OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 44 NO. 3 SUMMER 1994

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and i A.S.O. OFFICERS EXPIRES wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological OH 43130, (614) 653-6642 Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Carmel Tackett, 906 Charleston Park, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614) 772-5431 BACK ISSUES Exec. Sect. Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 44805,(419)289-8313 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614)861-0673 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 43064,(614)873-5471 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H Immediate Past Pres. Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office for prices and availability.

BUSINESS MANAGER ASO CHAPTERS Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thorneville Road, Rushville, OH Alum Creek Chapter 43150, (614)536-7855, 1-800-736-7815 President: Dennis Buehler, 1736 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH Aboriginal Explorers Club TRUSTEES President: Richard Gertz, 1094 Millersburg Rd SW, Massilon, OH 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., ML Vernon, OH Beau Fleuve Chapter 43050, (614)393-2314 President: John McKendry, 5545 Truscott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 1996 James R. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, Blue Jacket Chapter (614)323-2351 President: Jon M. Anspaugh, 210 E Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH 1996 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society (614)653-9477 President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH 1996 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (216)753-7081 President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 1998 Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, 2200 East Powell Road, Flint Ridge Chapter President: Bob Williams, 138 Margery Drive NE, Newark, OH Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 297-2641 (work) Fort Salem Chapter 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) President: Brent Weber, 1455 Bethel New Richmond Rd., 723-7122 New Richmond, OH 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH 43224 Fulton Creek Chapter (614)262-9615 President: Mike Coyle, 18000 SR4, Marysville, OH 1998 Jeb Bowen, 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, OH 43420 Johnny Appleseed Chapter (419)585-2571 President: Randy Hancock, 1202 ST RT 302 RD#5, Ashland, OH REGIONAL COLLABORATORS King Beaver Chapter President: Judith Storti, R.D. #2, Box 1519, 1519 Herrick St., David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 New Castle, PA Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 Kyger Creek Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: Ruth A. Warden, 20 Evans Heights, Gallipolis, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH Lake County Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH Columbus, OH 43210 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Mound City Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Painted Post Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 104 E. Lincoln, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Norman Fox, 810 Coolidge St, New Castle, PA Sandusky Bay Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Sandusky Valley Chapter changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH ness Manager. Seneca Arrow Hunters President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Six Rivers Valley Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Standing Stone Chapter President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E SteveNUMBEn Kish, 301R 4 Clark Mill Rd, Norton, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE The Stephan Site: A Manifestation of The Miami Valley Archaic in In response to my election to President by the members of the Darke County, Ohio by Elaine Holzapfel 4 ASO, I can only say (using the immortal phrase of gratitude by Jim Nabors portraying Gomer Pyle) "Thank you, thank you, thank Six Rivers Valley Chapter Project by Dr. Brian G. Foltz 8 you"! The election to this office is a great honor and I hope I can A Notched Hoe From The Maumee River Valley remain humble as I embark on the Presidency. I extend a sincere by Charles E. Carroll 9 thanks to those who had the confidence in nominating me, those who supported me and those who voted for me. I will appreciate Transitional Points From The Ada Area by Merle Wasson 10 this same confidence and support in the future. A Year Apart Find by Eric S. Abbot 12 Until I was elected, I didn't truly realize the awesome responsi­ Two Trumbull County Slate Artifacts bility the Presidency of the ASO is. To represent nearly 3,000 by Bob and Audrey Bennett 13 members of a diverse society such as ours could easily become overwhelming. However, with the help and cooperation of the The Limberios Cache by David W. Didion 14 other officers and trustees, I hope we can successfully carryout A Mississippian Pipe by David W. Reed 15 the business/activities of the ASO to the best of our abilities and for the benefit of the Society as a whole. Indian Relic Collector Sees Benefit 18 Congratulations to the following officers and trustees: Carmel A Highly Developed Tubular Pipe by Robert N. Converse 19 "Bud" Tackett - Vice President, Charles Fulk - Executive The Neatherton Cache by Elaine Holzapfel 20 Secretary, Nancy E. Morris - Recording Secretary, Don Potter - Treasurer, Martha Potter Otto - Trustee, Carl Szafranski - A Cache From Coshocton County, Ohio by Charles E. Gross ... 22 Trustee, Bill Pickard - Trustee and JEB Bowen - Trustee. Also, Richard Ackley, Ojibwa by Elaine Holzapfel 23 we are fortunate to have Robert N. Converse - Editor, Paul Early Archaic Bifaces From Six Study Tracts In Erie, Huron, and Wildermuth - Business Manager, Walt Sperry - Trustee and Jim Seneca Counties, North-Central Ohio by Jonathan E. Bowen ... 26 Hahn - Trustee. The Mystical Owl -A Rare Pipe Form byD.R. Gehlbach 33 For those of you who do not know me (which is probably 97% A Catalogued Multicomponent Site In Indiana (#6400) of the membership), I offer the following short bio of myself: I toy Scoff L Sholiton 34 was born in South Strafford, Vermont but grew up in Perry, New York. After serving in the Air Force and going to Tri-State College An Answer To A Federal Agent by Robert N. Converse 36 in Angola, Indiana I moved to Lancaster, Ohio. I've been a mem­ A Sinewstone toy Jeff Zemrock 38 ber of the ASO for 30 years and am a charter member of Standing Stone Chapter. I served as Treasurer of the ASO for A Fractured-Base Point From Ashland County four years, Trustee for two years and Vice President for two by Jeff Zemrock 38 years. I guess I can sum it up by saying "you're not getting a Sun Watch by David M. Askins 39 rookie". Scenes From The Third Annual Native American Artifact Exhibit I nearly have all the committees appointed and two trustee ap­ by Brian DaRe 40 pointments selected and will announce these in my next letter, Archaeology Days At Serpent Mound 42 after the Board of Directors has approved them. What Collectors Collect toy Robert N. Converse 44 Until next time; thanks and take care! A Response To A Federal Agent by Elaine Holzapfel 45 Steve Parker Letters To The Editor 46 New President Of The ASO 47 Necrology, George Lacknett 47 The Capehart Knife (Backcover) by Jim Stephan 47

Cover Figure: Immense barn owl effigy pipe crafted from sandstone, found in the state of Illinois, formerly in the Payne collection of prehistoric art. See article on Page 33.

3 THE STEPHAN SITE: A MANIFESTATION OF THE MIAMI VALLEY ARCHAIC IN DARKE COUNTY, OHIO by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio 45331

The Stephan site in Adams Township, quality than Four-Mile Creek chert, and sites have not yet been recognized and re­ Darke County, Ohio, is situated on a of unknown origin. ported? Did the people of the Miami Valley northeast-sloping terrace above a peren­ The two bell pestles are finely made Archaic range north of the Thiebeau site? nial stream which empties into the Still­ and highly polished. Both have pits Are there any similar sites in the drainage water River. The soil of the terrace is pecked into their bases. The four conical of the Little Miami or other nearby rivers? brown Miamian silt loam, which is well pestles have no pits and are more Do bell pestles and Miami River drained and never floods (Lehman and crudely made than the bell pestles. Pentagonal points, which often occur on Bottrell 1991). Only a few slate bars are in the collec­ these sites, form part of the complex? I ea­ Lying between the Stillwater River (two tion. Slate bars could be under-repre­ gerly await hearing from anyone who may miles to the north) and the Greenville sented as they are often not recognized have some answers, so let me know. Creek (three miles to the south), the loca­ as artifacts. References tion would have provided abundant river­ The Miami Valley Archaic was not only Broyles, BettyeJ. ine resources. A variety of game would the heaviest occupation of the site, it 1966 The St. Albans Site. West Virginia Archaeologist was also the last, and the Stephen site no. 19, Moundsville. have also been available in this region of Converse, Robert N. dense forest dotted with open prairies. apparently remained vacant for the last 1976 Montgomery County Site. Ohio Archaeologist The site covers approximately four acres, 4000 years. 26(3):4. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. In press. but was originally larger, as gravel was Six other Miami Valley Archaic sites re­ Geistweit, Barbara Ann quarried from the western portion of the ported in the drainage of the Great Miami 1970 Archaic Manifestations in Ohio and The Ohio Valley. M.A. thesis, Ohio State University terrace in the early 1900s. River include four from Preble County: the Georgiady, Jeffrey A. Owners Jim, Gary, and Shawn Stephan Raisch-Smith site (Moffett 1949); the Foust 1983 The Origins of Cherts Used at the Raisch-Smith and Harshman sites (Georgiady 1983); and Site. Ohio Archaeologist 33(2):44. have collected artifacts from the surface 1986 The Miami Valley Archaic Complex. Ohio of this cultivated field for thirty years. the McWhinney site (Geistweit 1970). In Archaeologist 36(2):26. Because the farm has belonged to the Montgomery County is the Dean Bowman Holzapfel, Elaine 1994 The Thiebeau Site: An Insight into the Prehistory same family for several generations, some site (Converse 1976), and in Darke County, of Darke County. Oh/b/4rchaeofog/sf44(1):15. site material was found many years ago the Thiebeau site (Holzapfel 1994). Lehman, Sameul F. and George D. Bottrell and handed down to the present owners. 1991 Soil Survey of Darke County. U.S. Dept. of Artifacts from earlier components of Agriculture. The major occupation of the site was the site are pictured and discussed in Long, Russel J. Figures 12 through 18. 1962 The Raisch-Smith Site. The Ohio State during the Late Archaic. It is character­ Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 58(4):428. ized by Heavy-Stemmed points, Shallow QUESTIONS THAT NEED ANSWERS Stephan, Jim Side-Notched points, three-quarter 1993 Piano Lanceolate Found in Darke County. Ohio How many other Miami Valley Archaic Archaeologist 43(1 ):56. grooved hammers, full and three-quarter grooved axes, and rectangular slate bars. This combination of artifacts, recognized at other sites in the Miami River drainage, was named the Miami Valley Archaic • Complex by Converse in 1976 and is dated at around 2500 B.C. The site collection includes more than one hundred Heavy-Stemmed points. Most of these are of tan and gray chert which grades into pink. Georgiady (1983) stated that Heavy-Stemmed points are frequently made of locally-obtained stone, and the raw material for these points has been identified as Four-Mile Creek chert, which occurs in the Silurian formation underlying Darke County. Thirty-one three-quarter grooved ham­ mers were found, all of which are made of igneous cobbles which are plentiful in this area. Three full-grooved hammers were also recovered from the site. The hammers range from crude to well made. Of the seven axes, three are full grooved and four are three-quarter grooved. All are made of igneous rock except one full-grooved axe which is made of slate. The eighteen side notched points are Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) The Stephan site is on a northeast-facing slope above a stream in central Darke made of tan, gray, and pink flint of higher County. The major occupation was by the Miami Valley Archaic people of around 2500 B. C. There is no evidence of later occupation, so the site was probably vacant for the last 4000 years.

A Area shown on map. ftlff*|M Figure 2 (Holzapfel) The drainage of the Great Miami River was the homeland of people who made heavy-stemmed points, grooved axes, grooved hammers, rectangular slate bars, and maybe shallow side- notched points. These artifacts from the Late Archaic are known as the Miami Valley Archaic Complex. Sites shown on this map are as fol­ lows: A, the Thiebeau site; B, the Stephan site; C, the Dean Bowman site; D, the McWhinney site; E, the Harshman site; F, the Foust site; and G, the Raisch-Smith site.

Figure 3 (Holzapfel) One hundred heavy-stemmed points from the Stephan site. These points, which date from the Late Archaic, around 3000 to 2000 B.C. are made of tan Silurian chert. This chert ranges from glossy to earthy in texture and was frequently heat-treated, giving it a pinkish-reddish cast. Many of the points retain cortex as if they Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Thirty three-quarter gooved hammers made of were hastily made. Several are made of Logan County chert, six are of igneous glacial cobbles. Delaware chert, and one is of Indiana Green.

5 Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Top row axes are full grooved, bottom row are Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Crudely made slate bars. three-quarter grooved. All are of igneous rock except full-grooved axe at top right, which is slate. Willi" I Figure 7 (Holzapfel) Side Notched points. Often Shallow Side Figure 8 (Holzapfel) Five pitted stones were found. Most of the pitted Notched points are found on the same sites as Heavy-Stemmed stones found by Bettye Broyles at the stratified St. Albans site in West points. The points shown vary in material from Flint Ridge flint to Virginia were in or near hearths (Broyles 1966). chalky tan, pink, and gray chert.

Figure 9 (Holzapfel) Two finely-polished bell pestles and more crudely-made conical pestles. The bell pestles have pits pecked and ground into their bases.

Figure 11 (Holzapfel) Left to right - Slate winged bannerstone or atlatl weight, the halves of which were found years apart, a salvaged ban­ Figure 10 (Holzapfel) Drills made of tan chert, Flint Ridge chalcedony, nerstone, and a pre-form for a winged bannerstone which shows the and Harrison County, Indiana, flint. pecked surface. Figure 12 (Holzapfel) Piano and Transi­ tional points which date around 8000 B.C. Large point on right is pictured full size and in color on the back cover of the Ohio Archaeologist (Stephan 1993).

Figure 13 (Holzapfel) Bifurcated points (ca. 7000 B.C.) most of which are made of tan chert, probably Four-Mile Creek chert. Two are of Flint Ridge, four are of Upper Mercer , and two are of Harrison County flint. The largest bifurcates were found by the Stephans' grandfather, Joe Deloye, when he was plowing with horses over 80 years ago. Such a col­ lection of various types of bifurcates indicates a long occupation by a small group of people.

Figure 15 (Holzapfel) Dovetail made of Flint Ridge flint found in the early 1900s by Joe Deloye.

Figure 16 (Holzapfel) A small red flint Figure 14 (Holzapfel) Archaic Bevels, Broadblade and two Bottleneck points est. date 6000-5000 B.C. Two are of were recovered from the site. local tan flint. The third is of Carter Cave flint.

•*tt* f

•*,,,,.,.,,,.p.,.,,|.,.,,,.|.,,|.,,,.,.,., ,„.., Figure 18 (Holzapfel) Pentagonal style points made of Cedarville-Guelph or Logan County chert. Sixty-five of these, also made of Logan County chert, were found at the Thiebeau Figure 17 (Holzapfel) The only celts found at site, six miles northwest of the Stephan site. These points were given the name Miami the site. River Pentagonals by Converse in Ohio Flint Types 1994.

