payne source for this mate- North Carolina, Chapel Hill) rial. Implications for sixteenth and eighteenth century Standing Posts and Special Substances: Ritual Depo- raw material procurement are explored. (Session 2N) sition at Feltus, Jefferson County, Mississippi. Post ritual is an important part of Late Woodland Johnson, Patrick (College of William and Mary) ceremonial practice. At Feltus, Coles Creek people Apalachee Ceramics: New Structures, Not New Ethnic repeatedly planted, pulled, and refilled a series of free- Identities. standing posts. In addition to the posts themselves, Despite being identified as Apalachee by Europe- specially procured ash and clay sediments with ceram- ans, Native Americans at Mission San Joseph de Es- ic pipe, bear bone, and other material inclusions were cambe (1741-1761) produced a ceramic assemblage essential components of the depositional process. In more reminiscent of the Creek Indians. Statistical this paper, we explore the possible meanings of these comparisons of select sites occupied by the Creek and archaeological features. Does meaning derive from Apalachee demonstrate that these changes in ceramic the power of the individual, included objects? From surface treatments and tempers reflect adaptation to the act of depositing them together? Or perhaps, from new social and geographical environments, rather their earlier role/s in a broader ritual sequence? (Ses- than the emergence of a different ethnic group. This sion 2E) paper discusses the ramifications of Native ceramics representing varying communal responses, rather than Kassabaum, Megan C. (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.; merely the diffusion of new communities, during the O’Hear, John W.) frequently dramatic social changes characteristic of the colonial Southeast. (Session 2D) Keasler, Joey (see Peres, Tanya M.) Jones, Billie (see Mann, Rob) Kelley, David B. (Coastal Environments, Inc.) Caddo Farmsteads in Northwest Louisiana: Upland Jones, Eric E. (Wake Forest University) and Saman- and Lowland Variants. tha Yaussy (Wake Forest University) In this paper I’ll look at the ethnohistorical infor- Settlement and Site Formation in the Upper Yadkin mation on Caddo farmsteads, specifically the Teran River Valley. map of 1691 and the Soulé photographs of the 1860- This research represents early stages of investiga- 70s, and compare it to the archaeological data from tion at a Late Pre-Contact (A.D. 800–1600) settlement northwest Louisiana. I’ll focus mainly on three sites, site along the upper Yadkin River. Surface surveying McLelland (16BO236) and Joe Clark (16BO237), lo- and subsurface testing have identified two likely oc- cated in the floodplain of the Red River; and Burnitt cupation episodes. Preliminary analyses of cultural site (16SA204), located in the uplands to the east of materials and sediments are providing information on the Sabine River. I’ll also discuss how our approach site formation processes, preservation environments, to studying and understanding the basic unit of Caddo past environmental conditions, and subsistence behav- settlement has changed in the last 20 years and suggest iors of the people who lived there. We know relatively some directions for future research. (Session 1E) few specific details about Late Pre-Contact life and en- vironments in the upper Yadkin River Valley, so the Kelly, John E. (Washington University, Saint Louis) discovery of another intact settlement and develop- and James A. Brown (Northwestern University) ment of a methodology for locating more like them is Theorizing Ritual Deposition: The Birth of Mound 34, important. (Session 2H—Poster) Its Life History, Death, and Burial. While our focus is often on the rectangular plat- Jordan, Alison (Middle Tennessee State University) form mound as a architectural feature, we argue us- Down with Disease: Bioarchaeological Interpreta- ing Mound 34 as a case study that it is other aspects, tions of Skeletal Anomalies in an Archaeological Pop- especially the initial pre-mound building(s), that serve ulation of the South Harpeth River Valley in Middle to personify the social group or person with the birth Tennessee. of this architectural feature. Using the recent work at Osteological analyses of human remains from Mound 34 we examine the “death” of the building that Fernvale (40WM51), a multicomponent site along the results in its burial with earthen blankets; its subse- South Harpeth River in Middle Tennessee, were con- quent rebirth, existence, and death as a process critical

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to our understanding the earthen platform as a more nofunctional variables of ceramics from Crystal River complex architectural feature on the cosmological (8CI1), a Woodland period mound site in west central landscape of Cahokia. (Session 2E) Florida. Over 14,000 sherds previously excavated by Ripley Bullen and others were catalogued by surface Kelly, John E. (see Kelly, Lucretia S.) treatment and temper in order to provide information on the chronological and spatial distribution of wares Kelly, Lucretia S. (Washington University, St. Louis) across the site. As the ceramics had never been thor- and John E. Kelly (Washington University, St. Louis) oughly tabulated since they were collected in the 1950s Bob Hall, The Heart and Soul of Cahokia: A Case Study and 1960s, this research is an important building block of Ritual in the Personification of a Cahokia House’s for future local and regional ceramic studies. (Session Life Cycle. 2A) Bob was as unique as they come and one of a gen- eration of archaeologists that helped put Cahokia on the King, Adam (SCIAA, University of South Carolina) global map. American Indians view houses and other and Johann Sawyer (SCIAA, University of South seemingly inanimate materials as animate objects with Carolina) their own life cycles. We present an interpretation of a The Sacred Geography of the Pot. late Cahokia house that personifies the end points of the Twenty years ago Tim Pauketat and Tom Emer- life cycle from birth to death. The house’s ritual birth son argued that Ramey Incised pots were cosmologi- and death are examined by the way various material re- cal models whose use in public ritual reinforced Ca- mains accentuate these rites of passage. This discussion hokian ideologies of power. That argument was built embodies the role of ritual and spirituality of American upon Bob Hall’s important work on Native belief and Indian religion that were critical to Bob’s worldview. symbolism. We continue this line of reasoning using (Session 1B) recent interpretations formulated with Bob’s help in the Texas State Mississippian Iconography Workshop. Kelly, Petrina (University of Alabama) Using iconographic evidence we argue that Mississip- Mound R1 and the Problem of the Minor Mounds at pian ceramic pots, whether used in domestic or ritual Moundville. contexts, carried earth and centering symbolism. We Moundville has twenty large flat-topped mounds evaluate this idea by examining pots and other media that are arranged around a single large plaza, all of with this symbolic content across the Mid-South and which have been excavated to some degree. There are Georgia. (Session 1B) other smaller mounds that lie outside the plaza-periphery mounds that have been almost completely overlooked King, Adam (see Stephenson, Keith) in the history of excavation at Moundville. Mound R1 is one such mound and was the subject of recent inves- King, Jason L. (see McKinnon, Duncan P.) tigations. These new excavations reveal that Mound R1 is a flat-topped, substructural mound that has much the King, Kathryn A. (University of Arkansas, Little same structure, construction chronology, and apparent Rock) function as nearby, much larger mounds. The implica- Nonmetric Variation in the Caddo and Arikara: a Bi- tions of these findings will be discussed. (Session 2K) odistance Study. Dental and cranial nonmetric traits were assessed Kelso, Rebecca Scopa (University of Tennessee, in 36 Arikara from the Mobridge (39WW1) and Lar- Knoxville) son (39WW2) sites and 15 Caddo from the Kaufman- The Health and Status of Tennessee Children in the Mis- Williams site (41RR16) to examine if the similarities sissippian Period. in the languages of these two groups are the result of This research examines the visibility of the effects cultural transmission or if they are correlated with a of hypothesized population disruption from the Middle possible underlying biological relationship. When Cumberland “Vacant Quarter” on eastern Tennessee compared with 20 individuals from the Averbuch site Mississippians during the Middle and Late Mississip- (40DV60), the Arikara and Caddo samples tended to pian periods. Previous analyses on archaeological sites cluster together for cranial nonmetric traits, excluding and adult skeletons have indicated increased conflict sutural bones. The analysis of dental variation yielded toward the Late Mississippian in eastern Tennessee. unclear results. (Session 2B) Unlike previous research, this study analyzes mortuary practices and biological health of children, using Mis- Kistler, Logan J. (see Henry, Edward R.) sissippian archaeological sites throughout eastern and central Tennessee. The skeletal remains of children Knight, Vernon James (see Smith, Karen Y.) are the most effective way to assess a past population’s overall health, as children are more susceptible than Koerner, Shannon (Colorado State University) adults to environmental stressors, especially nutritional Revisiting Mississippian Origins in Eastern Tennes- stress. (Session 2B) see. This paper outlines the current status of late Kemp, Kassie (University of South Florida) prehistoric research in the eastern Tennessee Valley Tales from a Museum Basement: Revisiting the Crys- in terms of social, technological, and chronological tal River Ceramics Collection. trends coincident with the foundation of Mississippian This paper reports the results of the first in a two- lifeways. Models of Mississippian origins in the Ten- stage research project studying type/attribute and tech- nessee Valley have oscillated in tandem with broader

48 Bulletin 55—2012 theoretical trends - from cultural replacement to local uplands, which include yellow-lined, water-laid, refuse- adaptation, and back again. The present reappraisal free, and hematite-sprinkled pole-and-thatch building, of Mississippian origins in eastern Tennessee has been marker post, and wall-trench deposits. prompted by recent acquisitions of radiometric dates coupled with ongoing studies of unreported site col- LaDu, Daniel (University of Alabama) lections. This framework involving new and liberated Coles Creek and Plaquemine Settlement at Mazique data provides greater resolution of short-term trends (22Ad502). during the Woodland-Mississippian interface. (Ses- Mazique is a late-prehistoric mound and plaza sion 2C) center located south of Natchez, Mississippi. Pre- vious collections made here reveal that the site was Koldehoff, Brad H. (Illinois Department of Transpor- occupied by both Coles Creek and Plaquemine popu- tation) lations. Shovel tests and off-mound test-units were Building Bridges: Tribal Consultation and the New excavated during the summer of 2012 to examine Mississippi River Bridge. changing settlement patterns during the Coles Creek The Transportation Departments in Illinois (A.D. 750-1200) and Mississippi (A.D. 1200-1650) (IDOT) and Missouri, in coordination with the Fed- periods. This paper presents the preliminary results of eral Highway Administration, are constructing a new these investigations, addressing issues such as: What bridge across Mississippi River at St. Louis. Consulta- is the full areal extent of the site? Where was the third tion with federally recognized American Indian tribes mound located? Where were Coles Creek/Plaquemine is a key component of the multiyear intensive data- activities concentrated? Were portions of Mazique’s recovery program underway in East St. Louis, Illinois. landscape artificially constructed? (Session 2F) The unexpected discovery, and eventual preservation, of a Mississippian mound remnant and associated hu- Lady, Belinda M. (see Carmody, Stephen B.) man remains (Feature 2000) presented challenges that were resolved through good-faith negotiations among Laffitte, Brad (Fort Polk, Louisiana) tribes, archaeologists, and engineers. The preservation The Fort Polk Heritage Program: Amalgamating Ar- of Feature 2000 is the most recent accomplishment of chaeology, History, and Culture. IDOT’s award-winning tribal consultation process. The Fort Polk Heritage Program was initiated in (Session 1D) 2007 to honor, recognize, and memorialize the sacri- fices made by families removed from the area due to Kowalski, Jessica (University of Alabama) and Alana the construction of the installation in 1941. Creation Lynch (Federal Emergency Management Agency) of the Heritage Program has resulted in the donation Investigations of the Ramsey Mound Site (22HA528): of thousands of historic photographs, documents, and A Middle Woodland Mound and Habitation Site on the over one hundred oral history interviews. The archae- Bay of St. Louis, Hancock County, Mississippi. ological benefits of the program include additional The Federal Emergency Management Agency historic resources to aid investigations, a better under- (FEMA) conducted excavations at the Ramsey Mound standing of site layout and function due to oral history Site (22HA528) in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, during interviews, identification of unmarked burials, and a 2009. These investigations encountered extensive greater understanding of historic archaeology in the midden surrounding an undated platform mound. west-central Louisiana area. (Session 2P—Poster) The ceramic assemblage indicates the site was most intensely occupied during the Middle through Early Laffitte, Brad (Fort Polk, Louisiana) Late Woodland periods of prehistory. In light of recent Archaeology at Fort Polk: An Overview and Discus- research of Middle to Early Late Woodland mound sion on Future Research. centers along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, Ramsey rep- Archaeological work conducted at Fort Polk over resents a distinctive site configuration and illustrates the past four decades has resulted in the identification that a simple dichotomy of ceremonial and habitation of over 3,300 recorded archaeological sites, comple- sites is not sufficient to capture the variability of this tion of Phase-I surveys on installation lands, and dynamic time period. (Session 2F) Phase-II excavation of 749 sites. However, the recor- dation of archaeological sites on Fort Polk has primar- Krutchen, Jeffery D. (University of Illinois, Urbana- ily been done to satisfy Cultural Resources Manage- Champaign) and Susan M. Alt (Indiana University) ment requirements thereby leaving many academic The Implications of the Structured Deposits of Greater questions unanswered. Future research directions that Cahokia. will benefit both Fort Polk and academia will be high- Sacred and mundane or ritual and domestic realms lighted, including examples of large-scale data analy- were not discretely separated in the ancient Eastern sis projects currently taking place on the installation Woodlands. Recent practice-based and phenomenologi- that may be applicable regionally. Additionally, the cal theorizing suggests instead that all practice and depo- current status of the Cultural Resources Management sition entailed some degree of rituality. Early Cahokian Program will be discussed. (Session 3E) depositional practices in the American Bottom attest to this point, and include several notable kinds of “struc- Lambert, Shawn (University of Oklahoma) tured deposits” at everything from farmsteads to the great Socioeconomic Differences Between two Post-Remov- “ritual-residential” complexes of East St. Louis and Ca- al Choctaw Sites in McCurtain County, Oklahoma. hokia. These are complemented by recent discoveries at Before European contact, the Choctaw nation was the Emerald and Pfeffer sites in the Richland Complex a culture of skilled agriculturalists that lived in East-

49 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

central Mississippi. In 1830, the U.S. Government excavation unit on the back edge of the midden to look forcefully removed them to southeastern Oklahoma. for species variability and equitability. Any statisti- This presentation illustrates the preliminary results cally significant differences between the samples will by comparing the socioeconomic differences between give us a better understanding of site formation pro- two Post-Removal Choctaw sites in McCurtain, Okla- cesses, including cultural decisions, which allowed for homa. Specifically, the preliminary comparison of the formation of these interior sites. (Session 1F) these two sites was achieved by analyzing the ceramic assemblages by calculating the minimum number of LeFebvre, Michelle J. (see Wallis, Neill) vessels (MNV) and examining the different European ceramic types. The results show that socioeconomic Leib, Pam (see Olin, Susan) differences were still prevalent shortly after the re- moval period. (Session 1K—Poster) Lieb, Brad R. (Chickasaw Nation) Hikia, Ayanaka, and Okla Tchitoka: Archaeological Lambert, Shawn (University of Oklahoma) and Lu- Fieldwork Updates on the Battlefield Preservation, cius Martin (University of Oklahoma) Yaneka Middens, and Remote Sensing Fronts at the Discovered WPA Illustrations of Artifacts from the Chickasaw Nation Dept. of Homeland Affairs. Spiro Mounds: Indigenous Archaeology and Attribut- Intensive collaboration with USC-SCIAA led to ing the Forgotten Artists. highly productive archaeological survey and excava- Our poster will highlight some of the forgot- tion work in the Chickasaw Homelands of northeast ten illustrations of artifacts recovered from the Spiro Mississippi. The results of an NPS-ABPP survey of Mounds during the Work Progress Administration the 1736 Chickasaw-French battlefields and associ- sponsored excavations from 1936 to 1941. Through ated sites are overviewed, as well as the excavation of collaboration with the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and a large Chickasaw okaakinafa’, or midden-filled daub- the Wichita Affiliated Tribes we will present the draw- borrow pit, ca. A.D. 1700. Up to half of the field crew ings, sketches, and paintings that were so masterfully on this project are Chickasaw citizens, and this was the created by university students during the initial artifact first excavated feature confirming the long-suspected analysis phase. This collection represents the neces- Chickasaw Yaneka settlement area in Pontotoc Coun- sity of digitizing the many aging documents from the ty. Finally, a recent weeklong foray with the Chicka- WPA era that are waiting to be rediscovered in the saw GeoSpatial Dept. team’s GPR device is reported. many dusty file cabinets of our nation’s universities (Session 1A) and museums. (Session 2J—Poster) Lewis, Keely (see Moody, Adam) Langlie, BrieAnna S. (see Jeter, Marvin D.) Listi, Ginesse (Louisiana State University) and Mary Lansdell, Brent (Illinois State Archaeological Sur- H. Manhein (Louisiana State University) vey) and H. Blaine Ensor (Illinois State Archaeologi- Bioarchaeological Analysis of Burials Recently Exca- cal Survey) vated from New Orleans’ Oldest Cemetery. Remaking Old Communities: Lohmann Phase Occu- In 2011, installation of a swimming pool in a pri- pations at the East St. Louis Mound Complex. vate courtyard on the northwestern edge of the French The reordering of the cultural landscape associ- Quarter necessitated the excavation of multiple historic ated with the rise of Cahokia as a ritual and political burials. The property is situated atop the known loca- center during the Lohmann phase is well documented. tion of New Orleans’ earliest official cemetery, which The East St. Louis excavations provided additional dates to the 1700s. Seven coffin and six non-coffin evidence of the cultural shift from Late Woodland to disturbed, commingled “burials” were removed and Mississippian. Lohmann phase plan involves a new skeletal remains were analyzed for demographic data settlement layout placed in previously unused site ar- and pathologies. Both sexes and multiple age groups eas. This expansion initiates mound construction in are represented in the sample as are dental and degen- an area that would become part of a core precinct of erative pathologies. Results from this study contribute Greater Cahokia. These settlements offer a unique op- to understanding the health of the colonial period in- portunity to study the rise of Cahokia from its anteced- habitants of New Orleans. (Session 2B) ents, and the major shift to the Stirling phase. (Session 1D) Livingood, Patrick (University of Oklahoma) The Unique History of the Petit Nations of the Lower Laracuente, Nicolas (see Westmont, V. Camille) Mississippi Valley and How It Is Linked With Prehis- tory. Ledford, Kelly (Middle Tennessee State University) The impression one gets from the ceramic ar- Prehistoric Freshwater Mollusk Use Along the Cum- chaeology of the Plaquemine of the Lower Missis- berland River. sippi Valley is one of relative cultural uniformity; A persistent explanation for the formation of whereas, the history of the “petit nations” who are interior shell midden sites is that invertebrates were the descendants of the Plaquemine is one of ethnic being exploited as a starvation resource. To test this rivalry and strife. Some archaeologists have used hypothesis I examine data from 40DV7, a multi-com- this apparent divide to argue for a massive historic ponent shell-bearing site on the Cumberland River in transformation, such as pandemic disease. This Tennessee. I compare the faunal assemblages from a paper will argue that this apparent distinction is bankline column sample and from a one-meter square merely a by-product of the different nature of the

