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ANTHONY WAYNE M EM 0 R· I A L

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' \ THE ANTHONY WAYNE MEMORIAL PARKWAY PROJECT . in OHIO

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Compiled al tlze Request

of the ANTHONY WAYNE MEMO RIAL LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

by lhr O..H. IO STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL and H ISTORICAL SOCIETY

0 00 60 4016655 2

I• Columbus, Ohio 1944

' '.'-'TnN ~nd MONTGOMERY COt Jt-rt"-' =J1UC llBR.APV Acknowledgments . ..

THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS ass isted lll the compilation of this booklet :

The A nthony Wayne Memo ri al J oint L egislative Cammi ttee The Anthony \Vayne Memori al Associati on The! Toledo-Lucas County Planning Commiss ions The Ohio D epa1 rtment of Conservation and Natural Resources The Ohio Department of Highways

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Table of Contents

I Anthony Wayne Portrait 1794_ ·---···-· ·--· _____ . ------·------. _____ Cover

Anthony Wayne Portrait in the American Revolution ______F rrm I ispiece Ii I I The Joint Legislative Committee______------····------7 i· '#" j The Artthony Wayne Memorial Association ______.------9

I· The Ohio Anthony Wayne Memorial Committee ______------11 I I I Meetings of the Joint Legislative Committee·------·------·------13 I I "Mad Anthony" Wayne a'dd the Indian \Vars, 1790-179.'------15 lI The Military Routes of Wa.yne, St. Clair, and Harmar, 1790-179-t- ______. ______27 I

The Anthony Wayne Memorial Parkway·------· ------·------· ------· ___ 31

Some Other Historic Sites in the \Vayne Parkway Area·------·------35

Research, Pu hlica ti on, and Ed uca ti on .. _____ ·----- ______. ___ ------3 7

]~ ibliograph y ______------. ·----. ------· ______------39

Joint Resolution Establishing the Anthony \Varne Parkway ______41

A Bill to Create the Anthony Wayne Authority ... ------42

r s 1 57-28355-/ I .... l "' I I I I I 11 l I

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THE ANTHONY WAYNE MEMORIAL JOINT LEGISLATIVE COMMITIEE I AT FALLEN TIMBERS J l Left to right: Horold W. Carr, Raymond H. Burke, Ro y H. Longenecker, Fred L. Adams, Guy D. Hawley, Fred L. Hoffman, Jr., Margaret A. Mahoney, Theodore M. Gray. Not present: Roy E. Harmony and Fred R. Seibert.

I [ 6 ] ' I I The Antho'ny Wayne Memorial Joint Lebslative Committee

THIS is THE 150TH anniversary of the 4. The promotion of historical celebrations I commemorative of the period of Wayne's con­ l signing of the Treaty of Greene Ville l by Major-General Anthony Wayne and quest. the Indians of the Maumee Valley and The Legislative Committee, in ac­ their allies. It was this famous treaty cordance with its instructions, has met I~ . of 1795 and the preceding campaign of with members of the Anthony Wayne General Wayne in 1793-94 that opened Memorial Association at Defiance, southern and central Ohio to settlement Bowling Green, Greenville, Kelley's Is­ li the new Americans pushing across land, and Piqua. To these meetings i bf ! ! ., the A;ppalachian Mountains. To com­ have been invited representatives of i ! ->1 rrUitbd~ate this. successful military ven- various state departments and institu­ i l " ture in the west, the Anthony Wayne tions, such as the Highway Department, 1 Memorial Association has proposed a the Division of Conservation, and the project which will have definite educa­ Ohio State Archaeological and Histori­ I tional, recreational, and esthe[tic values cal Society, as well as representatives of· I for the people of the State of Ohio. cities and towns which lie in the area l In 1943, a joint Legislative Commit­ of the military routes of the Indian tee, composed of ten members, was Wars. Special committees on various lI created by the 95th General Assembly phases of the program were appointed to cooperate with the Anthony Wayne at the Bowling Green meeting. At sub­ Memorial Association in the develop­ sequent meetings of the Committee and I ment of that association's objects and the Association, these subcommittees purposes as they applied to the State of have reported the results of their re­ Ohio. The joint resolution which au­ searches and studies and have made re­ thorized the Legislartivc Committee de­ commendations for an Anthony Wayne I fined its objectives in cooperation with . Memorial Project to be presented to the the Association as: Legislature. 1. The planning of a program for the de~ The main feature of the project will velopment of parkways and routes and for be the Anthony Wayne Memorial Park­ marking historical site5. way, extending from Cincinnati north 2. The encouragement of research in the to Toledo along the milita~y routes of history of the Old Northwest '"I'erritory and General Wayne and the prior expedi­ the erection of a p1rogram for the publication tions of Generals Harmar rund St. Clair. of the results. The Parkway would touch such cities 3. The promotion of a program of educa­ tion disseminating information concerning as Hamilton, Eaton, Greenville, Fo~t Anthony Wayne and the Old Northwest Terri­ Recovery, Lebanon, Xenia, Piqua, Fort tory. Loramie, St. Marys, Van Wert, Defi-

[ 7] .... ance, Napoleon, 1\llaurnee, and Perrys­ state and local agencies at various his" burg, with extensions to Detroit a1nd to toric a nd recreational a;reas, thus con­ Fort Wayne out of the state. serving la rge expenditures by setting It is p rop osed that an A nthony Wayne u p a u nified plan in place of haphazard Parkway Authority be es tablished to developm ent. plan the Parkway a n.cl d irect its develop­ Members of the Legislative Com ­ m ent by existing state departments and mittee who have helped to plan this local agencies. This will enable the project are: Senators Fred L . Adams, · State of Ohio, w ithout vast expenditure Bowling Green ; IRaymond H . Burke, of special funds, to build a memorial H amilto n ; Theodore M. G ray, P iqua1; which has real utilitarian value. The !\ll arga ret A. Mahoney, C leveland ; and project has been erected upon an his­ Fred R. Seibert, St. Marys; Repre­ toric basis. lt offers educational bene­ sentatives H a rold W . Carr, Hicksville; fits by giving those who travel over it Roy E. Harmony, Sidney; Guy D. an acquaintan ce with the early history Hawley, Greenvil le; Fred L. H offman, of O hio. It provides recreational faci li ­ Jr., Cincinnati ; and R oy H. Longe­ ties in m agnificent lakes, many parks, and necker, Pemberville. scenic d rives along la rge rivers. I t in­ This prospectus, financed by o rgani­ clu des many a reas suitable for conserva­ zati ons a,nd individuals in com munities I tion purposes, such a.s wild life habitats along the military routes, is published or forest preserves. The Parkway Au­ to acquaint the people of Ohio with the thority would be empowered to u rge aims of the Anthony Wayne Memorial the co-operation of all counties, munici­ Project. The Legislative Committee, II palities, and o ther subdivisions in the m eeting at Piqua, November 27-28, area to join with it in the development I 944, approved the final plans. It. of a unified system of parks and park­ recom,mends the Anthony Wayne Pro­ ways. The Project, of course, would be ject to the 96th General Assembly of a. stead ily growing and developing one, O hio.

each year adding new facilities tO the G UY D . H AWLEY, I Parkway System. lt would, as well, Cl/(/irn/(/n, 1-oint ~egistA'r,i1 • e 1 I .. . coordinate the work already done by Committee. · 1 -

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I [ 8 J ' ' . The Antftony Wayne Memorial ·~Association