7 SIX RIVERS VALLEY CHAPTER PROJECT by Dr. Brian G. Foltz 6566 Charles Road Westerville, Ohio 43081

By now many people have heard of the Burning Tree mastodon. Its remains were discovered in a pond during the con­ struction of the Burning Tree Golf Course located between Buckeye Lake and Newark in Licking County. Because of the possible connection of mastodons to Paleo-lndians this was a very significant find. Dr. Bradley Lepper, Curator of the Newark Earthworks Museum has been involved with the Burning Tree mastodon since its discovery. He was invited to speak to our chapter about the discovery of this Ice Age elephant in 1993. Chapter members were excited and very much in­ terested in his talk. Several members along with Charles Caldwell and Billy Hillen suggested to Dr. Lepper that per­ haps our group could surface hunt the fields surrounding Burning Tree to try to determine whether there was any evi­ dence of a Paleo site there. Dr. Lepper was very interested and offered to help with the search. The property surrounding the find area is owned by the Neel family who have lived there for over 75 years. I approached them Figure 1 (Foltz) Members of the Six Rivers Valley Chapter surface hunting the fields near the site of about allowing our group access to their the Burning Tree mastodon discovery. property. They were very understanding and allowed us permission. April 30, 1994, was the date of our group hunt. It was a gray overcast day and thirty people participated. We assem­ bled in a line and used small surveyors flags to mark our finds. The fields are rolling and had been cultivated and well washed. Assisting Dr. Lepper in identifying the finds was Bill Pickard. Although it rained that day it was not enough to stop the search. In the end we had some twenty broken and whole artifacts. Of importance were two preforms and three end scrapers which Dr. Lepper thought may relate to one or more Paleo components in this area. We identified traces of occupation from early Archaic to Fort Ancient. What does this mean? We did not sat­ isfy the issue that there was evidence of Paleo-lndian settlement at the time of the mastodon. Is there more to this? I hope so. This, in all probability, could be an ongoing project that not only includes our chapter but any other interested groups or individuals. Through corre­ spondence with the various chapters, I will be planning a second Elephant Hunters hunt for 1995. If anyone is inter­ Figure 2 (Foltz) Dr. Bradley Lepper cataloging artifacts from the hunt. Surrounding are members of ested, you can contact me. the chapter.

8 A NOTCHED HOE FROM THE MAUMEE RIVER VALLEY by Charles E. Carroll 1003 Frank Street Defiance, Ohio 43512

Exactly 200 years ago in 1794, the Toledo in the Battle of Fallen Timbers on the Legion in the Maumee River Valley hotbed of the new nation of the United August 20, 1794. Wayne's victory was following the Battle of Fallen Timbers, States was an obscure river valley in the complete though he didn't realize it at the and up to the Peace Treaty at Greenville. Northwest Territory now known as the time. The Legion braced for a counter at­ Several accounts from the time attest Maumee River Valley of Northwest Ohio. tack which never came. The Indians were that the Maumee River Valley had vast President George Washington was in a now divided and disillusioned. The English cornfields as well as other crops which dilemma. The territory was claimed by at nearby Fort Miami did nothing to aid were tended to by the Indians, who were the United States, England and Spain. their Indian allies or against the taunting accomplished farmers. The new nation needed more land for American soldiers outside their gates. The photograph (Figure 1) is that of a farming and expansion. The Northwest The Legion marched back to Fort notched hoe which was found in 1948 in Territory was fertile and rich in natural re­ Defiance, and burnt Indian villages, and Henry County, Ohio along the Maumee sources. But the Indians living there re­ their food supply up and down the River near the route of General Wayne's sented this encroachment, and smashed Maumee River Valley. In his own report march. It is 91/>" long, and is made of two American armies under the com­ on the campaign Wayne wrote: "The basalt. It is a testimonial to those leg­ mands of General Harmar and Governor army returned to this place (Fort endary fields of corn which the Indians St. Clair. St. Clair's defeat was the worst Defiance) on the 27th. By easy marches, grew when they were masters of the suffered by the American army in the laying waste to villages and cornfields on Maumee River Valley. long history of the Indian Wars. each side of the Miami (Maumee River). References Washington threw Revolutionary War There remains yet a great number of vil­ Knopf, Richard C. hero General "Mad" Anthony Wayne lages and a great quantity of corn, to be 1957 A surgeon mate at Fort Defiance (1795) Published by the Ohio Historical Society against the Indians who were concen­ destroyed or consumed." Wilson, Frazer E. trated in the Maumee River Valley, a 150 There are other eyewitness reports on 1907 The peace of Mad Anthony/ Printed by Chas. Kemble mile stretch of waterway located be­ the destruction of vast amounts of Indian Buchman, Randall tween the present cities of Fort Wayne, crops just before the Autumn harvest. It Defiance College Historian Lecture Series and Research Reports Indiana and Toledo, Ohio. Wayne was has been estimated that between 5,000 Slocum, Charles E. given command of a specially formed and 10,000 acres of corn was burnt by 1905 The History of the Maumee River Basin "Legion" to pacify the Indians. Many of his soldiers were army regulars while the rest were recruited from jails back East. Wayne literally whipped this army into shape. He marched from Southern Ohio building a series of forts in Ohio while preparing for battle against the Indians in the Northwest Territory. The Indians met at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers in the greatest gathering of Indians in American History. Over 60% of the tribes from North America were represented at a Great Council, at the present City of Defiance. Many voted to fight yet again while others refused to fight Wayne, who they said never slept. After building Fort Recovery on the site of St. Clair's defeat, the Legion defeated an Indian attack on that fort. As some of m the Indian warriors retreated back to­ wards Canada, they raided and looted some indian villages now left undefended while the men were off to war. General Wayne pushed onward into the very heart of the Maumee River Valley and built another fort at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers in early August, 1794. In a show of contempt for 00 the Indians and their English allies, he called it Fort Defiance. Anthony Wayne's army marched from Fort Defiance, down the Maumee River Figure 1 (Carroll) 9'/2" notched Valley which Wayne called the Indians stone hoe found in June 1948 in "Grand Emporium". The Legion fought Henry County, Ohio along the the awaiting Indians gathered near Maumee River. Material is basalt.

9 TRANSITIONAL POINTS FROM THE ADA AREA by Dr. Russell J. Long 675 Alma St. Beaumont, TX 77705-2404

The farm of my paternal grandfather Dick went on to become captain of of water off Long Island. straddled the Hardin-Allen county line Ohio Northern's basketball team for three West of the Appalachians, it is found three miles west of the south part of Ada. years. He finally played for the New York sporadically not on regular sites with the He was affectionately known as "Potato Athletic club basketball team and later be­ same distribution Paleo-lndian types." Mike" because he raised potatoes on his came president of that club. He's 85 now Converse (1963) continued Smith's clas­ land commercially. Mud Run, a branch of and pretty much confined to his apart­ sification in his Ohio Flint Types. Shriver Hog creek, ran through the farm. My ment in New York City. I don't know if he (1987) wrote of one from Butler County. brothers and I helped plant and harvest remembers the arrowheads. I hope the I had a lot of correspondence with potatoes. Mud Run was important in our picture jogs his memory. It does mine. Smith when he was helping Olaf Prufer lives. We fished in it, swam in it, and, in I cleaned the mud off my point and real­ and Ray Baby with their Paleo-lndians of winter, trapped muskrats along it. When ized it had a white stripe through the stone 0/7/o(1963). it became intermittent in August we'd rather than being the victim of a bird. Not long before Smith died my elder son wade in the pools and muddy up the wa­ The late Arthur George Smith of Bob & I drove to Norwalk and spent the ter. Then when the fish came to the sur­ Norwalk had a tremendous influence on day with him. He had flint from England, face we'd scoop them up and put them Archaeology in Ohio. He was a civil engi­ Denmark and Egypt as well as North in the horse trough. neer by profession but his work as an American material. Mrs. Smith was working My older brother Richard and I were amateur archaeologist was known all with Egyptian Scarab beetles. Bob re­ walking home from the farm one day. over the world. marked on the way home - "that was bet­ John Lacy had the corner field in corn so He was the first to describe my point as ter than a course in history". I suggested we "cut the corner" and hunt a type - in the Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 7 Bibliography arrowheads in the corn rows. I remember #4, October, 1957. He simply said, A Very Converse, Robert N. the corn was a little bit too tall for good Early Archaic or Late Paleo-lndian Type. 1963 Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 13, open looking but we hunted anyway. To quote Smith directly: October 1963, No. 4 Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby Dick found point W, a small triangular "This type is found in the upper levels of 1963 Plaeo-lndians of Ohio. Ohio Historical Society piece of blue-black flint. Then I found the Quad site in Alabama above the true 1963. point X. It was made of Nellie chert, fluted points. Shriver, Phillip R. 1987 A Late Paleo/Early Archaic Transitional Point basally thinned and basally polished. We In some southern shell heaps it is found From The Indian Creek Valley of Butler County. were on the upper terrace, about 300 underneath steatite bowls. In Virginia it is Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 37, No. 4, Winter 1987 yards from the creek. The two points found with steatite bowls. I have found Smith, Arthur George 1957 A Very Early Archaic or Late Paleo-lndian Type. don't look sensational, but mine was the the type from central Georgia to the Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 1957 first arrowhead I had ever found when I shores of Lake Erie, and I have seen one was hunting them. specimen that was dredged from 20 feet

10 Plate 1 (Long) Transitional Points from the Ada area. Photograph by Brent Christopher. a. Joe Thompson, Maysville, Hardin County, j. Hog Creek Logan County chert Mud Run, Hardin County Delaware chert Delaware chert k. Hog Creek Delaware chert Hog Creek, Delaware chert to. Mathewson farm, Hog Creek, Logan I. Hog Creek. Two thirds of this point taken Hog Creek, Delaware chert County chert up by an angular section of a fossil coral. Hog Creek, flint ridge flint c. Hog Creek, Logan Co. chert Source of flint unknown. Hog Creek, Logan County chert d. Carl Simon, Hog Creek, Logan County chert m. Mathewson farm, Hog Creek, Logan Mathewson, Hog Creek, Upper Mercer flint e. Scioto marsh slope South of Ada, Marion County chert Township, Flint Ridge Mathewson farm, Hog Creek, Logan Richard Long, Lacy farm, West of Ada, Hardin County blue-black Nellie chert. f. Hog Creek, Delaware chert County chert Phillips farm SW edge of Ada, Logan Lacy farm, 3 miles west of Ada, Nellie g. Hog Creek, Delaware chert County chert, the late Carl Sleesman is chert. My first arrowhead found while h. Shanks farm Liberty township SE of Ada still wondering why I coveted this point hunting, Liberty township, Hardin County. Upper Mercer flint but he gave it to me. i. Shanks farm Liberty township SE of Ada Hog Creek, Logan County chert Flint Ridge

11 A YEAR APART FIND by Eric S. Abbot 265 E. Beech Alliance, Ohio

The hills surrounding the North have been found there - Adena and the other in 1989. It is 4 inches long and Georgeville area are made up of sand Archaic being well represented. 1% inches wide and is the only whole piece and gravel. One small hill overlooks a Since the general area is hunted by of slate I have ever found. It may be an un­ creek which empties into the Mahoning many people, the find of the artifact shown finished expanded center Adena gorget or River. Near it is a site and 'A of a mile in Figs. 1 and 2 is considered fortunate. It it may be a bar atlatl weight. away are three mounds. Many artifacts was found in two pieces, one in 1988 and

Figure 2 (Abbot) Two broken peices when joined together.

Figure 1 (Abbot) Obverse and reverse of two broken halves of a slate piece.

12 TWO TRUMBULL COUNTY SLATE ARTIFACTS by Bob and Audrey Bennett Warren, Ohio

We found these two damaged slate ar­ ture (Fig. 1 enlargement; A and B). The At first glance, the artifact resembles a tifacts while surface collecting in combined process creates a unique oval- damaged bi-concave gorget, but the drill Trumbull County, Ohio during the Spring shaped hole, and also results in grooving holes seem misaligned and too close in of 1994. While neither specimen ap­ or fluting along the adjacent surface of proximity. Additionally, there is conver­ proaches "showcase quality", each of­ the tail or wing (Fig. 1 enlargement; C). gence of the two sides beyond both holes fers instructional value and fine pre-his- Geniculates are rare late-Archaic banner and the point of fracture, a feature which toric craftsmanship. forms, and have been infrequently re­ favors pendant design. Prehistoric repair of The first specimen is a banded slate ported in Northeast Ohio. damaged pendants and other slate types angular geniculate which has been re­ The second specimen appears to be has been frequently described. Such sal­ motely fractured across the drill hole (Fig. an Adena bell-shaped pendant with a re­ vage efforts may have been undertaken to: 1) . Exposure of the hole's inner surface mote break across the primary suspen­ 1) conserve quality slate or hard-stone ma­ provides a nice illustration of the charac­ sion hole (Fig. 2). Apparently, a second terial, 2) avoid de novo manufacture of a teristic primary drilling and secondary hole has been drilled in an effort to sal­ replacement piece, or 3) preserve an arti­ reaming techniques used in its manufac­ vage the expanded portion of the piece. fact of sentimental or symbolic value.

Figure 1 (Bennett) Damaged angular geniculate from Trumbull County, OH. Enlargement photo illustrates the characteristic features of oblong drill hole manu­ facture: A - primary drilling grooves, B - secondary reaming marks, C - fluting of adjacent wing.

•4 Figure 2 (Bennett) Damaged bell-shaped pendant from Trumbull County, OH with apparent re-drilled suspension hole.

13 THE LIMBERIOS CACHE by David W. Didion 415 Scott St. Sandusky, Ohio 44870

A couple of years ago I met a gentle­ the plow. The cache consists of 16 blades This cache (shown in figure 2) was found in man named Bill Limberios. Bill and his and one small broken piece. The blades 1976, in Margaretta Township, Erie late wife Dolores were long time surface are bi-facial and nicely chipped. They ap­ County, Ohio, approximately one mile relic hunters in the Erie and Sandusky pear to be of Nellie chert, some having South of the village of Castalia. County areas. I remembered that Bill had veins of blue in the material. The forms are References shown me his collection and it had in­ somewhat lanceolate and the sizes are in Bill Limberios cluded a large number of blanks or pre­ the three to three and a half inch range. 1994 Personal communication forms of Nellie chert which he and his wife had collected over a number of years from a somewhat concentrated area of a single field. I returned to visit Bill in April of this year and took a cam­ era along to photograph the pieces. Figure 1 shows these blades. There are just short of one hundred, including whole and broken blades and pre-forms. The sizes are in the two to four inch range. Although they are not particularly well chipped these pieces are impressive when viewed as a group. They were found in Groton Township, Erie County, Ohio from 1970-1985. On this visit I was also shown a group of blades which I had not seen on my previous visit. This group of blades is of a true cache. They were found by Bill and another gentleman, newly plowed from the ground, with most still in a clus­ ter sticking upward from the soil. A few had been drug along a small distance by Figure 1 (Didion) 98 blades and preforms, Groton Township, Erie County, Ohio

Figure 2 (Didion) The LIMBERIOS cache, Margaretta Township, Erie County, Ohio, 1 mile South of Castalia.