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archaeological and historical evidence and the solu- Lulewicz, Jacob (University of Georgia) tion, in this case, is the application of anthropologi- Community Organization and Occupational Chronol- cal theory, specifically on ethnicity. (Session 2D) ogy at the Mound House site in the Lower Illinois River Valley. Livingood, Patrick C. (see Hammerstedt, Scott This research is concerned with understanding W.) community organization through time at the Mound House site in the Lower Illinois River Valley. The main Lockhart, Jami J. (see Mitchem, Jeffrey M.; Ham- goal of the project was to validate previous hypotheses merstedt, Scott W.) based on systematic surface collections with newly col- lected magnetometry data in order to resolve ambiguity Loveland, Erika (University of Michigan) and Al- concerning the occupational chronology of the site. Us- ice P. Wright (University of Michigan) ing data collected by the Center for American Arche- Spatial Patterning of Debitage Variability at the ology, a closer examination of ceramic distributions is Middle Woodland Garden Creek Site, North Caro- compared with newly identified structures. The results lina. of the analysis suggest a clear spatial differentiation of Best known for its monumental architecture structures across the site and the association of struc- and an assemblage of Hopewellian artifacts, the tural forms with ceramic types. (Session 2Q—Poster) Middle Woodland component (ca. 300 B.C. - A.D. 800) of the Garden Creek site has recently yielded Lynch, Alana (see Kowalski, Jessica) chipped stone debitage from a variety of off-mound contexts. Our on-going examination of this assem- MacDonald, Kevin C. (see Morgan, David W.) blage focuses on the quantities of debitage excavat- ed, raw material types present, and reduction stages McCall, Grant S. (Tulane University) and Rachel A. in evidence. In addition to characterizing the deb- Horowitz (Tulane University) itage assemblage of the site as a whole, we consider Projectile Point Cross-Sectional Geometry and Biface the assemblages of discrete excavation blocks and Reduction: A Southeastern Case Study. features as a means to explore the possible spatial Variability in the shapes of projectile point cross- segregation of certain activities at Garden Creek. sections has been the subject of discussion for more (Session 2I—Poster) than a century. In this paper, we examine the cross- section shapes of bifaces from the Walt Jones Farm site Lubsen, Kyle (Saint Louis University) (10Br9), northwestern Georgia. We find that certain Development of Discriminant Function Sex Esti- patterns of cross-sectional geometry are tightly corre- mation Equations Derived from Prehistoric Native lated with other aspects of point retouch and reduction. American Hand and Foot Bones. This patterning suggests that cross-sectional geometry estimates of sex are fundamental for compara- may be in important indicator of retouching in the haft tive bioarchaeological research and, unfortunately, and other salient technological dynamics having to do numerous individuals can be eliminated from research with the repair and recycling of points. (Session 1G) samples due to an indeterminate estimate of some in- dividual’s sex. This issue is especially problematic in McCarthy, Andrea R. (Coastal Environments, Inc.) prehistoric Native American skeletal samples due to a Archaeological Investigations at Bayou des Oies limited number of methods available to estimate sex. (16JE35): A Coles Creek Midden in Lafitte, Louisiana. Therefore, this research focuses on the development From 2009-2010, Coastal Environments, Inc., con- and testing of discriminant function equations for sex ducted Phase I survey and Phase II testing at Bayou des estimation that are both derived from, and applicable Oies (16JE35), a prehistoric mound center with eigh- for use in, prehistoric Native American skeletal re- teenth- to twentieth-century components. Three test mains. Utilizing a proper protocol, discriminant func- units were excavated, yielding a large number of histor- tion equations were developed that produce 80 per- ic and prehistoric artifacts. Intact Rangia shell midden cent, or greater, rates of concordance. (Session 2B) was identified in all three test units, yielding ceramics suggestive of an occupation during the Bayou Ramos Lucas, Virginia (University of Alabama, Birming- and St. Gabriel phases of the Coles Creed Period. Ra- ham) and Shannon Chappell Hodge (Middle Tennes- diocarbon dating places midden deposition between see State University) A.D. 800 -1000. The site appears to have been part of Arnold 15 Misc: A Case of Nonlethal Scalping. the larger Barataria Complex of the Lafitte/Barataria The Arnold Site (40WM5; A.D. 1200 - 1680) is a distributary. (Session 2H—Poster) Middle Cumberland Mississippian village and stone box cemetery site, located along one of the minor McCarthy, Andrea R. (see Blank, Anne Marie Ma- tributaries of the Tennessee - Cumberland River sys- her) tem centered in the Nashville Basin of Middle Tennes- see. Four of 219 sets of human skeletal remains from McCarthy, Donna (University of Tennessee) and the Arnold Site bear signs of scalping. One of these Kevin Hufnagl (University of Tennessee) individuals survived the trauma and lived for several Paleopathology at DeArmond (40Re12), a Mississip- weeks, exhibiting osteitic lesions associated with bone pian Site in the Watts Bar Basin of East Tennessee. infection, circumscribing the cranium at the level of This presentation introduces the skeletal biology the scalping cutmarks. (Session 1L—Poster) of the DeArmond Mississippian site (40Re12) in the

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Watts Bar Basin of East Tennessee. Included are compared with historic data to explore consequences rates for well-known markers of nutritional stress, in- of historic agricultural use and current status of sites. fectious disease, degenerative pathology, and trauma. At Mound House (11GE7), geophysical prospection These markers are examined in light of status differ- has enhanced broader investigations of site organiza- entiation based on mound versus village interment. tion, mound structure, and density of non-mounded Results of this study demonstrate that trauma rates components that are being used to evaluate variability at DeArmond are low and similar to those at Dallas and intensity of use among and between contempora- (40Ha1), its contemporary site in the Chickamauga neous sites in the region. (Session 1C) Basin. In terms of pathology, DeArmond demon- strates low levels of metabolic stress but remarkably McKinnon, Duncan P. (see Sullivan, Stephanie M.) high levels of infectious disease regardless of status. (Session 1L—Poster) Mahar, Ginessa J. (see Sassaman, Kenneth E.) McDonald, Katherine R. (see Nash, Lenna M.) Mainford, Robert C. (see Chamblee, John F.) McFadden, Paulette S. (University of Florida) Manhein, Mary H. (see Listi, Ginesse) Results of Archaeological Investigations at Bird Island (8DI52), Dixie County, Florida. Mann, Jason (Troy University) The laboratory of Southeastern Archaeology at The Hope Hull Phase: A Better Understanding of the the University of Florida conducted test unit excava- Late Woodland in Central Alabama. tions at two locations on Bird Island off the northern For many years the Hope Hull Phase has been un- Gulf Coast of Florida. Results from testing on the derstood to be the dominant Late Woodland Phase in southwestern portion of the island suggest that cultural the Fall-Line area of Alabama. Most Hope Hull dis- remains had been scoured or disturbed in that area. A cussions involve diatribe about plain pottery and anec- second test unit at the highest elevation revealed over dotal comments about unusual burials, odd dogs, and 1-meter of midden deposits representing over 3000 large sites. The result of such discussions resulted in years of occupation beginning around 4400 cal B.P. Hope Hull being understood as simply “Late Wood- Analyses of cultural and faunal remains suggest year- land” and “Plain.” Recent work by several archae- round use of the site with remarkable consistency of ologists has revealed enough information to develop resource exploitation despite cultural adjustments and a more comprehensive view of the Hope Hull Phase. significant environmental changes. (Session 1F) This discussion will provide a synthesis of the most re- cent data regarding the Hope Hull Phase and show the McFadden, Paulette S. (see Sassaman, Kenneth E.) complexity as well as the size and scope of the phase. (Session 3B) McGlothlin, Teka R. (Arkansas Archeological Sur- vey) Mann, Rob (Louisiana State University) and Billie Archaeology of a Detached Kitchen: Cultural Hub of Jones (Louisiana State University) the Borderlands. Exploring the Ceramics from Galveztown: An Eigh- Along the borderlands of Indian Territory, on the teenth-Century Spanish Colonial Outpost in Southeast edge of the western movement, communities such as Louisiana. Cane Hill, Arkansas, sprang up in the early nineteenth Between 2008 and 2011, Louisiana State Univer- century. Cane Hill College, one of the first universi- sity’s Regional Archaeology Program and Department ties in Arkansas was founded in 1834, two years before of Geography and Anthropology conducted archaeo- Arkansas’ statehood was granted. In 2003, across the logical investigations at the site of Galveztown, an valley from the site of the college, an archaeological eighteenth-century Spanish colonial outpost in south- excavation was performed on an antebellum detached east Louisiana. Galveztown was the site of a Span- kitchen thought to be associated with a former board- ish military fort and a village inhabited primarily by ing house. Based on the artifacts recovered and archi- Isleño colonists from the Canary Islands. This poster val sources, this location shows evidence of multiple presentation explores the wide variety of ceramics that cultures and a view of life in the Ozarks. (Session have been recovered from the site to date, including 1J—Poster) tin-enameled wares, refined and coarse earthenwares, as well as historic Native American ceramics and a McKinnon, Duncan P. (University of Arkansas), small number of unidentified specimens that may be Jason L. King (Center for American Archaeology), the work of local Isleño potters. (Session 1J—Poster) Jason T. Herrmann (University of Arkansas), Tay- lor H. Thornton (University of Illinois), and Jane E. Markus, David (see Winburn, Allysha) Buikstra (Arizona State University) Exploring Variation and Intensity of Use in the Lower Marquardt, William H. (see Thompson, Victor D.) Illinois River Valley: A Case Study from Mound House (11GE7), Greene County, Illinois. Marrinan, Rochelle (Florida State University) The integration of geophysics into research of Franciscan-Apalachee Mission Archaeology in North- Woodland sites in the Lower Illinois River Valley has west Florida. augmented investigations of community formation, Franciscan activity in Florida’s Apalachee Prov- maintenance, and interaction. Additionally, the use of ince began in 1633 and ended with the destruction of mapping has provided a method of documenting and all mission settlements in 1704 by Carolina militias evaluating the state of cultural resources that can be and Creek allies. The Mission period in Apalachee

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Province is thus quite brief in contrast to other areas in ginning in 2006, large-scale excavations at the Carter Spanish Florida. Since the 1980s, several long-term Robinson site identified a Mississippian migration into archaeological projects have produced information the region. Analyses of ceramics from this site and the that permits a fuller understanding of settlement or- larger region show interaction between Mississippian ganization, architecture, material culture, biocultural and Woodland cultures increased over time. Craft pro- data, and insights about acculturation in the province. duction and exchange of shell beads played an impor- This paper summarizes the work of the past thirty tant role in chiefly power at the site and in the region. years. (Session 2O) This paper presents these data and examines the effect of this Mississippian migration in southwestern Vir- Martin, Lucius (see Lambert, Shawn) ginia. (Session 2C) May, J. Alan (Schiele Museum of Natural History) Mickelson, Andrew (see Chamblee, John F.) Holly Bend, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina: 212 Years of Piedmont Architectural and Cultural History. Miller, Jessica (Illinois State University) Recent excavations at this historic, National Regis- Determining the Function of Powell Plain and Ramey ter property have uncovered traces of the dependencies Incised Vessels in Mississippian Period Society: A that surrounded this standing structure until recently. Comparative Analysis. From the Federal five-bay frame construction to the This research sought to determine the perfor- exterior end fireplaces, Holly Bend was and continues mance of Powell Plain and Ramey Incised vessels to be an example of vernacular architecture. Changes in Mississippian Period society using a comparative in the economic status and agricultural practices of the functional analysis. Methods used included the collec- Davidson and subsequent families are reflected in the tion of metrical and use-alteration data as outlined by construction and abandonment of outbuildings formerly Skibo (2012). Using whole and partial vessels as well surrounding the house. Elements of these changes are as rim sherds from nine sites in Illinois, physical prop- exhibited in the poster along with images of recovered erties and use-alteration traces were recorded for each domestic material culture. (Session 1J—Poster) sample. When vessel function was determined, this was compared to the archaeological context. Finally, Mehta, Jayur Madhusudan (Tulane University) Ramey Incised and Powell Plain vessel functions were A Report of the 2012 Mound D Excavations at the Car- compared to determine if there were differences in son Site (22CO505), Coahoma County, Mississippi. vessel performance. (Session 2F) In the summer of 2012, dissertation excavations were resumed by Jayur Mehta and several undergradu- Miller, Meg (Florida Atlantic University) and Terry ates at the Mound D complex of the Carson site. The Hooker (Florida Atlantic University) Mound D complex at Carson is composed of several The Importance of Gravestone Recording: Using the mounds, including the only known pentagonal mound Past to Help Our Future. in the Southeastern United States. Sediment coring, Gravestone recording holds significant impor- geophysical survey, shovel testing, and trench and sum- tance to many communities, both culturally and geo- mit excavations were the major components of the 2012 graphically. These projects empower individuals to research. This presentation discusses results from the take ownership and pride in their local history. The 2012 season, with an emphasis on geomorphology, cemeteries of Oakland, Florida, are a combined on-go- mound construction, and the partial excavation of a ing project that has provided for community involve- burned and intact summit structure. (Session 2K) ment through the partnerships of Central Florida An- thropological Society, Oakland Nature Preserve, and Menz, Martin (University of South Florida) the Florida Public Archaeology Network. The project The Use-Life and Times of the Type-G Shell Hammer: provides volunteer hours on many levels ranging from A Descriptive and Experimental Analysis of Shell Ham- secondary to post graduate. The goal of this project is mers from Roberts Island (8CI41) Part Deux. to produce an accessible record of all local gravestones While the Type-G Shell Hammer has been de- to help researchers, as well as the general public, to scribed as a distinct class of shell tool, little attention understand their historic value. (Session 2P—Poster) has been paid to its function or use-life. This study adds a body of descriptive data through the analysis of Mills, Niki (see Peres, Tanya M.) a sample of shell hammers collected at Roberts Island (8CI41), downriver from Crystal River in Citrus Coun- Milner, George R. (see Chamblee, John F.) ty, Florida. I also describe an experimental analysis fo- cusing on the type and degree of use-wear inflicted on Mitchell, Joseph (see Peacock, Evan) the tool by a variety of different activities, with results indicating that the Type-G Shell Hammer was used pri- Mitchem, Jeffrey M. (Arkansas Archeological Sur- marily to process shell. (Session 2A) vey) and Jami J. Lockhart (Arkansas Archeological Survey) Meyers, Maureen (University of Kentucky) Searching for the Southeastern Corner of the Palisade Mississippian in the Woodlands: Interactions in Four- at the Parkin Site, Northeast Arkansas. teenth-Century Southwestern Virginia. In 2012, Arkansas Archeological Survey person- Research in the 1960s-1980s identified a Mis- nel and volunteers conducted geophysical survey and sissippian intrusion in southwestern Virginia, but the excavations at the Mississippian Parkin site (3CS29). nature and extent of this intrusion was unknown. Be- We were trying to locate the palisade at the southeast