IN 1940, the Ohio State Archaeological occupation of the country with the sub­ and Historical Society joined with the sequent Wirur largely negatived these ef­ state historical societies of Ontario, forts. Nothing tangible resulted from Michigan, and Indiana, and many local the. appointment of the Michigan Legis­ historical, educational, and commercial iative Committee, while in Ohio the agencies, to sponsor the Maumee Valley bill failed of enactment. International Historical Convention, Two years later, however, a joint September 27-29. The purpose of the committee of the Ohio Legislature was me~ting was to develop an interest in created, charged with the duty of in­ the; history of an area important in the vestigating the aims of the Anthony · -~ori~ ian~ growth of the f9~r strutes. Wayne Memorial Association and re­ rhe success of this preliminary conven­ porting upon them to the succeeding tion,, resulted in the formation of the Legisl.a1ture. Under the vigorous Anthony Wayne Memorial Association, leadership of Representative Guy D. with the purpose of erecting ~nd pro­ Hawley, of Greenville, Chairman of moting a project to celebrate thle sesqui­ the Joint Committee, several meetings centennial of the American conquest of have been held, which have been at­ the Old Northwest in the years 1790-96. tended by representatives of the Asso­ Such a _project called for the cooper­ ciation and invited guests. At these ation of all the states bordering on the meetings, a project for a memorial Great Lakes, since the extension of parkway and for an educational pro­ Americain authority and the American gram on the history of Ohio and the flag over these inland seas was a vital Indian Wars has been developed. Leg­ factor in the development of every one islation also has been drawn up to pro­ o( them. Immediate promoters of the vide a means for erecting and maintain­ undertaking, however, were representa­ ing the project. tives of Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, · On behalf of the Association I wish who organized the Anthony Wayne to improve the present opportunity to Memorial Association as a1 tri-state express to the members of the Legis­ committe~ which held many meetings lative Committee our sincere apprecia­ at Toledo in 1940-41. Through its tion of their unfailing courtesy to us agency identical bills were introduced and their intelligent appreciation of the in the Ohio and l\1ichigan legislatures historical importance of the task com­ for the appointment of joint committees mitted to them. to cooperate officially with the Associa­ M. M. QUAIFE, tion in forwarding its objectives. But P1·esid ent, Anthony WaJne · Pearl Harbor and the resulting pre- Mt•morinl Associntion.

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MARKER AT SITE OF FORT WASHINGTON, CINCINNATI Built at General Hormor's command in 1789, Fort Washington served as headquarters for Harmar, St. Clair, and W a yne.

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I [ 10 ] ' The O~io Anthony Wayne Mi!morzalI • Committee•

'I'HE FORMATION of the Anthony Wa1yne Archaeological and Historical Society. Memorial Association and its purpose This committee proceeded to set up a of commemorating the American con­ state-wide Anthony Wayne :Memorial quest of the Indians of the Northwest Committee. Territory plac~d a real responsibility The Ohio Committee, in cooperation upon the State of Ohio. Since prac­ with the Ohio State Archaeological and t~cally all of the activities of Generals Historical Society, asked the Ohio Gen­ Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, in this eral Assembly in 1941 to provide for pfrase of our early history, took place the appointment of a legislative com­ . ~ wi.~_hi~ the limits of the present State mittee to cooperate with the Associa­ >,of 1tYh10, .'it was evident that ·Ohio must tion. At that time, no action was taken. 'assume a leading part in furthering the Iiowever, following the renewal of the objects of the Association. request in 1943, a joint committee con­ Accordingly, an Ohio Executive sisting of five members from each the Committee of the Associaiion was Senate and the .House of Representa­ erected with the following members: tives was appointed, with the Gover­ S. A. Cana•ry, Editor of the Bowling nor serving as an ex-officio member. Green Sentinel-Tribune; Charles E. During the past year, the Ohi~ Com­ Hatch, Engineer, Toledo Plan Com­ mittee has met several times with the mission; Ralph W. Peters, Editor of Joint Legislative Committee to plan the Defiance C1·escent-N ews; A. ]. . and develop the Anthony W•ayne Me­ Townsend, Dean, University of To­ morial Project which is to be presented ledo; Erwin C. Zepp, Curator of State ta the Ohio Legislature. Memorials, Ohio State Archaeological HARLOW LINDLEY, and Historical Society; and Harlow Chairmrtn, 0 h io Exer.uti'lie Lindley, Secretary of the Ohio State Committee.

[ 11 ] .-.. SITE OF FORT HAMILTON, HAMILTON Fort Hamilton was erected by General St. Clair in September, 1791 .

I [ 12 ] \ \ Meetings .i of the Joint Legislative Committee

T'HE FIRST MEETING of the Joint Legis­ approximate route of Wayne's march lative Committee was convened at De­ to Fort Miami. fiance, September 29, 1943. This was At a meeting ait Bowling Green State an acquainta.nce and instruction meet­ University, February 8 and 9, 1944, dis­ ing. Members of the Committee, mem- cussions of the several aspects of the . bers of the Anthony Wayne Memorial Wayne Memorial Project resulted in Association, and guests, including his­ the appointment of sub-committees to iori:runs and officials of state and local study and bring in reports with sugges­ . \ govarnments, met for the purpose of tions for a definite program which jjettlng.1 an u11derstandirig o·f ·the general might be presented to the Legislature. purpose of the Anthony Wayne Project, .These were the committees: and to hear suggestions for achieving 1. RESEARCH-Roy H. Longenecker, Chair­ the purpose. The goal of ·the Associa­ man, Raymond H. Burke, Dr. Harlow tion of creating and maintaiping a per­ Lindley, Dr. M. M. Quaife, and Louis manent utilitarian memori1a1l to General A. Warren. · Wayne for his achievements in Ohio 2. EDUCATION-Theodore M. Gray,. Chair­ man, Margaret A. Mahoney, Dr. Curtis was explained by Dr. Milo M. Quaife, W. Garrison, Dr. Kenneth Ray, and Chairman of th,e Association, and Dr. Dr. A. T. Volwiler Harlow Lindley, Chairman of the Ohio 3. PARKS AND PARKWAYS-Fred R. Seibert, Chairman, Harold W. Carr, Dallas D. Executive Committee of the Associa­ Dupre, Jr., Charles E. Hatch, L. Thomas tion. The more specific aims of the Rainey, and W. R. Wheelock. project, the development of a great 4. Pua1.1c1TY AND PROMOTION - Fred L. pa1rkway system along the military Hoffman, Jr., Chairman, Roy E. Har­ mony, S. A. Canary, Ralph W. Peter:.;, routes of the Indian Wars, 1790-95, and and Robert Larson. the erection of research and educational 5. ADMINISTRATION-Fred L. Adams, Chair­ programs to support it, were delineated man, Guy D. Hawley, R.aymond H. Burke, Ralph W. Peters, Eiwin C. Zepp, by members of the Association, his­ and Dr. James H. Rodabaugh. torians, and other officials present. To discover to the Cammi ttee the possibil­ The Bowling Green meeting also ities of the Parkway Project a pil­ featured a half-hour broadcast over grimage was mape down the M.aiumee WFIN by the Legislative Committee. to Toledo, with stops at historic sites This program gave the history of the along the way and observations of the Wayne campaign and explained the w.ork of the several county park au­ purposes of ·the Wayne Memori.al thorities and of the. Ohio Division of Project. Conservation on U. S. Route 24, the On June 16 and r7, the Legislative

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i.· ' I Committee and the Association were final proposals for the ,Parkway Projec_t g uests of the city of Greenville. A were accepted and w ritten into a reso­ map of the military routes of Generals lution and a bill to be presented to the Wayne, St. C lair, and Harmar, pre­ Legislature. Here the sub-committee's pa red by the O hio State Archaeological report suggesting an extensive research aind Historical Society at the request and publication project was accepted. of the Committee, was adopted as the This report calls for the collecti on of official map of the Committee and re­ manuscript records and documents per­ quested printed. Discussions centered taining to the pertod of the Indian W a rs around the reports of the several sub­ and the compiling, editing, and publish­ committees. Tours of the histori c spots ing of them in ten volumes. As pa rt of in Greenville and of Fort Recovery, a campaig n to acquaint Ohio's citizens Fort ] efferson, and Fort S t. C lair were with the early history of their state, the fea tures of this meeting. sub-committee on education was au­ I E Final meetings of the Legislative thorized to proceed w ith a state-wide 9! I i' Committee were held at Kelley's I sland, essay contest in the schools on a subject September 8 and 9, and at Piqu.a., No­ relating to Anthony Wayne and his con­ { . vember 27 and 28. At these meetings, quest of the Indians. Mi I 11· 1 B t o. al I 11,

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SITE OF PORT ST. CLAIR, EATON Constructed by General Jomes Wilkinson in 1792.