14 A MISSISSIPPIAN PIPE by David W. Reed 2469 Scott Drive Wooster, Ohio

This unique pipe was found by Bruce The bowl is slightly over 3A inch in di­ shaped. Part of the engraving has been Laubert of Alliance, Ohio, in 1940 on a ameter and is drilled somewhat off cen­ worn or obliterated making it difficult to site located in Randolph Township, ter. The stem hole is drilled at an upward distinguish. The opposite side has no en­ Portage County, Ohio. It is made of very angle and is 5/a inch in diameter. graving although it may also originally fine-grained sandstone. The length of the The pipe is crescent-shaped and en­ have had engraving. pipe is 23A inches and its width is 3A inch graving on one side follows the contours on the front. of the pipe and is crescent or moon-

Figure 1 (Reed) Side view of engraved crescent-shaped pipe. Figure 2 (Reed) Rear of pipe showing bowl and stem holes.

.» V ^

r-

M Figure 3 (Reed) Reverse of pipe. Figure 4 (Reed) Top view of Portage Co. pipe.

15 Fig. 1 (Converse) Pair of Glacial Kame sandal sole gorgets. They measure 8'A and 9'h inches. Originally found in Butler Township, Darke County, Ohio.

Fig. 2 (Converse) Pair of wooden shoes each containing a Glacial Kame gorget.

16 SANDAL SOLE GORGETS IN WOODEN SHOES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Collectors rarely get credit, if ever, from sell his possessions and go back to Darke professional archaeologists for collecting County. As with many families in west cen­ EXCEPTIONAL MOVING AUCTION because this involves the abhorred, and I tral Ohio, their ancestry was German, and SATURDAY, AUGUST 6,1994— 10.D0 A.M. believe misguided, admonition against many German and Low Country immi­ S94C0li£6£ AVENUE, BOUY, OHIO (Locatad babaaan E. Uvingaton Avanu* and Eat Matt SM jut "buying and selling". One important, and grants brought wooden shoes with them 0*1-70.) lamncalrnrftarrowdh inta ranMMti yaar and amov­ totally overlooked, function of buying and ing out-oMown, «it.hu tmHUmamt lanalM barow when they came from the old country. In Mad artkMa Irani ha lovaly homa. selling which has contributed a great deal this sale was a pair of wooden shoes - China. Olaaaaata. Wtptian CaaaeaMaa, Maw. to the knowledge of artifacts left by prehis­ painted and decorated, probably by some­ Tan abutoua R S Pruaaia mgaaaa* boxta, on. avandar toric people is the simple act of preserva­ •Mrtnta ami bordar & gold band, tr» othar graan boroar w/roae one in the family around the turn of the Havaa. both •**! rad roaaa; mc* aanrton at Up, rappon; mam tion. The fact that most of what the collec­ century. Our two young collectors noticed ok) agural eraamara InoL tnal and larga ooanv ml a. laiga tor collects has been acquired - or more mooaa, aft (ran and «na|: cNna pichar * baan nrca iaic«on that each wooden shoe had fitted neatly Europaan danaa a. boa* Bavaria. Qarmany, Sinn. Franca); to correctly retrieved - at farm auctions and inside it a conch shell Glacial Kame gorget. Btua prpa aatitray; r Haaay Mat; Ma of ok) panain gaaa; Dapraaaorvora feral boat. aanoWch tray, pan dacoralad w«i estate sales goes mostly unnoticed. Quite After waiting most of the day and long af­ •oral dacai boraac oyatal dot handad nappy: blua opataaoant often these sales contain only a few items, ter the rest of the relics had been sold, b> vaaa: oovirad praaaad gaaa ajrkay; tag ad han-onnaata; h.p. Garman • Bam pachara; hp. My oooUa |ar FcataraAmart- out of context and with little provenience, they bought the shoes and the accompa­ can planar; grapa arcfad padaaal lru« boat Nortaka Inaoocr while others contain large and fairly well nying gorgets. Also stuffed into each shoe, chtna aannca brill accaaaory praoac oamMa oah; gaaa he i mil carrlaga from aarty laoo"., oMar Kaoii—a. ruby atari, catalogued collections. Were it not for the as though to hold the shell gorgets in Laiton ohma "Old Va. dog" t -Muabata-, amaa rtbbad Daco collector, few of these pieces would be place, was a small pair of souvenir wooden glan prfcfar: H. Ala nut a maat choppar, IHOi gaaa 1 favar preserved and would probably end up in shoes one pair of which was dated 1907. "caaaaroaj dahaa; Hara rnhatg omit; IKU'I Hamaon Baach -•MUada- portaoa mar, torary and ran ohkfa -3 Baara' chart flea markets or in the hands of those who Had it not been for these two young col­ oup. -Oatmany" chma: old l p baby'i oup and aaucar, vood care little about them and become dam­ lectors and their quick and observant nandnd crar/a tat*. 1 kraa; rattganaar dahaa I buaaroahaom •«0a; mac Urcftan coaacaoaa; OvyTW amp; pigaon brood hur aged or lost. Responsible collectors cata­ minds, two important pieces of prehistory ncana amp; aanraj otdar taba ampa aid. el Naaa' amp, logue and preserve these pieces and if would probably have been destined for the .raar*-anacka; prua many mora aama torn Ma tongoma Baddy •noma Smat Bo blua boat: Buiaar Broan otaWi par., Tamam they are conscientious, publish them. trash heap. barTnalaan.'gajMii, aomalrilaiaHa a • - c .... A case in point occurred in 1994. tannr Caafi or ehack a*h rxaawa id', °^i*"'" * 5 >' •• The owner of the items sold that day, «ip mnaar t not! a., ano naa. wiraarraaranad nonaorarv ao Bexley is a wealthy suburb of Columbus, Lawrence Winterrowd, is over 90 years old art lha abova accumutaad won Vatr Parana and during taw aaimna Al ta abova to aJmMy Laaataaftty oondaam and an Ohio, and is not thought of as a hotbed and had a clear memory about the gor­ aga^adyaaiagooratanraa.Ojrrakibiialotaital^uiiaiii of relic collecting. But a household goods gets. "I got them along with my wife" he .to ba tha auction of Ira yaar m ta Baaay ana and bayond. w» sale in Bexley advertised, among a great said, "seventy years ago". His wife's bagm aaang anal Mama and oaaacaoaa. tan to ta) inaojuaa •and aanatangi at 11 o'clock. CNna and gaaaoara bagmng a many other things, "Indian relics" and the grandfather, whose name was Snyder, had t^noon. arm Mo auction rlnga part of ta day. Mo parking on ad appeared in the Columbus Dispatch. given her the shoes with their shell gorgets XoHaga Avanua, *D coma aarly tor baat ao* atraat parting ». gom# to a graal auctionl • ! A number of collectors attended the sale when she was a young girl. They had been Auction Conductad By and indeed there were several artifacts found in Darke County sometime in the lat­ which had been family possessions for ter half of the 19th century. -'• "Doug Smith . many years and which had originally Research of old records at the Garst enaction Co. been found in Darke County, Ohio. These Museum in Greeneville by expert geneolo- [ Patukila. Ohio pieces were sold and the collectors went Phono; (614) 927-0000 gist Vern Nealeigh revealed that the -•: •,.>-- ^OivuaonolSmith*Inc.) home. But two young men from south of Snyder famly had lived in Butler Township Columbus had been more observant than in southern Darke County in the 19th cen­ Figure 3 (Converse) Sale ad showing Indian the others and stayed on for the rest of tury. A number of the Snyder family still live relics. the auction. there on family farms - undoubtedly the The property in the sale belonged to a source of the shell gorgets. Mr. Winterrowd who had been born and Thus, having already preserved a fragile raised near Greenville, Ohio. He and his piece of Ohio's prehistoric past, these wife had moved to Bexley some years ago young men have added to our knowledge of and after his wife's death he decided to the Glacial Kame presence in Western Ohio.

17 INDIAN RELIC COLLECTOR SEES BENEFIT (Newspaper Article)

! SECTION THE SPRINGFIELD NEWS-SUN, SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. INDIAN RELIC COLLECTOR SEES BENEFIT FOR BOYS W^IN CARRYING ON INTERESTING HOBBY IN OUTDOORS ij ;v v

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r m -^ "1 ±A - a. /ri^^! J rrr^f«-*a-»J-fta V'' *' \ ^5' ^ #- **##**».. *»« *,.• a>ti #M-Mt-

The hobby of Fnu dfii oi 726 S Fountain av. is arrowpolnts and other Interesting examples from his collection arc shown. Ai Hi'- uppei hi i. Mr- Biudelt is examining an unusuai man. The collecting of areha-

i by Frank G. Bui- ,., ,„,,n stl|| ^ fo(jn(j ffl Jhp til and golden sunshine, strenuous eff< Drt, a scout was un- fountain aw. as mi excellent In- ., . building a strong, sturdy bodj • good arti- r-wmlly along our creeks tod lungs and good <-i iiln Mr. Bu rdelt said he would •. following old Hon, which spoil health, happiness reward the boy with something and tramping over old i i boys are interested in and a long useful life." from his own collection, i" pM laal >ing something, and the jov "It may be Indian relio Mr. Burdett said he will long Even now, to an advanced scout i.l thrill of building up n group stamps, medals, or what-not. How­ be remembered by mafiy Dayton who already has ndlan lore, and hai more of Interesting objects by his own boys, Where he was a scoutmaster, Indian relies, ishes to start mounds than any other state," | effort and initiative will make of ever, in the search for arrow- and led the boys on hikes over the one, Mr Bi through the Mr. Burdett declared. "Many in- him a better companies nod citi- tttd stone implements, he is hills of Fort Ancient In search of scoutmaster, i •Miit lh. lements and led into God's great outdoors of specimens. If, after earnest and' with a deulral etmen, he s*iM. This old newspaper article which appeared in the Springfield News-Sun in March of 1939 was submitted by Owen Cowan of Urbana, Ohio., Frank Burdette was one of Ohio's early collectors.

18 A HIGHLY DEVELOPED TUBULAR PIPE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Tubular pipes made their appearance stem of mouthpiece is encircled by an The finding of this pipe was a fortunate sometime in the late Archaic period. They expanded ring or collar. The walls of the circumstance. It was found by Chris Barr seem to have come into vogue simulta­ bowl are extremely thin and most pipes of Ashville, Ohio, while surface hunting. It neously over a large part of the eastern of this type are fragile and easily broken. apparently had been freshly unearthed United States in the second or third mil­ This example is made of limestone and from a trash or refuse pit or perhaps a fire lennium B.C. Tubular pipes were used by that is the most common material, al­ pit. Barr said that the earth surrounding many areal cultures east of the Miss­ though I have seen them made of pipe- the area where it was found appeared to issippi River. In Ohio they are first docu­ stone and siltstone. If development of have been intensely burned. The pipe it­ mented in the Glacial Kame culture but is design can be used as a criterion of age, self shows evidence of having been sub­ possible that they were developed earlier then this type, being the most sophisti­ jected to great heat. Because of its in the Archaic. cated in form, must be considered fragility, it is doubtful whether it would Tubular pipes are also classic Adena among the last of the tubular pipes used have survived had not it been found soon hallmarks. Adena tubular pipes vary from in prehistory. after it was plowed up. simple cigar-shaped objects to those with flared mouthpieces. Rarer Adena pipes are the modified tubular varieties with a bit protruding from the side of the tube. Even rarer are the three tubular pipes carved in the form of the shoveler duck. Little study has been done anywhere on the chronology of the many styles of these first smoking devices. Even less is known about the unusual type shown in the accompanying pictures. This type is much smaller than most tubular pipes and is much more delicately fashioned. When stood on its bowl end it looks like nothing more than an old fashioned wine bottle. It has a greatly enlarged bowl and small constricted stem. The tip of the

Figure 1 (Converse) Obverse and reverse of a highly stylized tubular pipe. It was found by Chris Barr in Pickaway County near Ashville, Ohio, It has been damaged somewhat by great heat. It is 3'/'2 inches long.

19 THE NEATHERTON CACHE by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio 45331

John and Leona Neatherton have sur­ amazed to hear a sound like tinkling 300 yards from the south branch of face-collected for many years in Ross glass. Upon digging to a depth of 18 Massie Creek. The largest blade mea­ 1 Township in Greene County. After the inches, they recovered 45 cache blades sures 4 /s inches long, but the 19 pieces ground was disturbed by a tile ripper in stacked flat in two layers in an area about in the other collection are believed to be 1973, they began to find rough blanks 2 feet by 2 feet. There was no ocher. larger. The cache is made of black Upper made of black Upper Mercer flint over an Occasionally they still find a piece, and Mercer flint from Coshocton County, ex­ area approximately 200 feet long by 150 their total now is 57 pieces. A friend has cept for one blade, which is white. feet wide. They found a number of pieces at least 19 more pieces. The find was especially significant for during the next three years. Then in 1976 The blades, which are thinner and more the Neathertons, as John Neatherton is they probed the ground where they finely made than many other caches of one-quarter Cherokee, and Leona thought the center could be and were rough blanks, were lying on a level terrace Slayton Neatherton is one-half Seneca.

i*aaOUi-"T ) |ll| AHatMCtYl wOOO XX p*X I* Warn | •AUlOING I j£ && -' ->10i"» j \ • I purwA

t~

j= rough blank caches

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Leona and John Neatherton, who recovered the Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Distribution map of caches of rough blanks. The cache. Neatherton cache is the first cache of any kind reported from Greene County.

20 Figure 3 (Holzapfel) The Neatherton cache found in Greene County consists of 57 blades of black Upper Mercer flint and one white blade. The largest piece measures 4Vi inches long.

21 A CACHE FROM COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO by Charles E. Gross 10045 Riceland Avenue Magnolia, Ohio 44643

This cache of thirty-one pieces was All 31 pieces were in an area approxi­ while the balance appear to be preforms. found in a pocket at the bottom of a fur­ mately 18 inches to two feet across, and The cache was approximately 200 feet row. One piece was fully exposed and a they were about 8 inches deep. This from the bank of a major river in the cen­ second was partially exposed. Upon re­ placed the bottom piece about two feet be­ tral part of Coshocton County. trieving the second piece it was apparent low the surface. Four appear to be fully fin­ that there were more around and below it. ished, five more show some work on them,

k

• k 9 % * Figure 1 (Gross) Cache found in Coshocton County.