53 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

corner of the St. Francis-type site so that a portion of formation processes at other, typically shallow, sandy the palisade and a bastion can be reconstructed there. and “stratigraphically undifferentiated” Coastal Plain The geophysical research yielded promising results, archaeological sites. (Session 2I—Poster) but excavations revealed that the most prominent anomalies were largely the result of disturbance in the Moore, Christopher R. (SCIAA-Savannah River late twentieth century. Geophysical interpretation and Archeological Research Program), Mark J. Brooks extensive excavations led to the discovery of the sur- (SCIAA-Savannah River Archeological Research Pro- viving evidence of the palisade, but, as yet, no bastion. gram), James K. Feathers (University of Washing- (Session 2N) ton), and Tommy Charles (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology) Mones, Micah P. (University of Florida) Recovery and Luminescence Dating of a Buried Cache Coontie, It’s What’s for Dinner. from Frierson Bay, Barnwell County, South Carolina: Coontie (Zamia sp.) has long made the short list Implications for Middle Archaic Provisioning and So- of edible plants known to have been exploited by in- cial Interaction in the Inter-Riverine Coastal Plain. digenous people of peninsular Florida. Many of the The recovery of a cache of bifacial cores and tools same lists refer to “Indian” or “Seminole” bread made from a Carolina bay sand rim offers the rare oppor- from coontie as being a regular part of people’s diet. tunity to examine technological and social organiza- A reevaluation of some old evidence, as well as some tion of Middle Archaic foragers in the inter-riverine new discoveries, have shed light on the possibility that Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Analysis of this plant may have played a major role in some pre- raw material composition, technological attributes of historic economies. This paper presents a summary of the cache artifacts, results of luminescence dating, what is already known about coontie, as well as some and an examination of regional-scale projectile point new insights and questions. (Session 1F) data document changing strategies for procurement and provisioning of tool stone for Middle Archaic in- Mones, Micah P. (see Sassaman, Kenneth E.) habitants. Together, these data suggest a regionally circumscribed Middle Archaic macroband focused on Moody, Adam (University of Oklahoma), Kimberly Coastal Plain Chert along the Savannah River in Al- Wescott (University of South Carolina), Keely Lewis lendale County. (Session 1G) (SCIAA, University of South Carolina), and Stacey Whitacre (University of South Carolina) Moore, Christopher R. (SCIAA-Savannah River A Yaneka Okaakinafa’: Chickasaw Midden Excava- Archeological Research Program), Drew S. Cole- tions in Pontotoc County, Mississippi. man (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and Archaeological data from midden pits called Mark J. Brooks (SCIAA-Savannah River Archeolog- okaakinafa’ provide a rare opportunity for studying the ical Research Program) early historic period Chickasaw. This paper discusses Geochemical Sourcing of Stone Quarries and Artifacts some of the data collected from recent excavations at in North and South Carolina Using Neodymium Iso- Yaneka, the southernmost settlement of the Chicka- topes and Rare Earth Elements. saw homeland during the late seventeenth and early The Savannah River Archaeological Research eighteenth century. Cultural materials, such as ceram- Program has recently undertaken research to identify ics, beads, faunal remains, and various European trade the locations of metavolcanic quarries in the South items, were recovered from water screening using fine Carolina Slate Belt and characterize these sources us- mesh window screen. Future research and analysis of ing a combination of Neodymium isotope geochem- these materials will offer insight into Chickasaw eco- istry and rare earth elements (REEs). The purpose of nomic and social relations during this important pe- this study is to determine the geological provenance riod of their history. (Session 2N) and chemical signature of stone quarries for sourcing prehistoric artifacts. This research will compliment Moore, Christopher R. (SCIAA-Savannah River earlier work on stone quarries in the North Carolina Archeological Research Program), Mark J. Brooks Slate Belt by Steponaitis et al. (2006) and will enhance (SCIAA-Savannah River Archeological Research our understanding of hunter-gatherer settlement sys- Program), Andrew H. Ivester (University of West tems and mobility in the South Carolina Piedmont and Georgia), Terry A. Ferguson (Wofford College), and beyond. (Session 2IO—Poster) James K. Feathers (University of Washington) Geoarchaeological Investigations of Carolina Bay Moore, David G. (see Geiger, Brian S.; Rodning, Sand Rims in the Central Savannah River Area, South Christopher B.) Carolina: Differentiating the Undifferentiated. This research focuses on understanding site forma- Moore, Inna (see Peres, Tanya M.) tion processes within shallow Carolina bay sand rims in the Central Savannah River Area of South Carolina. Morgan, Camille (Wake Forest University) and Paul A primary tool has been the development of a detailed Thacker (Wake Forest University) geochronology of bay sand rims based on OSL and Caries and Late Woodland Maize Consumption Prac- 14C dating, as well as temporally diagnostic artifacts, tices at Donnaha. coupled with the analysis of high resolution sequences Dental health was poor among the population rep- of sediment samples for granulometry, soil chemistry, resented by skeletal remains from Donnaha (31YD09), biogenic silica, and environmental magnetism. This a Late Woodland village site in central North Caro- research has broad relevance to understanding site lina. This poster explores systematic patterns in the

54 Bulletin 55—2012 location, depth, and frequency of carious lesions, ab- preservation, archaeological interpretation, and heri- scesses, and ante mortem tooth loss as related to pre- tage and identity building. This paper examines how historic maize consumption practices. We propose a three sites in Northeast Florida - Fort Mose in St. Au- working hypothesis of differential access to, or use of, gustine, Mala Compra Plantation in Palm Coast, and maize by males and females in the early Late Wood- Kingsley Plantation in Jacksonville - have dealt with land. Acknowledging sample size and chronological each of these issues in their own unique ways. (Ses- control caveats, our data may indicate increased and sion 3E) broader maize consumption (by the entire population) in the middle of the Late Woodland subperiod. (Ses- Myrick, Robert J. (see Underwood, John) sion 1L—Poster) Nash, Lenna M. (Illinois State Archaeological Sur- Morgan, David W. (NPS, Southeastern Archeologi- vey), Eve A. Hargrave (Illinois State Archaeological cal Center) and Kevin C. MacDonald (Institute of Survey), and Katherine R. McDonald (Illinois State Archaeology, University College London) Archaeological Survey) Investigating the Late-Eighteenth-Century French Co- Varying Mortuary Practices of the East St. Louis lonial Tauzin-Wells House Site, Natchitoches, Louisi- Mound Complex. ana. east St. Louis Mound Complex excavations have Recent donation of a pottery collection from the identified burials and isolated remains in a wide vari- putative oldest extant house in Natchitoches, Louisi- ety of contexts. These remains demonstrate signifi- ana—a late eighteenth-century poteaux sur solle struc- cant variation in mortuary practices from the Terminal ture—has prompted re-examination of a pivotal local- Late Woodland to Early Mississippian periods. The ity for early frontier trade. The Tauzin-Wells house remains are divided into either isolated human ele- is situated on a land tract owned by the Irish colonial ments and burials in domestic contexts or deliberate merchant, Edward Murphy, who became the Natchi- placement of select elements or burials in ritual con- toches post’s pre-eminent broker in the Indian trade texts such as post pits, prehistoric borrow pits, a previ- in the late 1700s. It is alleged that the extant structure ously unidentified mound, and discrete burial clusters. was Murphy’s home/warehouse, but this supposition The mortuary practices represented are consistent with has yet to be definitively assessed. Archival research, other contemporaneous examples from the American geophysical survey, and excavations conducted in Bottom, and reflect a wide diversity in the treatment August-September, 2012, have yielded new insights. of dead. (Session 1D) (Session 2O) Needham, Maggie M. (SCIAA-Savannah River Ar- Morgan, Robert T. (see Cable, John S.) chaeological Research Program) Reconsidering an Eighteenth-Century Yuchi Settle- Moses, Sharon K. (Coastal Carolina University) ment on the Savannah River (9EF16). African Slave Resistance and Ritual Deposits in the The Yuchi are a Southeastern Native American Slave Quarter of the Hume Plantation, South Caro- group that migrated throughout the eighteenth and lina. nineteenth centuries between settlements along the Sa- Recent excavations at the former Hume Planta- vannah and Chattahoochee Rivers. Archaeologically tion in the South Carolina Lowcountry indicate that recovered pottery from an isolated Yuchi settlement on African slaves created ritual niches in the dirt floors of the Savannah River was extensively studied to iden- their cabins based upon their African beliefs. Prior to tify Yuchean ceramic culture. Distinguishing spatial the Civil War, South Carolina was rife with social ten- and geographical differences in the material record sions because of slave rebellions and the fact that by aided in determining the affects of migration and cul- 1850 90 percent of the local population was African. tural interaction on Yuchean cultural continuity. This Laws prohibited slaves from gathering or expressing study utilized an attribute analysis methodology inter- their beliefs openly. This paper examines how these laced with historical research and statistical support to ritual deposits represent a resistance to European spir- define a Yuchi assemblage and determine the affects of ituality in Georgetown County during this turbulent migration and cultural interaction on Yuchean cultural time, while at the same time using European material continuity. (Session 2N) culture as symbolic markers for their beliefs. (Session 2G) Nelson, Erin S. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) Mulvihill, Tim (see Hammerstedt, Scott W.) Off the Map: Social Space at Parchman. Geophysical investigations at Parchman Place in- Murray, Emily Jane (Archy Docs) dicate the presence of at least three discrete residential Archaeology on Display: A Look at Site-Museums in groups or neighborhoods defined by the presence of Northeast Florida. magnetically enhanced residential architecture. How- Site museums are providing new and innovative ever, it is in large part the “empty spaces” on and off ways to teach pubic audiences about archaeological the map that structure interactions among individuals research without the constraints of traditional muse- and groups. This paper explores the spaces between ums. They often lack the formal setting of traditional geophysical anomalies in two ways. First, it considers indoor museums and can also provide visitors with the courtyards, paths and other features that are visible the sense of a “more authentic” experience. However, as negative space on our geophysical maps. Second, site managers must deal with issues of site impact and it considers off-the-map social institutions such as kin-

55 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

ship and power relations that result in the spatial con- core Swift Creek area have been interpreted as sun or figurations we see archaeologically. (Session 1C) eye symbols. At Pinson, connections with the sun have been previously suggested as Mound 29 may have been Nelson, Erin S. (see O’Hear, John W.) constructed as the marker mound for the Equinox sun- rises, March 21st and September 21st. This presen- Newberry, Matt (Georgia Southern University) tation will highlight this assemblage of complicated Applications of Aerial LiDAR on Inland Rice Planta- stamped sherds and associated designs. (Session 3D) tions. The use of remote sensing technology, such as Ogden, Quinn-Monique (Hunter College) aerial LiDAR (light detection and ranging), provides Exhausted Rocks of Ages: the Late Archaic Lithics of archaeologists with a substantial tool to aid in research the St. Catherines Island Shell Rings. as well as digitally recording sites. The topographic The analysis of 7,334 lithics found at St. Cath- environments of historic inland rice plantations of erines Shell Ring (9Li231) and McQueen Shell Ring the southeastern United States are well suited for the (9Li1648), on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, tell a story application of aerial LiDAR. Ground models drawn of status, hierarchy, and trade relations throughout the from raw LiDAR data can assist archaeologists in lo- Late Archaic. Due to the scarcity of lithic material in cating potential new sites as well as providing accu- the surrounding area, the uniqueness of very high densi- rate site maps. “Ground truthing” further defines the ty lithics on these shell rings is compelling. Late Archa- topographic features shown on LiDAR models. This ic lithic activity on St. Catherines Island demonstrates paper will present the preliminary LiDAR analysis of a complex social hierarchy, encompassing commercial, several plantations near Coosawhatchie, South Caro- ceremonial, and everyday functions previously unde- lina. (Session 2G) fined at shell rings in the Southeastern United States. (Session 1G) Newman, Shelby (University of North Florida) The Mound That Rocks the Cradle: A Unique Burial O’Hear, John W. (University of Mississippi), Vincas Site of the St. Johns River. P. Steponaitis (University of North Carolina, Chapel excavation of the now-destroyed Goodman Hill), Megan C. Kassabaum (University of North Mound (8DU66) in the 1960s and once more in the Carolina, Chapel Hill), Erin S. Nelson (University of 1970s yielded primary and secondary human remains North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and David J. Cranford of six individual burials and a centrally located mass (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) grave of at least seven young children. This St. Johns An Overview of the 2012 Field Season at the Feltus II (A.D. 900-1250) burial site contained decorated Mounds. bone pins, panther teeth pendants, archaic projectile This summer comprised our fourth major field points, and exotic stone items. The most unique find season at the Coles Creek period Feltus Mounds. however, was an incised human parietal bone oddly Work included a 22-m-long trench on Mound B to in- reminiscent of Hopewellian rattles and Greater Antil- vestigate the penultimate mound summit; completion lean imagery. This paper discusses mortuary expres- of a flank trench into Mound A; exploration of large sion at the Goodman Mound and explores the potential features in the southern plaza; and trenching on the extent of St. Johns social interaction. (Session 2L) flanks of Mounds B and C to clarify their relation to adjacent low platforms. This paper presents the pre- Norman, Sean P. (University of South Florida) liminary findings, including new insights on the scale Visualizing Crystal River. and complexity of Coles Creek earthmoving. Large Crystal River, on Florida’s central Gulf coast, is a bathtub-shaped pits were identified within Mound A ceremonial mound complex. Occupied from cal 600 and a flank midden, summit floors and other features B.C. to cal A.D. 900, the site was dramatically altered in Mound B. (Session 2F) over time through the midden deposition and mound construction. However, the scope and time frame of O’Hear, John W. (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) the landscape modification is poorly understood. This research aims to reconstruct the landscape throughout Olin, Susan (Mississippi Department of Archives and the site’s occupation using geoarchaeological and ge- History), Pam Leib (Mississippi Department of Ar- ovisual methods. Forty-six soil cores systematically chives and History), David Abbott (Mississippi De- recovered using a GeoProbe provide a record of both partment of Archives and History), and Patty Beech natural and anthropogenic landscape change. The in- (Mississippi Department of Archives and History) tegration of core data into a GIS enables the visualiza- Mississippi Site Form. tion of the landscape history of Crystal River. (Ses- Poster will introduce the new Mississippi Site form. sion 2A) (Session 2P—Poster) Norris, Sean (see Walker, Renee B.) Ostahowski, Brian E. (R. Christopher Goodwin and Associates, Inc.) and Charlotte D. Pevny (R. Christo- Norton, Mark (Tennessee Division of Archaeology) pher Goodwin and Associates, Inc.) Swift Creek Style Designs from . Poverty of Choice: An Analysis of Late Weeden Island A number of Swift Creek style complicated stamped Core Reduction Strategies in the North Florida Pan- sherds have been recovered during the past 50 years of handle. archaeology at the Pinson Mound complex. Several This paper explores how raw material constraints of these sherds exhibit concentric circles, which in the influence reduction strategies when toolstone is abun-