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''Mad 4nthony'' Wayne and the IndiJn Wars, 1790-1795

j UST r\ CENTURY AND r\ HALF AGO, on Already hunters, adven turers, and a few August 3, 1795, Major-General An­ settlers had crossed over the mountains thony Wayne, Commander in Chief of into the rich valleys of the Tennessee, the United States Army, and the In­ Cumberland, and Ohio rivers. The war d ians of the Northwest Territo ry signed over, a considerable wave of easterners the Treaty of Greene Ville. lt was a moved west. Organized settlement in treaty of peace, preceded by a n exten- O hio came with the arrival of a group 7iv e military campaign from C inc inna ti of New Englanders to establish Mari­ northward co the lVIaumee R iver and etta in 1788. Government of the North­ . \ ~olugbou t t~he length of .the Maumee west Territory was provided in the Or­ Valley. The conclusive encounte r of dinance of 1787 and the appointment this conquest was the Battle of Fallen of General Arthur St. Clair as gover­ Timbers on August 20, 1794, a struggle nor. Other settlements soon followed in which the Indian army was routed. along the Ohio River and in the lower It may truly be said that it opened Ohio valleys of the Muskingum and Miamis and the Northwest Territory to exten­ rivers. sive settlement by the new Americans Confli ct with the Ind ians was inevit­ from the east and south. able. The Americans were moving into The battle itself was no great mili­ their hunting grounds and threaten­ tary engagement (it lasted only a few ing their villages. Although certain minutes); the armies partic ipating were Indian chi eftains had recognized small ; the losses in killed and wounded ownership of southern and eastern Ohio on both sides were insignificant. Yet by the U nited States in the treaties of the encounter was the climax of a bril­ F ort 'Mcintosh ( 1785) and F ort Har­ li ant strategic plan, carefully executed mar ( 1789), the tribes repudiated the by well-disciplined t roops under Gen­ authori ty of the chiefs to cede their eral W ayne. It helped to bring about lands. After the repudiation of the sec­ the removal of British power from ond treaty, the frontier was almost im­ AmeriGan soi l. Finally, it brought to mediately afl ame with marauding at­ an end the years of strife between Amer­ ta cks by bands of Indians. The British, ican settlers in the Ohio region and t-h e under Lord D orchester and J ohn I Indians. Graves Simcoe, the governors of L ower and Upper Canada respectively, incited The conclusion of the American Rev­ the Redskins to attack. They furnished olution had b rought to the new United them wi th supplies and gifts, gave ac­ States a vast wilderness west of the A lle­ tu al military ass istance, and promised ghenies and south of the Great Lakes.

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Co1trte1J1J of Smithsonian l notitt

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rnilitary security if the Americans sent pletely demoralizing thei r lines of de­ a strong force into the w\~st. The British fense. actually maintained garrisoned fo rts on Wayne had a shrewd .insight into the American soil during th1se yea rs. actual situation of the time. H e rea­ In 1790, the young United States gov­ lized the w hole Indian population from ernment felt its integrity sufficiently Canada to Florida was excited; that, challenged to test its strength. It sent unless the tribes of the Maumee were General J os iah Harmar with a poorly defeated, a complete frontier war trained and poorly equipped army and against an I ndian confederacy, sup­ a:n undisciplined auxiliary force of state ported by the British, could be ex­ militia to attack the Indian villages on pected. When he moved, he marched the upper Maumee. Near the site of with the determination to win . .W~ yne Fort Wayne, Harmar's forces suffered was an ambitious man. His milita ry two blistering defeats. The following reputation, won in the R evolution, had year, General St. Clair marched out not brought hi m the political honors to chastise the Indian tribes. Under and social position he desired. V ictory ·1 >~ ~tl~ ffurtl(:, the Indians· met St. in the west meant Wayne could return 1 Clair's unprepared a rmy at the site of to the east, not only a successful com­ present Fort Recovery, destroyed a large mander of the U nited States Army, but part of his forces, and drove off the re­ also with the social prestige and po­ mainder in complete confusi9n. litical power which he so much coveted. After this military debacle, Presi­ The campaign against the Indians dent George Washington se lect e d gave him an opportunity to prove his Wayne as Commander in C hief of the worth in the fie ld of his personal Legion, importuning him to be thor­ strength, war. He had laid careful ough in training and discipline. At plans, supplying the existing fo rts along Wayne's first headqua rters a t Pitts­ the route of his march in advance. Fort burgh and at his second camp at Washington, at Cincinnati, W ayne's Legionville, near Pi t t s bu r g h, he first headquarters fortification, had been brought under his command a motley built by Harmar in 1790. A bout thirty lot of adventurers and maladjusted in­ or thirty-five miles northward G eneral dividuals. There and later at Hobson's St. Clair had erected Fort H amilton in Choice, just outside of Cincinnati: 179r. His advance outpost was F ort Wayne molded his outfit into a smoothly J efferson, some six or seven miles south functioning military unit. He trained of present Greenville. Anticipating a them especially to resist the fear and new campaign against the Indians, in retreat he expected of the Kentucky March, 1792, General J ames Wilkinson militia. It had b.een the militia which built F ort St. Clair, at the edge of the gave way before the tribes at Harma r's si te of Eaton, as an intermediary fort defeat. Later, when St. Clair was between Fort Hamilton and F ort J ef- routed, the Kentucky militia, attacked ferson. Wayne not only garrisoned first by the Indians, fled in panic into these fo rtresses fo r protection in his the camp of the federal troops, com- rear, but also used them as supply out-

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ARTISTS CONCEPTIOl\J OF FORT GREENE VILLE

ALTAR OF PEACE, GREENVILLE Commemorates Wayne's Council Fire of the Treaty of G re~.n e Ville Negotiations, 1795.

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posts. It was his purpose to build their a llies returned to their v illages. strong fo rtifications\ throughout the area W ayne took immediate advantage of the of his campaign. division of the Indian fo rces to move On Octobe r 7, 1 7 .~3, afte r all effo rts into their center. L ate in July he w as at peace fa iled, the L egion sta rted north on the march, moving to the St. M arys on a wide road W ayne's engineers had River, just east of p resent State R oute cut in advance. His plan of ma rch was 127, whe re he built Fort Adams. By like a moving armed encampment, with d ivertive movements he misled enemy heavy pat rol forces on all fl anks. His scouts on the d irection of his march. ov ~ rni g ht encampments were temporary Then he moved swiftly across rugged, fortresse~, with logs and brush piled virgin country, full of ravines and other high to p rotect exposed fl anks, and rifl e obstacles, to the A uglaize. When he ar­ pits and patrols lying outside the fo rti­ rived at its junction w ith the M aumee, fication. at the site of D efi ance, he had cut the F rom C incinnati, W ayne advanced Maumee tribes in the middle.

. \ .rapidly pas t Fort Hamilton, Fort St. H ere he erected a strong fo rtification 1 ), / C lair, and F o rt ] e:fferso"ri , to the site of which he significantly named F ort D e­ Greenville. H e re W ayne decided to lo­ fi ance before he advanced down the cate h is headqua rters camp. H e built Maumee. Early in A ug ust the Legion the la rgest and strongest fortification in arrived, so me 3 ,000 strong, including the west, surrounded ~y a mile-long Kentucky militia, a few miles west of pal isade and bristling w ith blockhouses F o rt M iami. This was a British fort or bastions. Insi de F ort G reene V ille (situated in w hat is now the city of he built log huts fo r his officers and Maumee) e rected in 1794 by G over­ so ldiers, supply build ings, and a council no r Simcoe to stay the A merican ad­ house w here he could negotiate w ith vance. Near p resen t W aterville, Wayne I ndian chieftains. H e fo rced govern­ sto p ped to build a supply post he called men t contractors to furnish adequate F o rt D eposit. H e knew, too, the In­ supplies fo r h is coming campa ign, built d ians were lying in wait in heaps of roads to the northwa rd , and e rected brush and fallen trees a few miles Fort R ecovery at the site w here St. C la ir beyond. H e fig ured they wouldn't have had tasted defeat. sufficient food, and might be caugh t in In the spring the I nd ians went on the a somewhat weakened cond ition. On warpath. A t F o rt Recove ry on June the morning of A ug ust 20, he started 30, 1794, an Indian a rmy of some 2 ,000 caught a supply convoy leaving the fo rt. the ma rch towa rd the B ritish fo rt. Their success in defeating the dragoons Suddenly shots rang out. T he Kentucky or caval ry sert from the fo rt led the voluntee rs on the left flank had run into Indians to feel they had repeated the the Indians in the brush. A s usual, victory over St. C lair. Against the ad­ thes e un d i s~ iplined troops gave way and vice of their chieftains, Little Turtle, fl ed through the L egion's lines. ·Here Buckongehelas, and Blue J acket, the Wayne's training proved its value; the Miamis, Delawares, and Shawnees, and A rmy forces flinched for a moment, then

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REPRODUCTION OF FORT RECOVERY Built by Wayne in 1794 on site of St. Clair's defeat.