Fig. 2 (Gross) Four pieces of the cache which were more fully finished.

22 RICHARD ACKLEY, OJIBWA by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

Richard Ackley, a Chippewa Indian, ^SoVY XNxiM UW&UACrE was born in the woods of northern Wisconsin in 1923. When he was 7 years old he was enrolled in school, where he heard the English language for the first time. Until then he had spoken only Chippewa, and he remembers the diffi­ culty of learning to speak English. To this day he says he thinks in both languages. Although American Indians could not be drafted into the service because they had signed a treaty that they would "lift arms against no nation," Ackley enlisted in the Army Air Force in 1941. Stationed in South America and Africa during the war years, he stayed in the service until 1952. He designs and makes his own Chippewa clothing. The magnificent out­ fit in the photograph is made from a leather coat he bought at a garage sale and decorated with strips of mink cut from the collar of the coat. The cones he *»•*••«'£& calls jingles were made from aluminum pop cans and the glass beads came from old necklaces. The drawings on this page were done by Mr. Ackley, who returns to the Sakaogan Reservation several times each NORTH year, where he advises the people about traditional customs.

A;p?er The Clan System (7) /Tlahtejitaios

1 AH-ji-jawk' (Crane) 2 MAHNG (Loon) SOUTH 3 Gi-Goon' (Fish) 4 Mu-KWA' (Bear) Of these four colors, Muk-A-Day' (Black) stands for the West, (White) Stands for North, 5 WA-Bi-ZHA-SHi' (Martin) be-be-zhifcoganzd/i DUCK'- (Yellow) for East, (Red) for South. These col­ 6 WA-WA-SHESH'-SHE (Deer) Z-hi ishiii ors represent the four Races of man that our 7 Be-nays' (Bird) Great Spirit placed on this earth.

Each of these clans was given a func­ tion to serve for the Earth People, as a governing body. Canoe. Crane & Loon - Chieftanship J if ma an Fish & Turtle - King of Fish Clan Bear - Police & Medicine Man •\, Martin - Warriors -pipe. T3erry Deer - People & Gentle or Poets JLm Bird - Spiritual Leaders mpa oPwaa^an \i::;.r.y laa'imin *'

23 Seven outstanding Glacial Kame gorgets from the collection of Jim Felke, Rochester, Indiana. Spineback, knobbed and ridged types are shown. All are from Ohio and Indiana.

24 Birdstones from the collection of Jim Felke, Rochester, Indiana. All are from the Ohio, Michigan, Indiana area.

25 EARLY ARCHAIC BIFACES FROM SIX STUDY TRACTS IN ERIE, HURON, AND SENECA COUNTIES, NORTH-CENTRAL OHIO by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Introduction Weller, Jr. of the Tiffin chapter of the each site has been assigned a trinomial In this paper I examine the Early Archaic Archaeological Society of Ohio. designation (i.e. 33SE161). The 33 repre­ (ca. 8500-4000 B.C.) bifaces reported Area 3 is located on the Attica Fireside sents Ohio, the SE Seneca County, and from six study tracts of 40 square kilome­ 7.5' USGS topographic maps in the up­ the 161 is a serial count within the county. ters each in Erie, Huron, and Seneca lands on the till plain around the settlement Thus, any researcher in the United States counties in north-central Ohio (Figs. 1-2). of West Lodi. This tract is situated near the would be able to tell that the site is located Although they are situated in a variety of heads of Armstrong and Beighley Ditch, somewhere in Seneca County, Ohio on the physiographic zones, their placement is Morrison Creek, and Westerhouse Ditch, basis of the trinomial designation alone. the result of data availability, not an at­ all of which drain into the Sandusky River. I A large number of the bifaces were tempt as systematic sampling. gathered most of the data in Area 3 myself. found by the chapter members not on the In the past I wrote two general survey, Area 4 is located on the Kimball and surface of the ground, but in farm collec­ descriptive articles (Bowen 1976, 1990a) Milan 7.5' USGS topographic maps at the tions. Through introductions to these farm­ dealing with Early Archaic bifaces from two confluence of the East Branch and the ers by the members that know them, I was of the present survey tracts (Area 1 and West Branch of the Huron River on the able to visit them and record the points Area 3). More recently, I attempted to de­ lake plain. Most of the data in Area 4 were that they had found in the course of their fine the Savannah Lakes-variety Nettling gathered by George DeMuth and Bill farming activities. Such samples are usu­ settlement pattern of the region in which Young of the Sandusky chapter of the ally rich in diagnostic bifaces, as many these study tracts are located (Bowen Archaeological Society of Ohio. farm collections have been accumulated 1991). In this paper I examine Hi-Lo Area 5 is located on the Milan and Berlin from the same properties of 50 years or through Big Sandy (8500-4000 B.C.) set­ Heights 7.5' USGS topographic maps. Old more. Of course, the locational data are tlement patterns and land-use practices. Woman Creek runs through the center of not as fine-grained, and several nearby The Study Tracts this tract, which includes both the lake sites may be lumped into the same sam­ I am considering the Early Archaic re­ plain and the lofty Berlin Heights. The ele­ ple. Thus, these data are recorded not in mains which have been reported from six vation of the northern portion of Area 5 on the Ohio Archaeological Inventory, but in study tracts (Ares 1 -6) which are located the lake plain is as low as 610 feet AMSL, the county archaeological files of The Ohio along a 75 kilometer southwest-northwest while the southern portion on the Berlin Historical Society. line in north-central Ohio (Fig. 1). Each Heights rises as high as 860 feet AMSL, a I first placed these 504 bifaces into tract is rectangular in shape, five by eight vertical distance of 250 feet. Most of the temporal/topological categories. My ma­ kilometers in size. The reason of this par­ data in Area 5 were gathered by George jor references in the completion of this ticular size and shape is that this is how DeMuth of the Sandusky chapter of the task were Broyles (1971), Converse much of a 7.5' USGS topographic map fits Archaeological Society of Ohio. (1970), DeRegnaucourt (1991), Edler onto a legal-size sheet of paper. While I am Area 6 is located on the Berlin Heights (1990), Fogleman (1988), Gleach (1987), not publishing the survey maps for security 7.5' USGS topographic map up on the Hothem (1980), Hranicky (1987, 1991), and reasons, they are available to qualified re­ heights themselves. The tract is drained Justice (1987). Next, I plotted the distribu­ searchers in the Archaeology Lab at the by Chappel Creek. Most of the data in tion of each point type on separate maps Ohio Historical Society in Columbus. Area 6 were gathered by Les Gerken, of each of the six study tracts cut out from 7.5' USGS topographic maps. These as­ Area 1 is located on the Tiffin North George DeMuth, and Jay Zimmerman of sembled data form the basis of this study. 7.5' USGS topographic map at the foot the Sandusky chapter of the Archaeo­ of the upper rapids of the Sandusky logical Society of Ohio. While there is no doubt that all of the bi­ River. This tract is situated at the extreme Material and Methods faces used in this study were recovered in southern edge of the lake plain physio­ A total of 504 Hi-Lo through Big Sandy the locations reported, the quality of some graphic zone. Two small streams, Sugar (8500-4000 B.C.) points were available for of the data make the study of fine-grained Creek and Spicer Creek, enter the examination from the six 40 square kilo­ settlement patterns difficult. Many of the Sandusky River from the east in Area 1. meter study tracts. None of the tracts surface surveyors were extremely precise Most of the data in Area 1 were gathered yielded more than 169 or less than 34 in recording the locations of their finds. I by David Snyder, Nick Trapp, and Don specimens (Table 1). These bifaces were was able to plot the locations of their Weller, Jr. of the Tiffin chapter of the recovered from a total of 235 archaeologi­ specimens with complete confidence Archaeological Society of Ohio. Smaller cal components. None of the tracts have within a few meters. However, a few of the amounts of data were gathered here by more than 41 or fewer than 17 such com­ surface surveyors who had not had the ad­ Mike Burcewicz and Bill Maxwell of the ponents. These components range from vantages of training only recorded their Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Society, single specimens to yielding as many as specimens to within an area of perhaps and Rob Hill of the Sandusky County 21 points (Tables 2-3). 500 meters or so. Of course, the data from the farm collections, which were gathered Historical Society. As noted above, virtually all of the bi­ during the course of agricultural operations Area 2 is located on the Tiffin South 7.5' faces used in this study were reported by and not for explicitly archaeological pur­ USGS topographic map at the confluence members of the Sandusky or Tiffin chapter poses, are even more coarse-grained. on Honey Creek with the Sandusky River. of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Most specimens in such collections can This tract is situated at the extreme north­ These data were, however, gathered in only be plotted with confidence to an area ern edge of the till plain physiographic two different ways. Many of the bifaces of perhaps 2000 meters. I have tried to zone. Most of the data in Area 2 were were found by the members on purposeful keep these limitations in mind as I carried gathered by Dave Brown, Stan Brown, surface survey. These data are available in out this study. Richard Chapman, Nick Trapp, and Don the Ohio Archaeological Inventory, and

26 Hi-Lo (ca. 8200 B.C.) located on a 4 kilometer north-south line Vanport from southeastern Ohio. No more Hi-Lo points are the oldest bifaces in Area 5 between the mainstems of the than six St. Albans points have been re­ which I am considering in detail for this Huron River to the west, and Old Woman ported from any single site in the six sur­ study. Twenty-four specimens were re­ Creek to the east. vey areas. However, 21 specimens, 36 ported from the six study tracts. With the Nettling (ca 7200 B.C.) percent of the total, have been found along exception of a single point of Vanport A total of 19 Nettling points have been a 4 kilometer stretch of the Sandusky River chert from southeastern Ohio, all are reported from the six study tracts. Most are at the upper rapids, in Area 1. Those sites made from Pipe Creek, Tenmile Creek, or made from Upper Mercer or Vanport mate­ include 33SE161, 33SE235, 33SE309, and gray/white cherts. While Tenmile Creek rials, with a minority of Pipe Creek chert. 33SE442 on the west bank, and 33SE1, chert outcrops about 70 kilometers to the In a recent study (Bowen 1991) I de­ 33SE26, 33SE33, 33SE49, and 33SE65 on northwest of the greater study area, the fined the Savannah Lakes-variety Nettling the east bank. St. Albans points are more other materials are available from the settlement pattern for north-central Ohio. abundant than any older point type within study area itself. While the settlement model remains the six study tract area. Seventy-five percent of the Hi-Lo valid, I have recently; (Bowen n.d.) de­ LeCroy (ca. 6200 B.C.) points reported throughout the six study cided that Savannah Lakes-variety points Sixty-seven LeCroy points, more than tracts were recovered from only three are actually at least 2000 years more re­ any older type, have been reported from sites. Four and 5 specimens, respec­ cent than actual Nettling points. If the the six study tracts. They are made from tively, were found at 33SE65 and Savannah Lakes-variety points are actu­ the same diversity of materials as their 33SE161, which are located 2.5 kilome­ ally much later in the cultural sequence, predecessors, the St. Albans points. Like ters apart on opposite banks of the we are left without having to account for the St. Albans points, but unlike the Mac­ Sandusky River at the upper rapids in a ca. 7200 B.C. point type being more Corkle points, most of the LeCroy points Area 1. Another 9 Hi-Lo point were re­ than six times more abundant than any were found in riverine settings. Only three ported from the L Farm, which is situated other pre-4500 B.C. type in the greater sites in the six study areas have yielded around a spring at the head of a ravine study area. Given its numbers and con­ more than four LeCroy points. Seven 1.5 kilometers from the east bank of the centrations, the Savannah Lakes-variety were reported from 33SE26 on the upper Huron river in Area 5. It would, however, points seem to be more at home after rapids of the Sandusky River in area 2, six be a mistake, on the basis of these data, 4500 B.C. (Table 4). from 33SE26 on the Sandusky River near to suggest that Hi-Lo points are more in­ Kirk Corner Notched (ca. 7000 B.C.) the mouth of Honey Creek in Area 2, and tensely clustered at the L Farm than at Twenty-two Kirk Corner Notched five on the Huron River at 33HU134 in Area 33SE65 or 33SE161, as the specimens points have been reported from the six 4. Although many LeCroy points from found there may have been recovered study tracts. The vast majority are made eastcentral Ohio have burinated ears (Jim from more than a single discrete archae­ of Upper Mercer chert, with a few made Hahn of the Flint Ridge chapter, ASO has ological site. from Pipe Creek or gray/white cherts. reported 500 from around Buckeye Lake), Dovetails/Archaic Bevels (ca 7400 B.C.) Most are isolated specimens, although only a single specimen in the six study All of the 15 Dovetails from the six six and seven Kirk Corner Notched tracts, an Upper Mercer specimen from study tracts are isolated specimens. points were found at 33SE161 in Area 1 33HU134, exhibits such treatment. Each is made from Upper Mercer or and the L Farm in Area 5, respectively. Kanawha/Stanly (ca. 5800 B.C.) Vanport chert from southeastern Ohio. Both of these sites also yielded concen­ It is impossible to consistently sepa­ On the other hand, the evidence con­ trations of Hi-Lo points. rate the latest bifurcates in north-central cerning the related Archaic Bevels shows MacCorkle (ca. 6800 B.C.) Ohio into discrete Kanawha or Stanly quite a different picture. A total of 43 A Total of 48 MacCorkle points have types, thus, I have lumped the terminal Archaic Bevels were reported. While been reported from the six study tracts. bifurcates for analysis. Ninety-one about one-half are made from locally- Local cherts were not used for this type, as Kanawha/Stanly points have been re­ available gray/white cherts, most of the the vast majority are made from Upper ported from the six study tracts. remainder were manufactured from Mercer chert, with the remainder of Continuing the trend begun with St. Upper Mercer or Vanport cherts from Vanport chert, both southeastern Ohio Albans points, this is again more than southeastern Ohio. A very small minority types. With the exception of two sites in any of the older types. The Kanawha/ is made of local Pipe Creek material. A the Berlin Heights West study tract (Area Stanly points are made from the same di­ single specimen from 33SE26 on the 5), the MacCorkle points occur in compo­ versity of cherts as are the older St. lower rapids of the Sandusky River in nents of 1-4 points each. Nine MacCorkle Albans and LeCroy types. Kanawha/ Area 1 was manufactured from Bayport points were recovered at the L Farm, and Stanly points are abundant both in river­ chert, which outcrops near Saginaw Bay, seven at the H Farm. As noted above, the ine settings and in the uplands. in Michigan. L Farm is located around a spring at the Kirk Stemmed (ca. 5800 B.C.) With the exception of a small portion of head of a 1.5 kilometer ravine joining the Kirk Stemmed points are scarce in the Area 5, Archaic Bevels are best de­ Huron River from the east. The H Farm is six study tracts, especially in those toward scribed as ubiquitous, a few everywhere situated at the head of Old Woman Creek. the west. This is not surprising, as the but concentrations nowhere. However, Thus, the same vicinity between the Huron greater study area is apparently near the three sites in the Berlin Heights West River and Old Woman Creek that yielded northern limit of the range of this type. study tract (Area 5) have yielded 15 35 percent of the Archaic Bevels also Almost all Kirk Stemmed points from the Archaic Bevels, 35 percent of the total yielded 33 percent of the MacCorkle six study tracts are made from Upper numbers of specimens. Ten were re­ points. Also, the total numbers of Archaic Mercer or Vanport chert. Eleven of the 12 ported from the L Farm, around a spring Bevels and Maccorkle points found in the specimens are from the two easternmost at the head of a ravine 1.5 km from the six study tracts, 43 and 48 specimens, re­ study tracts, Berlin Heights West (Area 5) east bank of the Huron River. Two other spectively, are virtually identical. and Berlin Heights East (Area 6). These sites, the T Farm and the R Farm, have St. Albans (ca. 6500 B.C.) two tracts are the closest to the Upper yielded two and three Archaic Bevels, re­ The six study tracts have yielded a total Mercer and Vanport chert sources. spectively. The T Farm and the R Farm of 59 St. Albans points. They are made Big Sandy (ca. 4500 B.C.) are each situated at the head of small from a variety of cherts, including the lo­ Although I once (Bowne 1990a) con­ tributaries of Old Woman Creek. The L cally-available gray/white and Pipe Creek cluded differently, I now think that most of Farm, the T Farm, and the R Farm are all materials, as well as Upper Mercer and the Big Sandy points from north-central