56 Bulletin 55—2012

dantly available, but of poor quality. At Site 8TA452, and between seasons, with several ‘seasonally’ oc- a Late Weeden Island quarry in Taylor County, Florida, cupied sites, including a purposeful site of gathering, raw material constraints imposed by the locally avail- identified. (Session 2L) able Coastal Plain chert conditioned technological strategies. The results of core and refit analyses sug- Palmiotto, Andrea (see Sassaman, Kenneth E.) gest that botryoidal and fossiliferous inclusions lim- ited the volume of knappable material per raw material Pappas, Christina (see Manzano, Bruce L.) package. Quantification of core reduction patterns and examination of correlates between core and debitage Parish, Ryan (University of Memphis) attributes offer broader implications for understand- Testing the Single Source Theory for Middle Missis- ing nuanced objectives within the Late Weeden Island sippian Duck River Swords. lithic economy in north Florida. (Session 1G) The chert source used to manufacture Middle Mis- sissippian Duck River swords is visually identified as Paglione, Teresa (USDA Natural Resources Conser- Lower St. Louis ‘Dover’ chert attributed to prehistoric vation Service) quarry sites located in north-central Tennessee. How- The Demopolis Lake Area Assessment: Evaluating ever, prehistoric procurement and quarrying at other Survey Methodology, Environmental Variables, and locations along the Western Highland Rim of macro- Site Location. scopically similar Ft. Payne chert questions previous Between July 1978 and June 1979, Dr. Craig source determinations. A sample of 26 swords are non- Sheldon directed the archaeological survey of U.S. destructively analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Army Corps of Engineers’ fee-owned lands in west (FTIR) reflectance spectroscopy and compared within a central Alabama’s Demopolis Lake area. Having re- chert database consisting of 1,200 Lower St. Louis and corded 108 archaeological sites across 3,510 hecatres Ft Payne samples in order to analytically test the single (8,670 acres), there were mutiple potentially influen- source hypothesis. (Session 3D) tial environmental factors that could contribute to real- izing a systematic settlement pattern. Unfortunately, Parsons, Alexandra L. (NPS, Southeast Archeologi- a comprehensive approach to a settlement model was cal Center) clouded by the bias in sampling only very specific An Overview of Seasonal Clam Exploitation Strate- tracts within a floodplain. Fortunately even with lim- gies at Mosquito Lagoon, Florida. ited sampling of ecological zones and testing of sites This study provides an initial overview of seasons there was enough data to correlate site locations and of quahog clam exploitation at several Woodland and ecological variables. (Session 3B) Mississippi period sites in Mosquito Lagoon, Florida. Clam samples were collected from eight sites located Palmer, David (University of Louisiana, Lafayette) on small islands and one site on a larger barrier island. Survey and Limited Excavation at 16SL9, Swayze Results indicate that the seasonal exploitation strategy Lake Mound. seen at these small island sites is different from larger The Swayze Lake Mound site, 16SL9, consists of sites in the Indian River area, such as Seminole Rest a low mound with extensive midden deposits. It is lo- or Edgewater Landing. This study also indicates that cated on a densely-vegetated timber tract in northeast- people who used these small island sites heavily im- ern St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, and was originally pacted local clam beds, resulting in the collection of recorded in the 1970s. Its culture-historical affiliation younger and smaller clams over time. (Session 2L) based upon surface finds is Coles Creek and Plaque- mine. During the late summer of 2012, the Regional Patterson, Sarah (University of West Florida) Archaeology Program at UL Lafayette carried out a Using Grave Markers to Identify Trends in Immigra- limited survey and excavation project at 16SL9 to bet- tion. ter define the site’s boundaries and chronology, and Research involving historic cemeteries and the examine the mound’s construction. This paper pres- information that can be gleaned from them is a grow- ents the findings of our investigation. (Session 2F) ing part of archaeology today. This study examines the extent to which it is possible to determine trends Palmiotto, Andrea (University of Florida) in immigration based on the information available on It’s Always Sunny, Except When it’s Not: Regional grave markers from one historic cemetery, Historic St. Seasonality Patterns in the Lower Suwannee Region, Michael’s Cemetery in Pensacola, Florida. The data Florida. shows marked trends in immigration that coincide In southeastern archaeology, seasonality studies with observations from alternate historical and archae- have anchored subsistence practices to specific points ological sources. (Session 2G) in time and space. This is valuable for examining site specific patterns of use, but it does not often ad- Patterson, Wes (University of South Carolina), Den- dress regional patterns. To remedy this and examine nis Blanton (Fernbank Museum of Natural History), seasonality from a more culturally relative position, I and Jeffrey Glover (Georgia State University) explore the concept of folk seasonalities. Data from A GIS-Based Comparison of Spatial Organization four contemporaneous sites in the lower Suwannee at Two Late Mississippian Communities in Southern region, Florida, are analyzed to examine whether a Georgia. broader narrative can be inferred. Faunal signatures The results of large-area, systematic shovel from these sites are suggestive of movement within testing across two late Mississippian communities

57 Southeastern Archaeological Conference

in southeastern and southwestern Georgia are ex- Peres, Tanya M. (Middle Tennessee State Universi- amined via GIS applications. Along with a discus- ty), Dave Baluha (Brockington & Associates), Aaron sion of the interpolation and geostatistical methods Deter-Wolf (Tennessee Division of Archaeology), employed, an examination of the shovel test data re- Joey Keasler (Middle Tennessee State University), veals details of internal organization such as prima- Niki Mills (Brockington & Associates), Inna Moore ry residential areas and plaza locations. Compari- (Brockington & Associates), and Ryan Robinson, son of the results from each site provides a glimpse (Middle Cumberland Archaeology Project) of the variability that exists among Lamar- and Fort Crossing Boundaries Along the Cumberland. Walton-related settlements in Georgia’s coastal The MTSU Middle Cumberland Archaeology plain. (Session 2K) Project (MCAP) investigated a multi-component shell-bearing site occupied between 7000 B.C. and Patterson, Wes (see Blanton, Dennis) A.D. 1400, along a terrace of the Cumberland River west of Nashville in May and June, 2012. The primary Pauketat, Timothy R. (University of Illinois, Ur- goals of the project were to: determine site boundar- bana-Champaign), Alleen Betzenhauser (Illinois ies, depth, and nature of deposits; locate the edge of State Archaeological Survey), and William F. Ro- the shell deposits; and train MTSU students in field main ( Center, Ohio State Uni- survey and excavation techniques. Through the use of versity) deep testing with bucket augers, GPR, and excavation Redesigned Communities of the Early Mississippian units and collaborations between academics, state and World: From Toltec and Washausen to Obion and federal archaeologists, and CRM firms we met these Cahokia. goals. (Session 2Q—Poster) Mississippian beginnings invariably involved the social and physical re-ordering of communities. Perry, Kirk (The Chickasaw Nation) In this paper, we explore how early Mississippian We are NOT Chiefs and Princesses: Recasting and Re- community identities were constructed and incorpo- connecting the Vast Southeastern Cultures. rated into the landscape through changes in settle- The Chickasaw Nation is working with a variety ment design and lived experience. Specifically, we of entities to find new ways to understand and share examine the arrangements of mounds and plazas our own views about Chickasaw culture. Our Depart- at two pre-Mississippian mound sites (Toltec and ment of Homeland Affairs reconnects Chickasaw peo- Washausen) and two early Mississippian mound ple to their heritage through research, collaborations centers (Obion and Cahokia) located in the central in consultations and repatriations, and intertribal col- Mississippi Valley and the American Bottom. The laborations. We have applied our expanding resources community plans complement architectural and to create a Chickasaw cultural center, help develop an ceramic evidence of communities-as-performed in interpretive center near Tupelo, Mississippi, install the southern American Bottom before and after Ca- Chickasaw historical memorials, develop our own hokia’s mid-eleventh century transformation. (Ses- films on Chickasaw history, acquire the historic site of sion 2C) Chissa’ talla,’ and other projects. We do these things for Chickasaw people. (Session 1A) Pauketat, Timothy R. (see Emerson, Thomas E.) Perttula, Timothy K. (see Selden, Robert Z., Jr.) Peacock, Evan (Mississippi State University), Jo- seph Mitchell (Mississippi State University), Cliff Pevny, Charlotte D. (see Ostahowski, Brian E.) Jenkins (Natural Resources Conservation Service), and Joseph Smith (Mississippi State University) Phillips, Erin (University of Alabama) Applying Zooarchaeology: Prehistoric Freshwater Methods for Recording Engraved Designs on Pottery. Mussel Faunas from the Tallahatchie River Drain- In this paper I talk about methods I devised for re- age, North Mississippi. cording the engraved designs on Moundville’s Hemp- While much applied zooarchaeology in recent hill-style pottery. A number of ideas were proposed years has focused on freshwater mussel shell, most and ultimately rejected before the final methods were assemblages have come from sites fronting major settled on. In addition to discussing the final methods waterways. Knowledge of pre-modern-impact fau- in detail, I will talk about why I rejected the methods I nas of tributary streams remains limited. We exam- rejected and the inspirations for the final methods. Fi- ine shell from sites on the Tallahatchie River, which nally I will explain how these methods have been, and drains the hill country of north-central Mississippi could be adapted for recording the designs on other before flowing into the Yazoo River near the eastern artifact genres. (Session 2F) edge of the Mississippi Valley. The assemblages are unlike any previously reported, with high propor- Pluckhahn, Thomas J. (University of South Florida) tions of rare species. Several new records, includ- and Victor D. Thompson (University of Georgia) ing one new state record, are made. Such data have The Crystal River Early Village Archaeological Proj- significant implications for decisions regarding ect (CREVAP): An Introduction and Progress Report. management of the Tallahatchie and other streams. The Crystal River Early Village Archaeological (Session 1F) Project is a three-year NSF-funded study of the dy- namics of competition and cooperation in early villag- Peacock, Evan (see Rafferty, Janet) es, focusing on the famous Crystal River site and its

58 Bulletin 55—2012 contemporaries on the west-central coast of Florida. ological subject. Many important works of the last We discuss the project goals and summarize the prog- century have used ethnohistoric source materials or ress made in the first two years, thus laying the foun- ethnographic analogies to understand the objects de- dation for the student papers to follow. (Session 2A) posited, and infer the nature of the ritual, which pro- duced the deposit. Other new theoretical approaches Pluckhahn, Thomas J. (see Gilleland, Sarah K.) focus on human action or the material process of inter- ment itself, with some defying traditional definitions Plunk, Lindsay (University of Memphis) of “ritual” entirely. This paper provides a background Chemical and Mineralogical Analysis of Varney Red and context for ritual deposition in the Southeast by Filmed Ceramics from the Lower Mississippi River. emphasizing a few notable publications and research Varney Red Filmed ceramics are a common part trajectories. (Session 2E) of Early Mississippian assemblages in middle and western Tennessee. However, it is unclear whether Purcell, Gabrielle (University of Tennessee) the red-film is a culturally applied slip or an oxida- Maize in the Mountains: Agricultural Development at tion rind formed during the manufacturing process. the Smokemont Site. Preliminary results of x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Smokemont is a multicomponent site consisting thin-section petrography will be presented from two of deposits from Woodland, Mississippian, Chero- Early Mississippian sites in middle (Callender Court kee, and Euro-American occupations. Located in the site: 40SU251) and western Tennessee (Shelby Forest Smoky Mountains in western North Carolina, two site: 40SY489). A better understanding of Varney Red structures have been identified at Smokemont, one as Filmed ceramics and the Early Mississippian culture a Pisgah house, and the other a Qualla house. Flo- in Tennessee can be achieved through the chemical ral analysis of Early and Middle Woodland features and mineralogical study of ceramics from these two indicate some horticultural activity, with wild plants sites. (Session 2J—Poster) remaining important but supplementary to maize ag- riculture during the Mississippian and Cherokee oc- Pollack, David (Kentucky Archaeological Survey) cupations. Archaeobotanical remains from this sum- and William E. Sharp (U.S. Department of Agricul- mer’s field season will add to an examination of maize ture, Kentucky) agriculture in this region prior to and after European Early Mississippian at the Ohio/Mississippi Conflu- contact. (Session 1F) ence: The View of Kentucky. The Grassy Lake site, located in Kentucky near Pye, Jeremy (University of Florida) the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, “Don’t Drink the Water:” ELISA Testing for Enteric contains evidence of a late eleventh-/early-twelfth- Protozoa in 19th Century Macon, Georgia. century Mississippian settlement. It is located near Medical records show that dysentery and diarrhea Twin Mounds and was probably within the sphere were significant symptoms of poor health in the nine- of influence of this administrative center. While the teenth century. These ailments can be caused by para- ceramics reflect continuity with earlier Late Wood- sitic infections of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia land groups, the addition of new appendage types spp., respectively. Cysts of these protozoa are rarely and decorative treatments points to interaction with detected in archaeological samples, because they are groups outside the region. Within the confluence small and fragment during burial. However, mono- region intersite differences reflect temporal trends clonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or variation in the rates of adoption of new ceramic can be used to identify cyst wall proteins of these or- traits and participation in Mississippian social politi- ganisms. Samples were taken from the abdominal cal relationships. (Session 2C) region of six burials from the Avondale Burial Place, near Macon, Georgia. None of the samples tested Price, Sarah (Coastal Environments, Inc.), Philip J. positive for E. histolytica, but all tested positive for Carr (University of South Alabama), and Andrew P. Giardia. (Session 1L—Poster) Bradbury (Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.) Lithic Material Identification in the Southeast. Rafferty, Janet (Mississippi State University), Jes- At the 2010 SEAC meeting in Lexington we sica Gisler (USDA, Tombigbee National Forest), and set out a raw material identification quiz using lithic Evan Peacock (Mississippi State University) materials from across the Southeast. The blind and Fire Line Plowing as an Aid to Survey Sufficiency in anonymous test was the result of discussions about the Jackson Prairie, Mississippi. how people identified, or misidentified, lithic materi- One useful product of cooperative efforts is sys- als. We wanted to determine how people recognized tematic research on field methods. Mississippi State different types of material and if their experience and University’s current cost-share agreement with the geography affected how and what types were identi- National Forests of Mississippi requires survey of fied. This poster presents the results of the 2010 test. thousands of acres on the Bienville National Forest (Session 2I—Poster) as part of establishing red-cockaded woodpecker habitat. Survey mostly has been in the Jackson Prai- Pursell, Corin (Saint Louis University) rie’s low broad ridges and clay-heavy soils. Shovel Prologue to Ritual Deposition. testing has been largely unproductive and slow. This Ritual deposition is a crossroads or nexus from led to the use of fire plows to examine previously sur- which many branching methodological and theoreti- veyed tracts. Survey of plowed lines confirmed low cal paths extend, rather than a self-contained archae- site density and led to proposed use of this method