I [20·] ' \,. . under W ayne's leadership leaped for- Meanwhile, in June, Jay's treaty with ward. -. Great Britain had guaranteed the re­ The Indians soon tJrned and ran for moval of English troops from Ameri­ the protection of the B;ritish post. But can soil. Immediately heavy migration the gates were closed · ~ nd kept closed. began from the east and south up the Although the rout of the Indians was river valleys. Among the new settle­ an important victory for Wayne's ments which sprang up were Dayton, forces, it was the failure of the British Middletown, Hamilton, Chillicothe, to give promised prote ~ tion that broke Lancaster, Zanesville, and Steubenville. their resistance. Their defeat and their Ohio was on her way to developing into disillusionment led the Indians to de­ a great state. Within a year, in 1796, spair of th.eir good gods. ln the next the Americans of the Ohio region were few years they turned to the worship sufficiently strong to begin agitation for of the evil spirits and to follow their local self-government. In 1799, the priest and witch doctor, the Prophet, second stage of territorial government ! the brother of Tecumseh. was granted them. By i 800, the popu­ " \ .. rvayne concluded his campaig n by I, Atlestroying ·the villages at" "the head of lation had grown to such an extent that I the Maumee and constructing there the a division of the Northwest Territory 'strong fortification which his troops was justifiable. Thus Ohio began to named Fort Wayne. Once back at Fort take its present boundaries. During Greene Ville, he develop ~ d his forti­ the next tl1 ree years pioneers poured in­ fication system along water routes, con­ to Ohio's settl ements and started new structing Forts Piqua, Loramie, and St. ones as the population fringe edged Marys. Then he called the tribes to northward. With this increase of popu­ peace negotiations in the large council lation came the demand for statehood. house. In June, 1795, the peace council Early in 1803, therefore, Congress rec­ opened. By the Treaty of Greene Ville, ognized Ohio as a state of the Union. signed August 3, the Indian tribes ceded Wayne's conquest had opened the flood­ to the United States all of Ohio south of a line which approximates the water­ gates of mi g ration into the fertile val­ shed. During the following year, leys of Ohio. Within seven or eight Wayne took command of the British years the new peoples had united them­ posts of F ort Miami and Detroit. selves into a notable commonwealth.

[ 21 ] GENERAL WAYNE'S DAILY ENCAMPMENT.

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19 ~,14 5 6 I,Lfu.~~ 18 ~ Ht~;l 0 I ~ ~ l 17 16 3 u 4 J

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REFERENCE. 1. Lieutenant Massie's bastion. 11. Rear gateway. 2. Lieutenant Pope's bastion 12. Front gateway. 3. Captain Porter's bastion. 13 and 14. Third sub-legion. I 4. Captain Ford's bastion. 15 and 16. Firsi sub-legion. 5. Head-quarters. 17 and 18. Second sub-legion. 6. Pork of artillery. 19 and 20. Fourth sub-legion. 7. Second troop of dragoons. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, Picquet 8. First troop of dragoons. guards. 9. Fourth troop of dragoons. 29. Advance guard. IO. Third troop of dragoons, 30. Rear guard.

Reprintod from the A111 erican Pioneer, Ir (1843). 290.\

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MAP OF THE MILITARY ROUTES OF THE INDIAN WARS

The following relief map in perspective of the area of The Military Campaigns, 1790-1794, was prepared by The Toledo­ Lucas County Plan Commissions. It was drawn to show the physiography of the area, rivers and la kes, and towns and cities along the routes .

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.Jl_2'1!r~ncl!. h rA.~ ~.,,,.,;,,,.yo,., ¢hT

aa. . ...?A .. 47"-4-Art _.('~~ c c . J"A, ,, J-,,,..~ ~ .....r.:,.., '· lf · .:n.;;,c;..,JL..H>.-" ·~· ho.. . ly zV,.J>.~;...., 00 , _,,.;... · •'" /..u.n-n~C z,,-,"r/ ~M,,~, • .,..,o.,.._~

Contemporary Pinn of the Dnttlc of Fallen Timbers. August 20, 1794. Reprinted from th<> Correspo11de>1co of Join• Gro.vr.s Si1ncoe, LI, 39G, by permission o{ the Ontario Historical Society,

[ 23]

.... Fort Defiance

THE FOLLOWING is from a contempo­ The ditch, fifteen feet wide and eight rary description of Fort D efiance. feet deep, surrounded the whole work This was a strong fortification con­ except on the side toward the Auglaize; structed by Wayne to counterbalance and diagonal pickets, eleven feet long the British Fort Miami. At each angle and one foot apart, were secured to the of the fort was a blockhouse. The one log wall and projected over the ditch. on the Maumee is marked A, having E arid E were gateways. F was a bank portholes B on the three exterio r sides, of earth, four feet wide, left for a pas­ and door D and chimney C, on the in­ sage across the ditch. G was a falling terior side. There was a line of pickets gate or drawbridge whiich was raised on each side of the fort, connecting the and lowered by pulleys across the ditch. blockhouses by their nearest angles. The offi cers' quarters were at H, and Outside the fort was a glacis, a wall of the s to r ~ h o u se at I. At K two lines of earth eight feet thick sloping up­ pickets converged toward L , a ditch . wards and outwards from the feet of the eight feet deep, by which water, was pickets, supported by a log wall on the procured from the river without expos1 sides o f the ditch and by facines, a wall ing the. carrier to the enemy. 'f'il"'-vas<. of fagots, on the side next the Auglaize. a small sandbar at the· point. · ' ·

I [ 24] ' Drawn b y DE!'lJAMI N VAN CLEVE, October , 1794. R eprin ted from t he American l'i0>1cer, II ( 1843), 386.

[ 25 J I .

/.. J. tj-e ~ ..· £-.lrw•.l :- ),. w - ·. u J_..., 'lff . . /H. ,,,r,. I l"'· ."' )

, Adfonce. 1793·4. A S~l

I [ 26 J ' The Military Routes ' '\ of Wayne, St. Clair, and Harmar 1790 -1794

THE IMPORTANT VI LLAGES of the In­ journals, diaries, and letters. Drawing dians w h ich were conquered by Wayne upon the info rmation in these sources lay in the vafl ey of the IVl aumee River. and co mparing notes on topography, The routes of the A merican armies, directions, and distances, approxima­ therefore, started from the w hite m an's tions of the military roads have been ~e ttlem e nts on the O hi o River and pro- obtained. This data has then been sup­ . , ceed~d northward. \Vhen Wayne be- plemented by tradition and recollection 1, g?ll h is·camp.aign he had been preceded as revealed in county histories, local 1 not only by Harmar and St. C lair, but newspapers, and legend. also by a series of raids by the Kentucky In general, U. S. Route 42 follows militia and federal troops d uring the H armar's trace th rough Lebanon; h ere, Revolutionary War and the yea rs there­ however, Hamar turned farther to the after, includ ing the campaigns of Bow­ east and crossed th e L ittle Miami near man, C lark, L ogan, Scott, and Wilkin­ Caesar's Creek, advancing on the east son. In general, it is probably true that side of the river a little to the west of early campaigns fol lowed l nd ian paths the site of Xenia. North of that site and river banks, cutting pathways across the road crossed the Little Miami at country where it \vas necessary. Subse­ Oldtown, then sh ifted to the no rth and quent campa ig ns fo llowed the ea rlier northwest across the .Mad River and the ro utes until dangerous territo ry was tributa ries of the Great 1V1 iami. The -reached, w hen nevv roads were hacked latter river was reached and crossed at through the forest. T hus Harm a r fo l­ an Indian vi llage, at the junction of the lowed George Rogers Clark's route up M iami and Loramie C reek. Harmar the Little Miami; St. C lair cut a new moved up the L oramie to Loramie's route probably over an old Indian trace Store and across the portage to St. more o r less directly north ; and Wayne Marys ( G irty's Town). State Route tended .to fo llow St. C la ir's road unti l 66 is a fa ir representation of , the route he reach ed Fort Recovery. Wayne also from the M iami to St. Marys, and U . S. fo llowed Harmar's route back from Route 33 is an approximation of th e Fort W ayne up the St. Marys. Harmar trail down the St. Marys. In order to chart the routes of the Probably it reaches the St. Marys, how­ campaig ns of Wayne, St. C lair, and ever, farther up the river than did H a r­ Harmar, it has been necessary to investi­ mar's trace. gate the official reports, and especially As fo r St. C la ir's road : State Route

[ 27 J ,. ..