27 Ohio date to the fifth millennium B.C. Con­ points are only as abundant as the older, the focus of this study, only five Fluted tinuing the trend of increased numbers of pre-6200 B.C. types. Thus, as human uti­ points have been reported from the study bifaces since 6500 B.C., the 100 Big Sandy lization of the upper rapids just to the tracts. Early Archaic populations used the points are more specimens than have been north continued to increase, in the vicin­ area to a somewhat greater extent, with a reported for any of the earlier types which ity of the Sandusky River/Honey Creek slow, steady increase commencing about are abundant in the six study tracts. confluence it had dropped to pre-6200 6600 B.C. By 3000 B.C. the study tracts Big Sandy points are particularly abun­ B.C. levels by about 5000 B.C. were being used to a much larger extent dant in two restricted locations. A total of The record in the study tract in the vicin­ than at any time during the Early Archaic. 34 specimens have been reported from a ity of the fork of the Huron River (Area 4) is Extra-Regional Comparisons 4 kilometer stretch of the Sandusky River similar to that at the Sandusky River/ The greater study area is 75 kilometers on the upper rapids in Area 1. Those Honey Creek confluence (Area 2). Around southwest-northeast by 30 kilometers sites include 33SE161, 33SE162, and the fork of the Huron River, LeCroy and northwest-southeast, for a total of 2250 33SE209 on the west bank, and 33SE1, Kanawha/Stanly points (post-6200 B.C.) square kilometers. However, Custer 33SE26, 33SE33, 33SE45, 33SE49, and are twice more abundant than any of the (1990), based on ethnographic analogies, 33SE65 on the east bank. An additional earlier types. Also as in Area 2, Big Sandy suggested that Early Archaic bands of 32 Big Sandy points were recovered from points are only as abundant as the pre- the Virginia region may have ranged over a 4 kilometer north-south line between 6200 B.C. biface types. Thus, I conclude areas of at least 17,500 square kilome­ the Huron River and Old Woman Creek in that, around the fork of the Huron River as ters, perhaps up to 195,000 square kilo­ Area 5. These sites include the L Farm at around the Sandusky River/Honey Creek meters. Similarly, Anderson and Hanson the head of the ravine leading to the confluence, human utilization of the vicinity (1988), based on the archaeological Huron River 1.5 kilometer away, as well increased ca. 6200 B.C., but decreased af­ record, concluded that, in the region of as the T Farm and the R Farm, both of ter 5000 B.C. Georgia and the Carolinas, an Early which are situated at the heads of small The West Lodi upland (Area 3) is located Archaic macroband of 500 to 1500 peo­ tributaries of Old Woman Creek. The 62 between Areas 1-2 and Area 4. Although ple inhabited a range of about 240,000 Big Sandy points from these two small well surveyed, no obvious patterns are square kilometers, while microbands of areas represent 62 percent of the speci­ present. Human use of this area seems to 50 to 150 individuals had homelands of mens from the six study tracts. have remained fairly constant throughout about 40,000 square kilometers. Most of the Big Sandy points are made the Early Archaic period. A similar situation probably existed in from gray/white cherts, or from Upper Archaic Bevels are more than twice as the Ohio region. For example, MacCorkle Mercer material. A very small minority is abundant in the uplands immediately to points of Upper Mercer chert from made from Tenmile Creek chert from the east of the Huron River mainstem (Area Coshocton County, Ohio are found from western Lucas County, Ohio, Onondaga 5) than in any of the other study tracts. As Darke County, Ohio (DeRegnaucourt chert from the Niagara Falls region, or noted above, the major concentration of 1991) in the west to York County, Vanport chert from southeastern Ohio. Archaic Bevels is at the heads of ravines Pennsylvania (Fogelman 1983) in the Local Pipe Creek cherts were not used and small streams between the Huron east. They also occur as far to the north for Big Sandy points. While only 14 of the River and Old Woman Creek on the lake as Flint, Michigan (Rod Lawson, Big Sandy points form the upper rapids plain just to the north of the prominent Sandusky, Ohio, personal communica­ Sandusky River (Area 1) concentration Berlin Heights. tion). I am unsure of their southernmost are made from Upper Mercer chert (41 MacCorkle bifurcates are also slightly distribution, although they are found in percent), 28 of those from the Huron more than twice as abundant in the Berlin south-central Ohio. Thus, MacCorkle River/Old Woman Creek divide (Area 5) Heights West study tract (Area 5) than in points of Upper Mercer chert occur over are made from that material (85 percent). any of the other study tracts. Their area of an area of at least 315,000 square kilo­ Inter-Tract Comparisons concentration is, however, more wide­ meters. I think that this means that the In the survey tract including the upper spread than that of the older Archaic points were occasionally traded between rapids of the Sandusky River (Area 1), St. Bevels. Later Kanawha/Stanly points are the members of adjacent macrobands. Albans and LeCroy points (6600-6000 about as abundant as the Archaic Bevels Almost all of the MacCorkle points from B.C.) are more than twice as abundant as and the MacCorkle bifurcates. Post-5000 Shelby County to the southwest (David any of the older biface types. The later B.C. Big Sandy points are about 40 per­ Mielke, Botkins, Ohio, personal communi­ Kanawha/Stanly and Big Sandy points cent more abundant than any of the older cation), Henry County to the northwest (6000-4000 B.C.) are both 23 percent biface types, suggesting a marked in­ (Payne 1982), and Ashland County to the more abundant than the preceding St. crease in human utilization of Area 5 after east (Bowen 1990b) are made from a dis­ Albans and LeCroy bifaces. On the basis that time. tinctive dark blue/black glossy Upper of these observations, I suggest that hu­ The Early Archaic record of Area 6 Mercer chert. This is an area of 40,000 man utilization of the vicinity of the upper (Berlin Heights East) most closely resem­ square kilometers, with the chert source in rapids of the Sandusky River increased bles that of the Sandusky River/Honey it's southeastern corner. This compares substantially about 6600 B.C., and again Creek confluence (Area 2) and the fork of well with Anderson and Hanson's (1988) increased slightly about 6000 B.C. the Huron River (Area 4). The main differ­ estimate of the range for an Early Archaic The picture is somewhat different in ence is that, while LeCroy and Kanawha/ microband of 50 to 150 people. the survey tract just to the south, the one Stanly points (5200-5000 B.C.) are more It is obvious that the greater study area including the confluence of the Sandusky abundant than earlier or later bifaces in certainly does not come close to covering River and one of its major tributaries, those areas, the temporary increase in bi­ the range of even a single Early Archaic Honey Creek (Area 2). There, LeCroy and face abundance is limited Kanawha/Stanly microband. Also, it may well have been at Kanawha/Stanly points are about one points in the uplands east of Berlin Heights the boundary between adjacent mi­ and one-half again as abundant as any of (Area 6). crobands (or even macrobands) at differ­ the older point types. Thus, a more mod­ When the total numbers of Paleo-lndian ent times during the study period. This, we est increase in human utilization of this through Late Archaic bifaces from the six must remember that all of the functional area seems to have occurred about 400 study tracts are plotted, a picture of rela­ sites types maintained by these people are years later than at the upper rapids, just tively steady population growth emerges, probably not present in the greater study to the north. Unlike the upper rapids or at least of ever-increasing human utiliza­ area, let alone the six study tracts from (Area 1 ), in Area 2 the later Big Sandy tion of the greater study area. Although not which the data were drawn.

28 In 1983 Michael Johnson defined a "bi­ parently a marked, but temporary increase References furcate hunting trait" for the uplands of in population at that time. Their great num­ Anderson, David G., and Glen T. Hanson Fairfax County, Virginia. He noted that bi­ bers (about 650 specimens) suggest that 1988 Early Archaic Settlement in the Southeastern furcates are one-third more abundant they were probably produced after 5000 United Sates. American Antiquity 53(2): 262-286. there than any earlier type, and six times B.C., and that their resemblance to older Bowen, Jonathan E. 1976 The Appalachian Archaic of the Upper Green more abundant than the later "Stanly/ Nettling points is coincidental. Creek Drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 26(4): 8-10. Kanawha" type. He concluded that the The warm, dry hypsithermal period 1990a Eary Archaic of the Lower Sandusky River reason for this was the onset of the warm, commenced after 6500 B.C., lasting Drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 40(3): 32-36 dry hypsithermal after 6500 B.C., and the through the end of the study period. The 1990b The Plaeo-lndian and Early Archaic of the decline of hunting in that physiographic only shift in the numbers of bifaces which Mohican River Drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 40(1): zone by human populations. can be correlated to the advent of the 30-33 1991 The Early Archaic Savannah Lakes Phase of No similar process seems to have hypsithermal seems to be the 250 percent North-Central Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist taken place within any of the six study increase of St. Albans and LeCroy points 41(1): 24-28 tracts. Kanawha/Stanly points are at least (6500-6000 B.C.) over any older type, and n.d. Early/Middle Archaic Occupations of the Sandusky River, Green Creek, and North Ridge as abundant as any earlier type in each the subsequent 23 percent increase in Survey Tracts in Sandusky County, Ohio. of the study tracts, as well in the aggre­ Kanawha/Stanly and Big Sandy points Manuscript submitted to the Ohio Archaeologist. gated study tracts, as a whole. I fear that (6000-4000 B.C.) in Area 1, at the upper Broyles, BettyeJ. typological/classificatory concerns may raids of the Sandusky River. In the other 1971 The St. Albans Site, Second Preliminary Report. West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey adversely affect such studies (including study tracts the situation is much more Report of Archaeological Investigations No. 3. this one). Johnson lumped MacCorkle, complex, with no obvious correlations. Converse, Robert N. St. Albans, and LeCroy bifaces into a sin­ If, as Stothers and Abel (1991) suggest, 1970 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Society of gle "bifurcate" category. If I do the same Archaic Bevels were specialized deer-pro­ Ohio, Columbus. thing, then "bifurcates" are indeed more Custer, Jay F. cessing knives produced from 7500 B.C. 1990 Early and Middle Archaic Cultures of Virginia. In abundant than the later Kanawha/Stanly through 4500 B.C., they were being used Early and Middle Archaic Research in Virginia, ed. points. It is vital to remember that we im­ in exceedingly low numbers, except in by T.R. Reinhart and M.E.N. Hodges, pp. 1 -60. Archeological Society of Virginia Special pose structure on the archaeological Area 5, between the Huron River and Old Publication No. 22. record when we classify artifacts into Woman Creek. Even there, the 18 speci­ DeRegnaucourt, Tony types or categories. mens are very few for a span of 3000 1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Ohio and Indiana. Occasional Monographs of the Stothers and Abel (1991) suggest that years. Although I doubt that Archaic Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Archaic Bevels were produced from 7500 Bevels are specialized deer-processing Museum No. 1. B.C. through 4500 B.C., while I think that knives, I do not claim to have a good un­ Edler, Robert they were used only during the first 500 derstanding of their function(s). However, 1990 Early Archaic Indian Points and Knives. Collector years of this 300 year period. Thus, our re­ the spatial correlation between Archaic Books, Paducah, Kentucky. Fogelman, Gary L spective estimates of the temporal span of Bevels and MacCorkle points suggests 1983 Bifurcated Base Points. The Pennsylvania Artifact these bifaces differ by a six-fold magni­ some functional similarities(s) between Series No. 2. Fogelman Publishing, Turbotville, tude. If Stothers and Abel are correct, then those two types of bifaces. Pennsylvania. my model of Early Archaic subsistence/ Future Research 1988 A Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing, Turbotville, settlement must be significantly revised. I am anxious to do similar analysis of Pennsylvania. The bottom line is that we can be sure of 8X5 kilometer study tracts throughout Gardner, William M. neither how long various bifaces types Ohio. Enough survey data already exists 1989 An Examination of Cultural Change in the Late were produced, nor how long each individ­ Pleistocene and Early Holocene (CIRCA 9200- for the analysis of another six such study 6800 B.C.). In Paleo-lndian Research in Virginia, ual biface of the various types took, on the tracts along a 110 kilometer stretch in the ed. by J.M. Wittkofski and T.R. Reinhart. pp. 5-51. average, to wear out. Without a firm grip Archeological Society of Virginia Special vicinity of Interstate 75 from Shelby County Publication No. 19 on these variables, our models are tenta­ in the south to Wood County in the north. Gleach, Frederic W. tive at best. The survey data in hand will also permit 1987 A Working Projectile Point Classification for The picture of fairly steady, though not the similar study of two tracts in the Central Virginia. Archeological Society of Virginia necessarily uninterrupted, Paleo-lndian Ashland-Mansfield area. I am already Quarterly Bulletin 42(2): 80-120. Hothem, Lar through Middle Archaic Population growth preparing both reports for publication. 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio. Hothem House books, noted by Gardner (1989) for Virginia seems On another level, the intensive analysis Lancaster, Ohio. to hold true for the six study tracts (see of small areas will prove useful. Area 2, the Hranicky, W. Jack Fig. 4). However, if Gardner's observation vicinity of the confluence of the Sandusky 1987 Suggested Dates for Twenty-eight Middle Atlantic Projectile Points. Archeological Society of Virginia that curated, unifacial endscrapers of the River and Honey Creek, one of its major Quarterly Bulletin 42(4): 188-192. Paleo-lndian type were dropped from the tributaries, is a good area for such a 1991 Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for assemblage by bifurcate times (post-6900 study. Most of the bifaces used in this Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North/South Carolina. Archeological Society of Virginia Special B.C.), then my model is grossly in error. study from that area can be plotted to Publication No. 26. The large Savannah Lakes-variety base within a few meters of where they were Johnson, Michael F. camps, that I do not think date after 5000 found. Their distributions will shed light on 1983 The Evolution of the Bifurcate Hunting Trait in the B.C., would have been occupied about a much finer scale about how these peo­ Interior Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia, In Piedmont Archaeology, ed. by J.M. Wittokofski 7200 B.C. In that case, those initial Early ple used the landscape and performed and L.E. Browning, pp. 55-73. Archeological Archaic, pre-bifurcate points would be at their daily tasks. I am now compiling the Society of Viginia Special Publication No. 10 least five times more abundant than any maps for this study. Justice, Noel D. other pre-5000 B.C. type. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Finally, a depositional site, such as a Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana Conclusions silted bottomland, must be identified and University Press, Bloomington. Based on the numbers of bifaces of vari­ explored so that the points used in this Payne, James H. ous types, I conclude than the human pop­ study can be found in stratigraphic se­ 1982 The Western Basin Paleo-lndian and Early Archaic Sequences. Unpublished B.A. honors thesis, ulation of the greater study area gradually quence. The most pressing issues are Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and increased, more or less steadily, from the duration of production for Archaic Social Work, The University of Toledo, Paleo-lndian times onward. If, however, Bevels, and the temporal position of Toledo, Ohio. Stothers, David M., and Timothy J. Abel the Savannah Lakes-variety points actually Savannah Lakes-variety points (pre- or 1991 Earliest Man in the Southwestern Lake Erie Basin. date to ca. 7200 B.C., then there was ap­ post-bifurcate). North American Archaeologist 12(3): 195-242.