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for survey completion except in high probability ar- Reilly, F. Kent, III (Texas State University, San Mar- eas. (Session 3C) cos) and Cameron B. Wesson (Lehigh University) “Spaghetti” Style Gorgets and the Production and Ex- Randall, Asa (University of Oklahoma) change of Cultic Knowledge: What Bob Hall Wanted Us The World is a Remix: Archaic Ritualized Deposi- To Understand. tion Along the St. Johns River, Florida. Scholars have long speculated on the iconographic The deposition of substances such as shell and meaning of a class of unique shell gorgets commonly re- earth culminated in the numerous Archaic (7500- ferred to as “Spaghetti Style.” However, far less research 4000 B.P.) shell mounds on the St. Johns River in has addressed the cultural mechanisms responsible for northeast Florida. Drawing on social theory that the spatial distribution of these objects across the South- situates the relations between things as paramount, east. Analysis of both site-specific and regional spatial this paper argues that Archaic communities com- contexts of Spaghetti style gorgets suggests these ob- posed traditional associations between persons, jects played central roles in systems of intra-regional ex- places, and times through the structured deposition change involving exotic objects, esoteric knowledge, and of materials. In this framework, shell mounds were even individuals. Thus, we suggest these items served not simply trash heaps, but were instead compendia simultaneously as important cultic symbols, expressions of community experience and atlases of the known of sacred knowledge, and components of religious rituals world. As a historical process, places and times controlled by a single matrilineage. (Session 1B) were juxtaposed and remixed in depositional events to create new world orders. (Session 2E) Reilly, F. Kent, III (see Sawyer, Johann) Rees, Mark A. (University of Louisiana, Lafay- Reitz, Elizabeth (University of Georgia) ette) Faunal Evidence for Ethnogenesis. Disentangling Plaquemine-Mississippian Begin- Vertebrate data from very early settlements on the nings in South Louisiana. southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coasts indicate that eth- has been characterized as nogenesis in animal use occurred almost immediately; a Mississippian variant, Coles Creek-Mississippi- with diverse outcomes depending on factors such as the an hybrid, and indigenous development of Coles physical landscape and access to external markets. Colo- Creek. While the spread of shell-tempered ceram- nists at Spanish St. Augustine, French settlements on the ics into the southern Lower Mississippi Valley is northern Gulf Coast, and English Charleston practiced described in terms of expanding Mississippian in- very similar strategies in animal use regardless of the fluence, the paucity of evidence for non-local Mis- national affiliation of colonial authorities or the ethnic- sissippian contacts is explained as marginalization ity of the colonists. Indigenous sources of animal pro- or backwater provincialism. In a departure from tein dominate all of the earliest collections and remained such Mississippi-centrism, extra-regional connec- important ingredients throughout the colonial period and tions were mediated through the waterborne afflu- into the American one. (Session 2O) ence and resilient autonomy of communities in the and lower Mississippi Delta. Richardson, Emma R. (see Geiger, Brian S.) Differentiating divergent, local-level histories from overarching cultural categories requires refocusing Riggs, Brett H. (University of North Carolina, Chapel on the evidence for migrations, alliances, intermar- Hill) riages, and interregional trade. (Session 2C) Uktena Lives Here. Traditions of horned serpents as powerful denizens Regnier, Amanda L. (University of Oklahoma) of the Lower World are widespread in the native South- The Relationship Between Becoming Caddo and Be- east, but seem particularly well developed—or more coming Mississippian in Southeast Oklahoma. extensively documented—in the Cherokee record. The In the middle Red River Valley of southeast Cherokee Uktena, the great deer-antlered, spotted rattle- Oklahoma, the handful of excavated sites dating snake, is a dominant being of the watery world beneath- between A.D. 900 and 1100 have been assigned the parallel to, but seemingly distinct from the Piasa/Under- designation Formative Caddo. Although several water Panther of Midwestern traditions. This paper syn- components dating to this time have been excavat- thesizes ethnographic and ethnohistorical descriptions of ed, very little is known about mound ceremonial- the Uktena being and examines the currency of uktena ism or domestic occupations. To better understand in contemporary Cherokee awareness, including native the relationship between the Early Caddo, their interpretations of precontact uktena representations in the Woodland ancestors, and the larger Mississippian southern mountains. (Session 1B) world, collections from three sites in Oklahoma and Texas, Holdeman, Mahaffey, and Bud Wright, Rink, W. Jack (McMaster University), A. Hodson were reanalyzed. The analyses demonstrate that (McMaster University), and R.R. Hendricks (Mc- the processes of becoming Caddo and adopting Master University) Mississippian practices were not one and the same. Optical Luminescence Dating (OSL) of Quartz Sand (Session 2C) Grains from Oyster Shell-Rich and Sandy Ceremonial Mounds at Crystal River Florida, USA. Regnier, Amanda L. (see Hammerstedt, Scott W.; OSL age ranges of two samples from among oyster Dumas, Ashley) shells at Roberts Mound of 870 to 990 years ago and

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1020 to 1180 years ago were statistically indistinguish- Rodning, Christopher B. (see Geiger, Brian S.) able from a calibrated radiocarbon age of 960 to 1170 cal yrs BP. Contamination by grains with older OSL ages Rohe, Robert W. (see Betzenhauser, Alleen; Jackson, at Mound H, possibly due to incomplete light exposure Douglas K.) during construction, or moved upward by ants, indi- cated that anthropogenically-built sandy environments Rolland, Vicki (University of North Florida) (Mound H) are more problematic than corresponding Polish, Abrasion, and Spokeshaves: Utilized Bone and oyster-shell-rich ones (Roberts). Only one OSL result Clam from Cedar Point West Site (8DU63) in the St. of 1170 to 2570 years ago agreed with radiocarbon Johns River Estuary Near Jacksonville, Florida. (1350 to 1530 cal yrs BP) at Mound H. (Session 2A) The Cedar Point West site represents a seasonally active fish camp at the mouth of the St. Johns River Ritchison, Brandon (University of Georgia) on the Atlantic Ocean. In a region completely bereft Petroglyphs from Cave Site 15Ht53: Rock Art and Ritu- of cryptocrystalline lithic material, the fifteenth- and al in Karstic, Kentucky. sixteenth-century aboriginal populations who exploit- Rock art studies in cave contexts have been of ed his estuary continued an ancient tradition of modi- particular interest amongst archaeologists in the past fying mammal, fish, and bird bone for decorative or decades. This poster documents a survey undertaken domestic use. A large number of fragmented clams at cave site 15Ht53, part of the Mammoth Cave Sys- bearing repeated patterns of lip and exterior surface tem (MCS) in West-Central Kentucky. Petroglyphs at wear were also recovered. This paper examines the 15Ht53 resemble many other Early Woodland motifs manipulation by size and shape of raw faunal material from other cave sites within the MCS. These examples within the broader evidence within the site’s subsis- of art are often associated with mining activity. How- tence assemblage. (Session 1G) ever, the evidence at 15Ht53 suggests that there were no extraction activities in that cave, showing that mineral Romain, William F. (Newark Earthworks Center, extraction was not the only reason for the utilization of Ohio State University) cave environments during their peak of prehistoric ac- Moonrise Over Cahokia: Sacrificed Women, Earth tivity. (Session 2J—Poster) Mother, and Lunar Alignments. It has long been recognized that the orientation Robinson, Ryan (see Peres, Tanya M.) for Cahokia is skewed from the cardinal directions by about five degrees. This offset angle is found in Rodgers, Jackie (University of West Florida) the orientation of many mounds, as well as between From Doing Trade to Turning Tricks: Reanalyzing Col- mounds. In this presentation a lunar explanation is lections for Red Light District Contexts. offered for the offset Cahokia orientation. Based on From the early 1880’s through 1941, Pensacola, this explanation, a new interpretation is offered for the Florida, was home not only to various maritime indus- dozens of sacrificed women buried in mass graves in tries and military installations, but also to a bustling Mound 72. (Session 3D) four-city-block red light district that serviced them. One of these blocks happened to also be where the Brit- Romain, William F. (see Pauketat, Timothy R.) ish colonial era Panton-Leslie Trading Co. headquarters stood from 1785 through 1821. Mitigation excavations Rowe, Simone (University of Oklahoma) conducted there in 1975 and 2000 focused on recover- Inferring Peri-Mortem Trauma and Conflict Based on ing colonial period artifacts while collecting other con- Archaeological Context from WPA Documentation at texts for posterity. This paper will focus on the methods Wister Valley Fourche Maline Sites. employed to utilize these older collections for new re- The Wister Valley Fourche Maline sites of south- search and some of the problems encountered along the eastern Oklahoma lack the traditional data used to way. (Session 2O) assess violence in the archaeological record (e.g., detailed skeletal, iconographic, or site layout/forti- Rodning, Christopher B. (Tulane University), David fication analyses). Detailed excavation photographs G. Moore (Warren Wilson College), and Robin A. and notes for hundreds of burials excavated between Beck, Jr. (University of Michigan) 1936-1942 by the WPA were analyzed in order to The Burke Phase and Spanish Entradas in Western determine if the magnitude and quality of violence North Carolina. could be quantified. High rates of inferred conflict While traversing the western North Carolina Pied- and trauma, asymmetrical male:female burial ratios, mont in 1540, Hernando de Soto visited the town of and high rates of subadult nutritional stress suggest “Xuala.” The chiefdom known as “Joara” was situated that violence, in the form of feuding, took a heavy in this area during the period of the Juan Pardo expedi- toll on people living the Wister Valley during Fourche tions (1566-1568). Archaeological sites from this re- Maline times. (Session 1E) gion and this period are attributed to the Burke phase. Documentary and archaeological evidence identify the Rutecki, Dawn M. (Indiana University) Berry site as the principal town of Joara and the loca- Trading and Traversing: Considering Least Cost Paths tion of Pardo’s Fort San Juan. This paper considers the of Non-local Spiroan Material. concordance between archaeological and documentary This paper examines least cost paths (LCPs) for evidence about Joara, and it situates Joara and the Burke the trade of raw materials to the Spiro Mound Group phase within the greater Mississippian Southeast. (Ses- accumulated between C.E. 1000-1400. Seeking to il- sion 2D) lustrate possible transportation routes and points of

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confluence along these routes, this investigation spe- I analyze size and age at death and evidence for associ- cifically utilizes isotropic LCP analysis in examining ated organisms in order to discuss this question and to elevation, slope, and hydrological information for the compare Roberts Island with Crystal River. (Session contiguous United States. These factors are assumed 2A) to be prioritized when traversing the continent. In ad- dition, this research takes into account contemporary Samuelsen, John (Arkansas Archeological Survey) social and political considerations as well as relevant AMS and Radiocarbon Dating of the Crenshaw Site ethnohistorical information to better inform move- (3MI6). ment through the landscape. (Session 2K) The Arkansas Archeological Survey submitted 26 samples from the Crenshaw site, in Miller County, Ar- Ryan, Joanne (Coastal Environments, Inc.), Thur- kansas, to be AMS radiocarbon dated. The results reveal ston H. G. Hahn III (Coastal Environments, Inc.), that most skull and mandible deposits date to the middle Donald G. Hunter (Coastal Environments, Inc.), Lu- to late A.D. 1200s. One skull deposit dates to sometime kas W. Zarychta (Coastal Environments, Inc.) in the A.D. 1300s. The antler temple dates earlier than Data-Recovery Excavations at two Louisiana Sugar- these deposits, around A.D. 1190. The mass grave be- house Sites. low Mound F dates to the A.D. 900s, changing the dates Data-Recovery excavations were conducted at the for the Crenshaw and Lost Prairie phases. These dates Plaisance and Arcadia Plantation sugarhouse sites in firmly establish that the Crenshaw site was being heavily Iberville Parish, Louisiana. The Plaisance Sugarhouse used during the Haley phase. (Session 2F) operated from 1830 to 1890 and Arcadia from 1851 to 1880. These investigations consisted of intensive Samuelsen, John (Arkansas Archeological Survey) historical background research and extensive mechan- Recent Geophysical Results from the Crenshaw Site ical and hand excavations. The features encountered (3MI6). at both sites reflect the evolution of sugar-making A recent geophysical survey of the Crenshaw Site technology during the nineteenth century. Arcadia is (3MI6), Miller County, Arkansas, builds on previous one of the best-preserved sugarhouse sites excavated work at the site by expanding the area covered by gra- in Louisiana to date. The Plaisance sugarhouse has a diometry to over 10 hectares. The project seeks to de- completely different archaeological footprint than all termine if the site was inhabited by the Caddo, testing other sugarhouse sites so far excavated in the United the Terán-Soule model for Caddo settlement patterns States, and may reflect West Indian influences. (Ses- in the Great Bend Region of the Red River. Anomalies sion 2G) arranged in linear patterns suggest the presence of nu- merous possible structures. The new results gives large Sabo, George, III (Arkansas Archeological Survey) support to the hypothesis that a village existed at the site and Tracy Newkumet Burrows (Caddo Nation) some time during the Early or Middle Caddo periods, Phil Newkumet’s Drums. contradicting the model. (Session 2Q—Poster) Phil Newkumet is remembered for his many con- tributions to Oklahoma archaeology, including super- Samuelsen, John (Arkansas Archeological Survey) vision of WPA excavations at Spiro. Married to Vyno- Fluvial Sequencing at the Crenshaw Site (3MI6) Using la Beaver, a (Caddo) tradition bearer, Phil was Historic Maps and Remote Sensing. deeply involved in the Oklahoma Caddo community The Crenshaw site (3MI6), Miller County, Arkansas, and was formally adopted as a tribal member in the is located near the Great Bend of the Red River where 1980s. Phil made the hand-held drums discussed in meandering by the river has destroyed much of the pre- this paper in the 1970s, decorating them with symbolic historic landscape. This study consisted of using historic imagery based on Spiroan as well as modern Caddo maps, aerial photography, topography, and DEMs to es- motifs. Our discussion centers on the iconological tablish a fluvial sequence in the area around the site. De- links between cultural tradition and artistic represen- termining the sequence allows for hypothesis generation tation, a topic of great interest to Phil and Bob Hall. and testing for questions about the prehistoric landscape (Session 1B) and site use as river or cut-off lake locations would have affected daily life. Comparison of this data with recent Sabo, George, III (see Hammerstedt, Scott W.) geophysical results leads to interesting questions about house placement at the site. (Session 2Q—Poster) Sampson, Christina Perry (University of Michigan) Oyster Demographics and the Creation of Coastal Samuelsen, John (see Hammerstedt, Scott W.) Monuments at Roberts Island and Crystal River, Flor- ida. Santy, Jenna (see Friberg, Christina) Anthropogenic coastal landscapes often incor- porate marine shell, a durable remnant of subsistence Sassaman, Kenneth E. (University of Florida), Andrea activity. Harvesting, consumption, and even feasting Palmiotto (University of Florida), Micah P. Mones can thus contribute to histories of site formation and (University of Florida), Paulette S. McFadden (Univer- mound construction. This research assesses whether sity of Florida), and Ginessa J. Mahar (University of oyster consumption related to the creation of the shell Florida) mound on Roberts Island is differentiated from the A Modern Look at the Eponymous Shell Mound near Ce- instances of oyster consumption that resulted in the dar Key, Florida. midden constituting the rest of the island. Using shell Shell Mound (8LV42) is a U-shaped ridge of mostly samples from mound and non-mound midden contexts, oyster shell, measuring roughly 190 x 180 m in plan and

62 Bulletin 55—2012 nearly 7 m tall. A 60 x 70-m central area largely devoid stylistic and technological attributes, this paper will of shell is open to the southeast, where a 2-m tall sand- focus on vessel production and use within the Cane and-shell mound is located. Results of recent testing River village site, located near Burnsville, North Car- show that the shell-free interior of the ridge was occupied olina. The results of this analysis have implications at about 1200-1300 years ago; the southern edge of the for understanding local social practices and processes surrounding ridge took final shape in the previous two within a Pisgah community, which will ultimately illu- centuries; and beneath the shell are the remains of oc- minate regional variability and interaction throughout cupations going back another 2000 years. (Session 2L) the Appalachian Summit. (Session 3A) Saul, Tiffany B. (see Hodge, Shannon Chappell) Segna, Laura (Office of Environmental Services, State of Ohio) Saunders, Rebecca (see Dengel, Craig) Finding Common Ground: Archaeology and Educa- tion. Savage, Sheila Bobalik (see Hammerstedt, Scott W.) This paper examines the possible intersections between multicultural and global education and ar- Sawyer, Johann (SCIAA, University of South Caro- chaeology education and outreach. The case has been lina) and F. Kent Reilly III (Texas State University, made that strong theoretical similarities exist in the San Marcos) dispositions of multicultural and global educators and Defining Place and Identity Through the Ritual Depo- post-processual archaeologists. Focusing on educa- sition of Sacred Bundles. tors’ and archaeologists’ use of electronic communi- The concept of Place has become a valued avenue cation and resources, this research seeks to identify of research in Mississippian Studies. To some degree meaningful communication avenues between these place-making constitutes the never-ending process of two professions as a means of meeting their respective cultural and identity formation. The production of goals. (Session 3E) materials both in objects and the environment is inte- gral to the formation of various identities and a sense Seidemann, Ryan M. (Louisiana Department of Jus- of belonging. Symbolism and material goods not only tice) reflect but also contribute to culture-making practices. An Opportunity for Public Service and Archaeologi- Drawing on iconographic studies, the archaeological cal Education: Act 631 of the 2012 Regular Louisiana record, and Native American worldview, this paper Legislative Session. explores Mississippian Period bundling practices and In recent years, the Louisiana Department of Jus- their ritual deposition as a means of defining place and tice and its client agencies, the Louisiana Division of identities. (Session 2E) Archaeology and the Louisiana Cemetery Board, have become increasingly inundated with reports of exposed Sawyer, Johann (see King, Adam) human remains in cemeteries around the State. Many of the cemeteries are abandoned or municipal, with no Scheid, Dwayne (see Durst, Patrick R.) funding to deal with such problems. The problems stemming from exposed remains include theft, vandal- Schilling, Tim (see Campbell, Rachel) ism, and distress to descendants. This problem has led to the introduction and passage of legislation to couple Schroeder, Sissel (University of Wisconsin, Madi- field schools with the recovery of human remains in son) derelict cemeteries. This presentation reviews Act 631 Structural “De”position. and the educational opportunities available. (Session Archaeological practitioners who concentrate on 3E) discovery through excavation tend to employ an op- tic that focuses attention on the “things” that are in Selden, Lauren McAdams (Stephen F. Austin State the ground, and seeks to illuminate the processes by University), Clark Wernecke (Gault School of Ar- which these “things” came to be and came to be de- chaeological Research), and Stina Jimerson (Stephen posited. Widening the angle of the lens, I explore the F. Austin State University) materiality of “things” that were “deposited” yet re- The Gault Project: Incorporating New and Old Arti- tained a physical presence that integrated behavior and facts. belief through enduring ritual practices. Centering my After volunteering at the Gault Site in Central interpretive lens on the architectonics of ridgeline post Texas, the SFASU advanced art metals students cre- buildings, I explore ways in which the “de”position of ated silver and bronze replicas of lithic points that date ridgeline posts acted to inscribe the cosmos. (Session to ca. 13,500 B.P. Utilizing lost wax casting, students 2E) created three-dimensional forms from wax, secured the form in a refractory material, burned out the wax, Schubert, Ashley (University of Michigan) and centrifugally injected molten metal into the void. Ceramics in a Cherokee Community: Preliminary Re- Using technical drawings and pictures from the Gault sults from the Cane River Site. site challenged students by forcing them to create a Previous studies of Pisgah ceramics have focused three-dimensional representation of a two-dimension- on a typological framework for the cultural period as al rendering. Through the incorporation of high-im- a whole, while smaller scales of intra-site variability pact learning practices, students are reminded of the have received limited attention. Utilizing spatial anal- importance of merging multiple disciplines whenever ysis of the assemblage and ceramic variability in both possible. (Session 2I—Poster)