.. -~ ' - . .

- ~ -:e~I ~ ----

MONUMENT TO ANTHONY WAYNE Erected on the site of the Bottle of Fallen Timbers by the Ohio Stole Archaeological and Historical Society. Dedicated September 14, 1929. Sculptor, Bruce Wilder Saville.

\ [ 28 J 4 W out of Cincinnati, along Mill Creek, From this spot, after some. d iversions through St. Bernard, \W yoming, and both to the east and west, he advanced Springdale, probably more nearly ap­ to the north, through Van Wert, then proximates his road thah does present to the no rtheast a long T own C reek to U. S. Route r 27. This \ lso was prob­ the Little Auglaize. T he army then ably Wayne's route in 1793. However, marched down the west bank of the A u­ whqe St. Clair marched north across glaize to its mouth. the river from Fort Hamilton, Wayne From Fort D efiance to Fort Miami, nirned a bit to the east, and went up the U. S. R oute 24 of today is fairly ac­ east side of the Seven lVlile Creek. St. curate in following W ayne's trace. C lair met the Seven M ile probably Wayne>s army marched on the north fa irly close to the p resent site of Col­ side of the river, with only a detachment linsville, perhaps a little to the south of mili tia on the south side to prevent . of it. St. C lair's and W ayne's roads lndians from crossing to the rear of fairly coincide from there on to about th e main a rmy. 'rhe Wayne road from Castine. From Castine north to near Fort D efiance to Fort Wayne also lay f 3rf Jefferson there was . ~ marsh o r on the north side of the stream, whereas ~amp. sr.· Clair cut around this to . U. S. R o ute 24 crosses at Defiance and t~ e right, w hile Wayne took a left fork. goes up the south side. Both routes S\\'ung back to .Fort J effer­ Wayne returned from Fort Wayne son, however. So U. S. Royte r 27 co­ by way of the old Harmar trace to St. incides in general with th e St. C la ir­ Marys. There is no account of the Wayne roads from Hamilton to Green­ crossing from there to Greenville. How­ ville. Fort Jefferson and the direct route into Greenville lie only about a ever, from the distance of the march mi le to th e west of Route 127. State w hi ch was given in the journals and Route 49 from G reenv ille to Fort R e­ the speed with wh ich it was made, it covery undoubtedly is close to the roads seems probable th at the army fo llowed of the campaigns of 1791 and 1793-94. H armar>s trace as far as Loramie>s From Fort R ecovery, Wayne fo l­ Store, and then cut across country south­ lowed the uppe r W abash a li ttle east west to the headquarters fort. Wayne of north and camped on Beaver Creek, establi shed forts of deposit at both St. finally reaching the St. Marys River a Marys and L o ramie's Store, and also at little east of where U.S. Route 127 now Upper Piqua during his stay at Fort crosses it. H ere he built Fort Adams. Greene Ville.

[ 29] .... ··.r

THE MAUMEE RIVER FROM THE SITE OF FORT MIAMI

I '( \ .

RURAL SCENE IN MER CER COUNTY, U. 127

I ' [ 30] The Arithony Wayne Memorial ~ Parkway

To CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF British agent's house was burned by ANTHONY V\TAYNE the Legislative Wayne's forces. The site of Fort Jef- Committee and the Association desire ferson is one which stands out as un­ to create a memorial with a combina­ spoiled by modern development. It tion of educational, recreational, and has been excavated at least in part, and esthetic values· to the public. The pro­ drawings have been made which would gram calls for the erection of a p a rk­ se rve as a foundation for further exca­ way system along the military routes vation under the direction of a trained o( the three campaigns of Wayne, St. a rchaeologist, with a view to recon­ C lair, and Harmar. Upon the. sites of struction of the fort. Fort Adams too ·;, th~Historic f?rts and mi litary camps, is a possibility, and there are pictures in forested areas, on scenic spots along o r descriptions of each of these forts ri v..ers and highways the Parkway Pro­ \Vhich would aid in reconstruction. ject provides for museums, histo rical Other sites which might be marked and markers and m o nu me n t,s, picnic made use of in planning a memorial grounds, play grounds, athletic fie lds, parkway system are camp sites, battle camps, foot, bicycle, and bridle paths, grounds, and the locations of Indian motor vehicle drives, w ild life sanctu­ towns. aries, zoological gardens, forest pre­ The scenic valleys of the Ohio, the se rves, rivers, lakes, faci lities fo r bath­ Little and Great Miamis, the Auglaize, ing, boating, hunting, and fishing, and and the Maumee rivers offer rich op ­ such other recreational and cultural fa­ portunities for the development of both cilities as may benefit the public. These historic and rcreational areas. Included will be coordinated into a unified sys­ in the a rea are Lake L o ramie, Lake St. tem of parks and historic, recreational, Marys, Lake Auglaize, and Indian and conservation areas with connecting Lake. There are stretches of high­ highways or drives. ways along the rivers and lakes which Certain sites are outstanding on the lend themselves to parkway develop­ roads of the campaigns. Particularly ment. These areas offer definite possi­ important are the fo rt sites in Ohio: bilities for conservation and recreation Washington, Hamilton, St. C lair, Jef- programs. ferson, Greene Ville, R ecovery, Adams, In order to achieve a unified park­ Defiance, Deposit,1 St. Marys, L oramie, way system throughout the region of and Piqua. The British forts in Ohio the military traces, all counties, munici­ taken over by Wayne included Miami palities, and other sub-divisions and and Industry, the latter built in 1794, their respective park au tho ri ties and to harbor the King's Stores after the historical societies wi ll be urged to co-

[ 31 ]

.... LAKE ST. MAR YS SCENE

\. '

\ [ 32] operate with the State of Q hio in cre­ es ter, and the Directo r of the Ohio State ating and m ai ntaining tn~ Anthony Archaeological and Historical Society. Wayne Parkway. Representatives of The Authority would have the power many localities and local o rkanizations tu plan, construct, maintain, and super­ have attended meetings of t he L egis­ vise the A nthony Way ne Parkway. lative Committee and have indicated U pon agreement with local officials, it thei r desire to participate in the Park­ mig ht assume supervision over addi ­ \.vay Program. ti ons, changes, construction, and im­ provement of areas or facilities owned ~ T o administe r the parkway system by county, municipality, o r other local and coordinate facilities of local com­ I sub-division. All state departments are munities into it an Anthony Wayne instructed in the proposed bill to co­ Parkway A utho rity is proposed in a operate with the Authority in acquir­ bill prese nted to the Legislature. The ing, constructing, and maintaining the A ut\1o rity would consist of six commis­ Parkway. Finally, the Authority is au­ s i o n ·~ rs appointed by the Gove rnor, each thorized to cooperate with agencies of · ~o m.mi s~ i o 11e r a resident of the _district the federal government and of the states ~ut ffo two f rorri the same county ; and o f Michigan and ] ndiana. This pro­ also 6ve state o ffic ials se rving ex-offi cio, visi:o n is included to guarantee a unified namely, the Di recto r of Highways, the system for the Parkway if it is extended Commiss ione r of Conse rvati on, f he Di­ to Fort Wayne and Detroit, as is the rector of Public W o rks, the State For- hope of the Association.