29 Area 1 - Upper Rapids Sandusky R iver Upper Rapids Sandusky River/ West Lodi Sandusky River Honey Creek Upland 10 4 8 7 10 7 28 25 34 0 36 169 HL DT AB NETT KCN MAC STA LEC K/ST BS Total X XX Hi-Lo 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+

Area 2 - Sandusky River/Honey Creek C onfluence 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 3 3 2 4 2 10 6 16 15 G 65 HL DT AB NETT KCN MAC STA LEC K/ST KM BS Total Archaic Bevel 12 3 4 5 5+ 123455+ 12 3 4 5 5+

Area 3 - West Lodi Upland

0 0 6 3 12 5 5 5 1 a 37 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ HL DT AB NETT KCN MAC STA LEC K/ST KS MS Total

Kirk Corner N \ 2 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ Area 4 - Fork of Huron River n MacCorkle 12 3 4 5 5-1- 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 0 1 3 114 3 9 8 l) 4 34 HL DT AB NETT KCN MAC STA LEC K/ST KM MM Total

Area 5 - Berlin Heights West X X X X X St. Albans 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 10 4 18 3 7 22 9 8 17 7 37 142 HL DT AB NETT KCN MAC STA LEC K/ST KS MM Total

Area 6 - Berlin Heights East X X X X X * 12 3 4 5 12 3 4 5 5+ 12 3 4 5 5+ 1 3 6 115 8 4 12 •1 7 57 HL DT AB NETT KCN MAC STA LEC K/ST KM BS Total

Table 1. Numbers of Early Archaic Bifaces in Each Study Tract. IxHxx 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 1 r.+ Kan/Stanly 123455+ 5 2 '( !. Key: Hi-Lo (HL), Dovetail (DT), Archaic Bevel (AB), Nettling (NETT), Kirk X Corner Notched (KCN), MacCorkle (MAC), St. Albans (STA), LeCroy Kirk Stemmed 12 3 4 5 5+ l - 3 4 5 r»+ 1 ?. :i •1 •:• f>* (LEC), Kanawha/Stanly (K/ST), Kirk Stemmed (KS), Big Sandy (BS) i x $ X X x *5 x 3t $ I 2 3 4 5 :-><• 1 a •1 B 5+ Big Sandy 12 3 4 5 5+ :;

Table 2. Numbers of Components with Various Numbers of Points (X=1 component).

Fork of Berlin le lghts Berlin reights Huron River West Fast

X X X Hi-Lo 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 1 5 ,t 1 2 3 4 5 5+ Fluted (9000 BC) X

X X Hi-Lo Dovetail 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 2 •1 5 5 + l 2 3 4 5 5+ (8200 BC) XXXXX

Dovetai1 (7400 BC) XXX X I X X X X X X Archaic Bevel 1 2 3 4 5 r>+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ Archaic Bevel (7400 BC) XXXXXXXXX X X X Nettling 1 2 3 4 5 5< 1 2 3 -1 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ Nettling (7200 BC) XXX

X X X X Kirk Corner Kirk Corner N i 2 3 4 5 St 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ Notched (7000 BC) XXXX

MacCorkle X I X (6800 BC) XXXXXXXXXX MacCorkle l 2 3 4 5 :,+ 1 2 3 4 5 54 1 2 3 4 5 5+ St. Albans (6500 BC) XXXXXXXXXXXX

X X X X X X LeCroy St. Albans 1 2 3 4 5 0+ 1 2 3 -1 5 5 + 1 2 3 4 5 5+ (6200 BC) XXXXXXXXXXXXX

X X X X X X X Kanawha/ LeCroy 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ Stanly (5800 BC.) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

X X X X X 8 X X Big Sandy (4500 BC) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Kan/Stanly 1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 1 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ Heavy X X X X X Stemmed Kirk Stemmed 1 :: 3 4 5 S-t 1 2 3 •1 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ (3000 BC) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Savannah XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X X X X X X X Lakes XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Big Sandy 1 2 3 4 5 :>*1 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 2 3 4 5 5+ (unknown) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Table 3. Numbers of Components with Various Numbers of Points Table 4. Total Numbers of Paleo-lndian and Archaic Bifaces in the Six (X=1 component). Study Tracts (X=5 bifaces).

30 Figure 2 (Bowen) Various Archaic Points. Figure 1 (Bowen) Various Archaic Points

Figure 4 (Bowen) Study Area.

Figure 3 (Bowen) North Central Ohio.

31 ENGRAVED BONE OBJECTS FROM THE HARNESS SITE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

In the summer of 1906, William C. Mills rare engraved tablets which portray birds of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical or humans in bird costumes and there Society, excavated the large loaf-shaped are three Adena tubular pipes in the ef­ mound on the Harness farm 7 miles south figy of shoveler ducks. Fort Ancient and of Chillicothe. Although this mound had Whittlesey culture pipes are occasionally had a shaft dug into it by Squier and Davis, in the form of stylized birds. In Glacial had been dug into by schoolboys from a Kame, rare sandal sole gorgets have styl­ nearby township school, and had been ized birds engraved by incising and by tunnelled by Warren Moorehead, Mills bas-relief. Thus birds of many kinds, from found an astounding amount of classic hawks and eagles to parakeets, are seen Hopewell material which had been missed in aboriginal art work. by earlier diggers, including 133 burials. Although bears are much rarer in prehis­ Among the wealth of artifacts found at toric art, the Hopewell people seem to Harnesses were two artifacts, which so far have had a fascination with this animal. as I know, have not been reported or du­ Bear teeth, drilled for attachment, have plicated from any other Hopewell site. Two been found at nearly every classic Tk inch cut and polished leg bones of the Hopewell center. Many of these teeth are bear were found with a burial (Fig. 1). Both effigies themselves, being made of wood, were identically engraved and both were bone or even ivory and cannel coal. perforated with three tiny holes at each Sculptures of bears are very uncommon end as though for attachment. Each of the and include one or two pipes, the Wray fig­ bones had the spongy or marrow portion urine of a human wearing a bear costume, of the interior drilled out leaving the walls and the copper bear headdress from thin and fragile. Mound City. Bear claws are seen in many The designs, carved in bas-relief, are of engravings and copper cutouts in birds and although the species is not readily Hopewell. I have seen bear mandibles identifiable, may represent crows. Bas-relief, which, curiously, have the lower portions where the background is removed instead ground away exposing the roots of their of the main design, is not a commonly seen teeth and drilled for attachment. Con­ technique in aboriginal engravings. sidering the Hopewell bear depictions, it Bird motifs are seen in a great many effi­ seems unusual that more bear bones are gies and engravings, most notably the fa­ not found in graves. mous Hopewell pipes and copper cutouts. The bird motif engraved on the Harness Birds are also represented in Adena in the bones is designed in a strange manner; rather than showing the birds in their nat­ ural anatomical order, they are depicted so that their elements are folded inward to­ Figure 2 (Converse) Outline of design on ward one another. Such "folded in" de­ Bravard gorget. signs of birds have been seen in one of the Glacial Kame sandal sole gorgets (Fig. 2) and in the engraved human skull from the Adena Florence Mound (Fig. 3). It appears that the artist who engraved the Harness bear bones attempted to duplicate the "folded in" design but because of the nar­ rowness of the bones was limited in his at­ tempt at showing all the usual elements of head, wing, body, tail and feet. It is evident from these engravings that the "folded in" or "folded on itself" bird motif was one which had a long history in aboriginal art and which may have lasted as long as two thousand years. Although we have had little luck interpreting the meaning of these engravings, or indeed many others, the design must have been readily recognizable among many prehis­ toric cultures.

References Figure 3 (Converse) Design on an Adena Figure 1 (Converse) Drawings of two bear human skull gorget from the Florence mound. 1982 Converse, Robert N. bones engraved with "folded in" bird designs. The Glacial Kame Indians Note the four elements-head, feet, wing, and Picture of drawing courtesy of Robet Harness. The Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus tail-and the "outside in" treatment.

32 THE MYSTICAL OWL - A RARE PIPE FORM by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

The prehistoric Mississippian people feared by the native Mississippians. We The three pictured pipes are examples crafted a wide variety of effigy pipes during know from historic Indian references that of middle Mississippian craftsmanship of a roughly 600 year period of (1000AD - owls were revered and the kinship be­ the highest order. Recovered in the 1600 AD). Because of their bulk and size tween owl and humans was viewed as states of Illinois and Ohio, all represent they may have been carried both as cere­ powerful medicine by the tribe. What both the skill of the maker in creating his monial smoking instruments and as clan these prehistoric people felt when they masterpiece and the importance of the totems as the native people migrated crafted the owl into an effigy pipe form owl, a distinctive and probably ritualistic through the Midwest. The fact that we find can only be surmised but obviously the symbol used in the smoking practices of them on the surface in most instances spiritual definition was strong. this late prehistoric group. without associated artifacts or village de­ bris has always been a dilemma. Presumably, the pipes were inadvertently left behind in the course of the migration process but this is a conjecture that per­ haps will never be confirmed. Unique among the larger examples were the raptor pipes, more particularly the owl effigy pipes which are quite rare. The owl with its magical almost mystical qualities must have been an interesting model for the pipe maker. Seldom seen during daylight hours, owls were night hunters extraordinaire. These raptors first appeared during the twilight hours, and their glowing eyes, fierce countenance and hunting skills must have been viewed as almost supernatural and to be

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Three owl effigy pipes: Pipe on left from Coshocton County, Ohio. Center pipe from Illinois (county unknown) and exam­ ple on right from Schuyler County, Illinois. All are made of sandstone.

33 A CATALOGUED MULTICOMPONENT SITE IN INDIANA (#6400) by Scott L. Sholiton 120 North Keowee Street Dayton, Ohio 45401 -0488

This site is located in Fulton County, include Big Sandy, Morrow Mountain (rare Indiana Green (Figure 6). Indiana and is part of the Tippecanoe this far north), and Table Rock Basin type Three drills were recovered, all very simi­ drainage basin. This report represents two points (Figure 2 & 3). lar in design and manufacture (Figure 7). field seasons of collecting (1992-1993) The Later Archaic is the largest compo­ Numerous choppers, bifaces, scrapers, Habitation on this site has occurred from nent of the site. Many Brewerton Side, Ear, knives, cores, and utilized flakes were also 11,500 BC through Historic times as evi­ and corner notched points were recov­ found made of various materials (Figures 9 denced by the artifact assemblage. While ered. One Riverton point was also recov­ & 10). One Historic Era broad axe was also the surface is relatively featureless today, ered (Figure 4). recovered from the site (Figure 8). spring and fall plowing continues to reveal The Adena (Early Woodland) are repre­ References new finds. sented by two points made of Harrison Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Flint Types The Archaeological Society of Chronologically, artifacts range from County flint, heavily patinated, each having Ohio, Columbus, Ohio Paleo-lndian through historic era periods. an identical pentagonal stemmed base DeRegnaucourt, Tony (Figure 5). 1991 A Field Guide To The Prehistoric Point Types Of Paleo tools include a Clovis point made Indiana and Ohio. Occasional Monographs from Indiana Green chert and a transitional Hopewell (Middle Woodland) is repre­ Number 1. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Paleo Hi-Lo point made of pink chert sented by three Affinis Snyders points. Research Museum, Arcanum, Ohio 1994 Personal communication with Tony (Figure 1). One is made of Liston Creek Chert and DeRegnaucourt. Upper Miami Valley The Early Archaic is represented by the other is made of Flint Ridge Flint Archaeological Research Museum, Arcanum, Ohio Justice, Noel D. Palmers (1 Flint Ridge), Kirk, Thebes (1 (Figure 6). 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrowpoints of the Liston Creek Chert, 1 Bayport Flint), and a Fort Ancient (Mississippian) is repre­ Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana St. Charles Dovetail. Other Archaic types sented by one Madison Triangle made of University Press, Indianapolis, IN