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Selden, Robert Z., Jr. (Texas A&M University) separation of the East Texas Woodland period into Date Combination and Summed Probability Distribu- the Early Woodland (ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 0), Middle tions: A Case Study from the Woodland Period in East Woodland (ca. A.D. 0 - 400), and Late Woodland (ca. Texas. A.D. 400 - 800) periods. (Session 2H—Poster) Woodland-era dates (ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 800) are used to illustrate the method of date combination prior Selden, Robert Z., Jr. (Texas A&M University) and to the production of site and period-specific summed Timothy K. Perttula (Archeological and Environ- probability distributions. Through the incorporation mental Consultants, LLC) of this method, the number of 14C dates is reduced The East Texas Caddo: Modeling Tempo and Place. to 85 (from 127) with a ∆T of 54 (reduced from 61) Analysis of the Caddo sample (n=889 dates) from for the 51 components. The resultant data set is then the East Texas radiocarbon database is used to estab- subjected to statistical analyses, which conclude with lish the tempo and place of Caddo era (ca. A.D. 800 the separation of the East Texas Woodland period into - 1680) archaeological sites, site clusters, and commu- the Early Woodland (ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 0), Middle nities across the region. The temporal and spatial dis- Woodland (ca. A.D. 0 - 400), and Late Woodland (ca. tribution of radiocarbon ages from settlements, mound A.D. 400 - 800) periods. (Session 1F) centers, and cemeteries across the region have utility in exploring the development and geographical conti- Selden, Robert Z., Jr. (Texas A&M University) and nuity of the Caddo peoples; establishing the specific C. Britt Bousman (Texas State University) times when areas were abandoned or population sizes Spatial Dynamics of U.S. Cultural Resource Law. diminished; and defining times and areas illustrating The American Antiquities Act, Historic Sites Act, an intensification in mound center construction and Archeological and Historic Preservation Act, National large cemeteries became a focus of community social Historic Preservation Act, American Indian Religious practices. (Session 2H—Poster) Freedom Act, Archeological Resources Protection Act, Abandoned Shipwreck Act, and Native American Shanks, Jeffrey (NPS, Southeastern Archeological Graves Protection and Repatriation Act comprise the Center) and Julia C. Byrd (Florida Bureau of Archae- basis of cultural resource legislation. Since the pas- ological Research) sage of the American Antiquities Act in 1906, 1086 Shell Game: The Marine Reservoir Effect and the cases have challenged these statutes in U.S. courts. Chronology of a Woodland Mound and Ring Midden We investigate temporal and regional patterns of the Complex on the Northwest Florida Coast. case law to establish whether these laws are uniformly Since 2008, the National Park Service has con- prosecuted throughout the U.S. Our findings suggest ducted an archaeological investigation of a Swift case law is complex and controlled by many factors, Creek/Weeden Island mound and ring midden com- including unequal application. (Session 2P—Poster) plex at Hare Hammock on Tyndall AFB. Using ra- diocarbon dates from contextually paired marine and Selden, Robert Z., Jr. (Texas A&M University) terrestrial samples from Hare Hammock and another Ceramic Petrofacies: Modeling the Angelina River nearby site we calculated a local marine reservoir cor- Basin in East Texas. rection for shellfish. This has allowed us to use the Ceramic provenance studies remain the basis of dates from marine shell, previously considered unreli- worldwide archaeological research concerned with re- able, along with dates obtained from ceramic residue, constructing exchange networks, tracing migrations, bone collagen, and charcoal to establish a more ac- and informing upon ceramic economy. Unfortunately, curate relative and absolute chronology for the Middle Texas archaeologists have been plagued with an in- and Late Woodland periods on the Tyndall peninsula. ability to trace ceramic production sources to the same (Session 2L) extent as researchers within other regions. Data re- sulting from the construction of an actualistic petrofa- Sharp, Robert V. (The Art Institute of Chicago) and cies model in the prehistoric coastal environment of Kevin E. Smith (Middle Tennessee State University) East Texas could provide the necessary foundation for Three Late Prehistoric Feline-Supernatural Copper archaeologists to begin expanding upon the current Plates: A Piasa Horizon in the Southern Appala- dialogue regarding the provenance of ceramic vessels chians. utilized by pre-colonial Woodland and Caddo popula- Three very similar and largely unknown small tions. (Session 2J—Poster) embossed copper plates from late prehistoric sites in the Southern Appalachians exhibit the face of what ap- Selden, Robert Z., Jr. (Texas A&M University) pears to be a feline supernatural bearing a tri-forked Toward a Regional Radiocarbon Model for the East eye surround. Two previously reported examples Texas Woodland Period. were recovered from early excavations in Georgia Woodland-era dates (ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 800) are at Etowah’s Mound C (9BR1) and the Hollywood used to illustrate the method of date combination prior Mound (9RI1), and we report a previously undocu- to the production of site and period-specific summed mented object in a private collection recovered from probability distributions. Through the incorporation southeastern Tennessee. We examine this small but of this method, the number of 14C dates is reduced important corpus within their stylistic and archaeolog- to 85 (from 127) with a ∆T of 54 (reduced from 61) ical contexts and associated artifacts in the Southern for the 51 components. The resultant data set is then Appalachian region and then offer our interpretations. subjected to statistical analyses that conclude with the (Section 1B)

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Sharp, William E. (see Pollack, David) and reduplication to the final product as well as the hi- erarchal nature of the production sequence. Further, Sheldon, Craig T., Jr. (see Jenkins, Ned J.) recognition of an increasing tendency toward creative manipulation of lines as the style tradition developed Shorter, George W., Jr. (University of South Ala- provides an avenue for researchers to begin to make bama) and Gregory A. Waselkov (University of objective inferences about the relationship among de- South Alabama) signs separated in time and space. We begin to examine Deep Traditions: Creating an Archaeology Museum these relationships by comparing procedural similari- for South Alabama. ties of and identifying creative departures in some early, Over a period of five years we have designed and middle, and late Swift Creek designs. (Session 2J— built a museum exhibit, on the University of South Al- Poster) abama campus in Mobile, that encourages the public to explore the archaeology of the northern Gulf Coast, Smith, Karen Y. (see Stephenson) a region where Craig T. Sheldon, Jr., spent his forma- tive years and subsequently has devoted a substantial Smith, Kevin E. (Middle Tennessee State University) part of his professional career. (Session 3B) and Mark M. Crawford (Middle Tennessee State Uni- versity) Skousen, B. Jacob (University of Illinois, Urbana- Children of the Underwater Panther and the Water Champaign) and Amanda J. Butler (University of Serpent: Very Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric “Rat- Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) tlesnake Gorgets” of the Southern Appalachian High- Pilgrims and Proselytizers: The Movers and Shakers lands. of Mississippian Beginnings. George Lankford suggests that the seemingly di- The movement of people is most certainly a criti- verse depictions of underwater panthers and water cal component of Mississippian beginnings. Recent serpents in late prehistoric iconography of the Eastern evidence of immigrant populations settling into Ca- Woodlands actually reflect a singular widespread reli- hokia and the greater Cahokia region emphasizes this gious pattern and ethnoastronomy involving death im- point. In this paper, we further this idea by presenting agery and the “Path of Souls.” Here, we systematically preliminary archaeological evidence that the near im- evaluate the iconographic, spatial, and temporal pattern- mediate development and spread of Cahokia-Missis- ing of over 300 late prehistoric and protohistoric marine sippian culture was due to the intentions and move- shell “rattlesnake gorgets” from the Southern Appala- ments of pilgrims and proselytizers. Specifically, we chian highlands within this context. Our results suggest focus on the Emerald site east of Cahokia and the Col- that these remarkable objects do reflect spatially and lins site in east-central Illinois. The entanglements temporally patterned Native American interpretations of ever moving people both shaped the Mississippian of the “Path of Souls” that eventually combined both beginnings at Cahokia and continually redefined the underwater panthers and serpents. (Session 1B) larger Mississippian world. (Session 2C) Smith, Kevin E. (see Reilly, F. Kent, III; Sharp, Robert Smith, Burton T. (University of Minnesota) and Fred V.) H. Smith (Illinois State University) Skeletons That Slumber: Madeline Kneberg and Ini- Smith, Maria O. (Illinois State University) tial Skeletal Studies in the Tennessee Valley. Late Archaic Limb Burials and Intergroup Violence: an Madeline Kneberg’s extensive contributions to Unexpected Link. the pre- and protohistory of the American Southeast Two burial contexts deviate from the mortuary be- are well known, having been chronicled by our col- havior of primary interment in the Late Archaic (2500- league Lynne Sullivan. She also noted Kneberg’s con- 100 B.C.E.) period of west central Tennessee (Ken- tributions to skeletal analysis in the Tennessee Valley. tucky Lake Reservoir). These contexts are described as We detail Kneberg’s approach to skeletal studies and limb burials and are accompanied by an exceptionally the influences that shaped her perspectives. Kneberg large cache of deliberate grave inclusions. The context followed the typological bent of the times but also fo- does not suggest retrieved or redeemed warfare-related cused on the impacts of disease, adaptation, and popu- ‘trophy’ items; it suggests reburial. The co-association lation movement to explain the peopling of the “Great within and between six Late Archaic sites with deliber- Valley.” Kneberg’s importance for the organization ate violence and deliberate grave disturbance suggests and curation of an important series of Native American the serial, and likely disputed, occupation of certain skeletal remains is also emphasized. (Session 2B) sites by different hunter-gatherer groups. This assess- ment affirms previous interpretations of intergroup vio- Smith, Fred H. (see Smith, Burton T.) lence in this region. (Session 2B) Smith, Joseph (see Peacock, Evan) Smith, Maria O. (see Betsinger, Tracy K.)

Smith, Karen Y. (University of Arkansas, Monticello), Smith, Morgan (University of West Florida) and Vernon James Knight (University of Alabama) Archaeology Merit Badge: A Successful Model for a Producer Models in Swift Creek Paddle Art. Fantastic Public Outreach Opportunity. Reconstructed procedural sequences (“producer Since 2009, the National Park Service, Southeast models”) for early Swift Creek bandwork compositions Archeological Center (SEAC), has taught the Archae- highlight the importance of guide points, guidelines, ology Merit Badge to over 100 Boy Scouts (BSA).

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When taught correctly, this merit badge provides a THPO and the University of Georgia indicate that unique opportunity to imprint youth with an under- there may have been approximately 50 Woodland and standing of the importance of archaeology, as well as Mississippian mound sites and archaeologically iden- with awareness, consideration, and respect for archae- tifiable Cherokee townhouses in the 11 westernmost ological resources. Establishing these qualities early counties of North Carolina, as opposed to the 16 that on in their lives is critical in order to create an archaeo- are currently recorded. These findings shed new light logically mindful generation that will help protect our on the nature of Woodland and Mississippian regional national heritage and resources for future generations. systems in western North Carolina. (Session 3A) Feedback from the program is overwhelmingly posi- tive, and many have expressed continued interest in Steere, Benjamin A. (see Townsend, Russell; Webb, the program. (Session 3E) Paul A.)

Smith, Steven D. (South Carolina Institute of Archae- Stephenson, Keith (SCIAA, University of South Car- ology and Anthropology) and Stacey Whitacre (Uni- olina), Adam King (SCIAA, University of South Car- versity of South Carolina) olina), Chris Thornock (SCIAA, University of South Return to Fort Motte. Carolina), and Alex Corsi (Texas State University) Fort Motte, located in Calhoun County, South The Hollywood Site (9RI1) and the Foundations of Carolina, was Mrs. Rebecca Motte’s plantation home, Mississippian in the Middle Savannah River Valley. fortified by the British in the early spring of 1781 dur- The beginnings of Mississippian in the Middle ing the American Revolution. The fort served as a Savannah Valley came later in the Middle Savannah depot for British supply convoys between Charleston River Valley than in other regions. The combination and Camden. Brigadier General Francis Marion and of corn, platform mounds, and complicated stamped Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee surrounded the fort and pottery does not occur until after A.D. 1250. Our re- captured it in May 1781. The fort’s capture helped cent re-examination of materials from Hollywood’s break the British hold on the South Carolina back- Mound B shows that this is precisely the time that ma- country. This poster describes the history of the siege terials from Etowah and the Mississippi Valley were and archaeological investigations consisting of metal buried in the mound. The arrangement of those goods detecting survey and test excavations in 2005 and our and their apparent combination with local mortuary return effort in 2012. (Session 1J—Poster) practices leads us to argue that the creation of Mound B was a dedicatory even melding local and non-local Snedker, Rodney J. (see Ashcraft, Scott) and ultimately creating a unique expression of Missis- sippian. (Session 2C) Snow, Frankie (see Stephenson, Keith) Stahlman, Patricia (Allegheny National Forest) Stephenson, Keith (SCIAA, University of South Car- Vento, Frank J. (State Universities of Pennsylvania) olina), Frankie Snow (South Georgia College), and Early Prehistoric Site Potential on Atlantic Coast Bar- Karen Y. Smith (University of Arkansas, Monticello) rier Islands: St. Catherines Island, Georgia - a Proxy Design Connections in Early and Late Swift Creek. Study. elaborate complicated stamped designs preserved During ongoing geomorphological investigations in pottery remain the hallmark of Swift Creek mate- on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, genetic stratigraphy rial culture. Because of individual idiosyncrasies in studies examined the geological origin, paleoenviron- execution, these designs can be used as a signature for mental record, and archaeological potential of two dis- tracing interaction among sites across the greater Swift tinct landforms: Yellow Banks Bluff and the Central Creek world and beyond. The Hartford site in central Depression. Radiocarbon assays and OSL dates iden- Georgia has an Early Swift Creek component, which tified multiple buried paleosols. The earliest dated pa- is ceremonial, and a Late Swift Creek component that leosols indicate that barrier islands like St. Catherines is solely domestic. Analysis of designs for each com- contain formerly stable late Wisconsin age surfaces, ponent charts connections to other sites throughout the which may have buried, in situ early prehistoric sites. region. Variation in the connectedness within each These paleosols offer the potential to provide impor- component may signify variation in social context and tant paleoenvironmental information regarding climate use. (Session 2J—Poster) and eustatic sea level changes. At least one of the OSL dates puts the formation of the island to the Sangamon Stephenson, Keith (see Wingard, George) high sea level stand. (Session 2H—Poster) Steponaitis, Vincas P. (University of North Carolina, Steere, Benjamin A. (University of West Georgia) Chapel Hill), Edward Henry (Washington Univer- Revisiting Mound Distribution in the Cherokee Heart- sity, St. Louis), Megan C. Kassabaum (University of land: Initial Results of the Western North Carolina North Carolina, Chapel Hill), John W. O’Hear (Uni- Mounds and Towns Project. versity of Mississippi), Alexander Craib, and Sara Historic records and regional settlement archaeol- Wyatt ogy suggest that many Woodland and Mississippian Between Surface and Summit: The Process of Mound period mounds and Cherokee townhouses in west- Construction at Feltus. ern North Carolina have been lost to site destruction. The magnitude of platform mounds makes inter- Archival research and archaeological survey carried nal structure difficult to access using traditional tech- out collaboratively by the Eastern Band of Cherokee niques; geophysical investigations and excavations