THE OHIO RIVER AND NORTH BEND

[ 33 ]

I ' SCENE ON THE AUGLAIZE RI VER

WATER LILI ES IN LAKE LORAMIE, NEAR THE SITE OF PORT LORAMIE

I ' [ 34] \.... ' Some Other Historic Sites in the f/f/(ayne Parkway Area

TH ERE .-\RE ,\ ;\'U;'\'1BER OF SITES in the Ohio, however, is yet to be explored region of the mili ta ry campaigns of by the a rchaeolog ist. The confl ict be­ 1790-95 w hose historic inte res t is not tween the B ri ti sh and French in the associated with the period of the J ndian middle eighteenth century fo r the In­ W ars. Jr . is the intention of the A n­ dian tra

[ 35 J

f .1 William Holmes .McGuffey Museum at poses. A number of the locks and via­ Oxford, the Indian Agency H ouse of ducts are still in good repair. Colonel J ohn Johnston near Piqua, the This is but a partial catalog of the first house built in Dayton ( 1796), now historical resources of western Ohio. a museum, Paul Laurence Dunbar Suffice it to say, the western portion of H ome in Dayton, Cedar Swamp in the state, i. e., the area of Wayne's cam­ C hampaig n County, the Piatt Castles paig n, is rich in historic lore and near West Liberty, and the site of the abundant in historic sites. These sites King's House ( the B ri ti sh Indian may well be utilized' in erecting the Agency) near Perrysburg. The prop­ Parkway Project which memorializes erty of the old :Miami-Erie Canal is Anthony Wayne and the American con­ available by law for state park pur- quest of the Indians in the Ohio region.

\ .

INDIAN AGENCY HOUSE OF COLONEL JOHN JOHNSTON AT UPPER PIQUA Near this site Wayne built Fort Piqua in his development of a water route to the Maumee River.

\ [ 36 J ' .,. .

Research, ''_fublication, and Education I

THE LEGISLATIVE Corvl.M~vrEE and the 1 t has been said that a state or nation Association have recognized the fact which has a sharp mem_ory and is proud that 'fundamental to any project to of its history is secure in its prospects memorialize Anthony Wayne in defin­ of perpetuation. The sub-committee itive manner is a complete and detailed h as been conscious of this fact. "Be­ research program by historians. The reft of memory, the individual is a sub-committee on research has pre­ helpless, pitiable object, and the com­ sented a report recommending an ex­ munity bereft of its history is no less tensive publication of hitherto un­ pitiable," it has been suggested. How­ printed and rare printed materials per­ ever, the records which comp ri se the dining to the Indian ' ¥ars, with em- community memory can be made known ., p~as~s upon the campaign of General through o rgani zed effort. Tt is ob­ 11 \~yne. ' The- collections of the papers viously the duty of some governmental 1 of Harmar, St. C la ir, and Wayne alone agency to seek out, assemble, edit, and co~tain funds of letters and documents publish these records of the past. which, compiled and edited into book A research and publication project form, will constitute a valqable con­ is, therefore, recommended not only to tribution to the community memory o f reveal to the public the history of the Ohio. expansion of w hite settlement into Ohio There are other collections comprised and the conquest of the Indians, but also of diaries, journals, letters, and official to furnish an adequate historical base documents to be fo und in libraries! his­ for the A nthony Wayne Parkway. It torical societies, and other depositories is recommended that the Ohio State throughout the country. Institutions, Archaeological and Historical Society such as the National Archives and the undertake this task, and that adequate Library of Congress at Washington, funds for the employment of a compe­ the Wisconsin State Historical Society tent historian and secretaria l ass istance, at Madison, the Pennsylvania Histori­ for travel and equipment, and for the cal Society at :Philadelphia, the Filson publication of ten large volumes be pro­ Club at Louisville, the Detroit Public vided by the L egislature. Library, the Ohio State Arch aeological and Historical Society at Columbus, Dr. Quaife, President of the Associa­ have manuscript collections important ti on, has stated in the sub-committee's to the story of Ohio in the Indian Wars. report on research and publications : Many of the historic records of the I n­ "President Washington in the years dian and English part1c1pation, of from 1791-95 put the infant nation on course, are to be found in the govern­ its feet and set it firmly on the path­ ment archives in Ottawa, Canada, and way to a position of respect and im­ London. portance in the world. Together with

[ 37 J .... A nthony W ayne, he conquered the Old diana nut worthy of our g rateful re­ Northwest fo r A m erica and civili za­ m embra nce? A nd how shall we re­ tion. A re the deeds of the men w ho a member them if we conti nue to negk ct century and a h alf ago in the hou r o f to assemble the records th roug h w hose o ur national weakness bared their study alone we are able to know of their breasts to Indian spear_ and tom ahawk deeds? Briefl y stated, th is is the simple in the then w ilderness of O h io and In- issue.,,

ROADSIDE PARK ON THE MAUMEE RIVER NEAR DEFIANCE

I [ 38 ] ' \ Bibliography

For each of the campaigns thke are basic jour­ distances and dates of march with descriptions nals which have been published. Following are of the country. D enny's "J ournal" also is ex­ lists of the important sources, published and un­ tensive for this campaign. Another valuable ac­ publisl)ed, for each : count is Fn12e r E . Wilson (ed.), l oumal of HARM AR. The best printed account 1s from Capt. Daniel Brrrdley ( G reenville, 1935 ) . Brief H armar's own journal, giving a daily record of accounts are Benjamin Van C leve, "St. C lair's the march, with topographical description of the Defeat," in A merican Pioneer, II ( 1843), 150- country traversed and directions and distances. 153, and ( Lieutenant Bradshaw?), " D iary of St. C lair's Disastrous Campaign," in American Manuscript diari.es by Harmar are preserved in the Pioneer, 135-1 38. Other printed source ma­ Draper Collection at the Wisconsin Historical II, terial on the campaign is to be found in St. Clair's Society and in the William L. Clements Library. Narrative of lite Campaign Against the Indians Extracts from it covering his campaign were pub­ ( 1812); William H enry Smith (ed.), The S t. lished by Basil Meek, "General H armar's Expe­ Clair Papers ( 1882); The A 111erica11 State Papers: dition," in 0 hio State Archaeological and H is­ Indian Affairs ( 1832), and Military Affairs lo_ricaj Q_uarlerly, XX ( 1911 ), 74- 108. The ( 1832). Two important manuscript journals of asfl'ection' of Harmar's papers has recently been St. Clair's campaign are Thomas Irwin's and acquired by the William L. Clements Library Thomas Posey's, both in the D raper Collection. at' the U ni versity of Michigan. Captain J ohn The papers of General St. C lair are prese rved in Armstrong's record of daily movements of Har­ the O hio State Library, Columbus. The Win­ mar's army is prin ted in Cin ci1111a~i Jl1iscella11y, throp Sargent Papers are in the custody of the I ( 1844-+5), 195-197. There is also a somewhat O hio State Archaeological and Historical Society, edited account based on Armstrong's record in Columbus. the same volume, pages 182-186. Major EbeHezer Denny's "1\IIilitary Journal" has long been known WAY NE. There are ai number of journals and and is perhaps the most used. l t was printed in records of the Wayne expedition. A list of the the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, P ublirfl­ printed journals follows: J ohn M. Scott, lions, VII ( 1860), 205-+92. There is aim a " W ayne's Expedition in 1793," in Cincinnati brief account by Thomas I rwin, "Recollection; Miscellauy, II, 55-56, a letter written at Green­ of H armar's Campaign," in Cincinnali M iscell<111J', ville, describing the march to that place ; Lieu­ 1I ( 18+5-+6) , I 05- 107. A detailed letter by tenant J ohn Boyer, " A J ournal of Wayne's Cam­ l rwin describing the army's advance is in 0 hio pa.ign," in A 111ericnn Pioneer, I ( 18+2) , 3 15-322, Stale drcht1t'ologia il and Hisloriwl Quartl'rly, 35 1-357, and also published separately ( Cincin­ X IX ( 19 10), 393-396. M ore complete records nati, 1866); William Clark, "Journal of General of both H armar's and St. C lair's campaigAs by Wayne's Campaign Against the Shawnee Indians Thomas Irwin are to be found in manuscript in in Ohio, 1794- 1795 ," ed. by R. C. M cGrane, in the Draper Collection. D av id H. M orris wrote lltfississippi Valley Historiwl Review, I ( 19 I+) , a recollection of the march in the Troy (Ohio) +I 8-44+ ( manuscript copy of original in Draper Times, J anuary 29, 1840. H ugh Scott's manu­ Collection} ; Captain D aniel Bradley's l ournal; script narrative of the campaign is in the Draper Isaac Paxton, "J ournal," in C. W. Williamson, Collection. History of f1/ es tern 0 !tio and Auglaize C ounty ST. C rA IR. The 'best printed journal of St. ( 1905), 107-1 IO; "General W ayne's Orderly C lair's campaign is Winthrop Sargent's " Diary Book," in JI!/ ichigan Pioneer and Historical Col­ While with General Arthur St. Clair's Expedi­ lectio11 s, XXXIV (1905) , 341-733; Benjamin tion Against the Indians," in Ohio Stair Arclwe­ Van C leve, "Memoirs," in H istorical and Philo­ ological and Historical Quarterly, XXXIII sophical Society of Ohio, QuarterlJ• P11blicatio11s, ( 1924), 237-273. This is a detailed record of XVII, Nos. 1-2 (Jan.-June, 1922), 3-7 1; " Ex-