SITE 6400 INVENTORV 6465 Flake Scraper Indiana Green 6481 Flake Scraper Indiana Green Indiana Green 6401 Clovis Indiana Green 11,500 -10,000BC 6432 Utilized Flake Indiana Green 6402 Hl-Lo Pink Chert 8500-8000 6471 Flake Scraper Indiana Green 6433 Palmer White Flint Ridge 7500-6900 6464 Flake Scraper Palmer Gray Flint 7500-6900 6440 Hafted Scraper Indiana Green 6434 Heat Treated White Chert 6415 Palmer Pink Heat Treated Flint 7500-6900 6477 End Scraper White Chert 6423 Kirk Corner Gray White Chert 7500-6900 6476 Biface White Chert 6448 Thebes Liston Creek Chert 7500-7300 6473 Biface Pink White Heat Treated Chert 6425 Thebes Bayport Flint 7500-7300 6474 Biface Striated Gray Chert Thebes Light Tan Chert 7500-7300 6432 Biface 6426 Yellow Brown Striated Chert St. Charles Pink Tan Chert 7500-7000 6470 Flake Scraper 6428 yellow Brown Striated Chert Early Archaic Cor ner Notch Fragment 8000-6500 6472 Flake Scraper 6407 Tan Brown Chert Big Sandy Side Gray White Chert 6000-4000 6430 Knife 6408 Gray Chert Table Rock Basin White Chert 5200-3500 6466 Core 6427 Gray Flint Ridge Morrow Mtn Pink Heat Treated Chert 5000-4000 6467 Core 6459 Black White Chert 6460 Morrow Mtn Gray Glossy Chert 5000-4000 6483 Core Caramel Flint Ridge Brewerton Side Bayport Chert 3000-1700 6458 Biface 6403 Gray Brown Chert Brewerton Side Gray Chert 3000-1700 6486 Knife 6404 Gray Brown Chert Brewerton Side Gray Chert 3000-1700 6485 Biface 6405 Gray Brown Chert Brewerton Side Tan Chert 3000-1700 6484 Knife 6406 Pink Gray Flint Brewerton Side Pink White Heat Treated Chert 3000-1700 6482 Utilized Flake 6436 Red Heat Treated Chert 6409 Brewerton Ear Pink Chert 3000-1700 6469 Flake Scraper Pink Heat Treated Chert 3000-1700 6424 Base Fragment Red Heat Treated Chert 6410 Brewerton Ear Gray Brown Chert 6411 Brewerton Ear Gray White Chert 3000-1700 6480 Flake Scraper Gray White Chert 3000-1700 6478 Flake Scraper Upper Mercer Black Flint 6414 Brewerton Corner Gray White Flint 6422 Brewerton Corner Gray Flint 3000-1700 6475 Utilized Flake Flake Scraper Gray Flint 6421 Brewerton Corner Gray White Chert 3000-1700 6479 Biface White Quartzlte 6417 Brewerton Corner Gray White Chert 3000-1700 6487 Point Tip Gray Flint 6416 Riverton Pink Chert 1600-800 6447 Point Mid Section Gray Black Chert 6437 Adena Harrison County Flint 1800-300 6446 Point tip Honey Flint Ridge 6438 Adena Harrison County Flint 1800-300 6445 Point Mid Section Red White Chert 6413 Afflnls Snyders White Flint Ridge 100-500AD 6443 Point Tip Red White Chert 6435 Afflnls Snyders Gray Flint 100-500AD 6444 Point Tip Harrison County Flint 6442 Afflnls Snyders Liston Creek Chert 100-500AD 6454 6453 Point Mid Section Harrison County Flint 6441 Madison Indiana Green 700-1500 6455 Point Harrison County Flint 6449 Drill Liston Creek Chert 6457 Point Tip Gray Chert 6450 Drill White Flint 6439 Knife Sect ion Gray White Chert 6451 Drill Gray Flint 6456 Flake Scraper Gray White Chert 6432 Scraper Liston Creek Chert 6431 Chopper Liston Creek Chert One Copper Rivet 6468 End Scraper Liston Creek Chert One Broad Axe 6463 Biface Fragment Liston Creek Chert 6420 Knife Liston Creek Chert Pink Red Chert r.ITHIC PROPORTIONS 6412 Preform 1» Upper Mercer Flint Pink Red Chert 6419 Preform 5* Flint Ridge Flint White Chert 6418 Perforator 5\ Harrison County Flint Indiana Green 6429 Flake Scraper 7* Liston Creek Chert Indiana Green 6442 Flake Scraper 10* Indiana Green 62* other Table 1 Table 2

34 Figure 1 (Sholiton) Hi Lo, Clovis. Figure 3 (Sholiton) Morrow Mountain, Table Rock Basin, Big Sandy.

Figure 2 (Sholiton) Thebes, St. Charles, Kirk, Palmer.

Figure 6 (Sholiton) Madison Triangle, Affinis Snyders.

Figure 5 (Sholiton) Adena Stemmed, Figure 4 (Sholiton) Brewertons. Riverton.

I I

Figure 7 (Sholiton) Drills. Figure 8 (Sholiton) Broad Axe. Figure 9 (Liston Creek Chert).

Figure 10 (Sholiton) Indiana Green. Figure 11 (Sholiton) Overall Collection.

35 AN ANSWER TO A FEDERAL AGENT by Robert N. Converse, Editor

At the end of August I received a letter proved by GE guards and officials by filed a report which said that there were from Mr. Bill Tanner, A Special Agent for their silence - I believe that under the pri­ no remains in the vicinity - nothing was in the National Park Service (one of the vate property rights set forth in the danger. It was later revealed (not discov­ agents involved in the Greg Shipley af­ Constitution, no court in the land could ered) that the road passed within a few fair), regarding my editorial in a recent is­ convict him of anything. However, that feet of, and may actually have impinged sue of the Ohio Archaeologist. I will not was not done and Art Gerber should on, the largest Hopewell mound in the print the letter since it was meant to be have suffered the consequences for his state of Indiana. It was also later revealed private, but I will comment here on the omissions. Most collectors would have that everyone interested in archaeology main point of the letter. found little fault if a warrant had been is­ in the area knew that there was a mound Mr. Tanner brings up the Art Gerber sued on behalf of General Electric, and there and that it even had a name. It later case which has become the cause cele- Mr. Gerber charged with criminal tres­ developed that the General Electric com­ bre among professional archaeologists passing, arrested, fined and put on pro­ pany probably knew there was a mound as an example of the sins of collectors. bation. But that was not done - and to on their property and possessed that Mr. Tanner says, "It is a matter of record those of us who have studied the case - knowledge when they ordered a bull­ that Mr. Gerber stole artifacts from their we wonder why not. dozer operator to level it. Also, if I read rightful owners and sold them for his per­ You, and the other people in the Park the law correctly, its is incumbent on the sonal gain. He was in it for the money." Service, continually refer to the "stolen" contract archaeologist to revisit the site (This is a point I will comment on in a fu­ artifacts. From whom were they stolen? once work has begun to determine ture editorial.) Mr. Tanner says that he They were eventually returned to General whether his original assessment was cor­ would like to know whether we have ex­ Electric, presumably because the arti­ rect, especially if evidence came to the pelled Art Gerber from membership in our facts belonged to them. If this is the surface during construction. I believe that Society since he is a "convicted looter." case, then why doesn't General Electric's the spirit of the law also encumbers the He says that "no legitimate organization" name appear in the warrant against property owner to notify the investigating would maintain his membership and that Gerber? In essence, this case says that archaeologist if such evidence is subse­ our "credibility in the eyes of the greater the Federal Government is empowered to quently found. The archaeologist did not archaeological community" would be arrest people and send them to jail for revisit the site, and General Electric did compromised if he were still a member. stealing something when the party stolen not notify anyone that artifacts were be­ ing brought to the surface even though Mr. Tanner, I do not know whether Art from does not prefer charges, does not have to appear in court as an accuser, they and their employees were fully Gerber is one of our 3,000 members. Our aware of that fact. constitution provides for the removal of and makes absolutely no protest when members who have violated provisions of their property is "stolen" from them in the Mr. Tanner, you are a Special Federal our by-laws — but we do it differently first place. This case also sets forth a Agent whose particular duty is to enforce than was done through the so-called jus­ new precedent for erosion of the private the law which protects sites such as the tice system in Indiana. We first notify the property rights set forth in the constitu­ Mt. Vernon mound. Does it not appear accused that he must appear before our tion and says that the Government has that at this point in the events at Mt. Board of Directors, along with his ac­ some undefined interest in, or ownership Vernon that several laws had been bro­ cuser, and we allow both to give their of, artifacts found on private property. ken? Did not the archaeologist violate the sides of the story. In contrast to the pro­ Let's not let the basic facts of the case, law twice when he did not report a cedures of the Federal Government, we the intent of the law, and the ultimate con­ mound larger than several boxcars situ­ do not find him guilty, seize his property sequences engendered by the Mt. Vernon ated within a few feet of a proposed con­ and bank accounts on the strength of a incident, be obscured by the selective struction project, and when he did not re­ cloudy affidavit without the benefit of a prosecution of someone who came upon turn once work had begun for even a preliminary hearing. We do not, in the the scene after several laws had been bro­ cursory inspection of the site? Does it sense of fairness, believe that anyone ken. A three-act play should not be judged seem suspicious to you that when arti­ should be judged guilty until he has an on the appearance of a bit player at the facts were being picked up by GE em­ opportunity to be heard. We do not be­ end of act three. Let us look at the case ployees and that apparently GE officials lieve that the suspension of the inherent and put it in its proper perspective. knew it, that they violated the law by not right of all Americans to be presumed in­ First, at Mt. Vernon a road was to be notifying the authorities? It could be con­ nocent until proven guilty is only a legal built for access to a plant owned by strued by the foregoing facts that per­ nicety which can be easily side-stepped. General Electric. As is required by haps someone was at the best culpable, The fact that Art Gerber was found guilty Federal law, an archaeologist was en­ or at the worst involved in a conspiracy. under a tricky part of a vague and proba­ gaged to determine whether there were The incredible alternative is to believe bly unconstitutional law by people with a any prehistoric sites in the roadway that an archaeologist, in the business of political agenda does not mean that we proper or its immediate vicinity which contracting for mitigation work, his ex­ would not hear his side of the events at would be destroyed or jeopardized by pertise and professional ethic the very Mt. Vernon. I will state categorically that the project. As you know, this law was reason for being hired, did not know the no responsible collector would do or enacted so that archaeological evidence biggest Hopewell mound in Indiana when condone what Art Gerber is supposed to would not be irretrievably lost. In fact, the he saw it. have done at the Mt. Vernon mound. Had law was enacted to prevent exactly what At this point, Mr. Tanner, if you were he asked for permission to collect from happened at Mt. Vernon. The contract ar­ the agent in charge of investigating such the General Electric property - permis­ chaeologist was hired and he examined a case, would you have excused or over­ sion which was apparently tacitly ap­ the proposed route of the road. He then looked such reprehensible conduct?

36 Would you have not asked the Society of tent of the law - to investigate and pre­ The remains of the Mt. Vernon mound American Archaeology to rescind the serve imperiled sites - was forgotten. All are still there - a monument to the inade­ membership of this archaeologist? concerned seemed to have no regret that quacies and excesses of all concerned - Should General Electric have been ques­ one of the most important Hopewell archaeologist, collectors, and Federal tioned regarding their knowledge of this mounds between Ohio and Illinois had prosecutors alike. It is a sad commentary mound before and during its destruc­ been seriously disturbed and left unexca- on the lack of moderation and good sense tion? If the answer to any of those ques­ vated. And why was not the balance of by all involved. When the lofty words of the tions is "no", then isn't the efficacy of the mound excavated? Did not the law law under which Art Gerber was prose­ the whole law compromised? protecting jeopardized sites still apply? cuted are considered by those with a Sometime after all the above events oc­ Does it not still apply? It apparently does genuine interest in knowing about the curred, along came Art Gerber. He arrived not because the people in charge of ar­ past, think of the fate of the Mt. Vernon after the mound had essentially been de­ chaeology in Indiana have achieved their mound and how many similar examples stroyed. Mound fill had been hauled away goal - of prosecuting people rather than are looming in the future. by General Electric and used for landscap­ looking after the archaeological remains The mound will never be excavated ing. General Electric employees were gath­ in their state. and will never reveal its crucial part in the ering artifacts from the surface of the To add pathos to tragedy, the artifacts prehistory of Indiana. For all the potential ground as were collectors in full view of were returned by the Federal Government that it has for interpreting the past it General Electric security people. And, after to the General Electric company, a major might as well be on Mars. One can only all these events, curiously, the Federal player in the site's destruction. And then, wonder whether anyone would have Government, with all its expertise and in­ to pile idiocy on insanity, these same arti­ cared about it at all if Art Gerber had not vestigative resources, came to the conclu­ facts were given by General Electric to entered the picture. sion that Art Gerber had caused it all! people claiming Indian ancestry, but who And so, Mr. Tanner, I will make you a In the aftermath of the incidents at Mt. could demonstrate no connection what­ bargain. Since the archaeologist who did Vernon, Indiana archaeologists and federal ever to Hopewell artifacts. These precious the investigative work at Mt. Vernon may prosecutors apparently took great satis­ and unique pieces were then sapheadedly also be a member of our Society, please faction in what they had done. They had thrown into a hole dug in to the mound furnish me with his name, I will personally gotten a collector - a bit player who en­ without even a superficial examination by ask for his dismissal along with that of tered stage left in the final scene. The in­ responsible archaeologists. Art Gerber.

37 A SINEWSTONE by Jeff Zemrock 903 Green Twp. Rd. 2850 Perrysville, Ohio 44864

I found this small, heavily worked arti­ William Ritchie pictures two examples of fact near my home in Ashland County. sinewstones, although they appear to be The material is green slate and measures considerably larger than this one. So far, Vh inches in length. Some of the I have not seen anything like it from notches are grooved out as if used to Ohio. Flint types found on this site are work sinew, while several others are in­ usually small middle archaic side notch dented as if to round the back end of a or stemmed types and late archaic bone needle or some other small object. stemmed points. There are also cut marks on both faces, References Figure 1 (Zemrock) Sinewstone from Green possibly from grinding flint point bases. The Archaeology of New York, Wm. Ritchie, In "The Archaeology of New York", Personal Communication, Jeb Bowen Twp., Ashland County.

A FRACTURED-BASE POINT FROM ASHLAND COUNTY by Jeff Zemrock 903 Green Twp. Rd. 2850 Perrysville, Ohio 44864

The broken point pictured is the basal The fractured-base point is an early References archaic type (7000-6000 B.C.) usually Ohio Flint Types-R. Converse end of a classic Fractured Base point Indian Flints of Ohio-L. Hothem found by my seven year old daughter finely made and very rare in Ohio. Caitlin, in October of 1993. Also shown is another piece found about a quarter of a mile away from the first. This area is along the Blackfork branch of the Mohican River, northwest of Loudonville. While the complete point pictured does not have a fractured base, it is remark­ ably similar in thinness and workman­ ship, and has similar corner notching. The material is also identical blue Coshocton flint with white speckles. This point has a very thin base that would have been similar, had it been fractured. Could this have been a companion piece that for some reason was not fractured?