66 Bulletin 55—2012 often focus only on the final stage(s) of construction. to build a middle range framework for understand- This summer’s work at the Coles Creek period Feltus ing the causes of subsurface magnetic variation on site utilized electrical resistivity tomography, down- floodplains along the Upper Yadkin River. Extensive hole magnetic susceptibility, and coring to assess the sedimentological studies provide the geological con- internal structure of the three extant mounds. By re- text necessary for explaining (rather than simply cor- vealing mound stages, prepared floors, and features relating) most anomalies and broader field magnetics within the fill episodes, these investigations highlight at the site. (Session 2Q—Poster) the constructional history and use of the mounds and shed light on the nature of Coles Creek ceremonial Thacker, Paul (see Morgan, Camille) centers. (Session 1C) Thompson, Brandon (University of Alabama Muse- Steponaitis, Vincas P. (see O’Hear, John W.) ums, Office of Archaeology) An Osteological Examination of the Widows Creek Suarez, Jon Simon (SEARCH, Inc.) (1Ja305) and Williams Landing (1Ja306) Sites. Refined Allometric Constants for the Estimation of During the fall of 2011, the University of Ala- Vertebrate Biomass Contribution at the Thornhill Lake bama Museums Office of Archaeological Research Shell Ridge (8VO60), Volusia County, Florida. analyzed the skeletal populations of the Widows The use of allometric constants to estimate the Creek (1Ja305) and Williams Landing (1Ja306) sites, relative contribution of different taxa in an assemblage consisting of Woodland and Early Mississippian is a standard part of most zooarchaeological analyses. burials respectively. This paper presents the prelimi- Despite this popularity, most constants remain restrict- nary findings of these ongoing osteological analyses. ed to the class and order level. Using records from the Data regarding demographics, pathology, and trauma Florida Museum of Natural History, refined constants are presented, as well as, avenues for future research. have been developed for multiple families and species (Session 2M) identified at the Mount Taylor period shell ridge lo- cated at the Thornhill Lake site complex. These new Thompson, Claire (University of Alabama) constants shed a focused light on the relative abun- Examining Diachronic Change in Moundville’s Resi- dance within classes and promote a dialogue for future dential Economy. development and use of biomass as a quantitative tool. Utilizing patterns of production and consump- (Session 2H—Poster) tion of selected ceramic and lithic artifact classes re- covered from off-mound residential areas excavated Sullivan, Lynne P. (see Auerbach, Benjamin M.) as part of four seasons of the Early Moundville Ar- chaeological Project (EMAP), this paper examines Sullivan, Stephanie M. (University of Arkansas) and change through time in access to certain local and Duncan P. McKinnon (University of Arkansas) nonlocal artifact classes. The excavation units pro- The Collins Mound Site: Exploring Architectural Vari- vide distribution, abundance, and context data that ation Within the Ozark Highland Region. are compared across different areas of Moundville Little is understood regarding architectural vari- and different contexts. These differences in artifact ation within the Ozark Highland region, although consumption shed light on the relationships between some investigations have been conducted throughout the various residential groups living at Moundville. the region. A site that has received renewed atten- (Session 2K) tion is Collins (3WA1), a possible Early and Middle Caddo (ca. A.D. 900-1400) multi-mound site on the Thompson, Victor D. (University of Georgia), Wil- White River in Elkins, Arkansas. A geophysical sur- liam H. Marquardt (Florida Museum of Natural vey at Mounds B, C, D, and surrounding area offer History), and Karen J. Walker (Florida Museum of a preliminary view of architectural features, such as Natural History) mound top enclosures and off-mound rectangular and Rediscovering Pineland’s Lost Landscapes Through circular structures. Results from this survey offer a Remote Sensing in Southwest Florida. first glimpse of architectural distribution and varia- In 2010 we initiated geophysical survey of the tion at a multi-mound site in the Ozark Highland re- Pineland Site Complex with the goal of exploring the gion. (Session 1E) nature of landscape use. The Pineland Site Complex is comprised of impressive mounds, linear occupa- Sykes, Troy (see Jacobson, Jodi A.) tional middens along previous shorelines, and canal systems that not only integrated features within the Thacker, Paul (Wake Forest University) site, but also served to connect the complex to the Beyond Ground-Truthing: Integrating Site Geology interior of Pine Island and beyond. Although much and Magnetometry Survey Results at the Late Wood- work has been done to clarify the environmental con- land Archaeological Site of Donnaha. text and occupational history of the site, our work Archaeologists in the Southeast increasingly provides a large areal dimension for many of the fea- employ gradiometer surveys for sub-surface detec- tures noted at the site. (Session 1C) tion and evaluation of near-surface archaeological deposits. Too often archaeological ground-truthing Thompson, Victor D. (see Pluckhahn, Thomas J.) consists of excavating anomalies and proposing post hoc explanations for magnetic features. This post- Thornock, Chris (see Stephenson, Keith) er reports on gradiometer investigations at the Late Woodland village site of Donnaha, a project designed Thornton, Taylor H. (see McKinnon, Duncan P.)

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Thunen, Robert (University of North Florida) and other uses. The Georgia Department of Natural Re- Keith Ashley (University of North Florida) sources oversees the management of over 2.2 million Mocama Archaeology and European Documents: acres of state owned or managed land. Timber harvests Searching for a Fit. are one of the tools used to maintain healthy and sus- The popular image of the sixteenth-century Timu- tainable forests, and Georgia law requires the effects of cua, based on a face-value reading of European ac- these activities be assessed prior to harvest. This paper counts, is one of hierarchically-ranked, agricultural explores the existing literature on the effects of timber chiefdoms, each consisting of a series of walled vil- harvest on archaeological sites and presents Georgia’s lages. Any archaeologist would be hard pressed to Timber Harvest Archaeology Protocol, which was de- square this depiction of the with the cur- veloped in Fall of 2011. (Session 3E) rently available archaeological record. Palisades do not exist, corn is present but not in large quantities, Trubitt, Mary Beth (Arkansas Archeological Survey) and traditional (Southeast) archaeological correlates New Information from Old Collections: Analyzing Cad- of chiefdoms are lacking. Focusing on the Mocama- do Mortuary Ceramics from the Middle Ouachita River speaking Timucua, we address this discrepancy and Valley. explore the sociopolitical landscape of northeastern Current documentation and analysis of Caddo ce- Florida by taking a historical approach that integrates ramic vessels in the Joint Educational Consortium’s archaeological and ethnohistoric data. (Session 2D) Hodges Collection focuses on reconstructing grave lots based on notes left by amateur archaeologist Vere Hud- Townsend, Russell (Eastern Band of Cherokee Indi- dleston in the 1930s. Despite problems with the data, ans) there is useful information that can be gleaned from this Cherokee Archaeology and the Eastern Band of Cher- old collection. Seriation of grave lots is used to refine okee Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office. the ceramic chronology of the Middle Ouachita re- Since the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Tribal gion. Mortuary assemblages are compared within and Historic Preservation Office was created in 2001, nu- between sites based on analysis of vessel form, func- merous mandated archaeological projects have been tion, and decoration. Stylistic differences through time conducted on tribally held federal trust lands, includ- and across space lend support to reconstructions of the ing more than 18 data recovery projects in the lower Caddo Area as culturally diverse. (Session 1E) Oconaluftee River drainage alone. Highlights of these excavations will be discussed to demonstrate the qual- Turck, John A. (Brockington and Associates, Inc.) ity and quantity of data that has been amassed over Action Archaeology: Applying Archaeological Re- the past decade. These investigations have been con- search to Present-day Problems. ducted or directed by Cherokee archaeologists for the Applied archaeology can take many forms. A benefit of the Cherokee people; the methods by which relatively recent trend in the discipline is with the this information is disseminated into the Cherokee application of archaeology to present-day social is- community will be examined and discussed. (Session sues, sometimes called “action archaeology.” This is 1A) different than the typical public archaeology (which is not necessarily designed to serve the needs of the Townsend, Russell (Eastern Band of Cherokee In- public). Action archaeology reorients research to- dians) and Benjamin A. Steere (University of West wards addressing current social problems, giving Georgia) archaeology a different kind of relevance, thus mak- The Western North Carolina Mounds and Towns Proj- ing it more useful. This question of “usefulness” is ect: Lessons Learned from Public Outreach. not typical in academia, but is becoming necessary In 2011, the EBCI THPO and the Coweeta LTER in these poor economic times, which have been ac- at the University of Georgia developed a project to companied by sentiments of anti-science (and anti- build a database and GIS for all the Cherokee mound anthropology), in certain public spheres. (Session and town sites in western North Carolina. In addi- 3E) tion to generating new data for research and resource management, this work produced new opportunities Underwood, John (Mississippi Department of Trans- for public outreach in the Cherokee community. In portation), Lizbeth J. Velásquez (Mississippi De- this paper we describe the project and discuss feed- partment of Transportation), and Robert J. Myrick back we received from Eastern Band members at pub- (Mississippi Department of Transportation) lic outreach events. More broadly, we comment on A Socioeconomic Analysis of Historic Ceramics from how this project is contributing to the development of an Antebellum Site in Northeast Mississippi. an indigenous archaeology in the Cherokee heartland. This paper presents an analysis of the ceramic (Session 1A) assemblage from Site 22Po739, which preliminary documentary research suggests is associated with Tucker, Bryan (Georgia Department of Natural Re- the settlement of ceded Chickasaw lands in Ponto- sources) toc County, Mississippi, during the late 1830s and Developing Georgia’s Timber Harvest Archaeology 1840s. This corresponds to a roughly 30-year pe- Protocol. riod encompassing the introduction and expansion State and Federal agencies are often charged with of cotton into the area. Studies of this region have developing policies that protect the public’s archaeo- shown the boom and bust economic cycles of the logical resources while making the lands available for cotton market strongly impacted consumer behavior

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and socioeconomic standing. Through comparison Walker, Leslie (Arkansas Archeological Survey) with contemporary port ceramic assemblages from Enacting Change: Protohistoric Expressions of across the state, it is possible to place this site’s as- Caddo Ceramic Design in the Arkansas Valley. semblage within a broader socioeconomic context. Recent research has identified hybridized varia- (Session 2G) tions of traditional Caddo ceramic motifs in seven- teenth century pottery assemblages from the Arkan- Vanderpool, Emily (University of Kentucky) sas River Valley. This paper examines the stylistic Isotopic Investigations of Community and Identity at connections between the Arkansas Valley vessels and the Avondale Burial Place. their predecessors in the Ouachita and Red River val- This paper primarily focuses on the historical leys. Clarifying the stylistic relationship between bioarchaeology of the Avondale Burial Place in Bibb these assemblages, with regard to time and space, County, Georgia. By utilizing stable isotope analy- allows us to examine the social processes at work sis, I hope to gain insight to how community and in- in this region as artistic designs change along with dividual identity in the Avondale Burial population society in the face of Protohistoric upheaval. When was constructed. Stable isotope analysis can provide considered with other categories of culture, this ap- valuable information regarding mobility of individu- proach illustrates how people respond to and enact als over their lifetimes as well as their dietary hab- change materially. (Session 1E) its. Ultimately, this paper will attempt to accurately frame the notion of community at the Avondale Buri- Walker, Renee B. (State University of New York al Place and how it was reconstituted after Emancipa- College, Oneonta), Sean Norris (TRC Environmen- tion by identifying diet, demography and heritage of tal Corporation), and R. Jeannine Windham (New this sample population. (Session 2G) South Associates) The Relationship Between Humans and Dogs from VanDerwarker, Amber M. (University of Califor- Burial Contexts at the Spirit Hill site, Alabama. nia, Santa Barbara), Gregory D. Wilson (University Burying dogs in human cemeteries is a wide- of California, Santa Barbara), and Dana Bardolph spread archaeological phenomenon. The site of Spirit (University of California, Santa Barbara) Hill offers another opportunity to study the relation- Maize Adoption & Intensification in the Central Il- ship between humans and dogs in a ritual context. A linois River Valley: Archaeobotanical Data from the total of 286 human burials and 29 dog burials were Terminal Late Woodland Through Middle Mississip- recovered. Four of the dogs were buried directly with pian Periods. humans and the other 25 were buried in the same area We consider the causes and timing of maize in- as the human burials. This study examines the age, tensification in the CIRV and argue that an under- sex and pathologies of humans and dogs found at the standing of changes in maize production requires a site to determine burial patterns. Results of this re- consideration of changes occurring in the entire plant search are compared to other southeastern sites con- subsistence system. We explore trends in the col- taining human and dog burials. (Session 2B) lection/production of plant foods from the Terminal Late Woodland through Mississippian periods. The Wallis, Neill (Florida Museum of Natural History), plant data reveal that the initial Mississippian transi- Michelle J. LeFebvre (University of Florida), and tion had little effect on daily plant subsistence, with Rachel J. Iannelli (University of Florida) the exception of an increase in maize. An additional, Sinkholes and Other Vessels: Cades Pond Weeden Is- subsequent increase in maize production was accom- land Ritual Deposition. panied by a suite of other dietary changes. These During the spring of 2012, the Florida Museum sequential production increases likely had different of Natural History recorded the Ruffin Pond site causal roots. (Session 2C) (8AL5545) within one of a series of shallow sink- holes in North-Central Florida. Testing revealed Velásquez, Lizbeth J. (see Velásquez, Lizbeth J.) that underneath nearly a meter of accumulated peat was a large heap of ash that contained a dense pave- Vento, Frank J. (see Stahlman, Patricia) ment of Cades Pond Weeden Island pottery and a few tools of stone and bone. This paper considers how Walker, Chester P. (Archaeo-Geophysical Associ- we might understand this deposit, beginning with the ates) analogical connections between earthenware vessels The Etowah Archaeo-Geophysical Survey. and sink depressions/ponds and the significance of Over a four-year period a research collective practices situated in and around places of perpetual known as The Etowah Archaeo-Geophysical Survey transformation. (Session 2E) conducted large-scale geophysical surveys at the Etowah site near Cartersville, Georgia. The results Walls, Lauren (University of West Florida) of those surveys reveal unappreciated architectural Geophysical Survey at Thompson’s Landing (8Es950) diversity, expose unique features in need of addition- in Escambia County, Florida. al exploration, and allow us to recognized and map Two concurrent seasons of excavation by UWF out temporally sensitive architectural forms. In this field school students at Thompson’s Landing (8Es950) paper we summarize our surveys and present inter- have not unexpectedly yielded uniquely different data pretations of the data produced. (Session 1C) sets. Archaeological investigations in 2011 were de- signed to test the landform at the site and determine Walker, Karen J. (see Thompson, Victor D.) the temporal components present there, while inves-