P9 J

f. ' •'.' tracts from Benjamin Van Cleve's Memoranda," in Important manuscript sources on the W a.yne A merican Pioneer, II ( 1843), 293-296, 386-387 campaign include the followin g : The W ayne (These items give drawings of Forts Adams and Collection at the Historical Society of Pennsyl­ D efiance.) ; David J ones, "Extracts from the vania; William Wayne's collection of private Original Journal of the Rev. David Jones, A.M., papers of A nthony Wayne at the ancestral home; C haplain of the U nited States Legion, under Orderly Books of General Wa.yne in the library ·Major-General Wayne, during the Indian Wars of the Filson Club, Louisville, Kentucky; the of 1794-5-6," in ~1ichiga 11 Pionerr and Historir11/ Draper Collection which has the manuscript jou r­ Collections, VIII (2nd .ed., 1907), 392-395; nals of T homas Posey, Nathaniel Hart, and Cap­ J ames Wilkinson, "Narrative of the Fallen tain Thomas U nderwood1 and the Orderly Book Timbers Campaign," in Mississippi fla/11'>' flis­ of C'.reneral Robert Todd. VVilliam Henry Har­ iorical R eview, XVI (1929-30), 8 1-90; Peter rison's (one of 'W ayne's aides) papers are located Audrain, "Journal," in Jvlichigan Pioneer and at the Ohio State Library, the Librllry of Con­ H ist orical Collectio11s, V III, 444-+47; Col. J ohn gress, and in Indiana. Francis Hamtramck, "Letters," ibid., XXXIV, Secondary printed sou recs which should be men­ 734-740 ; J ames McBride, Pion eer Biography tioned are A. B. Hulbert, Nlilitary R oads of thr (Cincinnati, 1869) . Although the latter is a ,11 is.ris.rippi Basin ( H i.rtoric H ighwt1ys of ll nll'rirn, secondary source, the author was a contemporary VIII, Cleveland, 190+), wh ich takes up each of the soldiers of these campaigns. Among Eng­ campaign route in detail (and with some errors) ; lish sources are these : (John Chew?), "Diary of and 0. W. Priddy, "Wayne's Strategic Advance an Officer in the Indian Country in 1794," ed. from Fort Greenville," in 0 hio Stale A rc!taeolo­ by Ernest Cruikshank, in American H istoricn/ gical anti Historical Quarterly, XXXIX ( 1930), Magazine, III ( 1908), 639-643, IV ( 1909), 42-76, which deals with the march from Green­ 69-71 ; Thomas D uggan, "Extract from Journal," ville to Defiance. in j )lf. ichigan P ionrer and Historical Collections, General manuscript and documentary sources XII (2nd ed., 1908), 105-109; "Historical Col­ on the Indian vVars would include the Ohio lections : Copies of Papers on File in the Do­ Indian Campaign Mss. at West Point Military minion Archives at Ottawa, Canada; Pertaining Academy, and materials of the War D epartment, to the "(ears 1788-1799," in Jllf ichiga11 Pionerr Office of Chief of Engineers, and of the Office of and Historical Collections, XII (2nd ed., 1908). Indian AffJirs of the Department of the Interior 1-315; Ernest A. C ruikshank (ed.), The Cor­ in the National Archives at Washington, D. C. respondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Other important materials include early maps for Simcoe, w ith allied documents 1·clating to his ad­ the years from about 17 50 to 1820. T hese o'ften I ministration of the go•lJer11111e11t of Upper Canada aid in the l ocat i~n of :;i tes beca~1se the~ carryJhe 11 (Toronto, 1923-3 1), 5 vols. (This is a most early names· which were known at time! ot ·thc important source.) campaigns.

•

I [ 40] ' ~

96TH GENERAL A SSEMBLY REGUL AR SE SSION · 1945-46 \

JOINT RESOLUTION

Establishing the Anthony Wayne Parkway as an Ohio State memo ri al to the achi evements of General Anthony W ayne

WHEREAS, The State of O hio now is cele­ fosiah Harmar and General Arthur St. Clair is b.rating the J 50th anniversary o f the successful i1e rcby designated the Anthony W a.y nc Parkway, 1i1ilitary campaign of General A nthony Wayne as a permanent memorial to the achievements of in thi ~ state from 1791 to 1795; and Genera 1 \V' a)•ne and his ill 11strio11s co lleagues. That all departments and agencies of the Statr I, ~kER EAS, • This campaig n . c~1imin atin g in of O hio arc hercbv authorized and directed to co­ I the Treatv of Greenville establi shed American ru \.e in t h ~ Old Northwest and preserved for the c;pe rate with and ; ssist the A nthony Wayne Park­ United States the present states of O hio, rndiana , way A uthority, or such other state authority as Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin ; and hereafter may be established or designated by law, in the promotion, development, construction and W H E R EAS, J anuary I , 19+5, 1s the 200th maintenance of the A nthony Wayne Parkway. anniversa ry of the birth of General A n thony That all counties, municipalities and other sub­ \ Vayne; therefore divisions traversed by or adjacent to said route, BE IT RESO LVED Bv THE GENERAL ASSEM BLY and their respective park authorities and historical OF THE ST ATE OF OHIO: societies , arc earnestly urged to cooperate with T hat the approximate route traversed by Gen­ the State of O hio in creating and pe rpetuating eral Wayne and the prior expeditions of General the A nthony Wayne Parkway.