Figure 1 (Zemrock) Right-Broken Fractured Base point from the Blackfork River Valley, Ashland Co. Left-Unfractured point found nearby with striking similarities to the fractured point

38 SUN WATCH by David M. Askins 1510 South Street Piqua, Ohio 45356

In the year 1210 AD Sunwatch was an A wall surrounded the village when it The rebuilt Indian village site has be­ active Fort Ancient village along the was occupied. It has been estimated that come one of our state's most important banks of the Great Miami River. there were between 25 to 30 houses in archaeological sites. Sunwatch holds an Sunwatch villagers chose this location the village. Over 300 pits have been ex­ enormous amount of information on how because of its environmental resources cavated. These pits have provided a the prehistoric people of Ohio lived. and its physical setting. The Great Miami great deal of information about how the River which is located east of the village Fort Ancient people lived. supplied mussels, aquatic plants, ani­ mals and fish. The river also helped in their trade with other Indians.

Figurel (Askins) Excavation of feature at Sun Watch. Figure 2 (Askins) Post hole markers at Sun Watch.

Figure 3 (Askins) Post hole markers at Sun Watch. Figure 4 (Askins) Rebuilt stockade and houses at Sun Watch.

39 SCENES FROM THE THIRD ANNUAL NATIVE AMERICAN ARTIFACT EXHIBIT by Brian DaRe 58561 Sharon Blvd. Rayland, Ohio 43943

Over a thousand Ohio Valley residents In all, sixteen exhibitors from the West Special awards were presented to the viewed the Third Annual Native American Virginia Archeological Society and the winners of four categories of exhibits: Artifact Exhibit held at the Delf Norona Archaeological Society of Ohio partici­ Best Table Display - George Armann Museum in Moundsville, W. Va. on August pated in the one day event (Figures 1-13). Best Educational Display - Brian and 6, 1994. The event was sponsored by the Patty DaRe Upper Ohio Valley Chapter of the West Judge's Choice - Roland E. Barnett Virginia Archaeological Society and Grave Public's Choice - Roland E. Barnett Creek Mound State Park.

40 41 ARCHAEOLOGY DAYS AT SERPENT MOUND Shown are scenes from The Archaeology Days, September 3- 4 at Serpent Mound

42 43 WHAT COLLECTORS COLLECT by Robert N. Converse, Editor

During the past few years the collector sion criticizing collectors and talking of The Madisonville Society in Cincinnati has increasingly been singled out as the grave desecration. This same individual regularly picnicked at and excavated the embodiment of all that is wrong with ar­ has overseen the destruction of hundreds Madisonville site for years. Some of this chaeology. Recently these voices have of prehistoric sites by highway construc­ material went into museums, some did become more strident, and the term "col­ tion - and yet cannot cite a single report, not. Joseph Smith, who founded the lector" is used interchangeably with the essay, publication, study, or even a minor Mormon religion, searched mounds for pejoratives "looters" and "pothunter". The contribution to Ohio archaeology which buried treasure and for confirmation of a collector is characterized as being the dri­ he has authored. (Lack of site reporting "Lost Tribe of Israel" theory. David ving force behind an unethical and illegal will be the subject of a future editorial.) Wyrick of Newark searched for the same market in artifacts supplied by an army of If it were not for farming there would genesis and "discovered" the notorious clandestine site diggers. It is apparent that be no collectors, for it is agriculture Newark "Holystones". The largest stone many in professional archaeology believe which has produced 99% of all prehis­ mound in Ohio was hauled away to pro­ that all would be well in archaeology if the toric artifacts. If one doubts this asser­ vide cover for the levees at Buckeye collectors would just go away. tion, all he has to do is examine old 19th Lake, a reservoir for the newly-con­ It seems that many of those in profes­ century newspapers. They are replete structed canals in eastern Ohio. It is sional archaeology and most of those in with stories and accounts of the finding easy to use the collector as a scapegoat law enforcement having to do with ar­ of artifacts when this land was first set­ for mound and site looting. However, chaeology do not have even a passing tled. Thousands of arrowheads, spear­ examine the work of professional ar­ understanding of what collectors collect. heads, knives, celts, axes, and curiously- chaeologist, Warren K. Moorehead. In Having been a collector for forty years, I shaped slate and stone pieces were the summer field season of 1896 (one of can explain what artifact collecting is plowed to the surface. There is scarcely a many such seasons) Moorehead "inves­ about and what we collect. farm in the Midwest which did not have tigated" 56 mounds, over 15 grave sites, several village sites, and many other re­ Collecting is a legitimate, desirable, and its tool box, cigar box, or dresser drawer mains. On the morning of June 26th he if done correctly, valuable adjunct to the full of Indian relics. Such farm collections dug a mound and a village site and in science of archaeology. It is the collector, were sold at auction, and still are. The arti­ the afternoon dug several stone graves whether he is large or small, whether he facts were found over a century or more and the Flory mound. He even found buys or sells, or is a surface hunter or pas­ ago by the simple act of cultivating the time at the end of the season to "com­ sive savant, who provides the audience land. In the early days these items piqued pletely investigate" the large Hopewell which makes professional archaeology the interest of the intellectually curious, mound at the Harness site by tunneling possible.. Without us, there would be little who bought them, and thus began col­ into it. Moorehead lamented that even in incentive for government funding for ar­ lectors. The careers of many 19th century his day many of the sites had already chaeology as legislators with such values archaeologists began in just such a way. been dug into or destroyed before he would not be elected. It is the collector Often these pieces were looked upon as got to them. who has provided archaeology with infor­ no more than curiosities by farmers and mation and knowledge which the profes­ were given to local collectors or antiquar­ It was in these days of early farming sional cannot acquire on his own volition. ians. Farmers themselves sometimes be­ that many of the large collections were It requires years to assemble site collec­ came collectors. Many farm collections assembled and most of the artifacts col­ tions which the professional has neither were donated to museums, which soon lected today were found. Few collectors the time, inclination, or in some cases the found that they had little space for them. have any interest in an artifact which can­ expertise, to acquire. Had it not been for In many instance museums sold them, not be documented through several old the collector, such sites as the Shoop site gave them away, or traded them for ob­ collections. Items which have been dug in Pennsylvania, the Vail site in Maine, the jects they considered more pertinent or such as shell, bone, antler, or pottery are Naco mammoth site in Arizona, the displayable. Some of the museums were notorious for their lack of value in the col­ Midland site in Texas, and countless other private and because of financial prob­ lecting fraternity and have little more than site locations would be unknown to the ar­ lems, sold their contents to collectors or passing interest. The rare excavated chaeological world. sent them to auctions. pieces which sometimes do appear on the market are of such minor conse­ There are, of course, some irresponsi­ Few of the early collectors were dig­ quence that they make little or no impact. ble collectors. My own view is that there gers. Artifacts were so abundant that a The serious collector of today finds are few amateurs with the expertise to do collector could obtain more and better laughable the idea there is a thriving traf­ a legitimate archaeological investigation. pieces by simply asking farmers for fic in excavated artifacts. There is no No one, including a professional, should them. It was quickly learned that the army of illicit diggers and venal looters undertake excavation if he is not able most desirable and unusual pieces such who supply an eager group of ready and and willing to take the time to do a as bannerstones, dovetails, fluted points, waiting collectors. proper and proficient job and write a and birdstones were not found in timely, concise, and easily-read report. mounds or with burials and could be ac­ Thus, collectors collect what was found Archaeology without a report is not ar­ quired only from surface collections. long ago - artifacts found on the surface of chaeology, but something else. The The collector is frequently wrongly the ground, out of their original context, knowledge to be gained is the only rea­ blamed for disturbed sites, despite the but preserved and in no danger of being son for undertaking archaeological work. fact that nearly every major site and broken into meaningless bits and pieces It is ironic that some who most decry the mound was disturbed or excavated prior by farm equipment. They are in good activities of collectors have done little in to 1930 by archaeologists curiosity seek­ hands. They will not be destroyed, and archaeology except make a living at it. ers, farm boys, or treasure hunters. most are available to all who want to study This year an archaeologist who has a Digging mounds was a pastime for some them. Archaeologists would do well to sinecure with the Ohio Department of people in the latter half of the 19th cen­ make use of these collections, for they are Highways appeared incognito on televi­ tury, and many mounds were destroyed. an integral and insightful part of the past.

44 A RESPONSE TO A FEDERAL AGENT

Dear Federal Agent, In 1966, he wrote Ohio Stone hoarded. He has always generously Boy, did you miss the mark when Tools, one of the few stone identifi­ shared his entire collection with any you implied that Bob Converse has cation books ever written. In 1970, and all interested parties, both ama­ not shared his knowledge and skills. he wrote Ohio Slate Types, still the teur and professional. He gives every Are you ready for this? only publication of its kind. In 1976, visitor his undivided attention, even Besides having served as Trustee, he laboriously completed a pictorial when it is not convenient to do so. Vice-President, and President of the record of one of the largest artifact When the doorbell rings, he is always Archaeological Society of Ohio begin­ collections in eastern United States, happy to explain to people what they ning in 1962, he has been editor of the The Meuser Collection. In 1980, he have found, even when it is just a Ohio Archaeologist magazine for 26 wrote the book Glacial Kame Indians, pretty rock, which is often the case. years. This is the publication of the about a culture which was previously Bob has been an invited speaker largest state archaeological society in undefined in Ohio. hundreds of times and has given the United States, with members in As for site reports, those back­ talks in Ohio, Michigan, West every state and many foreign coun­ bones of archaeology, he has done Virginia, and Indiana. He donates tries, along with libraries, universities, his share; his reports include the $100 each year for non-professional and professional archaeologists. This Troyer site, the Florence site, the contributions to Ohio archaeology. journal has frequently been recognized Montgomery County site, the North He was instrumental in initiating the as one of the best in the country. site, and the Harness site, to name Carbon 14 testing paid for by the Converse has written well over 200 a few. In this day when many pro­ ASO for non-professional archaeolo­ articles for this publication, thoroughly fessional archaeologists cannot cite gists. His dedication to the archaeol­ explaining the results of his own re­ a single publication to their credit, ogy of Ohio is truly amazing. search and observations on both arti­ one must wonder what Ohio archae­ And, perhaps most important of all, facts and prehistoric cultures. ology would have been without the absolute honesty of Robert N. In 1963, he wrote the book Ohio Robert N. Converse. Probably be­ Converse is appreciated, literally, Flint Types, one of the first point ty­ cause I spent 17 years as an educa­ from Florida to Alaska. pologies written in the Midwest (and tor, I especially appreciate the way Sincerely, he didn't do it by ignoring artifact col­ Bob has expanded knowledge for lections). The book was published by everyone on the subject of Ohio ar­ Elaine Holzapfel. the ASO, who realized all the profits. chaeology. Bob's writings have Ohio Flint Types has sold over 20,000 been quoted in hundreds of articles copies, making it one of the best-sell­ by professional archaeologists. ing archaeological publications in the Bob's wonderful artifact collection United States. has never been hidden away and

45 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Dear Mr. Converse,

I want to take a moment and thank you for all that you have done and contributed to the world of archaeology and an area many of us love. The Ohio Archaeologist is a wonderful publication and I can't even imagine the amount of work it takes to put it together. With the recent devel­ opments in the courts and letters being passed back and forth, I wanted at least one supportive word to reach you (though I hope many). Thank you again for every­ thing you have done!

Sincerely, Patrick Orsary Indian -Artifact Mag | zine

R.D.#1, Box 240. Turbotville, PA 17772

To The Archaeological Society of Ohio: I've been receiving your magazine for quite some time now and con­ sider it, and the ASO, as the very best among journals and organizations. Shows at the Aladdin Shrine are eagerly anticipated, and I get to as many as I can. Obviously, others do too for the crowds are always large. I hold the ASO up as an example of what each state should be doing. All levels are accepted and welcome, from the seller/buyer, to those who only collect what they find, to professionals . . . and they all come and participate. The programs are always worthy and interesting, and of those I've taken in, are presented at a level all can understand and appreciate. It's the kind of collector/amateur/professional inter-actions that occur at ASO meetings, and through the Ohio Archaeologist, that are so vital, and which are sorely lacking throughout much of the U.S.A. My comments are spurred by out-going President Larry Morris' col­ umn in Vol. 44-2. All too often recognition isn't given at all, or enough. All of those mentioned by Larry, and including Larry, deserve great credit and thanks from all of us, for the job being done. Bob Converse does in­ deed put out a terrific journal. The mix of articles and artifacts is always interesting and well-presented. Your strength is in the diversity which you tolerate. Other states should take a lesson from you. The ASO is what American archeology, and earnest collecting, should be all about. Keep up the Great Job!

Sincerely,

Gary L. Fogelman

46 NEW PRESIDENT OF THE ASO

Newly elected President of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, Steve Parker, is shown during the riverboat cruise at the Blennerhassett summer meeting. With him on the right is West Virginia Archaeological Society President Dan Hall.

Necrology NEW BOOK BY COL. VIETZEN George Lacknett I Touched the Indians Past Privately Printed Flint Ridge chapter member George Lacknett Price $45.00 plus sales tax and shipping. passed away this spring. He was an avid collector and contributor to our chapter. 8714 West Ridge Road He will be missed by his many friends. Elyria, Ohio 44305 This limited edition of 200 pages relates over 70 years of archaeology and collecting by one of Ohio's oldest and Bob Williams best known authors. Vietzen shares his many experi­ Newark, Ohio ences and stories about Indians and fellow collectors. A large and informative book.

THE CAPEHART KNIFE (BACKCOVER) by Jim Stephan Gettysburg, Ohio

This large knife was found in Capehart collection along with this knife Montgomery County, North Carolina and were two fluted points of the same un­ is said to be the largest knife ever found usual stone, all found in the same general in that State. Originally in the Capehart area making it very likely that this knife collection, it measures nine and three could date back to the Paleo time period. quarters inches long and is made of a Reference fine grained quartzite, presenting a Converse, Robert N. greenish-black appearance in color. The 1987 Ohio Archaeology, Vol. 37, No. 4 material is very rare in North Carolina and its source is unknown. Also in the

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and con­ serve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better under­ standing among students and col­ lectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the sub­ ject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interest­ ed in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.