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tigations in 2012 were carefully designed to discover archaeological sites based on visible ruins. (Session the presence of discrete shell deposits. This paper ex- 1J—Poster) plores the potential of manual and geophysical sam- pling strategies in targeting specific archaeological de- Wentz, Rachel (Florida Public Archaeology Net- posits in the sandy soils of northwest Florida, as well work) as the potentially different interpretations that might Prehistoric Use of Fire in Florida. be made using one or the other method. (Session 2L) Humans have utilized fire for over 500,000 years. Since its capture and domestication, fire has trans- formed human civilization, affecting diet, material Waselkov, Gregory A. (University of South Ala- culture, even our anatomy, and its control is frequently bama) cited as one of the demarcations separating “human” Dancing Woman of the Shell Mask: Interpreting Ar- from “nonhuman.” Prehistoric Floridians relied heav- chaeological Evidence of Social Boundaries. ily on fire, and we see its application in numerous as- Archaeological insights often depend on seeing pects of their culture. Warmth, protection, and cook- connections between patterns that initially seemed un- ing formed its most basic use. But fire had broader related, on gaining a different perspective from a fresh applications within their material culture. This paper vantage point. I recently stumbled onto a new view of explores the extensive utilization of fire among Native some shell mask gorgets from the upper Ohio River Americans in Florida and examines how it affected valley, a fortuitously fresh perspective that offers what and shaped their lives. (Session 2L) I think are some useful insights on social boundaries and ethnogenesis during the turbulent Protohistoric Wernecke, Clark (see Selden, Lauren McAdams) period. (Session 2D) Wescott, Kimberly (see Moody, Adam) Waselkov, Gregory A. (see Shorter, George W., Jr.) Wesson, Cameron B. (Lehigh University) Watts, Elizabeth (see Alt, Susan) Strangers in a Strange Land: Immigration and Sacral- ization at Shine (1Mt6). Webb, Paul A. (TRC Environmental Corporation), In 1963 David W. Chase recovered an elaborate- Bruce S. Idol (TRC Environmental Corporation), and ly carved from an infant burial beneath Benjamin A. Steere (West Georgia University) Mound 2 at the Shine site. Although this artifact has A “New” Account of Mound and Village Sites in West- been analyzed stylistically, only recently could the ern North Carolina: The Travels of Captain R. D. spatial contexts and cultural depositional processes Wainwright. responsible for its interment be examined. Detailed From at least 1904 to 1917, Captain Robert D. analysis reveals this object to be part of a ritual ter- Wainwright, an amateur archaeologist from Virginia, minating pre-mound mortuary activities and serving carried out archaeological surveys and excavations in as the initial act in Mound 2’s construction. Taken in the western piedmont and mountains of North Carolina. their totality, these acts are argued to represent efforts Wainwright published written accounts and photographs by an immigrant Mississippian group to sacralize this of his fieldwork in an obscure archaeological journal, location and redefine the nature of mortuary activity at The Archaeological Bulletin. Until recently these re- Shine. (Session 2E) cords have gone unnoticed. In this paper we highlight Wainwright’s most significant findings and discuss his Wesson, Cameron B. (see Reilly, F. Kent, III) fieldwork in the broader context of early-twentieth- century archaeology. Given the paucity of contempora- Westmont, V. Camille (University of Kentucky) and neous documentation for sites in the western piedmont Nicolas Laracuente (University of Kentucky) and mountains of North Carolina, his accounts provide Refining Methods for Archaeological Testing of Ken- important new information. (Session 3A) tucky’s Distilleries: An Assessment of Archaeological Investigations at Buffalo Trace Distillery. Webb, Paul A. (see Benyshek, Tasha) During archaeological investigation at Riverside, a ca. 1790 stone structure located on the grounds of Wells, Douglas C. (Coastal Environments, Inc.) Buffalo Trace Distillery, Franklin County, Kentucky, Sergeant Wilber’s Last Stand: Recent Archaeological archaeologists with the University of Kentucky uti- and Historical Research at Fort Macomb, Orleans lized a variety of testing methods. Through an ex- Parish, Louisiana. amination of the data gathered from ground penetrat- Recognized as early as 1779 as a strategic point ing radar, shovel tests, unit and trench excavation we in the defenses of New Orleans, this remote stretch of discuss the effectiveness of these testing techniques Chef Menteur Pass near the mouth of Bayou Sauvage in active industrial settings with long occupational has long served as a major route between the Gulf of histories. Supplementing this discussion with an Mexico and New Orleans. Fortified by Andrew Jack- overview of the variety of activities that impact and/ son in 1814, the Third System installation later known or form archaeological deposits that take place on as Fort Macomb was the scene of substantial military this and other distillery sites allows us to refine the activity throughout the 1800s. Recent archaeologi- methodology for testing other Kentucky distilleries. cal survey for the replacement of the U.S. 90 bridge (Session 1J—Poster) at Chef Menteur identified several areas of concern, and highlighted the difficulties of defining complex Whitacre, Stacey (see Moody, Adam; Smith, Steven D.)

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White, Nancy Marie (see Du Vernay, Jeffery P.) zooarchaeological analysis samples a selection of the faunal assemblage excavated from the slave quarters of Wieser, Anna (University of Kansas) the Block House and compares the subsistence pattern Using Soil Science to Understand Site Formation Pro- of the enslaved members of the household with the pre- cesses at Crenshaw (3MI6). viously reported zooarchaeological results from a sealed The archaeological site of Crenshaw (3MI6) is an trash deposit in the Block family kitchen. Similarities enigmatic, multi-mounded site situated in a dynamic between samples are presented (e.g., presence of both fluvial context. The modern Red River flows 1 km to “clean” and “unclean” animals, according to Jewish ko- the east of the site, and oxbow lakes border Crenshaw sher law). Differences between samples, and implica- to the north and south. A soil coring project was car- tions for cultural and religious practices, are discussed. ried out to investigate the levees surrounding the site. (Session 2G) This study revealed multiple periods of river migration and channel abandonment, which preliminary results Windham, R. Jeannine (see Walker, Renee B.) indicate occurred without significant impact on the site itself. The implications for this are important in under- Wingard, George (University of South Carolina) standing site construction and preservation, providing and Keith Stephenson (SCIAA, University of South insight into materials previously excavated at the site. Carolina) (Session 1E) Life and Labor in the Graniteville Textile Mill Vil- lage, South Carolina, 1850-1900. Williams, Ken (see Campbell, Rachel) In 1845, industrialist William Gregg incorporat- ed the Graniteville Manufacturing Company. Locat- Wilson, Gregory D. (University of California, Santa ed in Aiken County, Gregg’s model community cen- Barbara) and Colleen Delaney-Riviera (California tered on a two-storied textile mill with two churches, State University, Channel Islands) an academy, hotel, stores, workers’ boarding-houses Mississippian Migration and Emulation: Variability in and cottages. Bringing into existence “the first typi- Cahokia Contact Scenarios in the Illinois River Valley. cal Southern cotton-mill village,” Gregg engineered Cahokia played a key role in the northern expan- a system emulated by numerous company towns sion of the Mississippian cultural frontier. But was the throughout the Deep South. Today, 23 of the origi- Mississippianization of the upper Midwest ushered in nal operatives’ cottages still stand, and our research by the arrival of Cahokian immigrant communities, in- focuses primarily on these. Our objective is to gain fluential missionaries, or Woodland emulators? How a better understanding of the early home/yard land- can we archaeologically differentiate between these scape. Recovered artifact types will illustrate the scenarios? This paper employs concepts and methods welfare of each house’s inhabitants during the nine- popularized by migration and identity studies in the an- teenth century. (Session 2G) cient Southwestern U.S. to evaluate Cahokian culture contact in the Central and Lower Illinois River Valley. Winter, Jacob (Washington University, St. Louis) Our analysis reveals notable organizational differences and Tim Dennehy (Arizona State University) between these regions indicating important variation in Inter-site Variability in Whelk Tool Production and the nature of culture contact between Cahokians and Use from two Late Archaic Shell Rings on St. Cath- Woodland groups in the Midwest. (Session 2C) erines Island, Georgia. Two Late Archaic shell-rings, one sound-side Wilson, Gregory D. (see VanDerwarker, Amber M.) and one ocean-side, have been excavated over nu- merous field seasons. Radiocarbon dates have shown Wilson, William (University of West Florida) the sites to have significant but not complete tem- Natural Formation Processes at Submerged Sites with- poral overlap. Over one thousand whelk specimens in the Blackwater River. were recovered in relation to these shell-rings. The Maritime archaeologists have studied site forma- differential distribution and usage patterns of whelk tion processes for decades in order to better understand tools from the two contemporaneous sites provide the condition and placement of materials in dynamic insights into the manipulation of one of the only reli- marine environments. More recent studies have relied able tool-making materials on this stone-poor island: on site formation analysis to learn about site environ- whelk shells. (Session 1G) ments, and thus project the preservation of archaeologi- cal materials into the future. This investigation builds Worne, Heather (University of Kentucky) on the process based approach by studying the interplay Fracture Patterns in a Late Prehistoric Community in of chemical, physical, biological, and anthropogenic the Middle Cumberland Region of Tennessee. factors affecting sites within the Blackwater River, San- Utilizing a biocultural approach, this study will ta Rosa County, Florida. (Session 2H—Poster) present the results of fracture pattern analysis of adult individuals from Averbuch, a Mississippian village lo- Winburn, Allysha (University of Florida) and David cated in the remote uplands of the Nashville Basin. Markus (University of Florida) Archaeological and bioarchaeological evidence from Zooarchaeological Analysis from the Block House Slave previous studies suggest that residents at Averbuch Quarters, Washington, Arkansas. were both biologically and socially stressed. Warfare- The historic Block House site (3HE236-19) repre- related injuries documented for the site indicate that sents an “urban farmstead” that was home to the first intergroup conflict posed an ongoing threat to the documented Jewish settlers in Arkansas. The current community. Analysis and interpretation of fracture

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patterns are placed within the local environmental and Wyatt, Sara (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) social context in order to identify differential risk of injury and activity patterns for social groups within the Yancey, Miranda L. (see Durst, Patrick R.) community. (Session 2B) Yaussy, Samantha (see Jones, Eric E.) Worth, John E. (University of West Florida) Bridging History and Prehistory: General Reflections Zarychta, Lukas W. (see Ryan, Joanne) and Particular Quandaries. How can social entities derived from spatial Zejdlik, Katie (see Cook, Della Collins) and temporal patterning in material culture be rec- onciled with social entities derived from documen- Zierden, Martha (The Charleston Museum) tary accounts based on the assertions of both colo- Charleston’s Walled City Task Force and Archaeology nial and indigenous informants? How can archae- of the Redan at Tradd Street. ologists and ethnohistorians translate their indepen- Charleston is the only walled city in British colo- dently derived conceptions of the social landscape nial North America. This defensive feature is largely for one another? Using the Southeastern U.S. as invisible, in both the landscape and the imagination. In a backdrop, this paper explores fundamental on- 2008-2009, the Walled City Task Force excavated the tological and methodological differences between brick wall and redan along East Bay Street. The project how we perceive and construct these social entities provided the first opportunity in forty years to gather using material and documentary data, highlighting details on construction, maintenance, and abandonment the rarely challenged assumption that ceramic as- of the city’s early defenses. The dig yielded eighteenth semblages are reasonable indicators of the ethnic century artifacts associated with the waterfront and identity of their makers, and suggesting potential Lower Market, built in front of the wall in 1750. The alternatives and solutions. (Session 2D) project provided unparalleled opportunities for public engagement, from the dig itself to onsite and digital ex- Wright, Alice P. (University of Michigan) hibition, supported by the 2012 SEAC Public Outreach From Mountains to Mounds: Assessing the Routes of Grant. (Session 2O) Middle Woodland Mica Transport. Blue Ridge mica is one of the most widely dis- Zych, Lauren (University of Chicago) tributed raw materials associated with the Hopewell Archaeometry in the Mississippi Delta: Sourcing Fresh, Interaction Sphere. Accordingly, archaeologists have Brackish and Salt Water Shell via LA-ICP-MS. suggested several mechanisms by which mica was Neutron activation analysis, routinely employed by transported across the Eastern Woodlands ca. 200 many archaeologists, is rarely undertaken in the South- B.C. – A.D. 600-800. To evaluate these models, I east. Several studies have established that clays in this compare the locations of Middle Woodland sites with region are relatively homogeneous, particularly along sheet mica assemblages to hypothetical overland the Mississippi River. However, recent experiments travel corridors that linked the mica mines of west- with LA-ICP-MS suggest that shell-sourcing may ern North Carolina to ceremonial monuments in Ohio complement bulk-sampling techniques and improve the and elsewhere. This GIS-based analysis indicates that geographic resolution of our provenience studies. This economic and ideological factors played a role in the paper presents results from a pilot project that identi- Hopewellian procurement and dispersal of mica from fied significant chemical differences in unmodified western North Carolina. (Session 3A) archaeological shell from three aquatic environments: fresh water, brackish water, and salt water. Analytical Wright, Alice P. (see Horsley, Timothy J.; Loveland, methods and implications for a specific case in colonial Erika) New Orleans are discussed. (Session 2O)

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Ab s t r a c t s o f Wo r k s h o p s

ACUA Su b m e r g e d Cu l t u r a l Re s o u rc e s St u d e n t Co m m i t t e e Wo r k s h o p Aw a r e n e s s Wo r k s h o p Organizers: Natalye Tate (University of Illinois), Eve Organizers: Della Scott-Ireton (Florida Public A. Hargrave (Illinois State Archaeological Survey), Archaeology Network), Kim Faulk (Forum Energy Mallory Bader (University of Memphis), and Sarah Technologies, US), and Amanda Evans (Tesla Miller (Florida Public Archaeology Network) Offshore, LLC) (Louisiana) (University) Time: Saturday, 9:00 AM -11:00 AM Time: Thursday, 1:00 PM-4:30 PM Archaeologists spend a significant amount of time This workshop is designed to introduce non- navigating between their personal research interests specialists to issues specific to underwater archaeol- and public engagement with their work. This process ogy. Participants will learn about different types of pushes the archaeologist to understand how to turn underwater cultural heritage sites, and the techniques these interactions with the public into meaningful and used in Phase I, II, and III surveys. The purpose of this useful relationships. This workshop seeks to explore workshop is not to teach participants how to do un- how archaeologists can navigate these relationships derwater archaeology, but instead to create awareness through various forms of public outreach and engage- in recognizing the potential for submerged cultural re- ment. Workshop participants will focus on how uni- sources in areas of impact, relevant state and federal versity-based field projects, museum work, and cultur- legislation, budgeting for submerged cultural resource al resource management firms engage with the public investigations, reviewing submerged cultural resource in a productive, educational, and sustainable way. The assessments, and providing sufficient background in- participants will explore solutions to these problems formation to assist in making informed decisions re- based on case studies and previous work that resulted garding the underwater archaeological heritage. in sustainable partnerships with the interested public.

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Ab s t r a c t o f t h e SEAC St u d e n t Af f a i r s Lu n c h e o n

SEAC St u d e n t Af f a i r s Lu n c h e o n Organizers: Bob Austin (Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc.), Tim Pertulla (Archaeological Environmental Consultants), and David W. Morgan (NPS, Southeastern Archeological Center) (University) Time: Thursday, Noon-1:00 PM Luncheon Topic: Possibilities within a CRM Environ- ment

Archaeological research happens in a variety of settings. Research opportunities can be found in CRM, government, academic, and non-profit envi- ronments. Our panelists are experienced researchers and will share their research experience outside of academia. Discussion topics will include drawing on “gray literature” in research, how to conduct research in a CRM environment, and disseminating research through outreach, collaborations, and publications.

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SEAC Li f e t i m e Ac h i e v e m e n t Aw a r d s f o r 2012

John A. Walthall and Charles H. McNutt are co-recipients of the SEAC Lifetime Achievement awards for 2012.

John Walthall’s archaeological career began in Charles McNutt came of age at the University Alabama in the 1960s and continues today in Illinois. of Michigan under the tutelage of Jimmy Griffin, Trained at the Universities of Michigan and North who chaired his doctoral committee in the late fifties. Carolina, John’s first post in 1972 was as Assistant Charles worked on the Missouri River Basin Project Professor of Anthropology at the University of Ala- and then at the University of Nebraska in 1960, the bama. In 1978, John was hired as Illinois Depart- University of Tennessee in 1961, and Arizona State in ment of Transportation’s Chief Archaeologist. He 1962. Two years later, he landed a position as an As- oversaw the FAI-270 project, which remains among sociate Professor at Memphis State University where the largest-ever CRM efforts and one that radically he worked with Charles Nash to create and nurture an transformed our understanding of Archaic, Woodland, anthropology program. Although he ostensibly retired and Mississippian settlement patterns. Additionally, in 1998, he remains active in the field. Charles was, John has contributed immensely to French colonial and is, a stalwart contributor and supporter of South- archaeology of the mid-continent, and he has guided eastern Archaeology, offering his unique insights into a generation of subsequent work in a sub-field that statistics and typology and a curious blend of culture had barely existed prior to his tenure at IDOT. John history and culture process. But his most lasting con- currently keeps an office at the Illinois State Museum tribution may well be his nurturing of students, who Research & Collections Center where he is diligently today have academic and contract positions through- studying the 1947-1950 University of Chicago/ISM out the field of archaeology. His influence and warm excavation collections from Starved Rock, the site of personality has touched many of those who have been LaSalle’s 1682-1692 Fort St. Louis and a 1711-1721 fortunate to know Charles and to have been charmed Peoria village. by his many stories of past adventures and meetings.

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Notes

76 Bulletin 55—2012

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