[ 41 ]

.... 96TH GENERAL ASSEMBLY REGULAR SESSI ON 1945-1946

A BILL

'To create the Anthony Wayne Parkway Authority and to define its powers and duties

Be it enacted bv the General Assembly of the SECTION 4. The six comm1ss1oners appointed State of Ohio: by the governor shall take office immediately and SECTION 1. There is herebv created the An­ shall serve without compensation, except for the thony Wayne Parkway Authority, hereinafter necessary expenses incurred in the discharge of referred to as "the Authority". their official duties. Their terms shall be stag­ gered in the order of the populations of their re­ SECTION 2. The Authority, either acting alon<' spective counties, one term expiring on May I , or in cooperation with the Ohio department of in each of the succeeding six years, and the com­ highways, the division of conservation and natural missioner from the most populous county having resources, the department of public works, the the longest term. After the first appointments. division of forestry, the Ohio state archaeological each term shall be fo r six years, except that and historical society, or with any other depart­ vacancies occurring before expiration of a term ment or division that may be created hereafter, shall be filled only for the unexpired term. All sha.Jl have the power to plan, promote, acquire, vacancies shall be filled by appointment of the construct, own, develop, maintain, operate and governor. supervise the Anthony Wayne Parkway in the counties of Ohio traversed by the military ex­ SECTION 5. The Authority shall hold a meet­ pedition of General Anthony Wayne from 1793 ing wit~i n one month after appointment of the to 1795, and the prior expeditions of General first commissioners, upon call of the governor, at Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair, sa id counties such time and place as he may designate. Such being Hamilton, Butler, Clermont, Warren, meeting shall elect a chairman, who must be an Preble, Montgomery, Greene, Darke, Miami, appointed member of the Authority, and ; secre­ Clark, Shelby, Mercer, Auglaize, Van Wert, tary, who need not be a member, each for ten'ns Putnam, Paulding, Defiance, Henry, Wood and of one year. The Authority shall a l ~ frdl:n Lucas, which area shall be known and hereafter time to time, sel::ct and employ such o~er officers referred to as the Anthonv Wavne Parkwav and employes and engage such services as shall be District. . . . deemed necessary in the performance of its powers herein conferred. The Authoritv shall fi x thr SECTION 3. Upon creation of the Authorit~', compensation of its employes. .The Authorit1• the governor shall appoint six commissioners, who shall keep an accurate and permanent record o.f shall be resident and qualified electors of the its proceedings and shall compile and publish re­ Anthony Wayne Parkway District but no two ports and information relating to the A nthony of whom shall reside in the same countv. The Wayne Parkway and to its own proceedings and five other commissioners, who shall s~rve ex­ functions. officio, shall he the director of highways, the conse rvation commissioner, the director of public SECTION 6. A s used in this act, the Anthonv works, the state forester and the director of the Wayne Parkway shall be defined as a unified Ohio state archaeological and historical society, system of parks and historic shrines with con­ or such subordinate officials as each may designate necting drives. Parks and historic shrines shall in his stead. Such eleven commissioners shall hr defined as areas of land with or without water, constitute the Authority, which shall be a body developed ~nd used for public recreational or politic and corporate, and capable as in this act cultural pu ~poses, including sites of military forts provided. nnd camps,! landscaped tracts, picnic grounds,

[ 42] \., : phygrounds, athletic fields, camps, foot, bicycle 1n case of appropnat10n the proceedings shall be and bridle paths, motor veli.icle drives, wildlife instituted in the name of the state of Ohio, and sanctuaries, museums, zoologital gardens, forests, shall be conducted in the manner provided for the rivers, lakes, facilities for bathing , boating, hunt­ appropriation of private property by the state of ing and fishing, historical markqrs a nd monuments, O hio. Either the fee or any lesser interest m ay :rnd such other recreational an' cultural facilities b ~ acquired as the Authority may deem advisable. as may benefit the public. Connecting drives shall Nothing in this section shall prevent any other be defined as existing state or county roads, limited cooperating state department or agency from ac­ access highways, boulevards or free access roads, quirin;; property by purchase, gift, devise o r ap­ with or without pa rklike features. propriation as a part of the A nthony W ayne SECTION 7. The Authority shall prepare a Parkway in accord ance with the plan on fi le. plan of the Anthony vVayne Parkway including SECTION J 0. The Authority also shall file a areas now owned by the state of Ohio and any copy of the Parkway plan with the commissioners of its political subdivisions, such as metropolitan of any co unty, the commissioners of any metro­ and county park districts, municipalities and town­ politan or county park district, the council, trus­ ships, together with privately owned areas desig­ tees or othe r public authority in control of parks nated for acquisition and development. Such plan or park lands w ithin any municipality or town­ shall be fi led with the state director of highways, ship, whose areas have been designated on the the director of public works, the conservation A nthony Wayne P arkway plan. Upon fi ling said commissioner, the state forester, the secretary of plan the Authority may, by agreement with such the Ohio state archaeological and historical so­ board of commissioners, municipal co uncil or ciety,, and the directing heads of any other co­ township trustees assume administration over a ny oi:>s,rabng. state agencies. O n and ~fter the date area or facility shown on said plan, the same as c!F fi ling this plan with any state departmen t, in the case of lands owned by the state of Ohio division, bureau or agency, no addition , expansion, -or the O hi o state archaeological and historical improvement, change, sale, lease or disposal of society, provided that nothing herein shall au­ :illy area or facility designated on said plan and thorize said A nthony \tVayne Parkway A utho rity accompanying description shall be made by that tn control a ny park, park lands, playgrounds, his­ department, division, bureau or agency, except toric sires or other lands owned or controlled b\· upon the a pproval of the Anthony W ayne P ark­ any county, mun icipality, district or townshi1;, way Authority. The plan first fi led may include except by agreement as above provided. H ow­ :di or a ny portion of the Anthony Wayne route. c:ver, the control of all roads and highways located A revised plan and description may he filed at within the area designated on the Anthony Wayne the disc retion of the Authority. Parkway plan, whether such roads are state, county or township, is hereby transferred to the SECTIO N 8. It shall be the duty of the state state hi ghway departmen t. department of highways, the department of public works, the division of forestry, the division of SECTION 11 . I t shall be the duty of the Au­ co n$e rvation and natural resources, the Ohio thority to recommend such rules a nd regulations state archaeological and historical society, and any as it may deem advisable for the preservation of other state department, division, bureau or agency good order w ithin the Anthony W ayne Parkway, of similar function, to cooperate with the Au­ :rnd for the protection and preservation of the thority in acquiring, purchasing, constructing, im­ parks, historic shrine~, boulevards, drives and proving, e nlarging, extending, or repairing the other facil ities. State and local agencies co- Anthony Wayne Parkway, in accordance with the . operatin g with the Anthony Wayne P arkway official plan on file, and to render any reasonable A uthority shall make every reasonable effort to ~ervice requested by the A uthori ty to further its put such recommendations into effect. work. SECTION 12. I t shall be the duty of distr ict, SECTIO N 9. For the purposes herein defined, county, city, village and township agencies affected the Authority may purchase, accept by gift or hr this act and incorporated non-profit historical devise or appropriate private property. P rovided, s~c ieties to render any reasonable service re­ that property so acquired shall within six months quested by the Authority. of its acquisition be tr ~n sfe rr e d to the jurisd iction SECTION 13. In accomplishing its purposes, of the department of highways, the department of the Authority shall have the power to cooperate public works, the di vision o f conservation and with agencies of the federal gove rnment :rncl with natural resources, the division of forestry, the the states of Indiana and Michi gan. O hio state a rchaeological and historical society, or any other department or division of the state SECTION 14. Each of said commissioners com­ government, as may be mutuaJ~y agreed betw~en posing the Authority shall be subject to removal the Authority and th.e. '1e.spect1ve state agencies. at the discretion of the governor, upon recom-

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'·' mendation of the Authority, six members con­ such holding shall not be con ~ trued as affecting curring. No such removal sha ll be made, how­ the vaJidity of any remaining portion of such ever, without giving such commissioner not less section or of this act, it being the legislative than ten days' notice and a full opportunity to intent that this act shall stand, notwithstanding be heard in his own behalf, which hea ring shall the invalidity of any such provision or section. be public. The order removing such commis­ SECTION 16. There is hereby appropriated out sioner shall state the reasons therefor and shall of anv monies in the state treasun ' to the credit be entered upon the permanent record of the of th.e general fund and not otherwise appro­ Authority. · priated the sum of $70,000.00 for the use of the SECTION 15. Should any prov1s1on or section Anthony Wayne Parkway Authority, to carry out · of this act be held to be invalid for any reason, the purposes of this act. 1

VV,<>od .

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FORT DEPOSIT Erected by Wayne in 1794, as a supply post near the British Fort Miami. Small breast­ works on left held 200 men and provisions. Larger breastworks on left held the Legion, while that on the right was the encampment of th e militia. The eight squares at lop ore rifle pits or breastworks of guards. \

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· GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE INDIANS IN THE I N ORTHWEST TERRITORY 1 793 ~1 794 LEGEND INCLUOINC THE MILITARY TRACES Of' CENERAL JOSIAH HARMAR (1790) --

,, ro"T )ITU SCALE OF MILES • IO IS :o